Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures, “t” indicate tables.

A Air mover, 150

aerodynamic compressors, 151
Abrasive materials, 113, 186, 709e710
capability, 413
Abrasive wear, 626
change, 559
Acceleration
fans, 152e153
length, 10, 25, 38
liquid ring compressors, 157e158, 158f
pressure drop, 39, 447
positive-displacement compressors, 153e156
tube device, 647
reciprocating compressors, 159
zone, 17e18, 38
regenerative blowers, 153
Adiabatic compression, 675e676
rotary screw compressors, 158
Aerodynamic compressors, 151
sliding-vane rotary compressors, 156e157, 157f
Agriculture, 6e7, 82e83, 691
specification, 599e600
Air
Air processes, 672
addition systems, 72f, 333f, 368
compressing, 675e677
assisted gravity conveyors. See Air slides
cooling, 673e674
bypass systems, 331
compression and cooling, 677e678
compressibility, 434
drying, 679e681
compression effects, 161
expanding, 678e679
density, 229
heating, 673
drying, 164
Air retention, 28, 325
extraction, 219, 454
capabilities of bulk material, 297e298
airflow rate control, 457e458
properties
comparative performance, 454e457
materials with good, 365
filters, 601
materials with poor, 365
filtration, 580, 598
Air supply
ingress, 598e599
air compression effects, 161
injection systems, 72e73, 333e334,
delivery temperature, 161e163
634e635
oil-free air, 163
knife, 329
water removal, 163e165
line filters, 163
classification of compressors, 151f
locks, 108
control, 508
mass flow rate, 35, 225, 252e253,
lines, 133, 137, 142, 319e320
407, 411
power requirements, 165
off-take, 582
idling characteristics, 167
pressure, 166
precooling systems, 168
receiver, 77e78, 570, 570f
typical idling characteristics for screw compressor, 167f
requirements, 410, 414, 417, 471, 482e483
pressure, 141e142, 344, 352, 365, 384, 491, 493, 593
slides, 74
specification of air movers, 159
temperature, 52, 52f, 220, 220fe221f
blowers and compressors, 160
venting, 114
exhausters and vacuum pumps, 160e161
viscosity, 229
staging, 159
Air leakage, 105e106, 111, 605
systems, 19
air venting, 114
types of air mover, 150e159
allowance, 561
Air velocity
entrainment devices, 114e115
determination, 26
influence of conveyed material, 112e113
exit, 491, 585
and ingress, 161
fluidizing, 74
negative pressure systems, 111e112
minimum, 69
positive pressure systems, 111
pipeline exit, 7, 27, 233, 253

761
762 INDEX

Air velocity (Continued ) increasing, 585e586

pipeline inlet, 27 reducing, 580
pressure effect, 10 Altitude, 609
purging, 705 Alumina, 278e279, 307, 321, 514e515, 628e629
superficial, 26, 202 ceramics, 186
temperature effect, 10 Aluminium
Air-assisted gravity conveyors, 74 alloy, 619
Air-drying systems, 568 hydrate, 278e279
Air-only pressure drop, 246e248, 447, 491e493, 499 oxide, 649e650
basic equations, 487e488 smelter, 75e76
datum, 239 Ambient conditions, 209
derived relationships, 488 Angel hairs, 612, 644
empirical relationships, 489e490 Angle of repose, 659t
method, 487 Approximate capabilities, 87e88
for operating point, 467e468 Approximate model, 408
values, 478e480 Argon, 206t
working relationships, 490 Ash
air supply pressure, 491 coarse, 94, 516
air-only pressure drop, 491e492 fine, 94e96, 516e517
material flow rate, 490 hoppers, 8, 326
procedure, 492e493 particles, 7
vertical conveying, 492 removal, 8
Air-only relationships vessels, 14
airflow rate control, 242e248 Atmospheric air, 666
pipeline pressure drop, 228e239 Atmospheric pressure, 224e225, 241
venturi analysis, 239e242 Axial flow compressors, 151
Air-only relationships, 20
Air-to-fabric ratio, 178 B
Airborne dusts, 693 Backfilling, 15, 89f, 90, 395, 459f
Airborne particulate materials, 692f Backup filters, 598
Airflow control, 228 Bag filters, 177e178
Airflow rate, 233, 234f, 319e320, 471, 482e483, Ball valves, 190
575, 584 Barite, 279e280, 322
control, 242, 457 Basalt, 629
flow rate control, 246 Batch and continuously operating system, 61
nozzles, 242e245 Batch conveying systems, 65, 178
nozzles, 457e458 semicontinuous systems, 66
off-take sections, 458 single plug systems, 67
orifice plates, 246 Batch cycles, 608
stepped pipelines, 246e248 Bed ash. See Fluidized bed ash
decreasing, 586e588 Bed material, 14
evaluation, 20, 201 Bend wear, 632
altitude, 224e225 air injection, 634e635
compressibility of air, 202 ease of maintenances, 638
ideal gas law, 205e207 hard materials, 635
pipeline purging, 217e219 influence of bend geometry, 632e633
pressure, 207e212 inserts, 637e638
stepped pipeline systems, 212e217 long-radius bends, 633
supply pressure, 200 particle hardness, 624
temperature, 219e224 particle size, 623e624
velocity, 201e202 resilient materials, 635e636
volumetric flow rate, 200e201, 203e207 short-radius bends, 633e634

solids loading ratio, 629e630
surface coatings, 637
velocity, 621e622
wear back methods, 637
Bend(s), 186e187, 234e235
blind tees, 187
booth, 188, 634
geometry, 345, 390e391
air-only relationships, 391
comparison of performance, 393
conveying data, 391e393
location, 388e389
loss, 479
material, 657
pressure drop, 43, 188e189
elements and evaluation, 188f
special, 188
steps, 189e190
Bentonite, 7, 83, 343
Blast furnaces, 193, 527
Blind tees. See Bend(s)
Blockage. See Pipeline blockage
Blow tanks, 105, 107, 128, 601e602, 702
aeration, 146e147
bottom discharge, 129e132
change of distance, 603
control systems, 141e143, 602
discharge limits, 602
without discharge valve, 133e137
with discharge valve, 137e138
discharge valve, 603
fluidizing membranes, 132
granular materials, 604
influence, 139e141
moisture in air, 603
performance monitoring, 604
pressure drop, 132e133, 603
problems with moisture, 133
rail vehicles, 133
road vehicles, 133
single blow tank
systems, 133
without discharge valve, 134f
systems, 180
top discharge, 129e132
twin blow-tank systems, 143e146
types, 128e129
Blow-through valve, 110
Blowers, 160, 601
air filters, 601
compressors, 205, 700e702
exhausters, 155
INDEX 763
pressure, 160
regenerative, 153
roots-type, 154e156
volumetric flow rate, 160
Boiler plant, 55, 94f
Booster systems, 73, 333e334
Boosters, 131
Booth bend, 188, 634
Bore. See Pipeline bore
Bottom discharge blow tank, 129e132, 130f
Boundary conditions, 536e537, 539, 539t
pressure, 537
velocity, 537
Boundary layer, 39e40, 41fe42f, 396
Brinell hardness, 29
Bubble columns, 524
Bulk carriers, 68
Bulk density
as-poured, 117, 606
vibrated, 606
Bulk material, 170
Bulk solid, 171
Butterfly valves, 191
Bypass pipe, 71e72, 331
fluted, 338, 338f
influence, 338e339
porous, 335, 335f, 339
Bypass systems, 71e72, 331e333
C
Capital cost, 16, 73, 334, 342
Carbon black, 80, 184
Carbon dioxide, 7, 559
Case study, 583e584
changing airflow rate, 584e588
changing pipeline diameter, 588e590
points on conveying characteristics, 584f
Cast iron, 186e187
Cement, 83e84, 90, 96, 259, 284, 322, 455e456
oil well, 55e56, 398
ordinary Portland, 284, 292, 294f, 373, 462
railcar for transport, 97f
Cement conveying limits, 377
Ceramics, 620, 628e629, 635
CFD. See Computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
CFD-DEM. See CFD-discrete element modeling (CFD-DEM)
CFD-discrete element modeling (CFD-DEM), 522
Channel flow system, 61
Checklist, 556
Chemical reactors, 91
Choked, 244
Choked flow nozzles, 258, 319e320, 457, 508, 600
764 INDEX

Choking, 27, 41 capability, 562e563

Classical analysis, 390 centrifugal, 151
Clinker, 7, 614 characteristics, 155f
Closed conveying systems, 698e699 delivery temperature, 161e163
Closed systems, 60, 69 dust ingestion, 618
Closed-end type rotors, 115, 115f idling, 167
Closed-loop system, 34 liquid ring, 157e158
Coal, 276, 280, 312e313 oil lubrication, 154e155
degradation, 304 positive displacement, 50, 153e156
dust, 121, 193 power required, 165, 166f, 409e410
granular, 297e298, 312f, 624 pre-cooling systems, 168
injection, 193 pressure, 160
lump, 7, 78, 83, 636 rating with material flow rate, 201f
pulverized, 307e308, 624 reciprocating, 159
Coarse materials, 302, 506 rotary screw, 158
Coating of pipelines, 612 sliding-vane rotary, 156e157
Cocoa, 78, 610, 692 specification, 159e161
Coefficient of restitution, 194e195, 390 staging, 159
Coffee, 83, 691 system, 264
Cohesive material, 78, 613 volumetric flow rate, 160
Coke, 562 wear, 153
Coke fines, 561e562 Computational fluid dynamic (CFD), 522,
Cold air, 568e569 538e544
Collecting efficiency, 174 Computer-aided design programs, 502e503
Combined systems, 600 Condensation, 23, 161, 163, 609, 666
Combustible materials. See Material properties air processes, 672e681
Combustion, 698 energy considerations, 681e686
Commissioning, 557, 566 humidity, 666e672
conveying air velocity, 558 Confectionery, 6e7, 83
conveying gas influence, 559e561 Consolidation of materials, 613
over feeding of pipeline, 561e566 Constant-speed characteristics, 152e153, 152f
incorrect air mover specification, Constitutive equations, 522, 525e526, 536e537
557e558 Contact damping, 528
nonsteady feeding of pipeline, 566 Contact forces, 527e528
pipeline bore influence, 558 Containment, 707
Comparative analysis, 452e453 Continuity equation, 213, 525
Component pressure drop relationships, 268 Continuous conveying, 8, 69
conveying vertically down, 268e270 Control system, 602
conveying vertically up, 270e271 Conventional pneumatic conveying systems, 318
horizontal pipelines, 271 Conventional system, 61, 706
pipeline bends, 271e272 Conveyed material, 191e192, 221e224, 343
Component wear, 571e572 Conveyed solids on pressure drop, 37, 253e254
Compressibility Conveying air requirements, 347
of air, 202 Conveying air velocity, 9e10, 35, 201, 229, 264e266, 373,
effects, 49 433, 558
Compressing, 675e677 air compressibility, 434
adiabatic compression, 675e676 dense phase, 437e438
isothermal compression, 676e677, 676f dilute phase, 436e437
Compressors, 160, 700e702 effects, 256
aerodynamic, 151 evaluation, 35, 48e49
air temperature, 677 minimum, 27, 90, 213e214, 275, 302, 346, 374e375, 396,
axial flow, 151 466, 496e502
 INDEX 765

pipeline specification, 411, 414

exit, 27 stepped pipeline parameters, 86f
inlets, 27 Conveying gas influence, 559e561
steps, 21 Conveying limitations, 254e256, 292, 294f,
profile, 39e40 559e560
single phase flow, 36e37 Conveying line
slip velocity, 37e38 exit air velocity, 27
step location, 435e436 inlet air velocity, 27
step position, 439 Conveying mode, 8, 251, 290
stepped pipeline systems, 435 conveying air velocity, 9e10
vacuum conveying, 438e439 correlations, 302e305
Conveying and systems, 24e26 dense phase
Conveying capability, 11, 20, 274e275, 347 conveying, 9
correlations, 297 plug flow, 295e297
aeration property classifications, 300e306 sliding bed flow, 292e294
property classifications, 298e300 dilute phase conveying, 8e9
flow rate capability, 15e16 particle velocity, 10
high-pressure conveying, 13e14 solids loading ratio, 10e11
long-distance conveying, 14 Conveying parameters, 383, 489, 492
materials, 274e288 air supply pressure, 384
system combinations, 354e358
capabilities, 12e13 power requirements, 385e386
types, 11e12 Conveying performance, 441
vertical conveying, 15 existing systems, 444
Conveying characteristics, 20, 250, 260, 264, 293, 301 fine fly ash, 441e443
component pressure drop relationships, 268e272 Conveying pipeline, 125
conveying mode, 251 Conveying potential, 576
determination, 258 Conveying system, 264
experimental plan, 259 components, 18e19
instrumentation and control, 258 designs, 21e22
minimum conveying conditions, 261e264 operation, 22e24
presentation of results, 259e261 Conveying trials, 54e55, 135e136, 373f, 514, 578
energy considerations, 264e268 Conveying vertically down, 15, 43, 89e90, 268e270, 395
gasesolid flows, 253e257 Conveying vertically up, 15, 41e42, 88, 270e271, 394
for material, 415e416 Conveying-line exit-air velocity values, 233
single phase flow, 251e253 Conveying-line inlet air velocity, 238, 264e265, 292,
Conveying cohesive materials, 195 406e407, 466e467, 489, 496e497
Conveying conditions, 343, 469e470 checking, 408, 414
Conveying cycle analysis, 134e137 selection, 411
Conveying data, 319, 462 Conveying-line pressure drop, 343, 347e348,
conveying capability, 464e465 351e352, 406
conveying duty, 463 checking, 408e409, 488
research test facilities, 319e320 Cooling, 673e674
test data, 321e324 compression and, 677e678
Conveying distance, 85, 349, 362e364, 373, 405 condensation in reception hopper, 674
approximate capabilities, 87e88 evaporative, 683e685
conveying-line pressure drop, 351e352 Copper concentrate, 285f, 573f
influence, 418e421 Coupled CFD discrete element modeling
material flow rate, 349e351 dilute pneumatic conveying pipeline, 544
minimum conveying air velocity, 374e375 meshing and modeling parameters, 547e548
scaling, 375e379, 416 numerical approach, 544e547
solids loading ratio, 349 results and discussion, 548
766 INDEX

Coupling, 524 Design curves, 354, 426e430

principles and models, 529e531 conveying parameter combinations, 354e358
two-way CFD-DEM, 531f pipeline conveying capacity, 358e361
Critical pressure, 244 Design data, 16
Crushed ores, 7 Design procedures, 21
Cryolite, 268 Dew point, 165, 568
Cyclone, 173, 180 Di Felice drag model, 532
collecting efficiency, 174 Dicalcium phosphate, 309e310
separators, 173e175 Dilute phase
conveying, 8e10, 24e25, 45, 325e326, 368, 436e437,
D 499e500, 656
magnesium sulphate, 474
Dalton’s law, 668
particulate flow in, 45f
Damp material, 78
system, 202
Damping, 528, 528f
flow, 45e46
Darcy equation, 37, 231, 251e252, 375
region, 302
Data, 175
system, 61
sources, 56e57, 618e619, 646e647
Dilute pneumatic conveying pipeline
Deaeration, 303
coupled CFD discrete element modeling, 544
Deflecting flows, 639e640
meshing and modeling parameters,
Degradation, 310e312, 646, 652, 704
547e548
of materials, 613
numerical approach, 544e547
particle, 171, 194
results and discussion, 548
Degraded material, 54, 303, 315
Direct numerical simulation (DNS), 527
Delivery
Dirt box, 98
high-pressure, 91
Disc valves, 191
multiple delivery points, 508e509
Discharge
multiple pickup and, 76e77
limits, 602
multiple-point, 76
period and pulsations, 110
pressure, 165
valve, 603
temperature, 161e163
blow tanks with, 137e138
Dense phase, 298
blow tanks without, 133e137
conveying, 8e9, 25, 437e438, 440e441,
Discrete element modeling, 527e528, 536, 544,
500e502, 656
547e548, 548t, 549fe550f
cement, 462
principle, 527e529
limit, 378e379
Dispersed turbulence model, 536
materials capability, 367
Diverter valves, 192
flow conveying, 46e47
Dixon diagrams, 300, 300f
plug flow, 295e297
Dixon’s slugging diagram, 300
plug-type flow, 327e328
DNS. See Direct numerical simulation (DNS)
sliding
Dolomite, 88
bed flow, 292e294
Dome valves, 191
bedetype flow, 326e327
Double-door discharge, 122
system, 61
Double-dump valves, 122
Denseveyor ash vessels, 14
Double-flap valves, 122
Density
Drag force, 37, 40, 56
bulk, 277, 283, 301e302, 613
Drilling mud powders, 55e56, 96, 185e186
fluidized, 117
Drilling rigs, 96
particle, 37e38, 271, 279, 301e302
Drop-out box, 114
Deposited layer, 25
Drop-through valve, 108
Depth filtration, 176
Dry air, 6, 81, 164, 603
Desiccant dehumidifiers, 164
Dry ash, 14
Desiccants, 164e165, 681
 INDEX 767

Drying, 679e681 Equivalent length, 235, 386, 468e469, 481

desiccants, 681 method of analysis, 387e389
filters, 679 pressure drop data, 389e390
refrigerants, 679e680 Ergun equation, 532
Dual vacuum and positive pressure systems, 64e65, 65f, Ergun and Wen and Yu drag model, 532e533
84f Erosion
Dunes, 41e43, 100 erosive wear, 186, 194
Dust impact angle, 185e186
accumulations, 6, 63, 77, 124 Erosive material, 79
clouds, 646 Erosive wear, 23, 185e186, 194, 609e610, 618, 704
concentration limits, 693e694 data sources, 618e619
control, 171 industrial solutions and practical issues, 631
approximate size range of familiar types of airborne bend wear, 632e638
particulate material, 172f deflecting flows, 639e640
dust emission, 171 pipeline considerations, 631e632
particle degradation, 171 straight pipeline wear, 640e642
emission, 171, 692e695 wear patterns, 639e640
generation, 690 influence of variables, 619e631
as health hazard, 693 issues, 619
relative dangers, 694t Eulerian based methods, 523
risks, 691e698 Eulerian model, 524e527
suppression, 694e695 EulerianeEulerian approach, 523, 538
EulerianeEulerian turbulence modeling, 536
E EulerianeLagrangian method, 523, 527
EulerianeLagrangian turbulence modeling, 536
Earthing, 703e704
Evaluation of velocity, 35
Economizer hoppers, 506, 515
Evaporative cooling, 683e685
Elastic contact properties, 528
Exhausters, 160
Electrolysis pots, 75e76
air leakage and ingress, 161
Electrostatic material, 78e79
vacuum, 160e161
Electrostatic precipitators, 7e8, 170
volumetric flow rate, 161
Electrostatics, 609. See also Material properties
Existing plant, 597
Empirical equations, 523
Existing pneumatic conveying system, 578
Empirical relationships, 489e490
Existing system, 577
Empty pipeline, 228
alternative methods of uprating, 590e593
Emptying large sacks, 127
case study, 583e590
Energy conservation equations, 522
optimization, 580e581
Energy considerations, 264, 681
control and instrumentation, 581
conveying air velocity, 264e266
feeder considerations, 581e582
power requirements, 266
off-take systems, 582e583
specific energy, 266e268
sight glass, 582
steady-flow energy equation,
optimizing conveying conditions, 578
681e686
plant components
Energy-minimization multiscale model, 533
modification, 578e579
Entrainment
replacement, 579
devices, 114e115
system capability, 579e580
velocity, 27
air filtration, 580
Entropy, 671, 671f
airflow rate reducing, 580
Environmental pollution, 170
material feeding, 580
Equations use in system design, 403
Expanding, 678e679
logic diagram
vacuum conveying, 678e679
for system capability, 411e414
Explosibility limits, 696e697
for system design, 403e410
768 INDEX

Explosion(s), 610 shaken bag filter unit, 177f

parameter determination, 710e712 sizing, 178, 607e608
explosion tests, 710f Filtration
material classification, 711e712 mechanisms, 176
test apparatus, 711, 711t problems, 646
protection, 706e712 Fine fly ash, 441e443
containment, 707 First approximation design methods, 22, 444, 486
detection and suppression, 708e709, 709f air-only pressure drop method, 487e493
determination of explosion parameters, 710e712 cases considering, 448
explosion relief venting, 708 computer-aided design programs, 502e503
minimizing sources, 706e707 long distance conveying, 448e449
prevention of ignition, 706e707 methods presentation, 486
secondary explosions, 709e710 pressure and velocity profiles, 447e448, 448f
relief venting, 708 pressure drop elements, 445e447
risks, 695e698 short distance conveying, 450e452
expansion effects, 698 universal conveying characteristics method, 493e502
explosibility limits, 696e697 Fish, 614
explosion characteristics of materials, 697t Fixed system, 61
ignition sources, 696 Flanges, 112, 184
oxygen concentration, 698 Flash drying, 685
pressure generation, 697e698 Flexible hose, 185
Explosive materials, 6, 81 Flood feed, 133
Flour, 283, 510e513
F Floury, 307
grades, 514
Fabric, 177
materials, 497
Fabric filter, 176
Flow
Fan systems, 600
aids, 126
Fans, 152e153
analysis, 242e244
Feed-rate control, 117e118, 125e126, 138
control, 604e605, 608
Feeder(s). See also Screw feeders; Venturi feeders
diversion, 192
air leakage, 105e106
diverter valves, 192
considerations, 581e582
flow splitting, 193
control, 563
isolating valves, 193
maintenance, 106
non-return valves, 193
material surges, 566
enhancer, 454
pressure drop, 106
metering, 108
valve wear, 109
problems, 646
venting, 114
rate capability, 15e16, 83
Feeding devices. See Pipeline feeding devices
conveying distance, 85e88
Feeding requirements, 107e108
pressure gradient influence, 84e85
Fertilizers, 6e7, 82e83, 691
vertical conveying, 88e90
Filter(s), 176, 606, 679
rate control, 246
bag filters, 177e178
splitting, 92, 193
batch cycles, 608
Fluid mechanics, 19
cleaning, 178e179
Fluidization, 74e76
collecting efficiency, 176
fluidized bed combustion, 61
fabrics, 176
fluidized bed combustor ash, 280
filtration mechanisms, 176
fluidized motion conveying systems, 73e74
maintenance, 179e180, 607
fluidizing membranes, 132
material degradation, 607
fluidizing velocity, 301
media, 176e177
Fluidized beds, 524, 532e533
selection criteria, 177
 INDEX 769

Fluorspar, 299 Gravity settling chambers, 172e173, 172f

Fly ash, 7e8, 83, 85, 87, 90, 93e94, 285e287, 307e309, 515 Grounding. See Earthing
Food products, 6e7, 70, 705
Forced-air cooling of machine, 155 H
Foundries, 7, 83
Hard materials, 628e629, 635
Fractal properties, 299e300
Hardness, 28e29
Free air
Harvested materials, 6e7, 82, 691
conditions, 28, 205
Hazardous materials, 6, 23e24, 82
velocity, 26
Head loss for mitered bends, 235f
Free airflow rate, 211
Health and safety, 23e24
Friable materials, 79, 310e311
conveying operations, 702e706
Friction, 526, 528
conveying systems, 698e700
coefficient, 231f
dust risks, 691e698
factor, 229e230
explosion protection, 706e712
Frictional viscosity, 526
explosion risks, 695e698
Full channel conveyors, 75e76
industries and materials, 691
Fuller-Kinyon pump, 119
mode of conveying, 691
system
G components, 700e702
Gas(es), 252 flexibility, 690
constants, 206e207, 206t integration, 691
stream, 172 Heat exchanger, 55, 156
velocity, 7, 173 Heat transfer, 523
Gasesolid flows, 19e21, 253 Heat treatment, 627
conveyed solids on pressure drop, 253e254 Heating, 673
conveying air velocity effects, 256 Heavy soda ash. See Sodium carbonate
conveying limitations, 254e256 Hertzian law, 528
evaluation of velocity, 254 Hertz-Mindlin contact model, 529
solids loading ratio, 257 High conveying air velocities. See Tramp materials
Gasesolid separation devices, 19, 170. See also Filters High temperature conveying, 220
blow tank systems, 180 High vacuum conveying, 674
vacuum conveying systems, 180e181 High velocity, 8, 284e285
dust control, 171 High-pressure
filters, 176e180 applications, 242
pressure drop considerations, 170e171 blow tank, 319
separation conveying, 13e14, 25, 281, 287
devices, 172e175 comparison of materialseconveying limits, 285
mechanisms, 170 comparison of materialseflow rate, 284e285
requirements, 170 fly ash, 285e287
system considerations, 180 granulated sugar, 283e284
Gate-lock valves, 122e124 ordinary portland cement, 284
Gattys system, 73 polyethylene pellets, 284
Geldart classification, 74e76, 75f, 298e300, 299f polyvinylchloride resin, 287e288
Geldart diagrams, 300 PTA, 288
Generating plant, 7 wheat flour, 283
Glass manufacture, 7, 83 delivery capability, 91
Grades, 55 rotary valves, 117
Gradient. See Pressuredgradient system, 61
Grain, 6e7, 82e83 HilleKocheLadd drag model, 533e535
Granular materials, 79, 604, 613 Hoisting systems, 15, 88
Granulated sugar, 283e284, 290, 311e312. See also Sugar Hopper off-loading, 126e127
Gravitational force, 9, 40 Horizontal conveying, 40e41
770 INDEX

Horizontal pipelines, 271 Innovatory systems, 61, 69e72, 329, 706

Horizontal pneumatic conveying pipeline, 538 air injection systems, 333e334
boundary conditions, 539 bypass systems, 331e333
meshing, 538 performance comparisons, 334e339
numerical approach, 538 plug forming systems, 329e331
results and discussion, 540e544 Inserts, 637e638
solution procedures for multiphase modeling, 539e540 Instrumentation, 258, 581
Hoses, 185e186 Insulation, 567, 606
Hot material, 222, 606 Insurance and inspection, 128
Housekeeping, 695 International System of Units (SI), 29, 203
Humidity, 28, 666e672 Interphase momentum transfer, 531
control, 704 Di Felice drag model, 532
influence of pressure, 669e670, 670f energy-minimization multiscale model, 533
influence of temperature, 668e669, 669fe670f Ergun and Wen and Yu drag model, 532e533
psychrometric chart, 671e672 HilleKocheLadd drag model, 533e535
relative, 671e672 SyamlaleO’Brien drag model, 531e532
specific, 666e670 Interstices, 9, 47, 329, 346
universal model, 672 Iron powder, 277e278, 321e322
Hydraulic conveying, 12, 64 Isolating valves, 191, 193
Hygiene, 185 butterfly valves, 191
Hygroscopic materials, 79, 614 disc valves, 191
slide valves, 191
I Isothermal compression, 676e677, 676f
Iterative process, 379
Ice, 15, 90
Ideal gas law, 205, 245, 487
gas constants, 206e207 K
working relationships, 206 k-epsilon model (keε model), 535
Ignition k-omega model (keu model), 535
prevention, 706e707
sources, 696 L
Immiscible fluids, 523e524
Lagrangian-based methods, 527e531
Impact angle, 619e620, 639e640
coupling principles and models, 529e531
Inclined pipelines, 42e43, 395e396
discrete element modeling principle, 527e529
Incorrect air mover specification, 557e558
Large eddy simulation (LES), 527
Industries, 6e8
Large particles, 614, 642
Inert gas, 6, 69, 707
Larger bore pipelines, scaling to, 381e383
Inerting, 707
Lean phase, 24
Influence
LES. See Large eddy simulation (LES)
of conveyed material, 112e113
Lift force, 531, 551
of material type, 560e561
Light soda ash. See Light sodium carbonate
of particle size and density, 541e544
Light sodium carbonate, 313
of variables, 619
Limestone, 14
impact angle, 619e620
Liquid ring
particle hardness, 624e626
compressors, 157e158
particle shape, 630e631
vacuum pump, 157
particle size, 622e624
Load cells, 258
solids loading ratio, 629e630
Lock hoppers, 107, 144e145
surface finish, 631
Logic diagram
surface material, 619e620
for system capability, 411, 412f, 417e418
surface material, 626e629
for system design, 403, 404f, 414e417, 415f
velocity, 620e622
Long-distance conveying, 14, 87, 448e449. See also Short-
Injection systems. See Air injection systems
distance conveying
 INDEX 771

Long-radius bends, 633 correlations, 305e306

Low melting point, 79 determination, 413
Low temperature conveying, 164 rate specification, 414
Low-pressure air, 274 Material properties, 78, 80
Low-pressure conveying, 25, 274, 278 influences, 289e290
alumina, 278e279 conveying capability correlations, 297e306
barite, 279e280 conveying modes, 290e297
coal, 276 material grade influences, 307e315
coal, 280 modification systems
fluidized bed combustor ash, 280 conveying data, 319e324
iron powder, 277e278 innovatory systems, 329e339
pearlite, 277 material classification, 324e328, 339
polyvinyl chloride powder, 279 material degradation problems, 318
pulverized fuel ash, 277, 280e281 material testing, 328
sodium carbonate, 277 power requirements, 319
sodium chloride, 276e277 product flavor problems, 318
Low-pressure system, 61, 211e212 research work, 319
Low-velocity conveying, 318 wear problems, 318
Lysholm, 158 Material-to-surface interface, 666
Material(s), 6e8, 200, 274
M capability, 563
characteristics, 297
Magnesium sulphate, 474
classification, 324
capability, 477
natural conveying modes, 325e328
conveying capability, 476
compatibility, 353e354, 366
conveying data for material, 475e476
concentration, 566
conveying duty, 476
considerations, 342e344
design duty, 476
consolidation, 613
determination, 477
conveying characteristics, 260f
dilute phase conveying, 474
degradation, 613
pipeline, 477
deposition, 614e615, 705
procedure, 477
entrainment, 601
air requirements, 482e483
feed rate, 117e118, 574e575
air-only pressure drop values, 478e480
feeding, 580
equivalent lengths, 481
device capability, 413
operating point, 477e478
grade, 307, 615
power required requirements, 483
alumina, 307
scaling, 481e482
dicalcium phosphate, 309e310
solids loading ratio, 483
fly ash, 307e309
specific cost, 483
material degradation effects, 310e315
Mass flow rate, 405, 414
high-pressure conveying, 281e288
Mass transfer, 523
influences, 13, 202, 344, 418
Material degradation, 186, 607
of conveying distance, 418e421
effects, 310
design curves, 426e430
coal, 312e313
of pipeline bore, 421e425
granulated sugar, 311e312
low-pressure conveying, 274e281
soda ash, 313e315
mass flow rate re-specification, 409
influences, 53e54
in pipeline, 569e570
problems, 318
related problems, 612e616
Material flow
segregation, 75
control, 508
specification, 403, 411
problems, 22
surges, 566, 592
rate, 201, 259, 335e336, 349e351, 416, 488, 490
772 INDEX

Material(s) (Continued ) Multiphase CFD application, 538

temperature, 569, 612 horizontal pneumatic conveying pipeline of fine powders, 538
testing, 301e302, 328 boundary conditions, 539
type, 345e347, 652 meshing, 538
Materialseconveying limits, 285 numerical approach, 538
Materialseflow rate, 284e285 results and discussion, 540e544
Mathematical models, 21, 203, 228, 345, 372, 402, solution procedures for multiphase modeling, 539e540
408, 412f, 486 Multiphase flows, 522, 536
Mean particle size, 54e55 Multiphase modeling methodology, 523e531
Mechanical conveying, 73e74, 700 Eulerian-based methods, 523
Mechanical feeders, 121, 122f Lagrangian-based methods, 527e531
Meshing, 538 VOF model, 523e527
Metal powders, 23e24, 78, 610, 692 Multiple delivery points, 508e509
Metal refining, 6, 82e83, 691 Multiple distance conveying, 77
Milk powder, 68, 691 Multiple grade fly ash-handling, 516e518
Minimum conveying air velocity, 27, 346, 374e375, Multiple material conveying, 303f
396, 496 Multiple material handling, 77, 92e93, 506
air-only pressure drop, 499 air supply, 507
conveying-line inlet air velocity, 496e497 control, 508
influence of distance and pressure, ash collection, 94f
498e499 comparison of potential performance, 507f, 509f
operating point, 497e498 conveying multiple grades of material, 93e96
procedure, 499e502 conveying system capability, 93f
solids loading ratios, 498 material flow control, 508
Minimum velocity, 153, 201, 275, 325, pipeline conveying air velocity profiles, 95f
448, 559 Multiple material influences, 510
Mining, 7, 90, 691 Multiple pickup and delivery, 76e77
applications, 15, 88 Multiple point delivery, 76
Mixture Multiple systems, 61, 64, 211
model, 524 Multiple use systems, 22
turbulence model, 536 in manufacturing process, 505
Mobile system, 61, 67 multiple delivery points, 508e510
rail vehicles, 68 multiple material handling, 506e508
road vehicles, 68 stepped pipelines, 510e519
ships, 68 Multiple-distance conveying, 91e92
Mode(s) Multiple-flow splitting, 193
conveying, 337 Multiple-stage
flow, 298 axial flow machines, 151
Modifying plant components, 578e579 centrifugal compressors, 151
Mohs hardness scale, 625, 625t Multipoint/multiple-point
Mohs scale, 29 delivery, 76
Moisture, 23, 666 discharge, 598
in air, 603 feeding, 597
air processes, 672e681 pickup, 76
energy considerations, 681e686
humidity, 666e672 N
in line, 567e568 Natural conveying modes, 325e328
Momentum equations, 523e525, 541 NaviereStokes equations, 527, 530, 536e537, 544e547
Momentum transfer, 531e536 Needle-felt, 176
Mono sized particles, 47, 71 Negative pressure system, 61e64, 63f, 111e112, 201, 211,
Moody diagram, 231f 239, 490e492, 597e598, 699e700. See also Positive-
Moving bed flow, 46, 298 pressure systems
 INDEX 773

air Open system(s), 60, 62

filtration, 598 negative pressure system, 62e64, 63f
ingress, 598e599 positive pressure system, 62, 62f
mover specification, 599e600 vacuum conveying from open storage, 63f
multipoint discharge, 598 Open-end type rotors, 115, 115f
stepped pipelines, 599 Operating
Negative vacuum system. See Negative pressure system cost, 15, 165e166, 334, 342, 486
Negative-pressure conveying system, 25, 93, 161 envelopes, 336e337
Newton’s equations, 527 point, 466e468, 477e478, 497e498
Ni-hard, 628e629, 635, 637 Operating problems, 23, 596, 644e645
Nitrogen, 206e207, 559 existing plant, 597
No-go area, 280 filtration problems, 646
Non-return valves, 193 flow problems, 646
Non-suspension flow, 9 material related problems, 612e616
Noncombustible, 7, 277, 624 potential explosion problems, 646
Nonsteady feeding of pipeline, 566 system
Nozzles, 242, 457e458 components, 601e608
critical pressure, 244 related problems, 609e612
flow analysis, 242e244 types, 597e601
size and capability, 244e245 Optimizing conveying conditions, 578
types, 245 Optimum conditions, 16e17, 578
Null point, 26 Ordinary Portland cement, 284, 292
Numerical modeling, 522 Orifice plates, 246
application examples, 537e548 Over feeding, 561e566
boundary conditions, 536e537 Oxygen, 78
coupled CFD discrete element modeling, 544e548 concentration, 698
interphase momentum transfer and turbulence modeling, oxygen-rich environment, 163
531e536
multiphase CFD application, 538e544 P
multiphase modeling methodology, 523e531
Paint manufacture, 6, 82e83
Nylon, 47, 68, 295e297, 327, 345, 612, 628, 661e662
Paper, 45e46, 152
Parallel pipeline, 71, 143e144, 706
O Parameterisation, 522
Off-take Partial pressure, 28, 667e668, 671, 674
sections, 458 Particle
systems, 582e583 attrition, 704
Offset valve, 110 breakage, 644
Oil collisions, 43, 523
cooler, 155 deposition issues, 40e43
filter, 155 feeding into pipelines, 38
free air, 700e701 acceleration pressure drop, 39
industry, 7 conveying air velocity profile,
oil-free air, 154e155, 163 39e40
On start-up, 567 particle deposition issues, 40e43
cold air, 568e569 hardness, 624
material in pipeline, 569e570 bend wear, 624
moisture in line, 567e568 hardness measurement, 625e626
after unexpected shut down, 570e571 impact angle, 653e657
Open conveying systems, 699 melting, 661e662
negative-pressure systems, 699e700 influence of variables, 662
positive-pressure systems, 699 mechanics of process, 662
Open storage, 6, 63, 63f, 124, 690 pipeline treatment, 663
774 INDEX

Particle (Continued ) pipeline layout, 566e567

shape, 630e631 on start-up, 567e571
size, 170, 622e623, 650e652 Pipeline bore, 233e234, 234f, 344, 352e353,
bend wear, 623e624 364e365, 379e380, 405e406, 410, 416,
velocity, 10, 651e652, 656 488, 490, 495
Particle degradation, 23, 171, 194, 644 empty-line pressure drop, 380
influence of variables, 648 influence, 421e425, 558
particle impact angle, 653e655 reselection, 409
particle size, 650e652 scaling
particulate material, 653 model, 380e381
surface material, 652e653 procedure, 381e386
velocity, 648e650 specification, 411
operating problems, 644e646 Pipeline feeding, 591e592, 701
particle breakage, 644 blow tanks, 128e147
particle melting, 661e663 devices, 18e19, 104
pneumatic conveying data, 657e661 devices availability, 106e107
recommendations and practical issues, 655 feeding requirements, 107e108
bend material, 657 gate-lock valves, 122e124
particle impact angle, 656e657 low-pressure conveying system, 108f
particle velocity, 656 rotary valves, 108e118
test rigs and data sources, 646e647 screw feeders, 118e120
Particle stiffness, 528 selection considerations, 105
Particulate material, 653 air leakage, 105e106
Pearlite, 277 maintenance, 106
Pearls, 276 material properties, 106
Peas, 648 pressure drop, 106
Pelletized materials, 28, 336 suction nozzles, 124e127
Per-phase turbulence model, 536 trickle valves, 127
Performance monitoring, 564e565, 604 venturi feeders, 120e122
Permeability, 28 Pipeline(s), 6, 19, 34, 184, 205, 283. See also Rubber hose;
Perspex, 639 Stepped pipeline(s)
Peters pump, 119 bends, 98e100, 186e190, 271e272, 344e345, 445e446,
Petroleum coke, 121 495e496
Pharmaceuticals, 6, 82e83, 163, 691, 700 equivalent length, 386e390
Phase density. See Solids loading ratio geometry, 390e393
Pickup velocity, 27 compressibility effects, 49
Pinch valves, 190 considerations, 631e632
Pipe conveying
bore, 203e205 air velocity, 35e38
section joints, 641 air velocity evaluation, 48e49
Pipeline blockage, 40, 52e53, 556 capacity, 358e361
with change of distance, 574 distance influence, 418e421
airflow rate, 575 design curves, 426e430
conveying potential, 576 diameter, 588e590
material feed rate, 574e575 effects, 572e573
checklist, 556 flow system, 61
on commissioning, 557e566 flow through pipeline bends,
with new material, 573 43e44
air requirements, 574 geometry, 344e345
conveying capability, 573e574 influences, 418
after period of time, 571 layout, 566e567
component wear, 571e572 length, 344
pipeline effects, 572e573 material, 55e56, 185e186, 396e399
 INDEX 775

erosive wear, 186 capability, 11e16

hoses, 185e186 characteristics, 506
hygiene, 185 closed systems, 698e699
material degradation, 186 with conveyed material, 342
surface finish, 186 data, 657
mode of flow though pipelines, 44e48 conveying details, 659
modifications, 592e593 experimental details, 657
need for conveying data, 53 materials testing, 657e658
material degradation influences, 53e54 test results, 659e661
mean particle size, 54e55 dual vacuum and positive pressure system, 84f
pipeline material, 55e56 elements, 105f
sources of data, 56e57 flow rate capability, 83e90
orientation influences, 40 Greek, 30
particle feeding into pipelines, 38e43 industries and materials, 6e8, 82e83
pipe diameters and wall thicknesses, 185t material property influences, 78e80
pressure, 49e53 method of filtration, 177
pressure drop, 228 mode, 8e11
flow parameters and properties, 228e230 nomenclature, 29
pressure drop relationships, 231e239 nondimensional parameters, 30
pressure gradient, 396 open systems, 699e700
purging, 217e219, 439e441, 610e611, 705 operations, 702e706
rotation, 185 erosive wear, 704
scaling parameters, 21 material deposition, 705
conveying air velocity, 373 particle attrition, 704
conveying distance, 373e379 power failure, 705e706
mathematical models, 372 static electricity, 703e704
pipeline bends, 386e393 tramp materials, 703
pipeline bore, 379e386 pneumatic conveyors, 82
pipeline material, 396e399 positive-pressure conveying system, 83f
scaling requirements, 372e373 for powdered and granular materials transport, 81, 690
solids loading ratio, 373 prefixes, 32
vertical pipelines, 393e396 pressure drop considerations, 72e73
staging, 439 properties, 28e29
treatment, 663 reference points, 31
velocity profiles, 48e53 scaling data, 462
wall thickness, 184 scope of work, 16e17
Plant subscripts, 31
air, 165 superscripts, 30
components symbols, 29e30
modification, 578e579 systems, 24e26
replacement, 579 flexibility, 6, 82
elevation, 53, 224f requirements, 76e78
pipeline, 468e469, 479e481 types, 60e76
wear, 611e612 transport, 96e100
Plexiglass, 653f velocity related conveying, 26e27
Plug flow, 298 Pneumoconiosis, 693
Plug-forming systems, 70e71, 329e331 Pocket types rotors, 116
Plug-type flow, 47e48, 298 Pocket-filling efficiency, 117
Pneumatic conveying system, 5e6, 18, 38, 250, 301, 402, 556, Poisson’s ratio, 528
698 Policeman filter, 598
applications, 91e96 Poly terephthalic acid (PTA), 288, 406e407
availability of design data, 16 Polyester, 79, 176, 612, 661e662
776 INDEX

Polyethylene pellets, 284, 295, 322e324, 456 Pressure, 49, 207

Polypropylene, 7, 83, 112, 176 on air velocity, 50f
Polystyrene, 647, 653 boundary conditions, 537
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 159, 176 generation, 697e698
Polyurethane, 637 gradient, 12e13, 84e85
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 7, 68, 83, 279, 406e407 influence, 565e566
powder, 279 minimum point, 287e288, 327
resin, 287e288 profiles, 447e448, 448f
Porous stepped pipelines, 50e51, 51f
bypass pipe, 324, 335, 335f system influences, 208
membrane, 131 temperature, 52e53
pipe, 335, 458 and temperature on air density, 230f
Portland cement, 462 velocity determination, 209e212
capability, 466 Pressure drop, 106, 188e189, 194e195, 603
cement dense phase conveying, 462 considerations, 71e72, 170e171, 329e333
conveying characteristics, 463f air injection systems, 72e73
conveying data, 462e465 booster systems, 73
design duty, 465 bypass systems, 71e72
determination, 466 fluidized motion conveying systems, 73e74
procedure, 466 Gattys system, 73
air requirements, 471 Geldart classification of fluidization behavior, 74e76, 75f
equivalent lengths, 468e469 system selection considerations, 73
operating point, 466e468 data, 389e390
scaling for bore, 470e471 elements, 445e447
scaling for length, 469e470 relationships, 231
Positive pressure system, 62, 62f, 105, 111, 237e238, air-only pressure drop datum, 239
490e492, 597, 699. See also Negative-pressure bends, 234e235
systems negative pressure systems, 239
Positive-displacement blowers. See Roots-type blowers pipeline features, 236
Positive-displacement compressors, 153e156 positive pressure systems, 237e238
Positive-pressure conveying systems, 161 straight pipeline, 231e234
Pot hoppers, 76 total pipeline, 237
Potassium chloride, 253e255, 257f, 259, 262 Product flavor, 318
Potassium sulphate, 373e375 Psychrometric chart, 671e672
conveying limit, 378 PTA. See Poly terephthalic acid (PTA); Purified terephthalic
Potential explosion problems, 646 acid (PTA)
Potential fluidization, 76f PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
Powdered materials, 43, 131e132, 274, 297e298, 346, 406, Pulsating
606 air flow, 26
Power flow, 26
failure, 705e706 material flow, 26
required requirements, 483 solids flow, 26
requirements, 165e168, 266, 319, 361e362, 385e386, 471, Pulsations, 46e47, 110
588 Pulse phase system, 329, 330f
calculation, 409e410 Pulverized coal, 7, 83, 277, 705
conveying distance, 362e364 Pulverized fuel ash, 90, 277, 280e281, 515
material compatibility, 366 multiple grade fly ash-handling, 516e518
materials with good air retention properties, 365 Punjab State Electricity Board, 14
materials with poor air retention properties, 365 Purging pipelines, 326
pipeline bore, 364e365 Purified terephthalic acid (PTA), 288
Prandtl number, 536 Push-pull. See Multiple systems
Precooling systems, 168 PVC. See Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
 INDEX 777

Q Rubber bends, 635e636

Quarrying, 7, 83 Rubber hose, 194, 397e399. See also Pipelines
Quartz particles, 648 conveying cohesive materials, 195
erosive wear, 194
particle degradation, 194
R pressure drop, 194e195
Radial flow compressors, 153 Rubber surfaces, 629f
Radioactive. See Material properties Running repairs, 7
Rail vehicles, 68, 97, 133
Re-acceleration, 43
Reactive flows, 522 S
Receiving hopper, 581, 607, 703 Sacrificial inserts, 637e638, 638f
Reception vessel, 81, 236, 393, 707 Salt, 276e277
Reciprocating compressors, 159 Saltation, 27, 40
Reference conditions, 204e205, 488 Sand, 7
Refrigerant dryers, 164, 679 Sandy, 307
Refrigerants, 164, 679e680 alumina, 321
Regenerative blowers, 153 grades, 514
Relative humidity. See Humidity materials, 497
Relief, 708 Scaling, 375, 481e482
Replacing plant components, 579 for bore, 470e471, 482
Research work, 319 empty line pressure drop, 375
Resilient materials, 628, 635e636 iterative process, 379
Retardation, 25, 43e44 for length, 469e470, 482
Reverse to longer distances, 378e379
air jet cleaning, 179 model, 376
flow type, 173 parameters, 21, 416
Reynolds number, 37, 229e230, 533e534, 539 distance, 416
Reynolds-averaged-type model, 527 pipe bore, 416
Rice, 6e7, 82e83, 691 procedure, 376e378
Road vehicles, 68, 97, 133 requirements, 372e373
Rockwell hardness, 626f Screw compressors. See Compressors
Roots, 13, 82, 154e156 Screw feeders, 118
compressors, 154e155 commercial type, 119f
exhausters, 155 high-pressure design, 119e120
roots-type blowers, 154 simple screw feeder, 118e119, 118f
staging, 156 Screw pump. See Fuller-Kinyon
Rotameters, 258 Secondary explosions, 709e710
Rotary Sedimentation, 524, 532
air lock, 108 Seeding, 254
machines, 150e151 Seeds, 9, 47, 324, 345
screw compressors, 158 Selfloading, 68
Rotary valves, 108, 604e606, 701e702 Semicontinuous systems, 66
air leakage, 111e115 Separation
alternative designs, 109e110 devices, 172
blade tip clearance, 113, 572, 701 collecting efficiency, 173
discharge period and pulsations, 110 cyclone separators, 173e175
drop-through valve, 108 gravity settling chambers, 172e173
high-pressure, 117 efficiency, 174
material feed rate, 117e118 mechanisms, 170
rotor types, 115e116 Settling chamber, gravity, 172e173
wear, 109 Shale, 88
Rotor tip clearance, 113 Shared negative and positive pressure systems, 64
778 INDEX

Ships, 68 Start-up, 77e78, 606

Short distance conveying, 450e452. See also Long distance Static electricity, 703e704
conveying earthing, 703e704
Short-radius bends, 633e634 humidity control, 704
SI. See International System of Units (SI) Steady-flow energy equation, 681
Sight glass, 582 evaporative cooling, 683e685
Silica, 619, 627 flash drying, 685
Silo, 14, 88, 518, 646, 690 vacuum drying, 685e686
Single blow-tank systems, 133 variation of specific enthalpy of saturated vapor, 682f
Single phase flow, 36e37, 251 Steam, 559, 671, 681, 682f
air mass flow rate, 252e253 Steel(s), 185, 626e628
Darcy equation, 251e252 Step
Single phase modelling, 522, 525 location, 212e213, 435e436, 519
Single plug conveying, 67, 67f position, 216, 439
Single plug systems, 67 Stepped pipeline systems, 212, 435
Single system, 61 dense phase conveying, 214e215
Single-bore pipeline, 214, 449e452 dilute phase conveying, 213e214
Single-fluid approach, 524 pipeline staging, 216e217
Single-plug blow tank systems, 600e601 step location, 212e213
Size distribution. See Material properties vacuum conveying, 215
Sizing, 607e608 step position, 216
Slide Stepped pipeline(s), 21, 26, 50e51, 51f, 246, 432, 449,
bed flow, 46e47 451e452, 495, 510, 599. See also Pipelines
sliding-vane rotary compressors, 156e157 air extraction, 454e458
valves, 191 air-only pressure drop, 246e248
Slip alternative, 433f
ratio, 27 alumina, 514e515
velocity, 26, 37e38 conveying air velocity, 433e439
Slug flow. See Plug flow conveying performance, 441e444
Slugging diagram, 300 first approximation design method, 444e453
Soda ash, 277, 313e315 flour, 510e513
Sodium carbonate. See Soda ash for high-pressure dilute phase system, 437f
Sodium chloride. See Salt notation, 213f
Solids axial flow velocity, 540e541 pipeline purging, 439e441
Solids loading ratio, 10e11, 24, 45, 257, 349, 373, 483, 487, pipeline staging, 439
489e490, 498, 559, 587 position of steps, 248
bend wear, 629e630 pulverized fuel ash, 515e518
calculation, 408, 413 step location, 519
on equilibrium temperature, 223f sugar, 510e513
mass flow rate, 446 transition sections, 248
in pneumatic conveying, 629 vertically down pipelines, 459e460
Solids volume fraction, 540, 541f Stockpiles, conveying from, 77
Specific cost, 483 Stoichiometric value, 28
Specific energy, 266e268 Storage vessel, 105, 695
Specific erosion, 623, 624f, 630 Straight pipeline, 231e234, 493e494
Specific heat, 223e224 sections, 445
Specific humidity. See Humidity wear, 640e642
Specific surface, 303 Streamers, 662
Specific volume, 410 Street cleaning, 34, 63
Spillage(s), 6, 63, 77, 126, 691 Suck-blow. See Multiple systems
Staged systems, 64e65 Suction nozzles. See Vacuumdnozzle
Stagings, 156, 159 Sugar, 510e513
 INDEX 779

Superficial design curves, 354e361

air velocity, 26 dilute phase conveying, 368
velocity, 26, 178 material compatibility, 353e354
Supplementary air, 128 material considerations, 342e344
supply, 138 pipeline geometry, 344e345
Suppressant systems, 78, 708e709 power requirements, 361e366
Suppression, 708e709, 709f summary charts, 366e367
Surface system economics, 342
coatings, 637 variable investigation, 345
finish, 186, 631 conveying distance, 349e352
material, 619e620, 626, 652e653 conveying-line pressure drop, 347e348
hard materials, 628e629 material type, 345e347
resilient materials, 628 pipeline bore, 352e353
steels, 626e628 System types, 11e12, 60e61
roughness, 230, 231t batch conveying systems, 65e67
thickness, 653 closed systems, 69
Surges, 108, 406, 566, 591, 702 closed-loop pneumatic conveying system, 69f
Suspension conveying systems for conventional systems, 61f
flow, 8, 24, 298 innovatory systems, 69e72
temperature, 222 mobile systems, 67e68
SyamlaleO’Brien drag model, 531e532 open systems, 62e64
Synthetic rubber, 636f staged systems, 64e65
System
capabilities, 12e13 T
checking, 402
Tapered pipeline, 212f, 432f. See also Stepped pipelines
considerations, 180, 363e364
Tappings, 258
economics, 342
Tea, 6e7, 83, 691
flexibility, 6, 82
Telescoped pipeline, 26
influences, 343e344
Temperature, 52e53, 615e616
integration, 691
delivery, 161e163
potential, 590
material, 569, 615
reassessment, 410
suspension, 222
related problems, 609e612
variations, 612
use of equations in, 403e414
on viscosity of air, 230f
use of test data, 414e418
wet and dry bulb, 672
System components, 601
Terminal velocity, 17e18, 25, 38, 98e99, 272,
blow tanks, 601e604
531e532, 692
blowers, 601
Test(s)
filters, 606e608
data, 321e324
rotary valves, 604e606
logic diagram for system capability, 417e418
vacuum nozzles, 608
logic diagram for system design, 414e417,
System requirements, 76
415f
conveying from stockpiles, 77
in system design, 414
multiple distance conveying, 77
facilities, 37, 319e320
multiple materialetype handling, 77
with nylon pellets, 295e297
multiple pickup and delivery, 76e77
pipeline, 468, 479, 481
multiple-point delivery, 76
rigs, 646e647
multiple-point pickup, 76
Thermal power plant, 83, 87, 618
start-up with full pipeline, 77e78
Thermodynamic efficiency, 154e155
System selection
Thermodynamic equations, 161e162
considerations, 21, 73, 334, 366
Threshold limit valueeceiling (TLV-C), 694
dense phase conveying materials capability, 367
Threshold limit values (TLVs), 693
780 INDEX

Threshold limit valueeshort-term exposure limit straight pipeline, 493e494

(TLV-STEL), 693 vertical pipelines, 494e495
Threshold limit valueetime-weighted average (TLV-TWA), Uprating alternative methods, 590e591
693 air supply pressure, 593
Tidal movement, 68, 185 pipeline feeding, 591e592
Titanium dioxide, 80, 184 pipeline modifications, 592e593
TLV-C. See Threshold limit valueeceiling (TLV-C)
TLV-STEL. See Threshold limit valueeshort-term exposure V
limit (TLV-STEL)
Vacuum, 160e161, 215. See also Negative-pressure
TLV-TWA. See Threshold limit valueetime-weighted average
conveying
(TLV-TWA)
conveying system, 68, 84, 87e88, 94, 95f,
TLVs. See Threshold limit values (TLVs)
124, 180e181, 224, 438e439
Top discharge blow tank, 129e132, 129fe130f
drying, 685e686
Toxic. See Material properties
nozzle, 84, 124e127, 608
Trace
feed rate control, 125e126
air lines, 706
flow aids, 126
heating, 567, 606
to hopper off-loading, 126f
Tramp materials, 703
hopper off-loading, 126e127
Transducer, 189, 258, 390
for vacuum pickup system, 124f
Transient, 26
vacuum-aerated feed nozzle,
Transitional/transition
127, 127f
conveying limit, 292e294
pumps, 160
relationship, 47
air leakage and ingress, 161
sections, 248
volumetric flow rate, 161
Transport, 96
systems, 105
drilling mud powders, 96
Valves, 19, 190
mobile ship off-loader, 97f
discharge, 190e191
pipeline bends, 98e100
flow diversion, 192e193
Triaxial tests, 528
isolating, 191
Trickle valves, 127
seizure, 606
Triple point, 683
vent line valves, 191e192
Troubleshooting, 22
wear, 109
Turbulence modeling, 531e536
wear, 606
EulerianeEulerian turbulence
Velocity, 201e202, 620, 646, 648e650
modeling, 536
bend wear, 621e622
EulerianeLagrangian turbulence
boundary conditions, 537
modeling, 536
conveying, 26e27
Twin blow-tank systems, 143
determination, 209
in parallel, 143e144, 144f
graphical representation, 209e212
with screw feeding, 146f
working relationships, 209
in series, 144e146
head, 234
Twin rotors, 154
profiles, 447e448, 448f,
Two-phase flow system, 253
456e457
surface material, 620e621
U Vent line valves, 191e192
Underground stowing, 89 Venting, 605
Universal conveying characteristics method, 493 Venturi
minimum conveying air velocity, analysis, 239
496e502 atmospheric pressure applications,
pipeline bends, 495e496 241
pipeline bore, 495 entrainment, 115
stepped pipelines, 495 feeders, 120
 INDEX 781

commercial venturi feeder, 121 W

flow control, 121e122 Wall thickness, 184
high-pressure applications, 242 Water, 13, 155
Vertical conveying, 15, 88, 492 removal, 163
conveying vertically down, 89e90 air drying, 164
conveying vertically up, 88 air line filters, 163
Vertical pipelines, 393, 494e495 desiccants, 164e165
conveying vertically down, 395, plant air, 165
459e460 refrigerants, 164
conveying vertically up, 394 Wear
inclined pipelines, 395e396 back methods, 637
Very fine material, 80 patterns, 639e640
Vickers hardness, 29 problems, 318
Voidage, 301e302, 674 resistance, 190, 621, 626e627, 635
Volume of fluid model (VOF model), Wet materials, 78, 616
523e524 Wetted perimeter, 336
Eulerian model, 524e527 Wheat flour. See Flour
mixture model, 524 Winter operating, 52, 220
Volumetric Wood, 78, 610, 696
airflow rate calculation, 413 shavings, 82
flow rate, 160, 165, 203, 209,
487e488
pipe bore, 203e205 Y
presentation of equations, 203 Young’s modulus, 528, 548t