Test Bank for Pioneers of Psychology, 5th Edition, Raymond E.

Fancher, Alexandra Rutherford,

Test Bank for Pioneers of Psychology, 5th Edition,

Raymond E. Fancher, Alexandra Rutherford,

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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following was included among Galton’s tests of “intelligence” at his

1884 anthropometric laboratory?

a. arithmetic

b. reaction time

c. vocabulary

d. word association

ANS: B DIF: Easy

OBJ: Understand Galton’s views on intelligence testing.

2. A flaw in Galton’s tests of intelligence at the 1884 anthropometric laboratory was the

a. crudity of his measuring instruments.

b. small number of subjects on which they were tried.

c. underlying assumption of a strong correlation between practical intelligence and

sensory acuity.

d. statistical methods by which he analyzed his results.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate

OBJ: Understand Galton’s views on intelligence testing.

3. Unlike Wundt and Fechner, who focused on establishing general psychological prin-

ciples, Francis Galton was interested in developing a psychology that focused on

a. individual differences.

b. personality.

c. mental illness.
 d. sensory experience.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the psychology of individual dif-

ferences.

4. A psychology that focuses on the measurement and study of variations among people

on a psychological characteristic rather than general qualities of that characteristic is

known as

a. psychophysics.

b. self-psychology.

c. psychology of individual differences.

d. structuralism.

ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify the psychology of individual dif-

ferences.

5. Francis Galton’s formal academic training was primarily in the fields of

a. medicine and mathematics.

b. biology and psychology.

c. geography and statistics.

d. history and botany.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Galton’s early life.

6. Which of the following is NOT true of Francis Galton’s early life?

a. He could read and write before the age of 3.

b. He quoted from the Iliad and the Odyssey by the age of 6.

c. He enrolled as a medical student at Birmingham General Hospital when he was

16.
 d. He earned the title of senior “wrangler” on the Mathematical Tripos Examination

at age 18.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Galton’s early life.

7. Francis Galton’s first entrée into the British scientific world came primarily through

his

a. contacts with Charles Darwin.

b. African exploration and affiliation with the Royal Geographical Society.

c. fingerprinting work and collaboration with Scotland Yard.

d. prize-winning work in mathematics as a Cambridge undergraduate.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall Galton’s early life.

8. As a young man, Francis Galton was profoundly influenced by

a. an uncle who taught him elementary statistics.

b. a phrenologist who told him his brain and intelligence were naturally better suited

to practical than to academic pursuits.

c. a minister who convinced him to pursue altruistic goals.

d. his grandfather Erasmus Darwin, who taught him evolution.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall Galton’s early life.

9. Francis Galton made important contributions to all of the following fields EXCEPT

a. meteorology.

b. geology.

c. genetics.

d. statistics.

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Understand Galton’s contributions.

10. Which of the following books first made a strong case for the inheritance of human

psychological characteristics?

a. Darwin’s Origin of Species

b. De Candolle’s History of the Sciences and Scientists Over Two Centuries

c. Galton’s Natural Inheritance

d. Galton’s Hereditary Genius

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

11. The fact that physical variables such as height or weight fall into normal distributions

when measured in large numbers of people was initially documented by

a. Adolph Quetelet.

b. Charles Darwin.

c. Francis Galton.

d. Karl Pearson.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe the normal distribution.

12. When measurements such as height and weight are collected from large populations,

the collective data will invariably show all of the following features EXCEPT

a. many more measurements that fall in the middle ranges than at the extremes.

b. individual scores most widely separated from each other at the extremes.

c. it will demonstrate the effect called regression towards the mean.

d. it will arrange itself into a bell-shaped distribution.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe normal distribution.

13. If we randomly select 100 people and arrange them in order of height, which of the

following pairs will probably show the greatest differences between their two
 heights?

a. 10th tallest and 11th tallest

b. 49th tallest and 50th tallest

c. shortest to second shortest

d. The differences between all adjacent pairs will be about the same.

ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Describe normal distribution.

14. According to Galton’s data in Hereditary Genius, which kinds of relatives are most

likely to share the trait of eminence?

a. any relatives of the first three degrees, so long as they have similar environments

b. uncles and nephews

c. grandfathers and grandsons

d. brothers

ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

15. The idea that the human race may be improved by selective breeding, in much the

same manner as animal breeders carefully select for certain traits, is known as

a. eugenics.

b. evolution by natural selection.

c. social Darwinism.

d. evolution by artificial selection.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Understand eugenics.

16. The major purpose for which Galton devised the idea of intelligence tests was to

a. help stream children into appropriate school classes.

b. prove that men were more intelligent than women.

 c. show that psychology could be a quantitative science.

d. select the most able young people for eugenic breeding.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand eugenics.

17. Swiss botanist Alphonse de Candolle’s 1872 book History of the Sciences and Scien-

tists over Two Centuries was important for all the following reasons EXCEPT

a. it showed the importance of environmental factors such as climate, government,

and religious institutions in producing eminent scientists.

b. it stimulated Galton to do the research for English Men of Science.

c. it fully supported the strongly hereditarian position of Hereditary Genius.

d. its criticism of many popular uses of the word nature inspired Galton to propose

the phrase nature and nurture.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Galton and Candolle’s differing

theories.

18. Galton’s book English Men of Science is notable today because it was

a. the first to prove that scientific interests are innate.

b. the first to use the self-questionnaire method to study a psychological problem

and to analyze the results statistically.

c. the first major work to use the correlation coefficient.

d. a conclusive demonstration of the heritability of scientific intelligence.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

19. Francis Galton and Alphonse de Candolle both studied scientific eminence and each a

published book on the subject. Although they investigated the same subject matter,

Galton emphasized the relative importance of __________ for scientific eminence,

 while de Candolle placed more importance on __________.

a. heredity; environment

b. environment; heredity

c. birth order; early education

d. early education; birth order

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Galton and Candolle’s differing

theories.

20. Galton’s personal conviction that differences in intellectual ability are largely innate

arose in part because

a. in school he found himself easily surpassing other students who came from much

more privileged backgrounds than himself.

b. in school he found that he could not compete successfully against the very top

students, despite his own privileged background.

c. he observed that the top scientists tended to come from specific countries.

d. males tended to outperform females in academic tasks.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

21. The phrase nature and nurture was introduced and popularized by

a. de Candolle in History of the Sciences and Scientists over Two Centuries.

b. Darwin in The Origin of Species.

c. Galton in English Men of Science.

d. Newman, Freeman, and Holzinger in their study of separated twins.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

22. As a result of organizing his data into __________, Galton noticed a pattern he
 termed regression toward the mean.

a. normal distributions

b. regression lines

c. scatter plots

d. bell curves

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regres-

sion.

23. When a student scores extremely poorly on one examination but then improves on

the next, he or she demonstrates what statisticians call

a. the law of regular deviations.

b. the rebound effect.

c. random fluctuation.

d. regression toward the mean.

ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regres-

sion.

24. When there is a complete absence of a relationship between two variables, the regres-

sion line representing that relationship will be

a. horizontal.

b. 45 degrees from the horizontal.

c. U-shaped.

d. irregular and curved.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regres-

sion.
25. Who devised the computing formula now commonly used to calculate correlation

coefficients?

a. Karl Holzinger

b. Karl Pearson

c. Adolph Quetelet

d. Alphonse de Candolle

ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regres-

sion.

26. All of the following are true of Galton’s studies of mental imagery EXCEPT that he

a. concluded normal people vary dramatically in the frequency, intensity, and vivid-

ness of their visualization.

b. found scientists possessed an extremely vivid visualizing capacity.

c. used a self-administered questionnaire to collect his data.

d. asked subjects to describe their mental images in terms of qualities such as

brightness, color, and distinctness.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Galton’s contributions.

27. When Galton studied his own associations, he discovered that

a. they flowed and could be recorded surprisingly easily.

b. most were determined by his immediate settings.

c. many dated from childhood and some were embarrassing to recall.

d. very few were ever repeated.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Galton’s contributions.

28. In the 1920s behavioral geneticists realized that research on “separated” twins could
 be used to determine the “heritability” of any measurable trait, but only if certain

conditions were met. Which of the following was NOT one of those conditions?

a. The twins must come from a representative sample of biological parents.

b. The twins must be dizygotic.

c. The twins must have been randomly placed in a representative sample of adoptive

foster homes.

d. The twins must have been separated completely and very early.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand the separated twins studies.

29. The first major study of separated twins was done in 1937 by a biologist, a psycholo-

gist, and a statistician. All of the following are true about this study EXCEPT

a. there was a positive correlation between the twins’ IQ, indicating a significant

role for heredity.

b. those twin pairs who had been most completely separated and reared in different

environments showed the greatest IQ differences, indicating a significant role for

environment.

c. it was difficult to find identical twin pairs who had been fully separated.

d. the study involved more than 100 twin pairs.

ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Understand the separated twins studies.

30. Studies of separated identical twins have had the purpose of measuring the “heritabil-

ity” of various characteristics including IQ. That heritability figure is defined as the

a. proportion of each person’s intelligence that was determined by heredity.

b. proportion of the IQ variability within the tested population that was determined

by heredity.
 c. “leftover” variability in intelligence after all environmental influences have been

accounted for.

d. variability in intelligence after errors in measurement have been accounted for.

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand the separated twins studies.

31. In the 1960s British psychologist Sir Cyril Burt published a study on separated twins

indicating that nature was much more important than nurture in determining intelli-

gence. All of the following statements about Burt’s study are true EXCEPT it

a. temporarily tipped the balance of informed opinion toward the hereditarian view.

b. was influenced by the ideas of Galton.

c. was later found to be deeply flawed and perhaps fraudulent.

d. introduced new research techniques that have continued to be employed in later

twin studies.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand the separated twins studies.

32. Which of the following has NOT been a problem in conducting a scientifically de-

finitive study of separated identical twins?

a. finding twin pairs who were completely separated from each other at an early age

b. finding twin pairs reared randomly in environments representative of the full

range of the general population

c. finding intelligence tests suitable for administration to close relatives

d. including a representative number of twins who had been placed in impoverished

adoptive environments

ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Understand the separated twins studies.

33. Which of the following represents the strongest correlation coefficient?

 a. -.5

b. +.7

c. 0

d. +10

ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regres-

sion.

34. Although Galton is best known to psychologists for his work on behavior genetics,

statistical methods, and intelligence testing, he also contributed importantly to

a. meteorology.

b. computer science.

c. geology.

d. social influence theory.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Understand Galton’s contributions.

35. Galton’s word association experiments may well have had an influence on

a. Sigmund Freud.

b. Alphonse de Candolle.

c. Adolphe Quetelet.

d. Gustav Fechner.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Understand Galton’s contributions.

36. Galton justified his neurophysiological approach to intelligence testing with all of the

following arguments EXCEPT that

a. mentally subnormal people supposedly cannot distinguish well between hot and

cold.
 b. women are supposedly both less intelligent than men and less able to select a fine

wine.

c. large head sizes must reflect large and powerful brains within.

d. people with quick reaction times also have large vocabularies.

ANS: D DIF: Hard

OBJ: Understand Galton’s views on intelligence testing.

37. Arthur Jensen relied heavily on the work of __________ in making his argument that

Head Start programs have been ineffective because intelligence is primari-

ly__________.

a. Leon Kamin; hereditary

b. Cyril Burt; hereditary

c. Leon Kamin; environmentally caused

d. Cyril Burt; environmentally caused

ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Explain Jensen’s work.

38. Cyril Burt’s study of separated identical twins was briefly considered to be the best of

its kind primarily because of its claim that

a. its twin pairs had been placed completely randomly in a full range of adoptive

families.

b. its twin sample had been collected over a period of several decades.

c. the intelligence tests it employed were more reliable than in other studies.

d. it used the most sophisticated statistical procedures to arrive at its results.

ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Recall Burt’s study of separated twins.

39. If the educational environments of all children could be made more equal, then the
 heritability value for their IQ scores would tend to

a. remain the same.

b. increase.

c. decrease.

d. be impossible to predict.

ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Understand the concept of heritability.

40. The most definitive estimate of the heritability of intelligence is currently represented

by

a. Galton’s original assertion that “nature prevails enormously over nurture.”

b. Newman, Freeman, and Holzinger’s estimate of about 50-50.

c. Cyril Burt’s reported correlations of .80 and above.

d. the Minnesota study (MISTRA)’s estimate of about .70 for a middle-class popula-

tion that did not include impoverished or underprivileged subjects.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand the concept of heritability.

41. Leon Kamin has said that his initial questions about Burt’s twin research were

aroused because

a. Burt’s studies were not published in reputable psychology journals.

b. Burt’s sample sizes were too small to enable firm conclusions.

c. Burt’s reported results were too theoretically “perfect” to be statistically credible.

d. Burt had had little experience in measuring intelligence.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall Burt’s study of separated twins.

42. Galton’s theories were substantially influenced by all of the following scientists EX-

CEPT
 a. John Stuart Mill.

b. Charles Darwin.

c. Adolphe Quetelet.

d. Alphonse de Candolle.

ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

43. Arthur Jensen’s analysis of the effectiveness of compensatory education programs for

inner-city children arose especially great controversy because it

a. suggested the programs had not worked as well as hoped.

b. hypothesized that racial differences may have played a role in the disappointing

performance of African American children.

c. questioned the value of early education in mathematics.

d. questioned the competence of the people who teach in inner city environments.

ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Explain Jensen’s work.

44. Galton’s stated arguments in support of his anthropometric tests as measures of intel-

lectual ability included all of the following EXCEPT his belief that

a. women are inferior to men in sensory discrimination as well as in intelligence.

b. mentally subnormal people are also deficient in sensory acuity.

c. quickness in reaction times was associated with general efficiency in mental ac-

tivity.

d. children’s poorer performance than adults on these tests was because of their still

undeveloped intelligence.

ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Galton’s views on intelli-

gence testing.
45. After adopting the concept of “nature and nurture” Galton argued that

a. in general nature is more important than nurture.

b. the two factors are equal in importance.

c. in general nurture is more important than nature.

d. the two factors interact in such complex ways that it is impossible to separate

their effects.

ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Describe Galton’s work on hereditability.

46. For Galton, the most important goal of an ideal eugenic society would be to

a. replace the educational system’s emphasis on classics with more focus on sci-

ence.

b. provide the ideal environment for children’s intellectual development.

c. promote breeding among the most gifted young men and women.

d. discourage breeding among the least gifted young men and women.

ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand eugenics.

MATCHING

Match the contribution with its major originator(s).

a. basic idea for statistical correlation and regression

b. concept of the normal distribution

c. developed the computing formula for coefficient of correlation

1. Adolphe Quetelet

2. Francis Galton

3. Karl Pearson

1. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify contributors to the history of

 statistics.

2. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify contributors to the history of

statistics.

3. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Identify contributors to the history of

statistics.

Match the twin study with its corresponding author(s).

a. a now discredited study suggesting an extremely high heritability for intelligence

b. a questionnaire study completed by more than 100 adult twin pairs

c. the first major study of separated identical twins

d. the largest twin study yet conducted

4. Cyril Burt

5. Francis Galton

6. Horatio Newman, Frank Freeman, and Karl Holzinger

7. Thomas Bouchard and colleagues at the University of Minnesota

4. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall significant twin studies.

5. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall significant twin studies.

6. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall significant twin studies.

7. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall significant twin studies.

Match the publication with its author.

a. English Men of Science: Their Nature and Nurture

b. History of the Sciences and Scientists over Two Centuries

c. The Descent of Man

8. Alphonse de Candolle
 9. Charles Darwin

10. Francis Galton

8. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

9. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

10. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

Match the controversy with the individual.

a. He published studies of twin pairs reared apart, now discredited but supposedly

conducted under nearly ideal scientific conditions, and suggesting a heritability of

IQ is as high as .8.

b. He hypothesized that the average IQ difference between African American and

white Americans is significantly determined by genetic factors.

c. His idea for eugenics, initially envisioned as a positive program to promote breed-

ing by the gifted, was later taken up in negative programs designed to eliminate

breeding by the unfit.

11. Arthur Jensen

12. Cyril Burt

13. Francis Galton

11. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify controversial figures.

12. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify controversial figures.

13. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Identify controversial figures.

 Match the publication with its author.

a. Born Together–Reared Apart: The Landmark Minnesota Twin Study

b. “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”

c. “The History of Twins, as a Criterion of the Relative Powers of Nature and Nur-

ture”

d. The Science and Politics of I.Q.

14. Arthur Jensen

15. Francis Galton

16. Leon Kamin

17. Nancy Segal

14. ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

15. ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

16. ANS: D DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

17. ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify authors of significant publica-

tions.

Match the definition with the term.

a. derived by following a convenient formula for computing product moment corre-

lation coefficients, which can also account for negative relationships

b. a numerically precise value of the strength of a relationship between two varia-

bles
 c. the tendency for extreme scores on one variable to be associated with less ex-

treme scores on another variable

18. coefficient of correlation

19. Pearson’s r

20. regression toward the mean

18. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define statistical terms.

19. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define statistical terms.

20. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define statistical terms.

Match the definition with the term.

a. a bell-shaped curve representing measurements in which more scores fall in the

middle ranges than at the extremes

b. a grid in which the scores for two variables can be plotted against each other

c. a mathematical means of measuring the strength of the association between two

imperfectly related variables

21. normal distribution

22. statistical correlation

23. scatter plot

21. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Define statistical terms.

22. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Define statistical terms.

23. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Define statistical terms.

Match the definition with the term.

a. a discipline that focuses on the measurement and study of variations among peo-

ple on a psychological characteristic

 b. the percentage of a characteristic’s variability within a population that is deter-

mined by genetics

c. the project of improving the human race through selective breeding

24. eugenics

25. heritability

26. psychology of individual differences

24. ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: Define Galtonian terms.

25. ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: Define Galtonian terms.

26. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: Define Galtonian terms.

Match the definition with the term.

a. recording the first reactions that come to mind following the random presentation

of stimulus words

b. the distribution of a standard set of questions to a large sample of respondents

c. the investigation of the characteristics of adult monozygotic twins raised in dif-

ferent adoptive environments

d. the investigation the similarities and differences between different categories of

twin pairs

27. self-questionnaire method

28. separated-twin study

29. twin-study method

30. word-association technique

27. ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the research method.

28. ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the research method.

29. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the research method.

30. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: Define the research method.

Match the understanding of intelligence with the individual.

a. hypothesized that the average lower IQ scores of African Americans, compared to

white Americans, was partly the result of genetic factors

b. assumed a strong correlation between practical intelligence and sensory acuity

c. emphasized the role of heredity in determining intelligence and calculated the

heritability of intelligence to be .8

31. Arthur Jensen

32. Cyril Burt

33. Francis Galton

31. ANS: A DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify understandings of intelligence.

32. ANS: C DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify understandings of intelligence.

33. ANS: B DIF: Hard OBJ: Identify understandings of intelligence.

SHORT ANSWER

1. Define heritability.

ANS:

The percentage of a characteristic’s variability within a population that is determined

by genetics.

DIF: Easy OBJ: Define heritability.

2. What was Karl Pearson’s contribution to statistical correlation and regression?

ANS:

Pearson refined Galton’s ideas about correlation and regression and developed a con-
 venient formula for calculating a “product-moment correlation coefficient,” also re-

ferred to as Pearson’s r. The technique also allowed correlation to be extended to

cover negative relationships.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Recall statistical correlation and regression.

3. How did Galton envision implementing eugenics?

ANS:

To improve the human race through selective breeding, Galton thought it was neces-

sary to encourage the mostly highly able young men and women to intermarry. They

then needed to be encouraged to have children at rates greater than less able parents.

He imagined creating eugenic exams to identify the most able men and women in so-

ciety.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand eugenics.

4. Why was Arthur Jensen’s work controversial?

ANS:

When studying the effectiveness of Operation Head Start, Jensen concluded that

gains in intelligence, from changes in the educational environment, were minimal at

best. Based on this, and relying heavily on Cyril Burt’s work, he concluded that it

was heredity, rather than environmental circumstances, that determined intelligence.

Moreover, he argued that the lower on average IQ scores of African Americans,

compared to white Americans, are at least partially a result of their genetics.

DIF: Hard OBJ: Explain Jensen’s work.

5. What was Galton’s Anthropometric Laboratory?

ANS:
Test Bank for Pioneers of Psychology, 5th Edition, Raymond E. Fancher, Alexandra Rutherford,

An exhibit at London’s 1884 International Health Exhibition, Galton’s anthropomet-

ric laboratory featured a number of devices that measured or tested volunteer mem-

bers of the public on variables that he hoped would reflect inheritable natural or men-

tal ability. These supposedly mental tests emphasized neurophysiological variables

such as reaction time and sensory discrimination. Although they did not work as

planned, they were precursors of intelligence tests.

DIF: Moderate OBJ: Understand Galton’s views on intelligence testing.

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