Test Bank for Juvenile Denlinquency 3rd Edition Bartollas

Schmalleger 9780134548661
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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the
question.

1) Meda Chesney-Lind claims that the study of delinquency is .

A) gender biased B) preoccupied with violent crimes
C) biased toward minorities D) preoccupied with the delinquency of females
Answer: A

2) Why are adolescent females and women victims of "multiple marginality"?

A) because females are less likely than males to be involved in most crimes
B) because gender, class, and race have placed women at the economic periphery of society
C) because they are prone to commit multiple offenses
D) because the gender gap is more persistent for some offenses than for others
Answer: B

3) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the
classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?
A) High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.
B) High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.
C) High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of
communication. D) High school girls are obsessed with achievement.
Answer: D

4) Which of the following is NOT one of the three areas of inquiry cited by Australian criminologist Kathleen
Daly as promising avenues for exploring the complexities of the gender ratio of offending?
A) gendered play B) gendered crime
C) gendered lives D) gendered pathways
Answer: A

5) According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a

biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?
A) intellectual accomplishments B) attention deficit disorder
C) late pubertal maturation D) matriarchal family relations
Answer: B

6) According to Gisela Konopka's early study of delinquent females, which of the following is NOT a key
factor contributing to female delinquency?
A) the hostile picture that the world presents to some young females
B) a complex identification process because of a girl's competitiveness with her mother
C) a uniquely dramatic biological onset of puberty
D) the static cultural position of females and the resultant stability
Answer: D

7) What is the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture's norms, sanctions, and
expectations for members of their gender?
A) masculinity hypothesis B) sex-role socialization
C) gendered pathway D) intellectual deficit
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Answer: B

8) Francis Cullen suggests that female delinquency increases as females become more
.
A) sexual B) complex C) independent D) male-like
Answer: D

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 9) According to social learning theory, which of the following are less conducive to delinquency
than mixed-gender peer groups?
A) incarcerated males B) female peer groups
C) male peer groups D) male gangs
Answer: B

10) Which theory concludes that when daughters are freed from patriarchal family relations, they more
frequently become delinquent?
A) Marxist theory B) power-control theory
C) labeling theory D) differential association theory
Answer: B

11) Which of the following suggests that girls' misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and
attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys' deviance?
A) differential association theory B) interactionist theory
C) labeling theory D) power-control theory
Answer: B

12) Which type of explanation posits that as females become more male-like and acquire more masculine traits,
they become more delinquent?
A) general strain theory B) blocked opportunity theory
C) masculinity hypothesis D) femininity hypothesis
Answer: C

13) Which of the following contends that adolescent girls' victimization at home causes them to become
delinquent?
A) feminist theory of delinquency B) interactionist theory of delinquency
C) social learning theory D) power-control theory
Answer: A

14) Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind's four propositions of the feminist theory of
delinquency?
A) As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.
B) Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.
C) On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.
D) Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims
vulnerable. Answer: B

15) Studies in gender relations and delinquency suggest that adolescent females receive discriminatory
treatment because of society's disapproval of .
A) sexual activity B) racial minorities C) unwed mothers D) chivalrous acts
Answer: A

16) According to Rosemary Sarri, which of the following is violated when juvenile authorities commit
females to longer sentences than males under the guise of "protecting" the female juveniles?
A) Girls' Bill of Rights
B) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act
C) Peace Learning Program
D) Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Answer: D

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17) Which of the following has on balance reduced the discriminatory treatment of female status offenders?
A) Civil Rights Bill of 1964
B) Omnibus Crime Bill of
1968
C) Family Leave Act of
1993
D) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
Act
Answer: D

18) According to early studies, which of the following do NOT support a sexual double standard?
A) status offenders B) police officers C) judges D) intake personnel
Answer: A

19) According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the
gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?
A) personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited
opportunities B) personality variables and problems associated with
homosexual behavior C) impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited
opportunity structures
D) relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual
behavior
Answer: C

20) Diane Lewis noted that black women tend to see racism as a more powerful cause of their subordinate
position than sexism, and they view women's liberation movement .
A) as a unique opportunity B) as instrumental in their cause
C) as a major roadblock to equality D) with considerable mistrust
Answer: D

21) Which of the following is NOT a program sponsored by Girls Inc. to enable young women to develop
their capacities?
A) National Scholars B) Economic Literacy C) Operation End D) Project
Bold
Answer: C

22) Which of the following is stated in the Girls' Bill of Rights developed by Girls Inc.?
A) Girls have the right to express themselves with originality and
enthusiasm
B) Girls have the right to learn about the causes of violence and its
prevention.
C) Girls have the right to judge the images of women portrayed by the
media. D) Girls have the right to seek education on issues such as sex and
pregnancy.
Answer: A

23) Which of the following is a finding of the study undertaken by Alex R. Piquero, Robert Brame, and Terrie E.
Moffitt?
A) Unlike girls, boys can be separated into low- and medium-frequency
groups.
B) The vast majority of both males and females juvenile offenders experience
convictions.

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 C) Girls exhibit more variations in conviction activity than
boys.
D) Boys, more than girls, tend to become involved in crime when measured by conviction
experience.
Answer: D

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24) Which of the following is a conclusion of Sommers, Baskin, and Fagan's study on the desistance process
among women?
A) Quality marriages led women to desist from crime, depending on the class and race of the women
being
studied.
B) The process of continuity in criminal activity is formed by the end of adolescence similarly for both
males
and females.
C) Neither marital attachment nor job stability is strongly related to female desistance.
D) Desisters underwent a cognitive shift in which they experienced "hooks for change."
Answer: A

25) Which of the following provides effective interventions that address the intersecting issues of substance
abuse, trauma, mental health, and economic oppression?
A) gender-responsive policy B) feminist theory of delinquency
C) power-control theory D) masculinity hypothesis
Answer: A

26) Today's feminist criminologists agree on gender-based differences in adolescents' experiences,

developmental rates, and the scope and motivation of male and female patterns of offending.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

27) According to Marty Beyer, boys are more focused on relationships than girls.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

28) The first step along females' pathway into the juvenile justice system involves girls acting out at home.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

29) Konopka's study of delinquent females linked a poor home life with a deep sense of loneliness and
low self-esteem.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

30) Strain theory has been applied almost solely to female delinquency; therefore it may be more strongly
related to female involvement in delinquency than male involvement.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

31) According to the differential association theory, emotional bonds to families are negatively related
to the learning of violent definitions for girls but not for boys.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

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 32) The feminist theory of delinquency contend that girls' victimization and the relationship between the
experience and girls' crime have been systematically studied.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

33) Juvenile females, as a number of studies have documented, receive punitive processing through the
juvenile justice system.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

34) Many states no longer send status offenders to training schools with delinquents.
A) True
B) False
Answer: A

35) Female delinquent careers tend to begin earlier and to extend longer into the adult years.
A) True
B) False
Answer: B

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the
question.

36) According to Chesney-Lind, the study of delinquency is and delinquency theories are
preoccupied with the delinquency of males.
Answer: biased

37) Until recently, the study of delinquency had largely been the study of delinquency.
Answer: male

38) The issue of the ratio of crime immediately leads to an inquiry into the factors that block or limit
girls' or women's involvement in crime.
Answer: gender

39) The first step along females' pathway into the juvenile justice system is .
Answer: victimization

40) The hypothesis asserts that females become more male-like to become delinquent.
Answer: masculinity

41) theorists claim that males are more likely to be labeled as delinquents than females.
Answer: Labeling

42) It is no accident that girls who are on the run from abusive homes become involved in criminal activities
that exploit their .
Answer: sexuality

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 43) Female offenders are frequently found in contempt of court for violating a valid court order and
then are placed in secure juvenile detention facilities.
Answer: status

44) A study by revealed social factors that intertwined with delinquent activities, limiting
female delinquency while at the same time enabling and rewarding male delinquency.
Answer: Bottcher

45) A(n) policy approach calls for a new vision for the juvenile justice system, one that recognizes
the behavioral and social differences between female and male offenders that have specific implications
for policy and practice.
Answer: gender-responsive

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
Please match each term or concept with its
description. A) A societal definition of what
46) Chivalry constitutes either masculine or
factor feminine behavior.
Answer: B
B) The idea that the justice system tends to
47) Sex-role socialization treat adolescent females and women
more leniently because of their gender.
Answer: A

48) Gender role C) The process by which boys and girls

internalize their culture's norms,
Answer: C
sanctions, and expectations for members
of their gender.

Please match each type of theory for female delinquency with its explanation.
49) Blocked opportunity A) Some evidence has been found that the
theory perception of limited opportunity is
Answer: A more strongly related to female
delinquency than it is to male
50) Social learning theory delinquency.
Answer: D
B) When daughters are freed from
51) Power-control theory patriarchal family relations, this theory
concludes that they become more
Answer: B
delinquent.

52) Labeling theory

C) Males are more likely to be labeled as
Answer: C delinquent than females, but some
females, especially the more delinquent
girls, can be informally labeled by
parents, the school, and the justice
system.

D) Some females are more likely than others

to become involved in delinquent behavior
because of their exposure to delinquent
models.
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ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of
paper.

53) What are gender roles? List the gender-specific guidelines written for the state of Oregon, suggested by P.
Patton and M. Morgan.
Answer: The answer should include the following:
• Gender roles are a societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior.
• The gender-specific guidelines include the following points:
• Girls develop their identity in relation to other people, whereas boys develop their identity in
relation to the world.
• Girls resolve conflict based on relationships, whereas boys resolve conflict based on rules.
• Girls focus on connectedness and interdependence, whereas boys focus on independence
and autonomy.
• Girls exhibit relational aggression, whereas boys exhibit overaggression.

54) Discuss the recent profile of a female delinquent and describe how it may or may not have changed over
the last ten to twenty years.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Until recently, the study of delinquency had largely been the study of male delinquency.
• Fifteen years later, Chesney-Lind noted that the study of delinquency had long been gender biased.
• Today's feminist criminologists agree on gender-based differences in adolescents' experiences.
• There is disagreement over how to address the male-oriented approach to delinquency.
• Eileen Leonard has argued that new theoretical efforts to understand women's crime must include
an
analysis of the links among gender, race, class, and culture.
• Elizabeth Spelman concluded that it is only through an examination of such factors that oppression
against women can be more clearly grasped and understood.

55) List the characteristics of a typical female juvenile offender.

Answer: The answer should contain the following characteristics:
• She is 13 to 18 years old.
• She has experienced academic failure, truancy, and dropping out.
• She has a history of repeated victimization, especially physical, sexual, and emotional abuse.
• She is from an unstable family background that includes involvement in the criminal justice system,
lack of connectedness, and social isolation.
• She has a history of unhealthy dependent relationships, especially with older males.
• She has mental health issues, including a history of substance abuse.
• She is apt to be a member of a community of color.

56) Discuss the four propositions on the feminist theory of delinquency as advocated by Chesney-Lind.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Girls are frequently the victims of sexual abuse.
• Victimizers (often fathers) may utilize official agencies (like the police and the juvenile court) to
keep
victims at home and vulnerable.
• As girls run away from home, they are forced to survive on the streets and become involved in
various forms of crime.
• On the streets, they become involved in various forms of criminal activity that exploit their
sexuality.

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 57) Explain the differences between male and female
delinquency.
Answer: The answer should include the following points:
• Male careers tend to begin earlier and to extend longer into the adult years.
• Female members are more likely than male members to leave the gang if they have a child.
• Conventional life patterns draw both males and females away from gangs and delinquency but do
so
more quickly and completely for females.
• Quality marriages led women to desist from crime, with some variation depending on the class and
race of the women being studied.
• The desistance process was quite different for inner-city women of color.

58) List and explain the programs sponsored by Girls Inc., designed to enable young women to develop
their capacities.
Answer: The answer should include the following programs:
• Preventing Adolescent Pregnancy
• Operation Start
• Project Bold
• Media Literacy
• Economic Literacy
• National Scholars

59) Please explain what a gender role is. After defining this term, please provide at least five examples of
gender roles in our society.
Answer: Answers may include the following points:
A societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior.
Examples will vary.

60) How can the creation of the profile of the typical female delinquents assist in the formation of
delinquency prevention programs? Please provide an example.
Answer: Answers may include the following points:
The characteristics common to female delinquents are a history of victimization, unstable family
life, school failure, repeated status offenses, and mental health and substance-abuse problems.
Examples will vary.

61) What is meant by the term "gender-responsiveness" as it relates to the juvenile justice system? What are
some examples of gender-responsive strategies that could be used?
Answer: Answers may include the following points:
The juvenile justice system can better serve adolescent female offenders through a gender-
responsive policy that provides effective intervention to address the intersecting issues of substance
abuse, trauma, mental health, and economic oppression, as well as a focus on juvenile female
relationships with their family members.

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