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7-2 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
Item Type Item Type Item Type Item Type Item Type Item Type Item Type
Learning Objective 1
1. TF 24. MC
Learning Objective 2
2. TF 4. TF 6. TF 26. MC 28. MC
3. TF 5. TF 25. MC 27. MC 29. MC
Learning Objective 3
7. TF 10. TF 32. MC 35. MC 84. SAE
8. TF 30. MC 33. MC 36. MC 88. Es
9. TF 31. MC 34. MC 82. Ma 89. Es
Learning Objective 4
11. TF 38. MC 42. MC 46. MC 50. MC 76. Ex 85. SAE
12. TF 39. MC 43. MC 47. MC 51. MC 77. Ex
13. TF 40. MC 44. MC 48. MC 52. MC 78. Ex
37. MC 41. MC 45. MC 49. MC 75. Ex 83. Ma
Learning Objective 5
14. TF 54. MC 56. MC 58. MC 60. MC 76. Ex
53. MC 55. MC 57. MC 59. MC 61. MC
Learning Objective 6
15. TF 16. TF 62. MC 63. MC 64. MC 76. Ex 85. SAE
Learning Objective 7
17. TF 65. MC
Learning Objective 8
18. TF 20. TF 66. MC 68. MC 70. MC 85. SAE
19. TF 21. TF 67. MC 69. MC 79. Ex 86. SAE
Appendix
*22. TF *71. MC *73. MC *80. Ex *87. SAE
*23. TF *72. MC *74. MC *81. Ex
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Inventory 7-3
4. Explain why cost formulas are necessary and calculate the cost of goods sold
and ending inventory under the specific identification, weighted-average, and
first-in, first-out cost formulas.
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7-4 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
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Inventory 7-5
8. Calculate the inventory turnover ratio and the days to sell inventory ratio and
explain how they can be interpreted by users.
• The inventory turnover ratio is determined by dividing cost of goods sold by average
inventory. It is a measure of how fast inventory is sold or how long it is held before being
sold.
• The days to sell inventory ratio is calculated by dividing 365 days by the inventory
turnover ratio. It measures the number of days, on average, that it took a company to
sell through its inventory.
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7-6 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
TRUE-FALSE STATEMENTS
2. The Finished Goods account collects all the costs incurred as a product is being
made.
4. Once the manufacturing process is complete, the product is transferred from the
Work-in-Process account to Raw Materials account.
6. FOB shipping means the seller owns the inventory until it reaches the buyers premise.
7. Periodic inventory systems provide more relevant and timely information to managers
for decision making purposes than perpetual inventory systems do.
9. Perpetual inventory systems provide more timely information than periodic systems.
10. COGS is equal to the inventory purchased for a given time period.
11. The cost formula used by a firm must match the physical flow of units through the
firm.
12. Under the FIFO inventory formula, the cost of ending inventory and cost of goods
sold will be the same under both the perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
13. If prices were rising and a Canadian company wanted to report a smaller amount of
profit for tax purposes, they should use the weighted-average cost formula.
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Inventory 7-7
15. Gross margin is the difference between sales revenue and costs of goods available
for sale.
16. The gross margin ratio is equal to gross margin divided by sales revenue.
17. Just-in-time inventory systems are designed to reduce the cost of inventory storage
and increase the amount of cash on hand.
18. The inventory turnover ratio is calculated as cost of goods sold divided by total
inventory.
19. One way to estimate the cost of goods sold is to multiply the sales revenue for the
period by the inventory turnover ratio.
20. If a company’s inventory turnover ratio is 6.6, it takes them on average 55 days to
sell their inventory.
21. The cost to sales ratio is a method used to estimate inventory instead of performing
a physical count.
*23. The major difference between the periodic and perpetual inventory systems is that
inventory must be physically counted in the periodic system to determine ending
inventory.
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7-8 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
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Inventory 7-9
24. The longer the inventory remains unsold, the higher the risk of
a) spoilage.
b) damage.
c) obsolescence.
d) all of the above.
26. Which of the following is the correct flow of costs in a manufacturing operation?
a) Raw materials to finished goods
b) Raw materials to finished goods to work-in-process
c) Raw materials to work-in-process to finished goods
d) Direct materials to work-in-process to finished goods.
28. In a manufacturing process overhead costs are added to which inventory account?
a) Raw Materials
b) Finished Goods
c) Work-in-Process
d) Cost of Goods Sold
29. The buyer is responsible for paying shipping and other costs incurred while goods
are in transit from the sellers premise to buyers premises.
a) FOB shipping
b) FOB destination
c) FOB purchasing
d) FOB receiving
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7 - 10 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
32. Which of the following would most likely use a perpetual inventory system?
a) hardware store
b) shoe store
c) car dealership
d) bookstore
33. Which of the following would most likely use a periodic inventory system?
a) car dealership
b) heavy metal distributor
c) computer dealership
d) local handcrafted furniture store
34. The following amounts are always known under which inventory costing system?
Current inventory Cost of goods sold Inventory shrinkage
a) Periodic Periodic Perpetual
b) Perpetual Perpetual Periodic
c) Perpetual Perpetual Perpetual
d) Periodic Periodic Periodic
36. When a company is evaluating whether or not to use a perpetual vs. a periodic
inventory system the following statement is most accurate.
a) A perpetual inventory system provides far superior information and should be used at
any cost.
b) A periodic system is inferior and should never be used if possible.
c) The cost of the system used should be measured against the benefits it provides.
d) Both systems are equally good.
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Inventory 7 - 11
38. Which of the following cost formulas would be most appropriate when the inventory
units are unique or costly?
a) FIFO
b) specific identification
c) just-in-time
d) weighted-average
39. Which of the following would be most likely to use the specific identification method?
a) shoe store
b) car dealership
c) grocery store
d) bookstore
40. Which cost formula will produce the same results under both the periodic and
perpetual inventory systems?
a) FIFO
b) weighted-average
c) They both produce the same results.
d) They both produce different results.
41. Which of the following cost formulas would be most appropriate for costing an
inventory of liquids stored in tanks?
a) weighted-average
b) FIFO
c) periodic
d) perpetual
42. An inventory of grocery items where the shelves are stocked from the back would be
similar to which cost formula?
a) FIFO
b) specific identification
c) weighted-average
d) none of the above
43. Which of the following statements about the FIFO cost formula is true?
a) The same costs per unit are assigned to the ending inventory and the cost of goods
sold.
b) Companies prefer to use FIFO because it lowers their tax liability.
c) In times of rising prices FIFO will produce a higher net income than weighted-average.
d) In time of rising prices FIFO produces an inventory cost per unit that is lower than the
cost per unit of cost of goods sold.
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7 - 12 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
45. Which of the following statements about the weighted-average cost formula is true?
a) If prices are rising, companies prefer it because it lowers their tax liability.
b) It is the most popular method in Canada.
c) In times of rising prices, weighted-average will produce a higher net income than
FIFO.
d) In time of rising prices, weighted-average produces an inventory cost per unit that is
higher than the cost per unit of cost of goods sold.
Birken Bark Industries had the following activity with one of its inventory items during the
current period:
Units Unit Cost
Beginning inventory 30 $8.00
Purchase October 5 80 10.50
Sale October 11 (40)
Purchase October 17 60 12.00
Sale October 26 (70)
46. Using a perpetual inventory system and the FIFO cost formula, the ending inventory
was valued at
a) $500.
b) $625.
c) $720.
d) $825.
47. Using a perpetual inventory system and the FIFO cost formula, the cost of goods
sold was
a) $975.
b) $1,080.
c) $1,175.
d) $1,300.
48. Using a perpetual inventory system and the weighted-average cost formula, the cost
of goods sold for the October 11 sale was closest to
a) $540.
b) $420.
c) $393.
d) $370.
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Inventory 7 - 13
49. If the company is using a perpetual system and the FIFO cost formula, what is the
ending inventory closest to?
a) $7,100
b) $7,350
c) $7,650
d) $7,920
50. If the company is using a perpetual system and the FIFO cost formula, what is the
cost of goods sold closest to?
a) $25,700
b) $25,500
c) $25,200
d) $25,930
51. If the company is using a perpetual system and the weighted-average cost formula,
what is the ending inventory closest to?
a) $8,470
b) $7,777
c) $7,560
d) $7,391
52. If the company is using a perpetual system and the weighted-average cost formula,
what is the cost of goods sold closest to?
a) $24,380
b) $24,840
c) $25,459
d) $25,631
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7 - 14 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
54. Which of the following statements best describes net realizable value when applying
the LCM rule?
a) Net realizable value is the selling price less the costs necessary to sell the item.
b) Net realizable value is the selling price plus the costs necessary to sell the item.
c) Net realizable value is the selling price plus the normal profit margin.
d) Net realizable value is the selling price less the normal profit margin.
55. Tamarack Co. prepares its estimate of LCM using the net realizable value. Inventory
item 101 cost $45 and its current replacement cost is $50. The item is currently selling in
the market for $55 and selling costs are estimated to be $6. Tamarack expects to earn a
profit of $4 on the sale of this item. In its year-end financial statements, Tamarack Co.
should value this item at
a) $50.
b) $45.
c) $49.
d) $55.
56. When using the LCM rule in Canada, the market value is most commonly
a) net present value.
b) selling price less profit margin.
c) replacement cost.
d) net realizable value.
57. The inventory writedown that results from the application of the LCM rule is often
hidden in the
a) selling expense.
b) inventory account.
c) cost of goods sold.
d) loss due to market decline of inventory.
58. The inventory writedown incurred from applying the LCM rule to inventory is
a) not reflected on the Statement of Financial Position.
b) an adjustment to cost of goods sold.
c) not reflected on the Statement of Income.
d) not considered a permanent loss.
Hannibal Inc. values its inventory on an LCM basis. The following data came from the
2017 inventory, which consisted of two items:
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Inventory 7 - 15
59. The appropriate carrying value for the entire inventory when applying the LCM rule
using net realizable value on an item-by-item basis would be
a) $25,000.
b) $26,000.
c) $27,000.
d) $28,000.
60. The appropriate carrying value for the entire inventory when applying the LCM rule
using net realizable value to the inventory as a whole would be
a) $25,000.
b) $26,000.
c) $27,000.
d) $28,000.
62. If the company uses a perpetual system and the FIFO cost formula, what is the
gross margin on the May 5 sale closest to?
a) $6,100
b) $8,100
c) $8,200
d) $8,550
63. If the company uses a perpetual system and the weighted-average cost formula,
what is the gross margin on the May 5 sale closest to?
a) $6,100
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7 - 16 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
b) $8,100
c) $8,190
d) $8,550
64. If the company uses a perpetual system and the FIFO cost formula, what is the
gross margin for the month closest to?
a) $12,100
b) $16,200
c) $16,300
d) $17.100
65. Effective inventory management would have one person place the order for new
inventory, a second person check it against the purchase order when it arrives and a
third person record the receipt of inventory in the accounting records. The purpose of
this system is
a) to reduce spoilage.
b) to reduce storage costs.
c)to guard against stock-outs.
d) to guard against internal theft and collusion.
66. Cullen Company has a normal markup of 40%. Its cost-to-sales ratio is
a) 71.4%.
b) 67.5%.
c) 60%.
d) Cannot be calculated.
67. Grey Industries. had beginning inventory of $10,000 and purchased $75,000 during
2017. The company had sales of $90,000 and has traditionally had a cost-to-sales ratio
of 75%. Using the gross margin estimation method, the company estimates its ending
inventory to be
a) $67,500.
b) $65,000.
c) $17,500.
d) $22,500.
68. Best Beauties Ltd. had a fire at its warehouse and was trying to determine the cost of
the inventory lost. For the year to date, sales had been $525,000, opening inventory was
$25,000, purchases to date were $198,000, the cost-to-sales ratio is normally 60%.
Inventory not damaged in the fire was $18,000. What was the cost of the inventory
damaged in the fire?
a) $110,000
b) $124,000
c) $160,000
d) $74,000
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Inventory 7 - 17
69. In 2017 Borger Inc. had beginning inventory of $106,000, purchases of $1,126,500,
ending inventory of $116,000, accounts payable of $49,605, and sales of $2,147,250.
Inventory turnover for 2017 was closest to
a) 9.625.
b) 10.06.
c) 10.15.
d) 10.53.
70. The gross margin estimation method estimates the cost of goods sold by
a) multiplying the sales revenue by cost to sales ratio.
b) multiplying the cost of goods available by the gross margin percentage.
c) multiplying the costs to sales ratio by purchases.
d) multiplying the sales revenue by the inventory turnover ratio.
*71. If the company is using a FIFO cost formula and a periodic system, what is the cost
of goods sold closest to?
a) $17,225
b) $17,000
c) $16,775
d) $16,500
*72. If the company is using a FIFO cost formula and a periodic system, what is the
ending inventory closest to?
a) $11,275
b) $11,500
c) $11,725
d) $12,000
*73. If the company is using a weighted-average cost formula and a periodic system,
what is the cost of goods sold closest to?
a) $17,085
b) $17,000
c) $16,915
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7 - 18 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
d) $16,575
*74. If the company is using a weighted-average cost formula and a periodic system,
what is the ending inventory closest to?
a) $11,925
b) $11,415
c) $11,500
d) $11,585
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Inventory 7 - 19
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7 - 20 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
EXERCISES
75. Kaytana Inc. uses a perpetual inventory system and had the following activity for a
single inventory item:
Units Unit Cost Total Cost
May 1, inventory 140 $2.50 $350
Purchases:
May 5 200 3.50 700
May 10 140 4.50 630
May 15 160 5.50 880
Sales:
May 11 250
May 19 150
Instructions
Using the perpetual system, determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold
under:
a) FIFO
b) Weighted-average (round unit cost to nearest cent)
b) Weighted-average:
May 11 sale average cost = (140 × $2.50 + 200 × $3.50 + 140 × $4.50) ÷ 480
= $3.50 per unit
Cost of sale = 250 × $3.50 = $875
May 15 sale average cost = (230 × $3.50 + 160 × $5.50) ÷ 390
= $4.32 per unit
Cost of sale = 150 × $4.32 = $648
Total cost of goods sold = $875 + $648 = $1,523
76. Nemi Inc. distributes electronic components and has just completed their first year of
operation. Management is looking forward to finding out what the profit for the year was
because they get paid a bonus based on net income. The accountant has provided them
with the following information concerning their inventory for the year:
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Inventory 7 - 21
Due to over-supply in the industry at year-end, the price for the product had fallen to $20
and the company estimates that the costs to ship and sell the product are $2.50 per unit.
Instructions
a) Calculate the gross margin if Nemi decides to use the weighted-average cost
formula.
b) Calculate the gross margin if Nemi decides to use the FIFO cost formula.
c) Based on your answers to a) and b) which cost formula would management prefer?
Why?
d) Have prices for the inventory been rising or falling during the year?
e) What is the net realizable value of the inventory?
f) What value should Nemi report on its financial statements for cost of goods sold and
ending inventory? Support your answer.
d) Prices have been falling. If prices were rising the ending inventory for FIFO would
be the larger than for weighted-average and the gross margin would be smaller for
weighted-average.
Because the NRV is lower than the average costs for either FIFO or weighted-
average the ending inventory should be valued at NRV: $17.50 x 2,000 = $35,000
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7 - 22 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
Note: it does not matter which cost formula is selected. Some students may use the cost
of goods sold they calculated in part (a) or (b) and then add the loss on the decline in
value of inventory to that.
Cost of goods sold (weighted-average) ...................... $153,333
Loss on inventory 2,000 x (18.33 – 17.50) .................. 1,660
Total cost of goods sold:............................................. $154,993
(the $7 difference is due to rounding)
77. Emmett Inc. uses a perpetual inventory system and had the following activity for a
single inventory item:
Units Unit Cost Total Cost
January 1, inventory 500 $2.50 $1,250
Purchases:
January 5 250 3.50 875
January 10 175 4.50 787.50
January 15 100 5.50 550
Sales:
January 11 550
January 19 375
Instructions
Using the perpetual system, determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold
under:
a) FIFO
b) Weighted-average (round unit cost to nearest cent)
b) Weighted-average:
January 11 sale average cost = (500 × $2.50 + 250 × $3.50 + 175 × $4.50)/ 925
= $3.15 per unit
Cost of sale = 550 × $3.15 = $1,732.50
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Inventory 7 - 23
Instructions
Use the above information to calculate the cost of goods available for sale and cost of
goods sold for Devon Ltd.
Solution (5 min.)
Beginning Inventory........................................................... $ 40,000
+ purchases ...................................................................... 462,000
+ Freight in ........................................................................ 5,000
= Cost of Goods Available for Sale .................................... 507,000
– Ending Inventory ............................................................ (65,000)
COGS ............................................................................... $442,000
79. Brilliant Boats Ltd. uses the gross margin method to calculate the cost of its ending
inventory. In 2017, the company had beginning inventory of $475,000 and purchases of
$3,750,000. The company has traditionally marked up its inventory 45% and in 2017 had
sales of $5,250,000.
Instructions
Calculate Brilliant Boats Ltd.’s ending inventory for 2017.
Solution (5 min.)
Cost-to-sales ratio for 45% markup is 69%, i.e., an item that costs $60 will sell for $87
(60 ÷ 87 = 69%)
*80. Matteo Co. uses a periodic inventory system and had the following activity for a
single inventory item:
Units Unit Cost Total Cost
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7 - 24 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
Instructions
Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold using:
a) FIFO
b) Weighted average (round unit cost to nearest cent)
Solution (8 min.)
a) Units in ending inventory = Goods available – sales
= 640 – 400 = 240 units
Ending inventory = (160 × $5.50) + (80 × $4.50) = $1,240
C.G.S. = Cost of goods available – ending inventory
= $2,560 – $1,240 = $1,320
*81. Jungle Jamboree Inc. uses a periodic inventory system and had the following
activity for a single inventory item:
Units Unit Cost Total Cost
August 1, inventory 500 $2.50 $1,250
Purchases:
August 5 250 3.50 875
August 10 175 4.50 787.50
August 15 100 5.50 550
Sales:
August 11 550
August 19 375
Instructions
Determine the ending inventory and cost of goods sold using:
a) FIFO
b) Weighted-average (round unit cost to nearest cent)
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Inventory 7 - 25
Solution (8 min.)
a) Units in ending inventory = Goods available – sales
= 1,025 – 925 = 100 units
Ending inventory = (100 × $5.50) = $550
C.G.S. = Cost of goods available – ending inventory
= $3,462.5 – $550 = $2,912.50
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7 - 26 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
MATCHING
82. Listed below are characteristics relating to inventory costing systems. Place a check
mark under the appropriate column that matches the characteristic to the inventory
system.
Periodic Perpetual
Systems Systems
a) Cost of goods sold is calculated at the end of
each accounting period. ______ ______
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Inventory 7 - 27
Solution (5 min.)
Periodic Perpetual
Systems Systems
a) X
b) X
c) X
d) X
e) X
f) X
g) X
h) X
i) X
j) X
k) X
l) X
83. Listed below are the various inventory cost formulas, followed by a series of
descriptive statements. Match the inventory cost formulas to the descriptive statements
by placing the appropriate letter in the space provided.
STATEMENTS
____ 1. Includes the oldest costs in cost of goods sold.
____ 2. Cost of goods sold and ending inventory are based on the same unit cost.
____ 3. Cost of goods sold and ending inventory are based on the most recent
costs.
____ 4. Physical units are unique and the accounting records identify each unit and
its cost.
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7 - 28 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
Solution (5 min.)
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. A
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Inventory 7 - 29
84. Compare and contrast a perpetual and a periodic inventory system. What factors
should a company take into consideration when deciding which system to use?
Periodic Systems:
• no adjustments are made to inventory when a sale is recorded, COGS are
calculated at the end of the period when inventory is counted
• it is impossible to identify shrinkage or theft – the COGS calculation assumes that all
items have been sold
• Inventory counts can be very expensive particularly when inventory levels are very
high
When choosing an inventory system a company should take into account the cost of
maintaining a system versus the benefits received from it.
85. Explain how the choice of inventory cost formula, FIFO or weighted-average, would
affect the analysis of a company’s financial statements by a potential user. Identify what
ratios are affected and how they are affected.
In periods of rising prices, weighted-average will have a lower net income and a lower
ending inventory figure then FIFO.
• Current ratio would be lower; company appears less liquid.
• Gross margin and profit margin are lower; company appears less profitable.
• Inventory turnover would be higher (CGS higher, inventory lower).
Note: Depending on the coverage by the instructor, other ratios, such as ROA may be
discussed and the fact that there is no effect on cash flow.
86. Prairie Fruit is a fruit distributor located in Sudbury, Ontario. The company has been
losing significant business over the past year and the manager has asked you to use the
following information to help identify any areas of concern.
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7 - 30 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
Solution
The company’s inventory turnover has been falling:
2017: $6,200,000 ÷ $875,000 = 7.1 times or 51 days (365 days ÷ 7.1).
2016: $5,750,000 ÷ $520,000 = 11.1 times or 33 days (365 days ÷ 11.1)
Since Prairie Fruit is a fruit distributor, it would seem that the company is selling its
inventory much too slowly and it may be selling spoiled fruit to its customers (51 days is
a long time to stock fresh fruit). This may explain why the company is losing customers.
One suggestion is that the company should decrease the amount of inventory it is
carrying thereby speeding up its turnover and ensuring a fresher product for its
customers.
*87. McLaughlin Inc. began business in the current month. The bookkeeper received a
report from an outside firm specializing in physical inventory counts that the ending
inventory was $1,426.60. However, according to the bookkeeper's records, the inventory
at month end was $1,517.50. The bookkeeper has rechecked his records several times
and still comes up with the same amount. He believes that the difference between the
two amounts must be due to inventory shrinkage. The company had no inventory at the
beginning of the month and 70 units on hand per a physical inventory count at the end of
the month. The company uses the periodic method. Listed below are the company's
purchases for the month:
Purchase Units Unit Cost
1 40 $20.00
2 50 21.00
3 60 20.50
4 75 20.00
5 90 19.00
6 50 22.00
7 45 21.50
Instructions
Write an explanation for the bookkeeper on how the difference in amounts could occur.
Provide numerical support.
Numerical support:
Weighted-average:
Cost per unit = $8,357.50 ÷ 410 units = $20.38/unit
Ending inventory = 70 units × $20.38 = $1,426.60
FIFO:
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Inventory 7 - 31
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7 - 32 Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting, Canadian Edition
ESSAY QUESTIONS
88. A car dealership specializing in luxury vehicles most likely uses a perpetual inventory
system for inventory management.
Instructions
Why would the perpetual system be important for the manager of the car dealership?
89. Bertin’s Boutique Inc., a furniture store, uses a periodic inventory system. The
company president has heard that a perpetual inventory system would help him make
better decisions in the day-to-day management of his business. He has come to you, the
company accountant, for more information.
Instructions
Prepare a reply to the president that includes a brief description of the perpetual
inventory system. Identify three disadvantages and three advantages associated with
implementing such a system.
Advantages:
a) Computer technology has come down in price, making the implementation of a
perpetual system a real possibility for most businesses.
b) May be able to implement an EDI system (electronic data interchange) where the
information concerning the level of inventory could be linked to suppliers such that
the system automatically reorders items when the level of inventory reaches a
predetermined level.
c) Can identify shrinkage due to theft or spoilage.
d) Main benefit is that it provides timely information. Management knows which items
are selling and how many they still have on hand. They can make informed
decisions about reordering, pricing, and other issues.
Disadvantages:
a) Costly to maintain
b) May only be useful to track units (not costs), especially if there are several identical
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is prohibited
Inventory 7 - 33
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. Unauthorized copying, distribution, or transmission of this page is prohibited
Test Bank for Understanding Financial Accounting Canadian Edition
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