Animal tissues

Complete revsion
 TISSUES

PLANT ANIMAL
MERISTEMATIC
EPITHELIAL
PERMANENT
CONNECTIVE
MUSCULAR

NERVOUS
 Describe the structure and functions of epithelium.
Question 1
SQUAMOUS It acts as a protective layer from germs,
EPITHELIUM mechanical injury, drying up, harmful
chemicals and allows diffusion to occur.

CUBOIDAL It mainly helps in

EPITHELIUM secretion and
absorption.

STRATIFIED It has tough cells

EPITHELIUM which provide
protection.

COLUMNAR It helps substances to move,

EPITHELIUM increase absorptive and
secretory surface.
 COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Ciliated epithelium Glandular epithelium

• Bears cilia at the free ends • Act as glands that secrete
of the cells specific substances
• Moves cilia in rhythmic • Present as unicellular
manner allowing glands like Goblet cells or
substances to move multicellular glands like
• Lines nasal passages, sweat glands
trachea, oviduct. • Lines stomach, intestine.
 Describe the structure and functions of epithelium.
Answer
Epithelial tissue:
1. Most organs and cavities in the body are lined by epithelial cells, which
are thin protective coatings.
Question 1

2. It also acts as a barrier, separating the various body systems.

3. Epithelial tissue makes up the skin, the lining of the mouth, the lining
of blood vessels, lung alveoli, and kidney tubules.
4. Epithelial tissue cells create a continuous layer that is closely packed.
 Describe the structure and functions of epithelium.
Answer
Types of epithelial tissue:
a) Squamous epithelial tissue:
1. Transportation of substances happens through a selectively permeable surface in
Question 1

cells lining blood arteries or lung alveoli, this epithelium is a flat type of
epithelium.
2. The simple squamous epithelium is the name for this type of epithelium.
b) Stratified squamous epithelium:
1. To reduce wear and tear, skin epithelial cells are organised in numerous layers.
2. This epithelium is made up of layers that are arranged in a pattern called
Stratified squamous epithelium.
 Describe the structure and functions of epithelium.
Answer
Types of epithelial tissue:
c) Columnar epithelium:
1. These tall epithelial cells are present where absorption and secretion occur, such
Question 1

as in the inner lining of the intestine.

2. Movement through the epithelial barrier is facilitated by this columnar
epithelial.
d) Cuboidal epithelium:
1. This is the lining of kidney tubules and salivary gland ducts, and it provides
mechanical support.
2. A multicellular gland can form when a piece of the epithelial tissue folds inward.
3. The glandular epithelium is the glandular epithelium.
 Enlist three types of muscles with their locations.
Question 2
 MUSCULAR TISSUE

Striated Unstriated Cardiac

muscles muscles muscles

Striated muscles
STRUCTURE:
• Long, cylindrical, unbranched
fibre
• Tissue is straited(alternate light
and dark cross bands)
• Has repeating functional units
called Sacromeres
LOCATION:
Attached to skeleton
FUNCTION:
• Helps in movement and
locomotion
• Helps to hold the skeleton
together
• Maintains posture
• Stabilizes bones and joints
• Under the control of the
individual’s will (voluntary)
MUSCULAR TISSUE
Unstriated muscles
STRUCTURE:
• Spindle-shaped with pointed
ends
• No light or dark bands present
• Uninucleated
• Nonstraited muscle fibres
LOCATION: Walls of organs and blood LOCATION: Heart
vessels
FUNCTION:
• Produce peristaltic contractions
in the wall of alimentary canal
• Form sphincter for opening and
closing of apertures, tubes and
cavities
• Involuntary muscles
Cardiac muscles
STRUCTURE:
• Branched tissue, forms
interconnecting network
• Unique junctions (Intercalated
discs) present that hold adjacent
cells together.
FUNCTION:
• Helps in pulsating movement of
heart.
• Helps in pumping of blood from
heart into blood vessels
 Enlist three types of muscles with their locations.
Answer

The three types of muscle tissues are:

i) Striated Muscles - It occur in the muscles of limbs, body wall, face, neck,
etc. Striated muscles present in tongue, pharynx, diaphragm and upper
Question 2

part of oesophagus are called visceral straited muscles.

ii) Smooth Muscles(unstriated) - Smooth muscles are found in the walls of
the hollow (tubular) visceral organs except that of the heart. They occur
in the wall of alimentary canal and internal organs, ducts of glands,
urogenital ducts and blood vessels.
iii) Cardiac Muscles - The cardiac muscles occur in the heart.
 Give three features of cardiac muscle.
Question 3
CARDIAC

• Striated, branched and uninucleated

• Fibres arranged in the form of network
• Involuntary muscle
 Give three features of cardiac muscle.
Answer

The main features of cardiac muscles are:

• The muscle cells are Striated, branched and uninucleate
• Fibres arranged in the form of network
Question 3

• Involuntary muscle
 Classify connective tissue and give one example of each type.
Question 4
 ANIMAL
TISSUE

EPITHELIAL NERVOUS
TISSUES TISSUES

MUSCULAR CONNECTIVE
TISSUES TISSUES
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE
FUNCTIONS
• Bind or join the various tissues/organs
• Provides rigidity and protection
• Sometimes provide flexibility

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

LOOSE CONNECTIVE DENSE CONNECTIVE FLUID CONNECTIVE

TISSUE TISSUE TISSUE
 Classify connective tissue and give one example of each type.
Answer

Connective tissues provide structural support and protection to other tissues

and organs in the body. The connective tissues are classified into three types:
1. Fibrous connective tissue – bones
Question 4

2. Supportive connective tissue - tendons & ligaments

3. Fluid connective tissue - blood
 Name the following :
(a) Tissue which stores fat
(b) Epithelium which lines lung alveoli.
Question 5
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Adipose

• Store reserve fat

• Act as heat insulator
• Act as shock absorber
• Forms padding under skin, around
kidneys and, eyeballs, etc.
SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

• Present in mouth and nasal cavity, alveoli, blood and

lymph vessels.
 Name the following :
(a) Tissue which stores fat
(b) Epithelium which lines lung alveoli.

Answer

(a) Tissue which stores fat – Adipose tissue

Question 5

(b) Epithelium which lines lung alveoli – Squamous epithelial tissue

 What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Question 6
 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Areolar
• Packing tissue
• Fills space inside organs
• Supports internal organs
• Helps in repair of tissues
• Phagocytes engulf foreign particles
 What are the functions of areolar tissue?
Answer

Functions of areolar tissue:

i. It helps in supporting internal organs.
ii. It helps in repairing the tissues of the skin and muscles.
Question 6
 Name the different types of dense connective tissue.
Question 7
 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone Tendon

Cartilage Ligament
 Name the different types of dense connective tissue.
Answer

There are different types of dense connective tissue.

• Bone
• Cartilage
Question 7

• Tendons
• Ligaments
 (a) Label the parts marked 1 to 4 in figure.
(b) Mention difference between 1 and 3
Question 8
(a) Label the parts marked 1 to 4 in figure.
(b) Mention difference between 1 and 3

1. Tendon
2. Muscle
3. Ligament
4. Bone.
 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Tendons Ligament

• Join skeletal muscles to bones • Join bones to bones

• Sturdier than ligaments • Elastic than tendons

 (a) Label the parts marked 1 to 4 in figure.
(b) Mention difference between 1 and 3

Answer
1. Tendon
2. Muscle
3. Ligament
Question 8

4. Bone.

Tendons Ligaments
Inelastic Elastic
Join muscles to bone. Connect bones to bones.
Made up of white fibres. Made up of white fibres.
 What will happen if
(a) Bone is dipped in hydrochloric acid (HCl);
(b) Bone is dried ?
Question 9
 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Bone
• Made up of ‘Osteocytes’

• Embedded in hard calcium-

phosphorous matrix- Inorganic
matter

• Give rise to blood cells

 What will happen if
(a) Bone is dipped in hydrochloric acid (HCl);
(b) Bone is dried ?

Answer

a) When a bone is dipped in HCl, its mineral matter dissolves. Only organic
Question 9

matter is left.
b) When a bone is dried, its organic matter geta destroyed. Only mineral
matter is left.
 Describe the composition and functions of blood.
Question 10
 FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE

BLOOD
Functions

• Transportation of gases,
nutrients, hormones

• Elimination of waste products

• WBCs protect from pathogens
• Platelets helps in clotting
 Describe the composition and functions of blood.
Answer

• Blood has a fluid (liquid) matrix called plasma, in which red blood
corpuscles (RBCs), white blood corpuscles (WBCs), and platelets are
suspended.
Question 10

• The plasma contains proteins, salts, and hormones.

• Blood flows and transports gases, digested food, hormones, and waste
materials to different parts of the body.
 Explain the structure of neuron with the help of a labelled diagram.
Question 11
 Parts of a Neuron

Dendrites

Cell body
Nucleus

Myelin sheath

Node of Ranvier

Axon

Axon terminals
 Explain the structure of neuron with the help of a labelled diagram.
Answer
• The neurons are the cells in the brain or nervous system.
• It is composed of a cell body and an axon.
• The cell body is also called as the cyton. There are the prominent nucleus and
Question 11

Nissl's granules in the cell body.

• There are short brush-like structures arising from the cell body called as
dendrite.
• The axon is a long extension of the cell body ending in a bunch of branches.
• The axon is covered by a fatty layer known as myelin sheath.
• There are certain regions where the myelin sheath is absent called as nodes of
Ranvier.
• At the end of axon there are the nerve fibres.
 TISSUES

Plant Animal

Meristematic Permanent Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Apical Striated
Simple Complex
Intercalary Unstriated
Parenchyma Xylem

Lateral Collenchyma Phloem Cardiac

Sclerenchyma

Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Loose Dense Fluid

• Areolar • Bone • Blood
• Adipose • Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments