Essentials of Terrorism Concepts and Controversies 4th Edition

Martin
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Martin, Gus. Essentials of Terrorism, Fourth Edition: Concepts and

Controversies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2016

TEST BANK

Chapter 7: Religious Terrorism

Essay

Compare and contrast the organizational and operational profiles of Al Qaeda and ISIL.

Discuss why religious terrorism and extremism are so difficult to defeat or otherwise counteract.

Compare the differences between an Islamic jihad and a Christian Crusade. What is the modern
perception of what a jihad is? How have groups like Al Qaeda used jihad to justify what they
do?

In the modern era, radical Islamists have become the predominant perpetrators of religious
terrorism. Why has this occurred? Explain the motives of modern radical Islamist violence.

Christian and Muslim extremists are typically “exclusivist” in the sense that they believe that
their faith is an exclusive “one true faith” for salvation. Compare and contrast the agendas of
Christian and Muslim extremists. In what ways are their agendas similar? How do they differ?

In what ways have India and Pakistan justified their proxy wars against each other? How has
religion been used as a central motive behind their conflict? Explain your answer.

Discuss whether, in your opinion, an environment has been created for a new generation of
Afghan Arabs as a result of the long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

In your opinion, why will cult-like movements such as the Lord’s Resistance Army and Aum
Shinrikyō continue to appear from time to time?

Explain the nature of state-sponsored religious terrorism. Discuss why it arises and whether it is
likely to continue in the near future.
Why has the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion continued to be disseminated?

Discuss the ways in which violence in the name of religion is justified by those who participate
in such violence.

Short Answer

What kinds of targets to radical Islamists typically attack? Why have these targets been
selected?

Why were the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion written? Who wrote it? Who believes in
it in the modern era?

Briefly discuss the threat from apocalyptic cults such as Aum Shinrikyō.

Briefly discuss the threat from the international mujahideen and their fellow-believers.

Briefly discuss the threat from Iran’s sponsorship of radical Islamist causes.

Explain how scapegoating is used to justify persecutions such as the Nazi Holocaust.

What kinds of targets to radical Christians typically attack? Why have these targets been
selected?

What will be the long-term effect of the Arab Spring on al Qaeda?

Most major faiths have members who resort to violence. Which major faith do you think
engages in less violence than others?

True-False

An Islamic jihad is conceptually the same as a Christian crusade. (ANS: False)

Religious terrorism began in the modern era. (ANS: False)

The Afghan Arabs are international Mujahideen who became prominent during the Soviet
invasion of Iraq. (ANS: False)

The Aum Shinrikyō case represents the threat from weapons of mass destruction in the hands of
religious extremists. (ANS: True)

Only Muslims engage in religious terrorism. (ANS: False)

The Lord’s Resistance Army is an example of a Christian rebellion against Muslim oppression.
(ANS: False)

The greater jihad requires warfare on behalf of the faith. (ANS: False)

Kach is an example of a Jewish extremist movement. (ANS: True)

The Stern Gang attacked British interests in India. (ANS: False)

A pogrom is an attempt to peacefully convert members of another faith. (ANS: False)

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements regarding jihad is most accurate? (ANS: b)

a. Jihad is an ideology of world domination.
b. The greater jihad refers to the struggle each person has within themselves to do what
is right.
c. Jihad and the Christian Crusades represent identical concepts.
d. None of the above.

In the modern era, which of the following faith traditions have become the predominant
perpetrators of political violence motivated by religion? (ANS: c)
a. Christian crusaders.
b. Jewish zealots.
c. Radical Islamists.
d. Radical Hindus.

Radical Christian and Muslim extremists are arguably similar in that they are “exclusivist” in
their beliefs. Which of the following best summarizes this tendency? (ANS: a)
a. They believe that their faith tradition is the “one true faith.”
b. They believe that their faith tradition is compatible with other faith traditions.
c. They believe that their faith tradition may have flaws, but it is basically a good
tradition.
d. None of the above.

Religious conflict between nations is rare in the modern era, but it arguably still occurs
periodically between which of the following nations? (ANS: d)
a. The United States and Iraq.
b. Turkey and Russia.
c. Ireland and Great Britain.
d. Pakistan and India.

A new generation of “Afghan Arabs” arguably arose during the conflicts in which of the
following countries? (ANS: c)
a. The civil war in Sudan.
b. The Balkan conflict.
c. The NATO/U.S. interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq.
 d. The Iranian revolution.

Cult-like violent extremism arises periodically, as indicated in which of the following? (ANS: b)
a. Boko Haram.
b. The Lord’s Resistance Army.
c. The Stern Gang.
d. None of the above

Which of the following statements most accurately explains the continued dissemination of the
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion? (ANS: c)
a. The publication is a renowned work of scholarship.
b. The publication is a credible counterpoint to official publications on international
affairs.
c. Although the publication is a forgery, it is used to promote anti-Semitic and anti-
Israel propaganda.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

Which of the following statements most accurately explains how participants justify violence in
the name of religion? (ANS: d)
a. God wills it, and will reward those who participate in violence done in the name of
the faith.
b. The faith tradition is under attack from non-believers and must be defended at all
costs.
c. Non-believers do not understand the faith tradition, and so they all must be
exterminated.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

Which of the following statements most accurately explains why “Holocaust denial” persists?
(ANS: c)
a. Many other nations and people have suffered, so it is not more important than other
incidents.
b. This sort of denial is common practice, and so should be expected.
c. It is motivated by anti-Semitism and revisionist history by racial and religious
extremists.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

In what way do apocalyptic cults such as Aum Shinrikyō pose plausible threat scenarios? (ANS:
a)
a. Followers sincerely believe that their actions will bring about a spiritual upheaval in
the world.
b. Many apocalyptic cult members possess weapons of mass destruction.
c. Apocalyptic cults have infiltrated mainline religions.
d. The membership of apocalyptic cults is vast.

One plausible global threat from the international mujahideen includes which of the following?
(ANS: b)
a. Many mujahideen possess weapons of mass destruction and plan to use them.
 b. Dedicated mujahideen have traveled to other countries and live covertly as “sleeper”
cells.
c. There are many mujahideen with financial resources that will used to sabotage the
global economy.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

Evidence exists that strongly concludes Iran has sponsored which of the following allies or
movements? (ANS: d)
a. Hezbollah.
b. Hamas.
c. The Assad regime.
d. All of the above.

The 2011 Arab Spring led to which of the following outcomes? (ANS: c)
a. Democracy spread throughout the Middle East.
b. Peace slowly but steadily occurred among warring factions.
c. Thousands of Islamist fighters volunteered to wage jihad against perceived
opponents.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

Which of the following observations is most correct? (ANS: c)

a. Religious terrorism began in the modern era.
b. Religious terrorism was rare throughout history.
c. Religious terrorism has a long history.
d. Religious terrorism is unique to the Middle East.

The Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan stimulated the rise of which self-professed
movement? (ANS: d)
a. The Afghan Islamists.
b. The Afghan Jihadists.
c. The Afghan Crusaders.
d. The Afghan Arabs.

In the modern era (ANS: d)

a. Only Muslims engage in religious terrorism.
b. Christians never engage in religious terrorism.
c. Jewish and Buddhist terrorism is common.
d. None of the above.

The Lord’s Resistance Army represents the case of (ANS: a)

a. A cult-like movement in Uganda.
b. Christian rebellion against Muslim oppression in Sudan.
c. A Christian militia in Lebanon.
d. None of the above.

The greater jihad requires (ANS: a)

a. Self-struggle in the way of what is required by God.
b. Warfare on behalf of the faith.
 c. Defending the faith against infidels.
d. Both “b” and “c”.

What of the following statements is most accurate about the Thuggees? (ANS: c)
a. They were thugs.
b. They represent a case of religious organized crime.
c. They were suppressed by the British in India.
d. Both “a” and “b”.

Which of the following statement is most accurate regarding pogroms? (ANS: d)

a. Religious programs that are established for the benefit of the community.
b. Targeted massacres against religious groups.
c. Violent suppression of European Jews by European Christians.
d. Both “b” and “c”.