Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2952–2957

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Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

Equivalent electrical model for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser

Ozcan Atlam a, Mohan Kolhe b,⇑
a
Kocaeli University, Technology Faculty, Electrical Engineering Department, Umuttepe 41380, Izmit, Kocaeli, Turkey
b
University College London, UCL School of Energy and Resources Australia & International Energy Policy Institute, Torrens Building, 220 Victoria Square, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this work, an electrical equivalent model for a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyser has been
Received 15 April 2010 developed. Through experimental analysis, the input current–voltage (I–V) characteristic for a single PEM
Received in revised form 24 February 2011 electrolyser cell has been modelled under steady-state conditions. It has been developed by using elec-
Accepted 13 April 2011
trical equivalent circuit topology in which the useful power conversion and losses have been taken into
Available online 7 May 2011
account. Electrolytic hydrogen production rates of PEM electrolyser cell have been calculated with
respect to the input current and power. The developed model has been tested with experiments results
Keywords:
at the nominal operating temperature. The experimental results have been verified with the developed
Proton exchange membrane (PEM)
electrolyser
model results and the relative errors between them are around 1–2%. It has been observed that the elec-
Electrolytic hydrogen trolytic hydrogen production rate increases with the input current in a linear fashion. But the variation of
Energy storage in the form of electrolytic electrolytic hydrogen production rate with the input electrical power is non-linear (i.e. logarithmic).
hydrogen These characteristics are verified by using the developed electrical equivalent model of PEM electrolyser
cell. The parameters of the developed model can also be defined by taking into account of temperature
and pressure effects. The equivalent electrical model of PEM electrolyser is very useful for analysing
the electrical energy system behaviour in which the energy is stored in the form of electrolytic hydrogen.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Renewable energy systems, such as wind and solar energy, are
going to be increasingly deployed to supply energy to both the grid
as well as to the local utilities. The integrated wind and solar en-
ergy system, based on energy storage as electrolytic hydrogen, is
considered a promising alternative to overcome the intermittence
of the renewable energy sources [1]. In recent years, as concern in-
creases about global warming, the use of stored hydrogen for elec-
tricity production through the fuel cell system in addition to
renewable energy sources is highlighted as a part of environment
friendly technologies [2]. In future with a demand of lower carbon
economies, the electrolyser system could provide a significant
solution for energy storage and to meet the energy demand in
the electricity/heat/automobile sectors with negligible green house
gas emissions [3,4]. Hydrogen powered back-up power systems
with short term energy storage devices such as ultra capacitors
are also going to be utilized for many applications, including fuel
cell based hybrid vehicles [5]. Integration of renewable energy sys-
tem with hydrogen systems is important to overcome the renew-
able energy intermittency and hydrogen is well suited for energy
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: oatlam@kocaeli.edu.tr (O. Atlam),
(M. Kolhe).
URL: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/australia (M. Kolhe).
storage, because of its inherent high mass energy density and lon-
gevity of energy storage (compared to batteries) [6]. There are
mainly two types of electrolyser (i) alkaline (ii) proton exchange
membrane (PEM) and both types of electrolysers are well proven.
PEM cells are reversible devices for hydrogen systems. PEM based
electrolysis has many advantages when compared to conventional
alkaline based electrolysis e.g. it has smaller dimension and mass,
lower power consumption, intrinsic ability to cope with transient
electrical power variations, a high degree of purity of gases and
the potential to compress hydrogen at a higher pressure within
the unit and with higher safety level [7]. Alkaline electrolyser oper-
ation depends on the circulation of alkaline ions and has relatively
lower current densities. Electrolysis based on PEM technology is
historically linked with DuPont’s Nafion membrane.
Generally parameters of performance based models of PEM de-
vices change with respect to the operating modes (i.e. electrolyser
or fuel cell). An electro-chemical model of the electrolyser stack is
developed in Ref. [8] for calculating the theoretical open-circuit
voltage via a thermodynamic analysis. In PEM electrolyser mode,
the current–voltage (I–V) equation has reversible voltage, activa-
tion overvoltage, ohmic potential and diffusion over-potential
(or concentration over-potential) components [9,10]. In it, the
reversible voltage is defined from the Gibbs energy which is
based on the Nernst equation. Remaining voltage components
m.kolhe@ucl.ac.uk
are expressed with temperature, pressure coefficients as empiri-
cal equations based on the Tafel equation. The parameters of

0196-8904/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.007
 O. Atlam, M. Kolhe / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2952–2957 2953

5
characteristic curve are defined using experimental data of the V ¼ 1:4760  1:4760e0:02I þ 0:3264I ð1Þ
cell [11,12]. Similarly for a PEM fuel cell I–V characteristic has
 
activation polarization, ohmic polarization, and concentration 0 V 6 1:476
polarization for its open circuit voltage and empirical I–V equa- I¼ ð2Þ
3:064ðV  1:476Þ V > 1:476
tions are defined by the Nernst and the Tafel equations. By using
these voltage drops, electrical equivalent model can be defined Eq. (1) has similarity with the Tafel equation. The first two
for an operating mode of the PEM cell. In PEM cell, reversible terms of Eq. (1) represents similar terms of the Tafel equation of
voltage during electrolyser mode differs from the open circuit the PEM cell under forward bias conditions. The second term of
voltage in fuel cell mode operation but there is symmetry be- Eq. (1) disappears when the current reaches to 0.02 A and then it
tween the I–V characteristic of PEM electrolyser and fuel cell becomes a linear function of reverse voltage. This linear part of
operation modes. These models have specific and complex the equation represents active electrolysis region. These I–V char-
parameters based on theoretical as well as experimental analysis. acteristics are also plotted in Fig. 1. It has been observed that the
In this work, a simple electrical equivalent model is developed for developed model characteristic matches very well with the exper-
PEM electrolyser through experimental analysis under the given imental results. In order to simplify the I–V characteristics, Eq. (2)
operating conditions. With this electrical equivalent circuit model is developed for steady-state conditions and also used in this work.
of PEM electrolyser, it is possible not only to predict electrical in- Eq. (2) can be rearranged for the electrolysis process and can be
put I–V response of the device but also to analyse hydrogen pro- written as,
duction rate and system efficiency more easily.  
1
V¼ I þ 1:476 ¼ 0:326I þ 1:476 ffi IRi þ erev ð3Þ
3:064
2. The modelling Eq. (3) refers to a simple equivalent circuit model, which consists of
an initial resistance of the PEM system Ri, and reverse potential erev.
The PEM electrolyser single cell, which is used in this study, has On the other hand, the ideal potential Vi (electro-chemical) for the
maximum operating current 1 A at 2 V. The PEM electrolyser cell is electrolysis is defined by [14].
powered through an adjustable DC power supply for obtaining the
input I–V characteristic. The input currents of the PEM electrolyser DG
Vi ¼ : ð4Þ
cell are measured for a range of applied voltages and accordingly 2F
the hydrogen production rates are measured for different input where DG is Gibbs free energy change (J mol1) of hydrogen gas, the
electrical power. This test has been done under normal room tem- F is Faraday constant (96,487 C mol1). If the water is liquid, then
perature (20 °C) and at nominal atmospheric pressure (1 atm) and DG is obtained by Eq. (5) for a given temperature T (°C) [14] .
the obtained I–V characteristic for a single PEM electrolyser cell is
given in Fig. 1. In this characteristic curve, it has been observed DG ¼ 285; 840  163:2ð273 þ TÞ ð5Þ
that there is a critical voltage at which the current flow starts. In Under nominal operating conditions at room temperature of
reality, the characteristic is slightly non-linear but the current flow 20 °C, and 1 atm pressure, the Vi is 1.233 V. The Vi is useful for elec-
section of this curve can be approximated as linear. The slope of trolysis and it is used for the hydrogen production. It can be asso-
this curve represents the internal electrical resistance of a PEM ciated with the following expressions, which are based on the
electrolyser cell. This approach has been applied and tested in electro-chemistry. The one molar volume vM is given by the well
the reference [13] with very low relative errors. By using the re- known ideal gas expression,
sults of this test, input I–V characteristic of a PEM electrolyser cell
can be modelled in non-linear and linear way, and they can be well Rð273 þ TÞ
vM ¼ ð6Þ
curve-fitted through Eq. (1) for non-linear and Eq. (2) for linear p
modes. Eq. (1) is developed as empirical non-linear model by using where R is the ideal gas constant (0.082 l atm K1 mol1), and p is
the experimental results. Eq. (2) with linear mode, which is used in the pressure (atm).
this study, has been developed and described in our previous work Hydrogen production rate, vH (ml min1) with respect to the in-
[13]. put current I (A) can be calculated by [14],
!  C: 
103 ml 60 s I s I
v H ¼ v M ðlÞ ¼ v M ð103 Þð60Þ ð7Þ
nonlinear model l min 2FðC:Þ 2F
2 linear model
measurement The electro-chemical hydrogen energy per second (i.e. useful
power) PH2 which corresponds to the vH is defined as (by using
Eqs. (4) and (7)),
1.5
   J 
20 oC, ml DG mol
1atm PH2 ¼ v H 
 l  103 ml 60 s
min vM
V (volt)

mol l min
1
I 2FV i
¼ v M ð103 Þð60Þ ¼ IV i ð8Þ
2F v M ð103 Þð60Þ
0.5 From Eq. (8) it is clear that the useful power which is delivered from
the electrolyser cell depends on the electrolyser input current I and
ideal voltage Vi. Therefore the input I–V model (Eq. (3)) and the use-
ful hydrogen output power (Eq. (8)) can represent an electrical
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 equivalent circuit model of the PEM electrolyser cell (Fig. 2).
I (A.) The reversible potential, erev, shown in Fig. 2, gives the mini-
mum required energy barrier of the PEM electrolyser cell of this
Fig. 1. Input I–V curves of the PEM electrolyser for model and measurement. study. The PEM current–voltage (I–V) curve is similar to a typical
2954 O. Atlam, M. Kolhe / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2952–2957

excess potential loss=(I)(erev -Vi)

heat loss due

to resistive
useful power=PH2=(I)Vi
+ I
hydrogen production
Ri Vi (ml/min)
V
erev

The single PEM

electrolyser system
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit model for a single PEM electrolyser.

diode curve. The reversible potential consists of the ideal voltage, be incorporated in Faraday efficiency calculations and its charac-
Vi, along with terms which are associated with the PEM over-volt- teristics follow the Faraday’s Law (Fig. 3). The slope of the I  vH
ages. The chemical energy of the hydrogen can be derived from Vi. characteristic gives a hydrogen production coefficient for change
The reversible potential (i.e. 1.476 V – Fig. 1) includes the energy in currents. This coefficient is 7.345 (ml min1 A1) and 7.472
losses in the membrane of the PEM cell. The reversible potential (ml min1 A1) for experimental and developed models respec-
varies slightly with the temperature and pressure [15]. The slope tively. The relative error between these two coefficients is very
of the PEM electrolyser I–V curve, which represents the resistive small (<2%).
heat loss term, Ri, is affected by both the temperature and pressure The input electrical power P of PEM electrolyser cell is defined
as compare to reversible potential. The dependence of Ri on tem- by Eq. (9) and it is a function of the vH. By considering Eq. (7)
perature and pressure variations needs to be modelled. The equiv- and Fig. 2, the input electrical power is given by,
alent circuit model of the PEM electrolyser cell is given in Fig. 2 and
it is based on Eqs. (3), (7), and (8).
P ¼ VI ¼ I2 Ri þ Ierev
!2 !
In this study, the erev is 1.476 V, the resistance of the PEM sub- 2F 2F
system, Ri is 0.326 ohm at temperature 20 °C and 1 atm. The input ¼ vH Ri þ vH erev ð9Þ
current I of the PEM system is modelled by using Eq. (3) for a range
v M 103 ð60Þ v M 103 ð60Þ
of input voltage V. And it is applied in Eq. (7) for prediction the The input power versus hydrogen production rate (P  vH) for
hydrogen production rates vH. Similarly to define the theoretical both the experimental and model cases have been given in Fig. 4
hydrogen production rates, which depends on the input currents, and they are non-linear. It has been observed that the vH increases
current values are substituted in Eq. (7). The I  vH characteristics logarithmically with the P and also it matches with the profile of
of the developed model (with experimental results) are shown in Eq. (9) with respect to the variation of vH in the developed model.
Fig. 3. I  vH characteristics are linear and they match with slight The developed model prediction matches with the experimental
errors due to the sensitivity of measurement and/or the measure- results.
ments error. In addition, there is a difference between the theoret- The PEM electrolyser cell efficiency ge with respect to the input
ical and experimental currents for the same hydrogen production electrical energy to the hydrogen electro-chemical energy per sec-
and it is due to the hydrogen leakage in the electrolyser. This can ond is defined as,

8 8
measurement measurement
7 theoretical 7 model
Hydrogen production rate (ml/min)
Hydrogen production rate (ml/min)

model
6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
I (A) Input power (W)

Fig. 3. I  vH characteristics of measurement, theoretical and model. Fig. 4. P  vH curves of measurement and model.
 O. Atlam, M. Kolhe / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2952–2957 2955

PH2 V i I V i PEM electrolyser cell. The Ri has been empirically modelled as

ge ¼ ¼ ¼
P VI V function of p and T and it is given by,
and it is also a function of the vH which can be observed through
Eqs. (8), (9) and Fig. 2. It is clear that the efficiency decreases with
the increase in applied voltage V and the maximum electrolysis effi-
ciency occurs when the V is equal to Vi. In practical electrolyser effi-
ciency calculations (e.g. [16]), the electrolyser efficiency is defined
as the ratio of the thermo-neutral cell voltage (about 1.48 V) to
the applied cell voltage. The reversible potential is approximately
equal to the thermo-neutral cell voltage. The useful output through
hydrogen (i.e. power content in the hydrogen) is in the term of Vi,
which is a part of the reversible potential (erev) (Fig. 2). The PEM
electrolyser cell allows the input currents at voltages which are
more than Vi (erev > Vi) and the hydrogen production rate depends
on it.
The characteristics of the P  ge for the experiment and devel-
oped models have shown in Fig. 5. It has been observed that effi-
ciency decreases exponentially with input powers for both the
developed model as well as the experiment results. In Fig. 5, the
experimental efficiency is higher than that of the developed model
at low input power, which corresponds to the measurements at
lower input currents. In this zone the current is zero, because input
current flow starts at V > erev (Eq. (2)). Also in the active electrolysis
region, the efficiency curve of the model matches with the mea-
surements very closely.
3. Effects of pressure and temperature on the developed model
In this study, input I–V characteristics of a PEM electrolyser at
different operating pressure and temperature are investigated. It
has been observed that for the same operating temperature, the
conductivity of the PEM electrolyser cell decreases nonlinearly
with the pressure. Also, at the same pressure, the conductivity of
the PEM system increases linearly with the temperature. The re-
verse of conductivity corresponds to the initial resistance of the
PEM electrolyser cell. In general, the voltage increases logarithmi-
cally with the pressure (of hydrogen, oxygen and water) during the
electrolysis. For the input current, the resistance such as Ri which
causes the voltage drop, may change logarithmically with the pres-
sure. The erev (i.e. open circuit voltage) can also be defined as func-
tion of p and T [8,14]. Effects of the temperature and pressure are
used for developing the electrical equivalent circuit model of the
ð10Þ
 
p
Ri ðT; pÞ ¼ Rio þ k ln þ dRt ðT  T o Þ ð11Þ
po
where the terms of Rio, po and To are reference resistance, pressure
and temperature respectively. The dRt (ohm °C1) is a resistance
coefficient of temperature. In this work, Rio = 0.326 ohm, po = 1 atm,
To = 20 °C. The derived curve fitting parameter k is 0.0395 (VA1)
and the derived dRt is 3.812 (10)3 ohm °C1 for a typical PEM
electrolyser cell. The reverse voltage erev has been empirically mod-
elled as a function of both p and T and given by,
 
Rð273 þ TÞ p
erev ðT; pÞ ¼ erev o þ ln ð12Þ
2F po
where erev o is reference reverse voltage at reference temperature To
and pressure po; and it is 1.476 V.
The I–V equations of PEM electrolyser are given in Eqs. (1) and
(2). They have been rearranged as function of erev(T, p) and Ri(T, p),
and are given by Eqs. (13) and (14) for non-linear and linear modes.
5
VðT; pÞ ¼ erev ðT; pÞ  erev ðT; pÞe0:02I þ IRi ðT; pÞ ð13Þ
" #
0 V 6 erev ðT; pÞ
IðT; pÞ ¼ 1 ð14Þ
Ri ðT;pÞ
ðV  erev ðT; pÞÞ V > erev ðT; pÞ
For the steady state operation, Eq. (14) can also be simplified to
Eq. (15) in order to define the input I–V model of the PEM electro-
lyser cell for both p and T.
VðT; pÞ ¼ IRi ðT; pÞ þ erev ðT; pÞ ð15Þ
The electrical equivalent circuit model (Fig. 2) can also be devel-
oped by using Eq. (15). The I–V curves of the PEM electrolyser cell
under different operating temperatures and pressures are given in
Figs. 6 and 7 for non-linear and linear modes, which are based on
Eqs. (13) and (14) (or Eq. (15)). It has been observed that the re-
verse voltage erev, slightly changes with pressure and temperature,
and it increases logarithmically with pressure for the same tem-
perature (Figs. 6 and 7). On the other hand, the slope of the char-
acteristic curve (i.e. resistance Ri) changes with the temperature
and pressure, and it increases with pressure for the same temper-
ature and also it decreases with temperature for the same pressure.
So the PEM electrolyser cell conductivity increases with the tem-
perature (Figs. 6 and 7). In this case, the initial losses decrease

2
1
1.8
measurement
model 1.6
0.95

1.4
Electrolyser efficiency

0.9
1.2 1 atm, 20 oC
V (Volt)

4 atm, 20 oC
0.85 1 1 atm, 60 oC

0.8
0.8
0.6
0.75
0.4

0.7 0.2

0
0.65 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
I (A)
Input power (W)
Fig. 6. Non-linear I–V curves of PEM electrolyser under different temperature and
Fig. 5. The P  ge curves of measurement and model. pressure.
2956 O. Atlam, M. Kolhe / Energy Conversion and Management 52 (2011) 2952–2957

2 4. Conclusions
1.8
In this work, an equivalent electrical model for PEM electrolyser
1.6 has been developed by using the experimental results. The input
current–voltage (I–V) characteristic for a single PEM electrolyser
1.4
cell has been modelled through the experimental analysis under
1.2 the steady-state conditions. It has been developed by using the
V (Volt)

electrical equivalent circuit topology in which the useful power

1
1 atm, 20 oC conversion and losses are taken into account. It follows the Fara-
0.8 4 atm, 20 oC day’s Law. The developed model matches very closely with the
1 atm, 60 oC experimental results in active operating electrolysis region. By
0.6 using the developed model and simplified equivalent circuit model,
0.4 the hydrogen production rate, the P  vH characteristic and practi-
cal electrolysis efficiencies can be obtained and/or estimated. The
0.2 developed model equations and its performance characteristics
0 agree with the electrolysis electrochemistry. It has been observed
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 that the hydrogen production rate is in proportion with the input
I (A) current, and it also increases logarithmically with the input power
and hence the efficiency of the PEM electrolyser decreases with the
Fig. 7. Linear I–V curves of PEM electrolyser under different temperature and input voltage and so the input power increases exponentially. The
pressure.
theoretical hydrogen production rates corresponding to the input
currents match closely with the developed model results as well
as the experimental measurements. The experimental hydrogen
and the electrolysis efficiency increases. It has been observed that
production rates are slightly lower than the theoretical model re-
the electrolyser voltage decreases with the temperature for the sults and it is due to leakage or remaining of some gas in the elec-
same value of electrolyser input current at the given pressure. As
trolyser membrane. It has been observed that the relative error
the erev remains almost constant but the Ri decreases with the tem- between the input current – hydrogen production coefficient of
perature (Eqs. (11) and (12)).
the model and the measurement is around <2%. In this study, the
If the number of the PEM electrolyser cells in series are ns and electrolysis energy efficiency was in the range of 65–68%.
the number of parallel strings of PEM electrolyser cells are np, then
The developed model is useful for analysing the temperature
the resulting PEM electrolyser stack I–V characteristics is given by and pressure effects. The reverse potential and initial resistance
have been modelled as a function of both pressure and tempera-
ns ture. The conductivity of the I–V curve increases with temperature,
VðT; pÞ ¼ I Ri ðT; pÞ þ ns erev ðT; pÞ: ð16Þ
np and it also decreases with pressure. The pressure effects on the
voltage are logarithmic. This developed model can be applied to
And it is assumed that there are negligible connection losses be-
different sizes of PEM electrolyser as well as for different paral-
tween the cells. Also it can be easily applied to the electrical equiv-
lel/series combinations of cells. The proposed equivalent electrical
alent circuit model of Fig. 2.
circuit model is simple and can be applied to electrical systems in
The I–V curves of PEM electrolyser for different stack configura-
order to analyze the electrical response and performance of PEM
tions at the same pressure and temperature are given in Fig. 8. It
electrolyser system, which will be used for energy storage in the
has been observed that the conductivity of PEM electrolyser (with
form of hydrogen.
ns = 10, np = 1) is smaller than that of a single PEM electrolyser cell
and it is due to increase in series resistance Ri. The conductivity can
also be increased by adding more parallel strings (ns = 10 np = 3 in References
Fig. 8).
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