Understanding Earth 7th Edition

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Chapter: Chapter 6: Metamorphism: Alteration of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure

Multiple Choice

1. Marble is a metamorphic rock that forms from

A) granite.
B) limestone.
C) sandstone.
D) shale.

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

2. Which of the following tectonic settings will be coolest at 30 km depth?

A) regions of continental extension
B) stable continental lithosphere
C) volcanic arcs
D) The temperature in all three tectonic settings above will be the same at 30 km depth.
Ans: B
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

3. Which of the following minerals is diagnostic of metamorphism?

A) calcite
B) feldspar
C) staurolite
D) quartz

Ans: C
Section: Introduction

4. Approximately what is the pressure on a rock at 15 km depth in Earth's crust? (Note: 1

bar is approximately 1 atmosphere and 1000 bars equals 1 kbar.)
A) 4 bars
B) 40 bars
C) 400 bars
D) 4 kbars

Ans: D
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

5. A geothermometer is
A) a device that measures current rock temperatures.
B) a device that measures temperature when lowered into deep drill holes.
C) a mineral assemblage that reveals the maximum temperature attained by a rock.
D) the range of temperatures encountered by a rock in its geologic history.

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

6. What is the average rate at which temperature increases with depth in Earth's crust?
A) 10°C/km
B) 30°C/km
C) 100°C/km
D) 300°C/km

Ans: B
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

7. Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism?

A) an increase in pressure
B) interaction with hydrothermal fluids
C) an increase in temperature
D) all of the above

Ans: D
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

8. During metamorphism, changes in the bulk composition of a rock occur primarily as a

result of
A) increases in pressure.
B) reaction with hydrothermal fluids.
C) increases in temperature.
D) decreases in temperature.

Ans: B
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

9. Which of the following is a general pressure in all directions, such as the pressure that
the atmosphere exerts?
A) confining pressure
B) pore pressure
C) directional pressure
D) stress pressure

Ans: A
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism
10. What is metasomatism?
A) a change in the bulk composition of a rock during metamorphism
B) metamorphism caused by nearby magmatic intrusions
C) metamorphism caused by tectonic movements along faults
D) the parallel alignment of minerals in a metamorphic rock

Ans: A
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

11. What is the primary source of the carbon dioxide in metamorphic fluids?
A) atmospheric carbon
B) carbon dioxide released from Earth's core
C) sedimentary carbonates
D) weathered cement and other man-made materials

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

12. What type of metamorphism is caused by high temperature and high pressure
imposed over a large volume of crust?
A) burial
B) contact
C) regional
D) shock

Ans: C
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

13. What type of metamorphism is caused by igneous intrusions?

A) burial metamorphism
B) regional metamorphism
C) contact metamorphism
D) shock metamorphism

Ans: C
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism
14. At what depth does low-grade metamorphism begin?
A) 1 to 2 km
B) 6 to 10 km
C) 20 to 50 km
D) 100 to 200 km

Ans: B
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

15. Where does seafloor metamorphism take place?

A) continent collision zones
B) subduction zones
C) divergent plate boundaries
D) transform plate boundaries

Ans: C
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

16. What is the relationship between metamorphic foliation and sedimentary bedding?
A) Sedimentary bedding is generally perpendicular to metamorphic foliation.
B) Sedimentary bedding is generally at a 45° angle to metamorphic foliation.
C) Sedimentary bedding is generally parallel to metamorphic foliation.
D) There is no general angular relationship between sedimentary bedding and
metamorphic foliation.

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

17. The parallel alignment of mica in a metamorphic rock is an example of

A) bedding.
B) foliation.
C) metasomatism.
D) porphyroblasts.
Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

18. What type of metamorphic rock was once used to make blackboards because of its
ability to split easily into thin sheets along smooth, parallel surfaces?
A) hornfels
B) quartzite
C) schist
D) slate

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

19. Which of the following rocks represents the highest metamorphic grade?
A) gneiss
B) phyllite
C) schist
D) slate

Ans: A
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

20. Which of the following is not used to classify foliated rocks?

A) the metamorphic grade
B) the size of the crystals
C) the nature of the foliation
D) the texture of the parent rock

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

21. Which of the following tectonic settings may be characterized by regional, high-
pressure, and ultra-high-pressure metamorphism?
A) convergent plate boundaries
B) plate interiors
C) divergent plate boundaries
D) transform plate boundaries

Ans: A
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

22. Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of a shale is false?
A) With increasing metamorphism, clay minerals break down to form micas.
B) With increasing metamorphism, the grain size of the rock gets smaller.
C) With increasing metamorphism, foliation develops.
D) With increasing metamorphism, the amount of water in the rock decreases.

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

23. Which of the following sequences describes the metamorphic changes in a shale with
increasing metamorphic grade?
A) schist, gneiss, slate
B) slate, schist, gneiss
C) gneiss, slate, schist
D) gneiss, schist, slate

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

24. Light-colored rocks with coarse bands of segregated light and dark minerals are
called
A) gneisses.
B) quartzites.
C) schists.
D) slates.

Ans: A
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures
25. Which of the following metamorphic rocks is incorrectly paired with its parent
rock?
A) greenstone – basalt
B) quartzite – granite
C) marble – limestone
D) schist – shale

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

26. Which of the following metamorphic rocks is always foliated?

A) hornfels
B) marbles
C) quartzites
D) schists

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

27. Which of the following rocks has a granular texture?

A) gneiss
B) hornfels
C) schist
D) slate

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

28. Which of the following metamorphic rocks forms from mafic volcanic rocks?
A) greenstone
B) marble
C) quartzite
D) all of the above

Ans: A
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

29. A nonfoliated contact metamorphic rock is called a

A) gneiss.
B) hornfels.
C) phyllite.
D) schist.

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

30. Granoblastic metamorphic rocks generally contain minerals that are _______ in
shape.
A) linear
B) platy
C) equant
D) bladed

Ans: C
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

31. Which of the following metamorphic rocks cannot form from a shale?
A) hornfels
B) marble
C) schist
D) slate

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

32. What type of metamorphic rock has undergone partial melting?

A) hornfels
B) migmatite
C) schist
D) slate

Ans: B
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

33. Which of the following rocks can be considered gradational between an igneous and
a metamorphic rock?
A) amphibolite
B) gneiss
C) migmatite
D) zeolite

Ans: C
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

34. Which metamorphic mineral commonly forms porphyroblasts?

A) amphibole
B) calcite
C) chlorite
D) garnet

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

35. What is a porphyroblast?

A) a common type of copper ore deposit
B) an igneous rock with two distinct crystal sizes
C) a relatively large metamorphic mineral
D) a strongly foliated metamorphic rock

Ans: C
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

36. Which of the following rocks represents the highest grade of metamorphosed mafic
volcanic rocks?
A) amphibolite
B) blueschist
C) greenschist
D) granulite

Ans: D
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

37. What metamorphic facies occurs at temperatures of 400°C and pressures of 6

kilobars?
A) granulite
B) greenschist
C) hornfels
D) zeolite

Ans: B
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

38. What is the most likely parent rock of a metamorphic rock containing muscovite,
biotite, garnet, and quartz?
A) basalt
B) limestone
C) sandstone
D) shale

Ans: D
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

39. Which of the following metamorphic facies represents the highest temperature?
A) amphibolite
B) blueschist
C) granulite
D) greenschist

Ans: C
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade
40. Under what conditions does zeolite-facies metamorphism occur?
A) relatively low pressure and low temperature
B) relatively low pressure and high temperature
C) relatively high pressure and low temperature
D) relatively high pressure and high temperature

Ans: A
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

41. Which mineral is commonly used to determine a metamorphic P-T path?

A) calcite
B) garnet
C) muscovite
D) quartz

Ans: B
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

42. The prograde part of a metamorphic P-T path occurs during

A) burial and cooling.
B) exhumation and cooling.
C) burial and heating.
D) exhumation and heating.

Ans: C
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

43. Mélanges and blueschists are characteristic of which tectonic setting?

A) continent collisions
B) subduction zones
C) mid-ocean ridges
D) transform faults

Ans: B
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
44. Which metamorphic rock forms in the forearc of a subduction zone?
A) amphibolite
B) blueschist
C) hornfels
D) granulite

Ans: B
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

45. What metamorphic rock could also be considered a transitional rock between igneous
and metamorphic?
A) schist
B) hornfels
C) gneiss
D) migmatite

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

46. Metamorphic mineral assemblages that can be used as pressure gauges are referred to
as
A) kilobarometers.
B) geothermometers.
C) geobarometers.
D) kilothermometers.

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

47. What kind of metamorphism would you expect to see in the rocks at a meteorite
impact site?
A) shock
B) burial
C) regional
D) contact

Ans: A
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

48. Eclogite rocks form during ___________ metamorphism.

A) high-pressure
B) ultra-high-pressure
C) burial
D) seafloor

Ans: B
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

49. The parent rock of quartzite is

A) granite.
B) limestone.
C) shale.
D) sandstone.

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

50. The parent rock(s) of granofels is(are)

A) shale.
B) impure sandstone.
C) granite.
D) shale, impure sandstone, and granite.

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures
51. A metamorphic rock that is described as porphyroblastic has
A) original igneous rock textures.
B) abundant equant minerals.
C) large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.
D) no preferred alignment of minerals.

Ans: C
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

52. Different pressure-temperature zones within a belt of regionally metamorphosed rock

are defined by the presence of
A) porphyroblasts.
B) index minerals.
C) migmatite.
D) sillimanite.

Ans: B
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

53. Epidote is a common metamorphic mineral found in metamorphosed

A) shale.
B) limestone.
C) basalt.
D) sandstone.

Ans: C
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

54. What kind of metamorphism(s) would you expect to find at a convergent plate
margin?
A) regional
B) high-pressure
C) contact
D) all of the above

Ans: D
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
55. The process whereby metamorphic rocks rise to Earth's surface is called
A) exhumation.
B) orogeny.
C) subduction.
D) progradation.

Ans: A
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

56. The flow of metamorphic rocks back to Earth's surface is controlled by tectonics and
A) erosion.
B) hydrothermal circulation.
C) magmatism.
D) retrograde metamorphism.

Ans: A
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

57. What type of metamorphic rock is granofels?

A) a granulite
B) a schist
C) a gneiss
D) a marble

Ans: A
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

58. Which mineral is commonly found as a porphyroblast?

A) quartz
B) biotite
C) mica
D) staurolite
Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

59. Metamorphic rocks may form from

A) igneous rocks.
B) sedimentary rocks.
C) other metamorphic rocks.
D) any of the major rock types.

Ans: D
Section: Introduction

60. Which of the following metamorphic rocks is most likely to contain visible fossils?
A) gneiss
B) hornfels
C) marble
D) quartzite

Ans: C
Section: Introduction

61. Metamorphism happens when rocks are subjected to

A) new temperatures and pressures.
B) fluids.
C) whole-scale melting.
D) atmospheric gases.

Ans: A
Section: Introduction

62. Metasomatism does not involve a change in

A) bulk rock chemistry.
B) mineral composition.
C) fluid composition.
D) rock texture.

Ans: D
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

63. What kind of metamorphism would you expect to be pervasive on the lunar surface?
A) regional metamorphism
B) burial metamorphism
C) contact metamorphism
D) shock metamorphism

Ans: D
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

64. Under what P and T conditions does zeolite-facies metamorphism occur?

A) less than 5 kbars and 200°C
B) 5 to 10 kbars and 200 to 400°C
C) less than 5 kbars and greater than 400°C
D) greater than 5 kbars and less than 400°C

Ans: A
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

65. One might expect shock metamorphism to be more common on the lunar than
terrestrial surface because the Moon has __________ than Earth.
A) a thicker atmosphere
B) a denser atmosphere
C) a less dense atmosphere
D) higher atmospheric pressures

Ans: C
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism
66. Geologists have recently linked rapid rates of uplift and exhumantion to
A) tectonic setting.
B) rock type.
C) climate.
D) isograds.

Ans: C
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

67. Which metamorphic facies would be highly unlikely to occur in a subduction zone?
A) zeolite
B) blueschist
C) eclogite
D) granulite

Ans: D
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

68. During metamorphism a rock will not

A) loose its solid form.
B) change shape.
C) change its texture.
D) experience metasomatism.

Ans: A
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

69. In a thickened lithosphere you expect to see

A) thinner crust.
B) shallower geothermal gradients.
C) steeper geothermal gradients.
D) constant temperature increase with depth.

Ans: B
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

70. Which of the following factors remains constant and does not vary depending on
tectonic setting?
A) the geothermal gradient
B) the thickness of the lithosphere
C) the rate of pressure increase with depth
D) the depth to the 1300˚C isotherm

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

71. In which of the following tectonic settings is the depth to the 1300˚C isotherm
greatest?
A) volcanic mountain belt
B) subduction zone
C) zone of plate extension
D) stable continental lithosphere

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

72. During metamorphism pressure will ____ the rocks in the direction a force is applied
and ____ in the direction perpendicular to that same force.
A) elongate; flatten
B) elongate; elongate
C) flatten; elongate
D) flatten; flatten

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

73. Directed pressure is also sometimes called

A) confining pressure.
B) differential stress.
C) differential pressure.
D) confining stress.

Ans: B
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism

74. During metamorphism, hydrothermal fluids can remove all _____ from an affected
rock.
A) solids
B) minerals
C) water-soluble chemical elements
D) chemical elements

Ans: C
Section: 6-2: Causes of Metamorphism
75. During metamorphism, the process called metasomatism does not change the ______
of the affected rock.
A) chemical composition
B) mineral chemistry
C) mineral content
D) texture

Ans: D
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

76. Carbon dioxide is one of the fluids consumed during metasomatism. What is the
likely source of this fluid?
A) silicate minerals
B) the atmosphere
C) the core
D) carbonate rocks

Ans: D
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

77. Oil companies rarely drill deeper than the _____ isotherm.
A) 100˚C
B) 150˚C
C) 200˚C
D) 250˚C

Ans: B
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

78. One would expect shock metamorphism to be less common on Earth than on the
Moon. This is because the moon has
A) a smaller diameter.
B) lower gravity.
C) softer crust.
D) virtually no atmosphere.

Ans: D
Section: 6-3: Types of Metamorphism

79. Which of the following metamorphic rocks can be either foliated or

phorphyroblatstic, but not granoblastic?
A) hornfels
B) marble
C) granulite
D) gneiss

Ans: D
Section: 6-4: Metamorphic Textures

80. At temperatures of approximately 600˚C and pressure of approximately 5 kbar, the

minerals muscovite and quartz react with each other and produce orthoclase feldspar,
sillimanite, and water. Which mineral is the source of the water?
A) orthoclase feldspar
B) muscovite
C) sillimanite
D) quartz

Ans: B
Section: 6-5: Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade

81. In which plate tectonic setting is evidence of shock metamorphism most likely to be
preserved?
A) convergent plate boundaries
B) transform faults
C) divergent plate boundaries
D) continental interiors

Ans: D
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

82. Metamorphic geologists often refer to the “P-T path” of a particular rock. What does
the “P-T” stand for?
A) plate-tectonic
B) phorphyroblastic-texture
C) pressure-temperature
D) part-time

Ans: C
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

83. For any given depth along the P-T path of a metamorphic rock the prograde path is
always at a
A) lower pressure.
B) higher pressure.
C) lower temperature.
D) higher temperature.

Ans: D
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism
84. For any given depth along the P-T path of a metamorphic rock the retrograde path is
always at a
A) lower pressure.
B) higher pressure.
C) lower temperature.
D) higher temperature.

Ans: C
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism

85. Differences in the P-T paths experienced by metamorphic rocks in ocean-continent

collision zones versus continent-continent collision zones are mainly due to differences in
A) pressure.
B) rock composition.
C) temperature gradients.
D) plate subduction rates.

Ans: C
Section: 6-6: Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism