Edwin Markham
Charles Edward Anson Markham
was born in Oregon City, Oregon
Born: april 23, 1852
- Died: march 7, 1940
( PNEUMONIA )
youngest of 10 children
his parents were divorced shortly
after his birth
at the age of 4 he moved to Lagoon
Valley area at the North East of San
Francisco where he lived with his
mother and sister
at the age of 12 he started to work
on his family's farm
he was interested in trials and
tribulations of poor working people
ran away from home at 1867 and
did not return until his mother
decided to support him on his
finance in his studies
at 1872 he graduated from San Jose
State Normal School (college)
at 1873 (california)
He's the modern " man with the
hoe"
Jean-Francois Millet
was a French Painter
one of the founders of Barbizon
School in rural France
noted for scenes of peasant farmers
can be categorizes as part of the
naturalism and realism movements
The Man with the Hoe
By Edwin Markham
Was published in 1899
- This poem was written after seeing
Millet’s world-famous painting.
Bowed by the weight of centuries he
leans
Upon his hoe and gazes on the
ground,
The emptiness of ages in his face,
And on his back the burden of the
world.
Who made him dead to rapture and
despair,
A thing that grieves not and that
never hopes,
Stolid and stunned, a brother to the
ox?
Who loosened and let down this
brutal jaw?
Whose was the hand that slanted
back this brow?
Whose breath blew out the light
within this brain?
Is this the Thing the Lord God made
and gave
To have dominion over sea and
land;
To trace the stars and search the
heavens for power;
To feel the passion of Eternity?
Is this the Dream He dreamed who
shaped the suns
And marked their ways upon the
ancient deep?
Down all the stretch of Hell to its
last gulf
There is no shape more terrible than
this—
More tongued with censure of the
world’s blind greed—
More filled with signs and portents
for the soul—
More fraught with danger to the
universe.
What gulfs between him and the
seraphim!
Slave of the wheel of labor, what to
him
Are Plato and the swing of Pleiades?
What the long reaches of the peaks
of song,
The rift of dawn, the reddening of
the rose?
Through this dread shape the
suffering ages look;
Time’s tragedy is in that aching
stoop;
Through this dread shape humanity
betrayed,
Plundered, profaned and
disinherited,
Cries protest to the Judges of the
World,
A protest that is also prophecy.
O masters, lords and rulers in all
lands,
is this the handiwork you give to
God,
This monstrous thing distorted and
soul-quenched ?
How will you ever straighten up this
shape;
Touch it again with immortality;
Give back the upward looking and
the light;
Rebuild in it the music and the
dream;
Make right the immemorial
infamies,
Perfidious wrongs, immedicable
woes?
O masters, lords and rulers in all
lands,
How will the Future reckon with this
Man?
How answer his brute question in
that hour
When whirlwinds of rebellion shake
the world?
How will it be with kingdoms and
with kings—
With those who shaped him to the
thing he is—
When this dumb Terror shall reply
to God
After the silence of the centuries?
Participles & Participial Phrases
 A verb form that is used as
an ADJECTIVE
 Present participles - Eding –ing
 Past participles Usually ending --
ed, --d, --t, --en, or --n
 Participles can be found at the
beginning middle or end of a
sentences, but they MUST BE
relatively close to the noun or
pronoun they modify
 Participles are ONE WORD
 Participial Phrases consist of that
ONE WORD plus modifiers (all
the words that refer to that
participle)
Ex:
Alice Walker won the coveted award.
PARTICIPLES : coveted
WORD MODIFIED BY PARTICIPLE: award
She showed her first finished product.
PARTICIPLES : finished
WORD MODIFIED BY
PARTICIPLE: product
He comforted the frightened child.
PARTICIPLES : frightened
WORD MODIFIED BY
PARTICIPLE: child
The waiting beggar lays motionless on
the
bed.
PARTICIPLES : waiting
WORD MODIFIED BY
PARTICIPLE: beggar
STEPS to finding the participle or
participial phrase
1. Find the Subject
2. Find the real verb
3. Look for the other words that
look like verbs (word endings are
the clue)
PARTICIPLES &
PARTICIPIAL PHRASES • To leave the party would be rude.
• To leave... infinitive as the
She heard me sighing subject
loudly.
• No one wants to stay.
Participial phrases may have • To stay... infinitive as the Direct
modifiers such as adverbs. Object

EXAMPLE • Her goal is to win.

• To win... infinitive as the
The pouring rain drove us inside for Predicate
the party.
Infinitive = Adjective
"Pouring" is the participle
— It describes rain. • Samuel White is the candidate to
• Avoid getting the participle watch this
confused with election.
the REAL verb — in this case • To watch... infinitive as an
"drove." adjective
Which candidate is Samuel.. -the
EXAMPLE #2 one to watch.
• To watch gives more info. about
Known for her patience, Mrs. candidate —
Williams was a big hint is the adj. comes just after
his favorite teacher. the noun
it modifies.
"known" is the participle
"for her patience" is the modifier Infinitive = Adverb
This phrase describes Mrs. • We came to cheer.
Williams. • To cheer ...infinitive as an adverb
• Subject and REAL verb: Mrs. Why did they come... to cheer
Williams was
• To cheer gives more information
Infinitives about the
verb.
What is an Infinitive?
Infinitive Order
• An infinitive looks like a verb, but • S (is the subject of the sentence)
it begins with "TO", and it functions
as a noun (subject, direct object, • PN (follows a linking verb)
predicate nominative), adjective, or
adverb. • DO (follows an action verb;
answers "what")
Infinitive = Noun
*** 3 different types* **
• ADJ (follows and describes a noun
or
pronoun.. -answers "what or
which")
• ADV (follows and describes a verb,
adjective,
or adverb.. .answers "why")
Thank You Ma'am
- born
on February 1, 1902, in
Joplin, Missouri. His father felt
that writing was "impractical"
and wanted his son to be an
engineer, but Hughes didn't
cooperate with his father's plans.
He worked at a variety of jobs to
support his writing—cook, sailor,
beachcomber,
launderer, doorman, and
busboy.
Langston Hughes (pen name)
- James Mercer Langston Hughes
- Born: feb 1, 1902
- Died: May 22, 1967 (prostate
cancer)
Theme - people should know
kindness and trust to one
another despite what might have
happen in the past.
Setting
 At night in the streets
of Harlem-
 In Mrs. Jones house
Point of View
 The short story is
written third person
 Someone else is telling the
story
Character
 Mrs. Jones (Mrs. Luella bates
Washington Jones) is a large
hardworking woman who is
caring and a loving heart
 Roger is a young misguided
teen who parents are not in
his life
Time of Publication
 The short story was published
in 1958
Gerund- is a verb that is a
functioning as a noun, and it
ALWAYS end in – ing
There is one more little catch, Not
ALL words that end in – ing are
gerund. If you're like me, you need
examples.
This is NOT a gerund.
The couples were dancing all night.
Dancing is a part of the verb phrase.
What did the couples do? They were
dancing! The word dancing is being
used as part of the verb phrase and
is not being used as a noun.
Therefore, it is not
a gerund. Gerunds must be used
as nouns.
Example:
Crying is a baby's ways of  1IC + CC + 1IC
communicating his or her needs.

Is it a gerund? Ask yourself these Complex Sentence

questions.
 Does it end in –ing  contain one independent and one
 Is it a verb acting as a noun? subordinate
 Yes! It is a gerund; it ends in – (dependent) clause
ing, and it is as a noun. What is  the subordinate clause begins
a baby's way of with a
communicating. Crying is! subordinate conjunction
 the clauses can appear in any
o Singing is not Bob's strength; he order
sounds like a frightened cat.  1IC + sub c + 1DC
o Acting is Maria's talent
o One smell I can't stand is
Compound-Complex Sentence
smoking.
 contains one subordinate
o Shoplifting is an illegal activity.
(dependent) clause
two or more independent clauses
Sentence Structure Types 1IC + CC + 1IC + sub c + 1 DC
 Simple
 Compound Example: Since we wanted to have
 Complex fun, my
 Compound-Complex boyfriend and I went to San Juan
yesterday,
and we danced all night.
Simple sentences
 ARE MADE OF ONE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND
THEREFORE FORM A COMPLETE Coordinating
THOUGHT. Conjunctions:
 1S + 1P = 1IC
Compound Sentences For
 ARE MADE OF TWO And
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Nor
JOINED IN ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING WAYS: But
Or
1. A COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION WITH A
Yet
COMMA So
2. A SEMICOLON WITH A
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
3. A SEMICOLON ONLY
Subordinating
Conjunctions:
Time: after, as soon as, as
long as, since, until, when,
whenever, while
Place: where, whenever
Manner: as, as if, as
though, in such a way that
Purpose: so that, in order
that, in case
Reason: because, since,
whereas, in as much as
Contrast: although, even
though, though, even if,
while, whereas, in spite of
Condition: even if, unless,
in case, in the event that
Sentence Structure Types
 Simple
 Compound
 Complex
 Compound-Complex
Simple sentences
 ARE MADE OF ONE
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE AND
THEREFORE FORM A COMPLETE
THOUGHT.
 1S + 1P = 1IC
Compound Sentences
 ARE MADE OF TWO
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
JOINED IN ONE OF THE
FOLLOWING WAYS:
1. A COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION WITH A
COMMA
2. A SEMICOLON WITH A
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB
3. A SEMICOLON ONLY
 1IC + CC + 1IC
Complex Sentence
 contain one independent and one
subordinate
(dependent) clause
 the subordinate clause begins
with a
subordinate conjunction
 the clauses can appear in any
order
 1IC + sub c + 1DC
Compound-Complex Sentence
 contains one subordinate
(dependent) clause
two or more independent clauses
1IC + CC + 1IC + sub c + 1 DC
Example: Since we wanted to have
fun, my
boyfriend and I went to San Juan
yesterday,
and we danced all night.
Coordinating
Conjunctions:
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Subordinating
Conjunctions:
Time: after, as soon as, as
long as, since, until, when,
whenever, while
Place: where, whenever
Manner: as, as if, as
though, in such a way that
Purpose: so that, in order
that, in case
Reason: because, since,
whereas, in as much as
Contrast: although, even
though, though, even if,
while, whereas, in spite of
Condition: even if, unless,
in case, in the event that
A one-act play has only one act, as
distinct from plays that occur over
several acts. One-act plays
may consist of one or more scenes. The
origin of the one-act play may be traced
to the very
beginning of drama: in ancient Greece,
Cyclops, a satyr play by Euripides, is an
early example.
Some common characteristics of most
one-act plays are that they are written in
a concise manner,
there are no breaks in the action, and
they have fewer characters than a full-
length play. Most
often, there is a single setting, and the
action begins right at the start of the
play.
Theme
 Theme Necessary
 Ask yourself: What is the play
about>
 Revenge? Self- discovery?
 Mind needs to be clear about the
theme
 Characters, Plots, and sub. Plot
needs to point to and support the
theme
 Sub-Plots might be missing in one-
act plays
Plot
 Different in one-act play from a full
length play
 In a one-act play, there is only time
for one significant event
 Determining place for hero, where
all can be won or lost
 Events leading to the this, can be
included without being shown to
audience
Character
 There is not much area to develop all
the characters
 The hero or the protagonist's
character need to be ore developed
and focused on.
 The antagonist can be developed to
show conflict
 Some other characters can also be a
little bit developed to move the story
forward
 the morning
Dialogue
1. Act - major divisions within a play
2. Auditorium - space within the
theatre where
the audience sits or stands for the
duration of a performance
3. Backstage - space in the wings as
well as the dressing rooms
4. Blacks - "costume" worn by
the technical
crew during a performance. Blacks are
used
because these are least obtrusive.
5. Blocking - process of arranging the
moves
6. Cast - performing members of a
theatre troupe
7. Curtain call-when
the performance is finished, 17
the characters acknowledge the
audience by
coming on to the stage and bowing
8. Dialogue - conversations between
characters
9. Downstage - area on the stage that
is closest
to the audience
10. Dress rehearsal - final rehearsal
prior to open-
ing night
11. Green room - area that is
designated for the
actors to get together and unwind
12. Interval - short break in the
performance
13. Matinee - show that takes place in
or afternoon
14. Preset - term that describes the
process of
putting all props
15. Set - process of preparing the stage
for the start of a production
16. Stage Left/Stage Right - stage
from the actor's
perspective
17. Theatre in the round-form
where the audience
surrounds the performance space
18. Upstage - part of the stage that is
the furthest
distance from the audience
19. Wings - spaces on the side of the
stage
The story of an hour
- Short story written by Kate Chopin on
April 19, 1894 and was published on
December
6, 1894
The title of the short story refers to
the time elapsed between the moments at
which the
protagonist, Louise Mallard, has
received the news that her husband,
Brently Mallard,
had died, and discovered that he was
actually alive after all.
Characters of the story are:
● Mrs. Louise Mallard - protagonist;
has a heart condition
● Josephine - sister of Louise, who
breaks the news about Brently’s death
● Brently Mallard - Louise’s husband;
who is incorrectly reported to have
died in a train
accident.
● Richards - Brently’s friend who is
in the newspaper office when the news
came that
there has been an accident.
BIOGRAPHY
Kate Chopin
Born : February 8 ,1850
Died : August 22,1904
Place of Birth : St. Louis, Missouri.
United States
Kate Chopin , born Katherine O’
Flaherty
- was an American author of short
stories and novels based in Louisiana.
- She is considered by scholars to have
been a forerunner of American 20th-
Century
feminist authors of Southern or
Catholic background
- She is known for her realistic
fiction writing
- One of her famous works is the “ The
Awakening ”’