Explorative Research On Harmonic Transmission Characteristics and Corresponding Measures of The UHV Half-Wavelength Transmission Lines

ШШШлйкр͸ΌώϏϔχ͹ΒϔϚϋϘϔχϚϏϕϔχϒΎϒϋωϚϘϏωχϒχϔϊΎϔϋϘύϟΌϕϔόϋϘϋϔωϋ͸ΌΒΎΎΌлйкр͹΀΋ϋϏϐϏϔύ΀ΌώϏϔχШШШ
Explorative Research on Harmonic Transmission

Characteristics and Corresponding Measures of The
UHV Half-wavelength Transmission Lines
Jiaju Wang, Guan Wang, Ye Kuang, Zenghao Tian
School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University
Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of UHV Transmission Technology and Equipment
Jinan 250061, China
daguoqianli@163.com
Abstract—The structure of half-wavelength transmission lines The harmonic problem is one of the key issues that must be
makes its transmission characteristics very unique. Therefore, considered when designing the UHV AC transmission lines. In
this paper investigated the half-wavelength transmission lines’ [9], the calculation formula of tuning capacitor was deduced. It
harmonic transmission characteristics. Firstly, a simulation is found that the tuning effect is stable when the line is divided
model for the half-wavelength lines was established and two into 8 segments for tuning. In [13], the harmonic characteristics
typical working conditions were analyzed based on the of UHV AC transmission lines were analyzed. Moreover, the
Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model. Secondly, the harmonic measures to reduce the harmonic level of 1000kV lines were
transfer coefficient of short-distance lines was compared to that proposed. The current research shows that the relationship
of the half-wavelength lines. Finally, a harmonic source was put
between the harmonic transfer coefficients and the line
into the half-wavelength transmission system and the voltage
parameters of short-distance UHV AC transmission lines is
distortion rate was compared. The results show that the
harmonic transfer coefficients of the half-wavelength lines are complicated and there is no fixed relationship between them
different from that of short-distance lines. The voltage distortion [14]. The research proposed the harmonic transmission
rate at the start and theend of the lines shows linear variation characteristics of the half-wavelength transmission lines, which
with the increase of harmonic number, and the distortion rate can provide technical basis for the development of half-
shows fluctuation when it is at the middle of the lines. The wavelength transmission technology.
research can provide technical support for the development of In this paper, a simulation model of half-wavelength
half-wavelength transmission technology.
transmission lines based on the Frequency Dependent (Phase)
Keywords—half-wavelength transmission lines; harmonic model was constructed. The transfer coefficients and voltage
analysis; UHV; transfer coefficient; harmonics distortion distortion rates of each harmonic on the half-wavelength
transmission lines were investigated and compared to each
other.
I. INTRODUCTION
Half-wavelength AC transmission (HWACT) is a type of II. BASIC OPERATION CHARACTERISTICS OF HALF-
technology with large-capacity and long-distance power WAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES
transmission. In the background of building global energy In the practical UHV transmission project, the maximum
internet, long-distance and ultra-long-distance transmission linear size of element is comparable to that of the
technology must be the main technology of future energy electromagnetic field propagating along the space around the
transmission [1-2]. Due to the prominent economic and line. The voltage, current and other parameters on the line will
technical advantages of the half-wavelength transmission fluctuate. Moreover, the value will be changed obviously. In
technology, HWACT has very broad application prospect in this case, the distribution of line parameters should be taken
the trans-regional transmission technologies, so it is necessary into account.
to study the relevant technical issues of the half-wavelength
transmission technology [3-6]. Assuming that the electrical parameters along the half-
wavelength transmission lines are equal, the voltage and
At present, China’s UHV transmission project has formed a current at the transmission line terminals are known. The
vast and complex structure [7-8]. The half-wavelength voltage and current equations at the distance l from the line
technology can meet the strategic planning of China's power terminal can be obtained:
grid, and solve the transport problems such as large capacity,
long distance. In recent years, researchers in China have been U = U 2 ch(γ l ) + I2 Z c sh(γ l )
working on the field of the half-wavelength technology [9-14]. °
Some countries with large areas also do some research on the ® U 2 (1)
half-wavelength transmission technology [15-16]. ° I = I 2 ch(γ l ) + Z sh(γ l )
¯ c
,(((

Authorized licensed use limited to: Government Engineering College Thrissur. Downloaded on October 09,2023 at 14:27:10 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
As shown in (1), U 2 is the voltage of end; I2 is the current simulation model. Based on the modified model, a half-
wavelength transmission lines model for harmonic analysis
of the end; γ is propagation constant of the lines; Zc is the
was constructed. Its main line parameters refer to "1000KV AC
characteristic impedance of the lines.
Pilot Project from Jindongnan to Jingmen via Nanyang ". The
If the resistance and the conductance of the lines are structure of the simulation model is shown in Fig. 3.
ignored, the transmission lines are equivalent to the lossless
lines, and the propagation constant and characteristic
impedance of the lines are:
EM EN
°γ = jα = jω L0 C0 A B
® (2)
°̄ Z c = L 0 / C0
Fig 3. Structure of the UHV AC half-wavelength transmission lines’
In this case, the transmission lines can be equivalent to a simulation model
two port network shown in Fig. 1.
I1 I2 In order to verify and analyze the correctness of the half-
wavelength transmission lines model, simulation was carried
out under the two operating states of the line.
8 8
A. One Side No-load Operation
A side of the lines was connected to the generator and B
side of the lines wasoff. The simulation was carried out to
compare voltage and current waveforms for the “start-end” and
Fig 1. Two-port network model “start-middle”. According to the simulation results, in the
above operation, the voltage at the head and end is equal, with
As shown in Fig. 2, the two port network can be further a phase difference of 180°. The current at the end is 0A, the
equivalent to a ʌ type circuit. Zeq is equivalent impedance, Yeq current amplitude of the head is 334.6A. The current at the
is equivalent admittance. middle is extremely large and the voltage is very low. The
Zeq simulation results are shown in Fig. 4 to Fig. 7 (Black solid line
represents the head voltage or current, black dotted line
represents the contrast voltage or current).
800
Yeq Yeq
600
400
Voltage/kV
200
0
Fig 2. ʌ equivalent circuit
-200
From the above graph, the lossless lines’ voltage and -400
current equations can be deduced: -600
U = U 2 cos(α l ) + jI2 Z c sin(α l )

-800
° 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
® U 2 (3) Time/s
° I = I 2 cos(α l ) + j Z sin(α l )
¯ c Fig 4. Voltages comparison of the start and end
As in (4), the equivalent impedance and the equivalent
admittance can be obtained:
0.6
Z eq = jZ c sin(α l ) 0.4
°
® cos(α l ) − 1 (4) 0.2
°Yeq = jZ sin(α l )
Current/kA
¯ c 0
-0.2
III. MODIFIED HALF-WAVELENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES
SIMULATION MODEL -0.4
Bergeron model can only accurately represent the -0.6
fundamental frequency model. It can not accurately reflect the 0.6 0.65 0.7
Time/s
0.75 0.8
related problems of higher harmonics. Thus, based on the

existing half-wavelength transmission lines model, the Fig 5. Currents comparison of the start and end
Frequency Dependent (Phase) Model was used to modify the

1.5
1
500
0.5
Voltage/kV
Current/kA
0 0
-0.5
-500 -1
-1.5
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Time/s Time/s
Fig 6. Voltages comparison of the start and middle Fig 9. Currents comparison of the start and end
2 800
1.5 600
1 400
0.5
Voltage/kV
200
Current/kA
0 0
-0.5 -200
-1 -400
-1.5 -600
-2 -800
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
Time/s Time/s
Fig 7. Currents comparison of the start and middle Fig 10. Voltages comparison of the start and middle
B. Two Sides Normal Operation 2
The phase of the A side’s voltage is 190° ahead of the 1.5

phase of the B side’s and the power is transmitted from A side 1
to B side. In this condition, the transmission system is in 0.5
Current/kA
normal operation. The simulation was carried out to compare 0

voltage and current waveforms for the “start-end” and “start- -0.5
middle”. According to the simulation results, in the above
-1
operation, the voltages at the head and end are almost equal,
but the current has some difference. The voltage amplitude of -1.5
the middle is less than the A side’s and the current amplitude of -2
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
the middle is greater than the A side’s. In normal operation, Time/s
only active power is transmitted, which is shown as pure
resistance. The simulation results are shown from Fig. 8 to Fig. Fig 11. Currents comparison of the start and middle
11 (Black solid line represents the head voltage or current,
black dotted line represents the contrast voltage or current). The simulation results of the normal operation state are
nearly same as the theoretical analysis results. It can verify the
800
modified simulation model’s validity.
600
IV. COMPARISON OF HARMONIC TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS
400
BETWEEN TWO KINDS OF LINES
200
Voltage/kV
0 A. Harmonic Transfer Coefficient

-200
As shown in (5), the voltage and the current equations of
-400
harmonics on the transmission lines can be obtained:
-600
-800 U 2 h = U1h ch(γ l ) − I1h Z Ch sh(γ h l )

°
U1h
0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8
® (5)
Time/s

° I 2 h = I1h ch(γ h l ) − sh(γ h l )
¯ Z Ch
Fig 8. Voltages comparison of the start and end
In order to analyze the transmission characteristics of each
harmonic, a harmonic source was put into the transmission

lines model. In (6), the amplification coefficient of the current As shown in Fig. 14, the harmonic transfer coefficients of
at the start and the end of the lines can be investigated. This the half-wavelength transmission lines are obviously different
coefficient is the harmonic transfer coefficient. from the short-distance transmission lines’ coefficients: in the
short-distance lines, the harmonic transfer coefficients show a
I2 h U /I cyclical change accompanied by the change of the number of
Th = =ch(γ h l ) − 1h 1h sh(γ h l ) (6)
I
1h Z Ch
harmonics and a significant harmonic amplification
phenomenon was found when the number of harmonics is 4, 12
B. Comparison of Harmonic Transfer Coefficients and 21. In contrast to this, the harmonic transfer coefficient
A harmonic source was put into a 300km transmission lines doesn’t show a significant change accompanied by the change
model and the modified half-wavelength transmission lines of the number of harmonics on the half-wavelength
model separately. In the above condition, the harmonic transfer transmission lines and the coefficient remains at around 1.
coefficients of 2nd to 25th harmonic were studied. The Thus, in the following research process, the harmonic number
corresponding coefficient is shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. should be determined firstly before the influence of
transmission lines on harmonic transmission was analyzed.
20
V. HARMONIC DISTORTION RATE OF HALF - WAVELENGTH

15 TRANSMISSION LINE
The harmonics of power system mainly come from two
aspects: power supply and electrical load. The harmonics on
Th
10
the power supply side are mainly due to the inherent defects of
5
generators or transformers. The harmonics on the load side
mainly come from users’ nonlinear loads. With the
construction of Global Energy Interconnection, more and more
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25
renewable energy will be injected into the system, which will
h be likely to cause serious harmonic pollution. Therefore, it is
Fig 12. Harmonic transfer coefficients of short-distance line (line 1) necessary to do quantitative analysis of the corresponding
features of harmonics.
1.15 A. Harmonic Distortion Rate

The harmonic distortion rate is a performance parameter
1.1
that characterizes the degree of distortion of the waveform
relative to the sine wave. It can analyze the degree of the
harmonic distortion quantitatively.
Th
1.05
2
∞ §U ·
TVD = ¦ ¨ h ¸ ×100% (7)
1 h = 2 © U1 ¹
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 25
2
h ∞ §I ·
THD = ¦ ¨ h ¸ ×100% (8)
Fig 13. Harmonic transfer coefficients o1f half-wavelength line (line 2) h = 2 © I1 ¹
The comparison of harmonic transfer coefficients between As shown in (7) and (8): TVD is total harmonic distortion
two kinds of lines is shown in Fig. 14. of voltage and THD is total harmonic distortion of current; Uh
is harmonic voltage and Ih is harmonic current; U1 is
fundamental voltage and I1 is fundamental current. From the
18
Line2 4th part of this paper we can know, the harmonic number
16
Line1 should be determined first before analyzing the influence of
14 transmission lines on harmonic transmission. In order to
12 analyze the voltage distortion of each harmonic, a harmonic
source was put into a UHV half-wavelength transmission
Th
10
8 system model which is in normal operation.
6
4 B. Voltage Distortion of Each Harmonic
2
The amplitude of each harmonic voltage and the voltage
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 harmonic distortion of 2nd to 15th harmonic were studied. The
h corresponding coefficient is shown in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16. Ea0,
Ea1 and Ea2 are the voltage at the beginning, end and middle.
Fig 14. Harmonic transfer coefficients comparison of two kinds of
transmission lines

60 Thus, in engineering practice of the half-wavelength

Ea2 transmission lines, different positions of harmonics need to be
50 Ea1
Ea0
considered respectively. In particular, it is necessary to limit
40
the harmonics that need to be considered in power system by
modifying parameters or collocating reactive-load
30 compensation equipment. This method can reduce harmonic
E
harm and improve power quality.

20
10 REFERENCES
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h
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ШШШлйкр͸ΌώϏϔχ͹ΒϔϚϋϘϔχϚϏϕϔχϒΎϒϋωϚϘϏωχϒχϔϊΎϔϋϘύϟΌϕϔόϋϘϋϔωϋ͸ΌΒΎΎΌлйкр͹΀΋ϋϏϐϏϔύ΀ΌώϏϔχШШШ