IET Renewable Power Generation

Special Issue: Power to Gas for Future Renewable Based Energy

Systems

Control of grid-forming application for fuel ISSN 1752-1416

Received on 27th April 2020

cell/electrolyser system
Revised 16th November 2020
Accepted on 15th January 2021
E-First on 24th February 2021
doi: 10.1049/iet-rpg.2020.0508
www.ietdl.org

Xiangjun Quan1 , Qinran Hu1, Xiaobo Dou1, Zaijun Wu1, Ling Zhu2, Wei Li2
1Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
2NARI Group Corporation, Nanjing 210003, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
E-mail: xquan@seu.edu.cn

Abstract: With the rapid development of renewable energy sources (RESs), adopting power-to-gas to improve the penetration
of RESs is promising. This study designs a grid-forming application for the fuel cell/electrolyser (FC/ELZ) system to supply the
frequency support for the grid as well as the voltage source. The detailed control methods including the DC, AC voltage controls
and the power synchronisation control are designed for the FC/ELZ system so that it can operate independently without any
other energy sources. Several simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed grid-forming
application of the FC/ELZ system.

1 Introduction are also of interest to communities. Hence, it will be meaningful to

For renewable energy sources (RESs) based power systems, the
fluctuations and intermittencies are big concerns which are harmful
to the system ability. As a promising approach to compensate the
fluctuations and intermittencies of RESs, the power-to-gas (P2G)
technology can use excessive electrical energy by an electrolyser
(ELZ) to produce hydrogen, and when the energy is short, it can
feed the energy back to the grid by a fuel cell (FC) using the
produced hydrogen. Therefore, the P2G units can provide several
services, such as the intermittency compensation and frequency
support, to integrate the RESs into the grid [1].
Consequently, the FC/ELZ system, as electrochemical energy
storage, has been frequently adopted in hybrid energy systems to
balance the power against the intermittency and uncertainty of
RESs and the variations of load [2–12]. In [3–5], the hybrid energy
system including FC/ELZ was investigated and some systematic
controllers were proposed to compensate the intermittent power of
the wind or photovoltaic (PV) energies in a standalone system. In
[6], the FC/ELZ system was employed to resolve the power quality
issues in wind-diesel microgrids. The grid-connected applications
of the hybrid energy system including FC/ELZ system were also
investigated in [7–12]. The above-mentioned papers are mainly
focused on the energy/power management for the hybrid energy
system. From the viewpoint of the grid, the FC/ELZ system always
servers as a current (power) source to inject/absorb the power from
the system according to requirements of the system energy
management.
Very recently, with the increased penetration of RESs of wind
power and PVs, the issue of inertia and stability reducing has been
received more attention [13, 14]. To tackle this issue, the grid-
forming control is considered to be an effective solution that can
improve the penetration of the RESs [15, 16]. The virtual inertia
and frequency support can be conveniently realised by the grid-
forming control since the grid-forming inverter can directly offer a
voltage source with virtual inertia. However, the energy storage is
usually required for the grid-forming inverter to realise the virtual
inertia by means of providing or storing extra energies from the
grid [17, 18]. Considering that the FC/ELZ system is promising
energy storage with advantages of infrequent maintenance
requirements, high lifespan, high energy storage capacity, long run-
time, and low cost of increasing the size of storage, it is suitable for
the grid-forming application to supply frequency support.
Moreover, the environment friendly by-products of water and heat
utilise the FC/ELZ system serving as the grid-forming source.
Generally, the FC/ELZ system needs power converter to
connect to the DC or AC grid [19, 20]. When integrating with the
AC grid, a two-stage converter of DC–DC and DC–AC converter
is always adopted as the interface between the FC/ELZ and AC
grid. The DC–AC inverter is generally controlled as a power
source where current control mode is adopted for conventional
grid-connected application [7–12]. The boost converter of FC and
buck converter of ELZ generally adopt power/current control. In
this condition, the control of the DC-link is flexible. It can be
controlled by the DC–AC inverter or the battery and ultracapacitor
if the battery and ultracapacitor are included in the hybrid energy
system. On the other hand, in a standalone application, the DC–AC
inverter should be controlled as a voltage source to feed the load
[3–5], then, the DC link cannot be controlled by the DC–AC
inverter. Consequently, the battery or ultracapacitor is necessary to
sustain the stability of the DC link. This condition is also suitable
for the case of the grid-forming application for the FC/ELZ system
where the DC–AC inverter has to adopt the voltage control mode
[21].
As can be found in the above-mentioned literature, the FC/ELZ
system is usually companied by the battery or ultracapacitor either
for DC grid or AC grid. The reason is that the single FC/ELZ
system is not easy to sustain a constant DC link voltage. Since the
FC and ELZ use different converters. The power of different
directions flows through different paths. The FC outputs power via
boost converter, while the ELZ absorbs power through buck
converter [6, 7]. The models are different. Therefore, it is difficult
to control the DC link voltage by the FC/ELZ system, then, this
further hinders the grid-forming application for the FC/ELZ
system. The addition of battery of ultracapacitor may solve the
issue, however, the cost will increase.
To realise the grid-forming application for the FC/ELZ system,
this paper designs the whole control scheme of the single FC/ELZ
system without battery and ultracapacitor. A unified modelling
method is adopted for both boost and buck converters,
consequently, the DC voltage is controlled by the FC and ELZ, and
the AC side implements the grid-forming control to supply the
frequency support of the grid. The power balance of the FC/ELZ
system can be achieved by the proposed control method when the
grid frequency is higher than the nominal value, the ELZ will
automatically absorb the power, on the contrary, if the grid
frequency becomes lower than the nominal value, the FC
automatically outputs power. Therefore, the FC/ELZ system can

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Fig. 1 Studied FC/ELZ system
Fig. 2 Control diagram of the FC/ELZ system
operate independently to provide services without battery and
ultracapacitor or other energy sources.
In the following content, the studied system is first described in
Section 2, then the control design of the system is demonstrated in
Section 3. Several results are demonstrated in Section 4 to verify
the effectiveness of the proposed control. Finally, the conclusions
are discussed in Section 5.
2 System description
2.1 System configuration
Fig. 1 shows the studied FC/ELZ system. The FC and ELZ are
connected to the DC link by boost and buck converters,
respectively, then the DC link and AC bus are connected via a
bidirectional DC–AC inverter. Different from the conventional
grid-following control method of the FC/ELZ system, this paper
endeavours to control the FC/ELZ system as a grid-forming
application to offer frequency support for the grid. Furthermore,
unlike the typical FC/ELZ system, the battery or ultracapacitor is
not configured to reduce the cost. Therefore, the voltage of the DC
link has to be controlled by the FC and ELZ through the boost and
buck converters, and the DC–AC inverter will be controlled as a
voltage source to realise the grid-forming application. Then the
whole system can operate independently, and the DC and AC ports
can be used to connect other DC and AC sources or loads.
To realise the grid-forming control for the FC/ELZ system, a
system control scheme is designed as shown in Fig. 2. The DC link
voltage is controlled by the dual-loop controller where the outer
loop is the DC voltage control and the inner loops include the FC
current control and ELZ current control. The ELZ and FC current
references are limited by [−Imax, 0] and [0, Imax], respectively, to
ensure the correct power direction. This dual-loop controller
guarantees the constant DC-link voltage so that the DC–AC
inverter can realise the AC voltage control and the power
synchronisation control (PSC) for the grid-forming application.
The whole control of both DC–DC and DC–AC converters shown
in Fig. 2 by blue arrows has fast dynamic response, and achieves
the power balance of the FC/ELZ system. The pressure of the
hydrogen tank can be managed by the energy management system
(EMS) which adjusts the power reference of the system to realise
energy optimisation. The EMS belongs to slow-time-scale
IET Renew. Power Gener., 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 17, pp. 3368-3374
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regulation which is not the subject of this paper. This paper will
mainly focus on the control part to realise the grid-forming
application of the FC/ELZ system.
2.2 Model of FC and ELZ
From the perspective of the control design, the model of the FC
and ELZ can be represented by the output voltage–current (V–A)
characteristic. According to [22], the V–A features of FC is:
uFC_cell = E0 + Kln pH2 pO0.52 − λeiFC_cellH s (1)
where E0 and K are functions of temperature, and pH2 and pO2 are
the effective partial pressures of hydrogen and oxygen,
respectively. The third term in (1) denotes the voltage droop where
λe is a constant and H s is a first-order filter with fast time
constant.
The electrical model of the ELZ can be expressed (with the
marked current reference direction in Fig. 2):
r1 + r2T ELZ
uELZ_cell = urev − iELZ_cell + Kelg 1 − KiiELZ_cell (2)
A
where urev, TELZ, and A are the reversible voltage, temperature and
area of electrode, respectively. Ke is function of TELZ, and Ki is
function of TELZ and A. Other parameters are empirically
determined [6].
More details and V–A curves of the model of the FC and ELZ
can be referred to in [6, 22]. From viewpoint of electrical control,
the V–A features of both FC and ELZ can be treated as an offset
voltage in series with a voltage droop and rise, respectively. This
feature will be a benefit for the next control design.
3 Control design
3.1 Current control for ELZ buck converter
The small-signal block diagram of the ELZ current control is
shown in Fig. 3 where the voltage vd2 is used as the control input.
The switching frequency averaged model is adopted. The
disturbance of the ELZ voltage can be neglected because,
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Fig. 3 Small-signal control diagram of the ELZ current

mechanism is automatically achieved by the reference limitations

Fig. 4 Small-signal control diagram of the FC current
of the current loops of FC and ELZ.
Fig. 5 shows the power-model based DC-link voltage control.
At least one-fifth of the current loop bandwidth should be designed
for the outer loop. So that, the inner power stage can be treated as
unity link. The instantaneous power from the DC–AC inverter is
used as the feedforward to improve dynamic response. Then the
closed-loop TF of the DC-link voltage control is

2kpvs + 2kiv
(5)
2 2 2
udc = Gvr s udcref = 2 udcref
Cds + 2kpvs + 2kiv

which can also be designed by placing the roots to select the PI

parameters.

3.4 AC voltage control

Fig. 5 Small-signal control diagram of the DC link With the constant DC voltage, the inverter voltage control can be
designed. The complex-state-space based model of the three-phase
according to (2), the offset voltage is constant, and the dynamic inverter with the LC filter is given by:
part during the operation can be linearised as a resistor. This
resistor can be treated as an equivalent series resistor (ESR) of the ẋ p = Ap xp + Bp1vc + Bp2il
inductor. However, considering the worst damping condition of the . (6)
y = C p xp
system, the ESR will be omitted in the model. In this condition, the
closed-loop transfer function (TF) of the current loop is
In this model, the complex state variables xp: [iL uC]T = [iLd + jiLq
kpis + kii uCd + juCq]T denote the inductor current and capacitor voltage, and
iELZ = Gcr s iELZref = iELZref . (3) il = ild + jilq represents the disturbance from the outside. The
Lscs2 + Rsc + kpi s + kii
middle point voltage of the bridge leg vc = vcd + jvcq is the control
The reference tracking gain Gcr(s) is a second-order TF. According input. Defining a1 = 1/L and a2 = 1/C, the matrices in (6) can be
to the system requirement of the fast-dynamic response, the easily derived:
bandwidth should be as high as possible. Hence, the proportional–
integral (PI) parameters can be determined by selecting the −Ra1 − jω −a1 a1 0
Ap = , Bp1 = , Bp2 = , Cp = 0 1 .
characteristic roots of the TF with higher damping oscillation a2 − jω 0 −a2
frequency and critical damping factor. (7)

3.2 Current control for FC boost converter Then defining the state variable of the integrator as
Fig. 4 shows the small-signal diagram of the boost current control ẋc = ec = uCref − uC (8)
for the FC. It can be seen from Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 that the vd1 and vd2
are selected as the control input, so that the boost current control The open-loop system representation of the AC voltage control
has the same TF with the buck current control of the ELZ. This scheme can be formulated as
symmetric design is a benefit for the DC link voltage control since
both FC and ELZ current loops act as the inner loop of the DC −Ra1 − jω −a1 0 a1 0 0
voltage loop but with the different current direction. Therefore, the
FC current loop adopts the same control parameters, and the same ẋ = a2 − jω 0 x + 0 vc + −a2 il + 0 uCref
(9)
model can be used for the outer DC bus voltage control. The 0 −1 0 0 0 1
voltage of vd1 and vd2 can be modulated by the corresponding pulse y = uC = Cx = 0 1 0 x
width modulation (PWM).
where x = [xp xc]T = [iL uC xc]T represents the augmented state
3.3 DC-link voltage control variables. The proposed capacitor voltage control law is
The DC-link voltage control is designed on the basis of a power
model. The power model of the DC-link with a capacitor Cd can be vc = − kp1iL − kp2uC − kc xc + kdil + kruCref (10)
expressed as (the instantaneous powers of the inductors are
neglected) as shown in Fig. 2.
Then the closed-loop system is
2
1 dudc (4)
C
2 d dt
= pd − pi ẋαβ = Ac x + B2cil + Brc yuCref (11)

where pi denotes the instantaneous power of the inverter, pd is the where

instantaneous power of the FC/ELZ. When pd > 0, it is from the
FC, when pd < 0, it will flow into the ELZ. This selection

3370 IET Renew. Power Gener., 2020, Vol. 14 Iss. 17, pp. 3368-3374
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 −Ra1 − a1kp1 − jω −a1 − a1kp2 −a1kc
Ac = a2 − jω 0 ,
0 −1 0
B2c = a1kd −a2 0 T, Brc = a1kr 0 1 T.

The state feedback gain K = − [kp1 kp2 kc] can be designed by the
well-known pole placement method [23], and then the feedforward
kd and kr can be designed by pole-zero cancellation [23, 24].
According to the closed-loop TF:
−1
uC = C sI − Ac B2cil + BrcuCref
Zd(s)il + Zr(s)uCref
= Gdil + Gr yref =
(s − pd)(s − pn)(s − pn∗)
where
Zd(s) = a2s a1kd − s − jω − a1R − a1kp1
Zr(s) = a1a2 krs − kc
we have the configurable zeros which are related with kd and kr.
Consequently, kd and kr can be determined by pole-zero
cancellation.
3.5 Power synchronisation control
To realise the grid-forming control, the PSC is adopted, since the
frequency is employed to adjust the active power between the
inverter and grid [25, 26]. The proposed PSC is shown in Fig. 2.
Neglecting the resistance of the line, the mathematical models
governing pi and qi are expressed with ΔU = Uc－Ug
UCUgΔδ UC UC − Ug
pi + jqi ≃ +j = AΔδ + jBΔU
X X
where Δδ denotes the phase difference, and X = ωLg. Consequently,
the small-signal diagram of the active power control can be
demonstrated by Fig. 6 where Δωg = ωn − ωg.
The TF of the active power control can be deduced as
pi = Gr p s piref + Gωp s Δωg
Ak pωs + Akiω
= piref
s2 + Ak pω + Dpkiω s + Akiω
As + Dp Akiω
+ 2
s + Ak pω + Dpkiω s + Akiω
Δωg .
From (16), it can be observed that Grp(0) = 1 and Gωp(0) = Dp, this
proves that the proposed controller can achieve the power reference
tracking and droop function, Dp denotes the droop coefficient.
Moreover, different from the conventional power control, the gain
kpωis introduced to adjust the damping ratio of the loop, so that Dp
can be released to only serve as the droop coefficient. Finally,
based on (16), the parameters of the active power control can be
designed based on the desired droop coefficient, damping
oscillation frequency and damping factor.
The reactive power controller is a simple integrator. The
resulted first-order closed-loop system is
Fig. 6 Small-signal diagram of the active power control
Table 1 Circuit parameters of the PVSG system
Parameter Value
(12) L inductance of AC filter 1 mH
C capacitance of AC filter 54 μF
R/Rd inductor resistance 0.05 Ω
Lg grid-side inductance 1.5 mH
Ld DC-side inductance 1.8 mH
(13)
Cd DC link capacitance 3300 μF
(14) fs switching frequency 16,000 Hz
— voltage RMS/frequency 120 V/60 Hz
— DC link voltage 400 V
4 Verification
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed grid-forming control of
the FC/ELZ system, several cases are first simulated by MATLAB/
Simulink. The system parameters used in the simulation are shown
in Table 1. The FC uses the model supplied by MATLAB/Simulink
with 100 cells which have open-circuit voltage of 220 V and
nominal operating voltage of 180 V. The ELZ model is established
using the model (2).
The damping oscillation frequency of the DC loop is selected as
(15) 2000 Hz with critical damping factor, while the DC link voltage
loop is designed with a damping oscillation frequency of 200 Hz
which is one-tenth of the current loop. The resulted parameters are
kpi = 19 Ω, kii = 4.931 × 104 Ωs−1, kpv = 1.8 S, kpi = 491 S s−1. The
parameters of AC voltage loop are kp1 = 5.245 Ω, kp2 = 0.379, kc =
−221.68 + j29.279, kr = 1.324 + j0.1, kd = 5.124 + j0.3747 Ω. The
power control is designed to obtain a settling time of 0.1 s. The
resulted parameters are kpω = 5.15 × 10–04 kg － 1 m － 2 s2, kiω =
0.0083 kg－1m－2 s, Dp = 10/2π kW/rad s−1(10 kW/Hz).
(16)
4.1 Power reference tracking
The power reference step is first tested to verify the function of the
proposed control. As shown in Fig. 7, at 0.2 s, the active power and
reactive power references both step from 0 to 10 kW. The real
power can track the power reference with settling time of 0.1 s,
which accords with the design target, and in this case, the FC
outputs power since the reference is positive. At 0.4 s, the active
power reference changes to −10 kW, correspondingly, the real
active power is regulated to −10 kW according to the power
reference step, and the ELZ starts to absorb the power. When the
active power reference returns to 0 at 0.6 s, the real active power
goes back to 0, and the current of ELZ also is regulated to 0. The
result proves that the proposed control can realise the power
tracking control of the grid-forming application for the FC/ELZ
system.

qi = Grq s qiref + GVq s ΔV =

Bkiq
q +
Bs
ΔV (17) 4.2 Grid frequency change
s + Bkiq iref s + Bkiq
To verify the grid frequency-support function of the FC/ELZ
whose parameters can be designed conveniently. It can also be system, the grid frequency change is also tested for the system. The
observed from (17) that when the grid voltage changes, the Q–V result is displayed in Fig. 8. It can be observed in Fig. 8 when the
droop is not achieved since GVq(s)|s=0 = 0. This droop can be grid frequency steps from 60 to 61 Hz at 0.2 s, the FC/ELZ system
absorbs 10 kW power from the grid. The power is used to produce
realised simply by means of replacing the integrator with a first-
the hydrogens, hence the ELZ current is negative. Moreover, the
order low pass filter.
frequency of the FC/ELZ system also synchronises to the grid in
0.1 s. On the other hand, at 0.4 s, when the grid frequency drops to

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Fig. 7 Result of power reference step
Fig. 8 Result of grid frequency change
59 Hz, the system immediately output 10 kW power to support the
grid. The DC changes from negative (ELZ) to positive (FC), which
means that the FC starts to output the power to the grid to support
the frequency drop. At last, when the grid frequency goes back to
60 Hz, the FC/ELZ system stops outputting power. The frequency
support function is achieved by the grid-forming application of the
FC/ELZ system. The droop coefficient accords with the designed
Dp.
4.3 Unintentional islanding
The grid-forming application can conveniently achieve the
seamless transformation from grid-connected mode to islanding
mode when the grid is disconnected suddenly. Since the grid-
forming inverter is a voltage source, it does not require a change of
the control strategy. The unintentional islanding is tested is this
paper to verify the effectiveness of the control. As shown in Fig. 9,
before 0.3 s, the system is connected to the grid, and the load is
completely fed by the grid, this can be done by setting the power
reference of the inverter to zero. At the instant of 0.3, the grid is
disconnected suddenly, then the system operates in a standalone
mode, the FC/ELZ system feeds the load immediately. There is no
oscillation during the transforming process. The system is
seamlessly changed to the standalone mode. The frequency of the
3372
Fig. 9 Result of unintentional islanding
Fig. 10 Platform of the real-time simulator
inverter reduces according to the power-frequency relationship.
This feature is a benefit for power sharing when multiple inverters
are paralleled. At 0.5 and 0.7 s, the load is cut off and then
connected on the system. The response of the FC/ELZ system still
works very well.
4.4 Real-time simulation result
To further verify the proposed control method, a hardware-in-loop
real-time simulation platform is built as shown in Fig. 10 where the
real-time simulator OPS 700 is adopted to run the MATLIB/
Simulink circuit model. The digital signal processor
TMS320F28377D is adopted as the controller to implement the
proposed control algorithm. The parameters are the same with the
MATLAB simulation model.
First, the grid frequency change is tested in real-time
simulation. The results are shown in Fig. 11. As shown in Fig. 11,
the same results with the MATLAB simulation are obtained. When
the grid frequency reduces, the FC outputs power to support the
grid, when the grid frequency increases, the ELZ absorb power
from the grid. The grid frequency support control is achieved.
Secondly, a PV resource installed on the DC bus is considered
in the real-time simulation. The PV resource is connected to the
DC bus by a boost converter which adopts a PI current controller.
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Fig. 11 Real-time simulation result of grid frequency change
The simulation results are shown in Fig. 12. At time t1, the PV
output power 3.5 kW (PV current 10 A, PV voltage 350 V), the
output power at the AC side is 0, hence the PV power is absorbed
by the ELZ to produce the hydrogen (ELZ current − 25 A, ELZ
voltage 140 V). Then at t2, the PV has a 10 A current step, as can
be seen in the ELZ current, the additional power is also absorbed
by the ELZ. At the time of t3, the power reference of the grid-
forming controller is set to 7 kW, then all of the PV power is
controlled to flow into the grid, and the current of the ELZ returns
to zero. At last, at t4, the PV power reduces to zero, to sustain the
output power, the FC starts to supply the energy as shown by the
FC current. Therefore, the results verify the effectiveness of the
proposed method.
The above results prove that the proposed grid-forming control
of the FC/ELZ system works well to manage the power of the
system. When the system outputs power, the FC acts as a power
source. While the ELZ acts as a load when the system absorbs
power from the grid. Moreover, the grid-forming control of the AC
side supplies the frequency support function and voltage source.
5 Conclusion
A grid-forming application is designed for the P2G system. The
detailed control method is designed for the FC/ELZ system. The
power management is well achieved by the proposed control
method. The good grid-forming results, such as the voltage
establishment and frequency support, are accomplished by the
designed control scheme. The simulation results verify the
effectiveness of the proposed control.
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Fig. 12 Real-time simulation result of PV change
6 Acknowledgments
This paper is supported in part by State Key Laboratory of Smart
Grid Protestation and Control. This paper is also supported in part
by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52007034).
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