INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 1

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE BASES OF

RADIATION DATA

Master's Degree in Renewable Energy PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY

University
European
LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES

MANUEL FERNÁ NDEZ SANTOS

March 14, 2020
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INDEX
1 OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION OF THE EXERCISE...................................2
2 METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................2
3 DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................3
4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS...................................................................................8
5 RESULTS.................................................................................................................10
6 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................12
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................14

Image 7. Horizontal, direct normal and global diffuse irradiation in Los Angeles, during the
1 OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION OF THE EXERCISE...................................2
2 METHODOLOGY......................................................................................................2
3 DATA COLLECTION................................................................................................3
4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS...................................................................................8
5 RESULTS.................................................................................................................10
6 CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................12
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................14

Image 17. Measurement deviations between SoDa, PVGIS and NREL 13

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1 OBJECTIVE AND INTRODUCTION OF THE EXERCISE.

The purpose of this work is to understand and compare information from various sources of
global radiation data for the cities of Madrid, Berlin, Los Angeles and New York. In this case,
once the different data sources available for carrying out the activity have been studied, it has
been considered that the most suitable are the following:

• SoDa (Solar Radiation Database for Envaironment): The SoDa Service originates from a

European project funded by the European Commission in 1999. It was implemented in

2003 by Mines ParisTech and managed since 2013 by the Mines ParisTech OIE research
center (Observation, Impact, Energy Center) which puts all efforts into the evaluation
and analysis of the spatial and temporal aspects of energy resources. renewables and
environmental impacts. of energy systems. In this case, the database chosen has been
HELIOCLIM-3, which indicates all the radiation components on a horizontal, fixed and
inclined plane from February 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006. [1]

• PVGIS (Photovoltaic geographical information system): PVGIS has been developed at the
European Union Research Center at the JRC site in Ispra, Italy, since 2001. The focus of
PVGIS is research in solar resource assessment, photovoltaic (PV) performance studies
and the dissemination of knowledge and data on solar energy, radiation and photovoltaic
performance from the year 2005 to 2016. This application has undergone a number of
changes over the years, the current version being PVGIS 5. [2]

• NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) - This database is a comprehensive serial

collection of hourly and half-hourly weather data values and the three most common
measurements of solar radiation: global horizontal, direct normal, and diffuse horizontal
irradiance from the year 1998 to 2019. Covers the United States and a growing subset of
international locations.

2 METHODOLOGY.

As already mentioned in the previous section, to carry out the activity the various sources of
radiation data proposed in the UA1 learning unit have been studied, finally opting for the sources
already described, because they are considered the most suitable due to the characteristics
described in the following image and its ease of use.

SPACE
FOUNTAIN ACCESS TIME FRAME RADIATION DATA
COVERED

Soda Gratuitous EU 2004-2006 Global, Diffuse, Direct

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PVGIS Gratuitous US+EU 2005-2016 Global, Diffuse, Direct

NREL (NSRDB) Gratuitous USA 1998-2019 Global, Diffuse, Direct

Image 1. Characteristics of the selected databases. Own source.

As you can see in the previous image, SoDa and PVGIS provide information from the European
Union so they will be used to study the radiation in the cities of Madrid and Berlin, while in the
case of Los Angeles and New York the sources used will be PVGIS and NREL.

Regarding the year selected to carry out the comparative analysis, it was 2006, because it is the
most recent year in which the three sources have information, allowing the monthly data of
global, diffuse and direct radiation to be compared. To carry out the analysis, the procedure
followed was the following:

1. Download the data from the sources and transfer it to an Excel file, to be able to work
with the data.
2. A first comparison is made between the countries of the same continent by comparing
the data sources, that is, between Madrid and Berlin on the one hand and, on the other,
Los Angeles and New York.
3. The four sites are compared, assessing their qualities for a photovoltaic installation.
4. Finally, the conclusions obtained from the work carried out are drawn.

3 DATA COLLECTION.

To download the data, specific coordinates have been selected for each city, described in the
following table:

City Latitude Length Elevation

MADRID 40,45 -3,73 652
BERLIN 52,513 13,388 43
THE ANGELS 34,05 -118,26 98
NEW YORK 40,73 -73,98 11
Image 2. Coordinates of the four chosen locations. Own source.
From the locations described in the previous table, solar radiation data for Madrid and Berlin
have been downloaded from the SoDa (Solar Radiation Database for Envionment) and PVGIS
(Photovoltaic Geographical Information System) databases, and for Los Angeles and New York
from the sources of NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) and PVGIS, obtaining the
data discussed below.

3.1 MADRID.

Firstly, in the case of Madrid, the monthly values of direct, diffuse and global irradiation on the

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horizontal plane obtained from SoDa during 2006 can be seen in Image 3 . As you can see, the
highest global radiation occurs in the months of May, June, July and August, with a maximum in
2 2
July of 233.20 kWh/m and a minimum in November of 62.49 kWh/m . Direct and diffuse
2 2
radiation follow the same trend, having maximums of 179.013 kWh/m and 60.47 kWh/m ,
2 2
respectively, and minimums of 40.93 kWh/m and 22.76 kWh/m .

Image 3. Direct, diffuse and global irradiation on the horizontal plane in Madrid, during the year 2006. Source: [1]

In the following Image 4 , the normal direct, diffuse horizontal and global irradiation values in
Madrid are represented according to PVGIS, where you can see that the maximum radiation
values occur in the months of June, July and August, and the minimum values in November. and
December. The maximum value of global radiation being 237.92 kWh/m 2 in July, normal direct
2 2
radiation being 266.59 kWh/m in August and diffuse radiation being 73.20 kWh/m in the
month of May. While the normal direct radiation is only lower than the global one in the month
of May.

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Image 4. Normal direct, horizontal and global diffuse irradiation in Madrid, during 2006. Source: [2]

3.2 BERLIN.

Secondly, for Berlin the values of direct, diffuse and global irradiation on the horizontal plane
obtained from SoDa are represented in Image 5 . As you can see, the highest global radiation
2
occurs in the months of June and July, with a maximum in July of 208.07 kWh/m and a
2
minimum in January of 25.45 kWh/m . Direct and diffuse radiation follow the same trend,
having maximums of 145.56 kWh/m 2 and 70.098 kWh/m 2 , respectively, and minimums of 4.35
kWh/m 2 and 11.885 kWh/m 2 , in the month of December respectively.

Image 5. Direct, diffuse and global irradiation on the horizontal plane in Berlin, during the year 2006. Source: [1]

In Image 6 , the normal direct, diffuse horizontal and global irradiation values in Berlin are
represented according to PVGIS, where it can be seen that the maximum radiation values occur
in the months of June and July, and the minimum values in December. The maximum value of
global radiation being 207.56 kWh/m 2 in July, the normal direct one being 205.25 kWh/m 2
in
2
July and the diffuse one being 85.36 kWh/m in June, being only the Normal direct radiation
higher than global radiation between the months of September and January. While the minimums
2 2
have been 15.7 kWh/m for global radiation, 29.24 kWh/m for normal direct radiation and
10.05 kWh/m 2 for horizontal diffuse radiation, all three in the month of December. .

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Image 6. Normal direct, horizontal and global diffuse irradiation in Berlin, during 2006. Source: [2]

3.3 THE ANGELS.

Thirdly, in the case of Los Angeles, the values of global radiation (GHI), direct normal radiation
(DNI) and diffuse horizontal radiation (DHI) have been obtained from the NREL database,
obtaining the graph of the Image 7. As can be seen, the maximum values of DNI and GHI are
obtained in the months of July and August, with values of 270.75 kWh/m2 and 237.05 kWh/m2
respectively. While the maximum value of DHI is obtained in the month of May with 63.14
kWh/m2. Furthermore, it is observed that in the months of April and May the normal direct
radiation is less than the global one.

Image 7. Horizontal, direct normal and global diffuse irradiation in Los Angeles, during 2006. Source: [3]

Likewise, the values of direct normal, diffuse horizontal and global irradiation in Los Angeles
have been represented in Image 8 , but from the PVGIS data source. Obtaining, as in the
2
previous image, the maximum values of global radiation in July with 241.15 kWh/m , normal
direct radiation in August with 256.44 kWh/m 2 , the global radiation being higher throughout the
2
year, and diffuse in June with 58.62 kWh/m . While the minimum values have occurred for
2
global radiation in January with 81.24 kWh/m , direct radiation in February with 101.74 kWh/m
2
and diffuse radiation in November with 26.74 kWh/m 2 .

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Image 8. Horizontal, direct normal and global diffuse irradiation in Los Angeles, during 2006. Source: [2]

3.4 NEW YORK.

Finally, in the case of New York, the global radiation (GHI), the direct normal radiation (DNI)
and the diffuse horizontal radiation (DHI) have been extracted from the NREL database, as
before, obtaining the graph of the Image 9, where it can be seen that the maximum value of DHI
and GHI are obtained in the month of July, with values of 84.86 kWh/m2 and 190.91 kWh/m2
respectively. While the maximum value of DNI is obtained in the month of March with 179.68
kWh/m2. Furthermore, it can be observed that normal direct radiation is lower than global
radiation between the months of May and August.

Image 9. Horizontal, direct normal and global diffuse irradiation in New York, during the year 2006. Source: [3]

The other source used, as in the other sections, is PVGIS, where it has been possible to obtain
Image 10 , where it can be concluded that the maximum values of global radiation occur in July
with 185.78 kWh/m 2 , of normal direct radiation. in August with 154.79 kWh/m 2 and diffuse in
2
June with 91.10 kWh/m . While the minimum values have occurred for global radiation in
2 2
December with 53.37 kWh/m , direct radiation in January with 84.43 kWh/m and diffuse
radiation in December with 21.88 kWh/m 2 . However, in this case the normal direct radiation is
less than the global one between the months of May and September, one month more than in the
NREL data.

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Image 10. Horizontal, direct normal and global diffuse irradiation in New York, during the year 2006. Source: [2]

4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS.

For the comparative analysis, we will begin by comparing the values obtained from SoDa and
PVGIS, for the Madrid and Berlin sites, and subsequently, those obtained from NREL and
PVGIS for the Los Angeles and New York sites.

In this first Image 11 , you can see that the values obtained for the GHI (global horizontal
radiation), both for Madrid and Berlin, from PVGIS and SoDa are almost practically the same,
differing very little. While in the case of the DHI (horizontal diffuse radiation) the values do vary
significantly, especially in the spring and summer months, with the maximum difference in
2
diffuse radiation in Madrid being 12.73 kWh/m in the month in May and for Berlin of 15.26
kWh/m 2 in the month of June.

Image 11. Comparison of global and horizontal diffuse irradiation for the PVGIS and SoDa sources.

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Regarding the differences between the values obtained between the NREL and PVGIS source,
you can see the variations of both global horizontal radiation (GHI), diffuse horizontal radiation
(DHI) and direct normal radiation (DNI) for the locations of Los Angeles and Nueva York in the
following graphs.

Image 12. Comparison of global, direct normal and horizontal diffuse irradiation for PVGIS and NREL.

As can be seen in the previous graphs, the values differ relatively, with the values obtained for
New York being more similar to each other than those obtained for Los Angeles, which will be
explained in more detail below.

In the case of global radiation (GHI), in the case of New York the values obtained are very
similar for the two databases, while in the case of Los Angeles they differ to a greater extent
between the months of December and May, The values obtained from NREL were higher
between the months of June and March, and those from PVGIS were higher in the months of
April and May, producing a greater difference in the month of April of 35.93 kWh/m 2 .

Regarding diffuse radiation (DHI), it is observed that in the case of New York the values
obtained from NREL are lower throughout the year, producing a greater difference in the month
2
of June of 7.54 kWh/m . While for Los Angeles the values obtained from PVGIS are higher

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between the months of July and February and lower between March and July, producing the
greatest difference in diffuse radiation in the month of February of 5.91 kWh/m 2 .

Finally, with respect to normal direct radiation (DNI), unlike diffuse radiation in the case of New
York, the DNI obtained from NREL is greater throughout the year, producing the greatest
2
difference in radiation in the month September, with 18.55 kWh/m . Likewise, in the case of
Los Angeles, the months in which the NREL diffuse radiation values were previously higher
with respect to PVGIS, now the normal NREL radiation is lower, and for the values in which the
NREL diffuse radiation was lower, it is now its normal radiation is higher, with the greatest
difference between the NREL and PVGIS values in the month of February, differing 78.9
kWh/m 2 . This being the last graph where the greatest differences between radiations have been
obtained.

5 RESULTS.

For Madrid, the radiation values obtained are those of Image 13 , similar between SODa and
PVGIS, differing mainly in diffuse radiation as follows:

a. Maximum global radiation of 237.92 kWh/m 2 in July, PVGIS (-4.72 kWh/m 2 , SoDa)
and minimum of 62.60 kWh/m 2 in November, PVGIS (-0.11 kWh/m 2 , Soda).
b. Maximum diffuse radiation of 73.20 kWh/m 2 in May, PVGIS (--12.73 kWh/m 2 , SoDa)
and minimum of 21.26 kWh/m 2 in December, PVGIS (+1.5 kWh/m 2 , SoDa).

Global Horizontal DIFFERENCE (kWh/m Horizontal diffuse DIFFERENCE (kWh/m

2 2
MONTH PVGIS SODA ) PVGIS SODA )
JANUARY 67,23 67,68 0,45 25,55 26,65 1,10
FEBRUARY 91,07 95,65 4,58 31,87 29,16 2,71
MARCH 136,11 142,81 6,70 53,08 44,49 8,59
APRIL 172,26 178,36 6,10 62,01 52,65 9,36
MAY 215,30 216,50 1,20 73,20 60,47 12,73
JUNE 232,56 229,73 2,83 67,44 56,89 10,55
JULY 237,92 233,20 4,72 61,86 56,11 5,75
AUGUST 224,31 223,39 0,92 51,59 44,37 7,22
SEPTEMBER 159,50 154,84 4,66 51,04 45,38 5,66
OCTOBER 100,46 98,32 2,14 38,17 37,87 0,30
NOVEMBER 62,60 62,49 0,11 26,92 26,86 0,07
DECEMBER 66,45 63,69 2,76 21,26 22,76 1,50
SUMMARY 1765,77 1766,66 37,16 563,99 503,66 65,53
MEASUREMEN
2,10% 11,62%
TS DEVIATION
Image 13. Comparison of global and horizontal diffuse radiation for Madrid, 2006.
For Berlin, the radiation values obtained are those of Image 14 , similar between SODa and
PVGIS, differing mainly in the diffuse radiation as follows:

a. Maximum global radiation of 207.56 kWh/m 2 in July, PVGIS (+0.51 kWh/m 2 , SoDa)
and minimum of 15.70 kWh/m 2 in November, PVGIS (+0.54 kWh/m 2 , Soda).
b. Maximum diffuse radiation of 85.36 kWh/m 2 in June, PVGIS (--15.26 kWh/m 2 , SoDa)
and minimum of 10.05 kWh/m 2 in December, PVGIS (+1.84 kWh/m 2 , SoDa).

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Global Horizontal
DIFFERENCE (kWh/m 2 )
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Horizontal diffuse 2

MONTH PVGIS SODA PVGIS SODA DIFFERENCE (kWh/m)

JANUARY 25,09 25,45 0,36 12,04 14,30 2,26
FEBRUARY 26,94 34,69 7,75 18,86 22,37 3,51
MARCH 63,34 62,64 0,70 43,07 36,29 6,78
APRIL 99,32 102,31 2,99 62,57 52,68 9,89
MAY 152,79 153,63 0,84 77,92 66,38 11,54
JUNE 174,20 178,69 4,49 85,36 70,10 15,26
JULY 207,56 208,07 0,51 76,80 62,52 14,28
AUGUST 121,24 117,09 4,15 72,74 61,61 11,13
SEPTEMBER 112,93 107,13 5,80 46,30 39,32 6,98
OCTOBER 60,65 51,26 9,39 30,33 28,54 1,79
NOVEMBER 26,90 25,93 0,97 16,14 16,22 0,08
DECEMBER 15,70 16,24 0,54 10,05 11,89 1,84
SUMMARY 1086,66 1083,13 38,49 552,18 482,21 85,34
MEASUREMENTS
3,54% 15,46%
DEVIATION

Image 14. Comparison of global and horizontal diffuse radiation for Berlin, 2006.

For Los Angeles, the radiation values obtained are those of Image 15 , similar between NREL
and PVGIS, differing mainly in the normal direct radiation as follows:

a. Maximum global radiation of 241.15 kWh/m 2 in July, PVGIS (-4.10 kWh/m 2 , NREL)
and minimum of 81.24 kWh/m 2 in January, PVGIS (+21.59 kWh/m 2 , NREL).
b. Maximum diffuse radiation of 58.62 kWh/m 2 in June, PVGIS (-+1.73 kWh/m 2 , NREL)
and minimum of 26.74 kWh/m 2 in November, PVGIS (-0.66 kWh/m 2 , NREL).
2 2
c. Maximum direct radiation of 256.44 kWh/m in August, PVGIS (+14.31 kWh/m ,
2 2
NREL) and minimum of 101.74 kWh/m in February, PVGIS (+68.38 kWh/m ,
NREL).

Global Horizontal DIFFERENCE (kWh/m Horizontal diffuse DIFFERENCE (kWh/m Normal direct DIFFERENCE (kWh/m
2 2 2
MONTH PVGIS NREL ) PVGIS NREL ) PVGIS NREL )

JANUARY 81,24 102,83 21,59 30,06 24,42 5,64 115,29 183,67 68,38
FEBRUARY 88,16 121,51 33,35 35,26 29,35 5,91 101,74 180,64 78,90
MARCH 144,78 151,59 6,81 49,23 50,46 1,23 155,30 171,22 15,92
APRIL 200,03 164,10 35,93 56,01 59,49 3,48 213,80 157,38 56,42
MAY 221,02 207,10 13,93 57,47 63,14 5,67 232,11 200,42 31,69
JUNE 217,11 218,73 1,62 58,62 60,35 1,73 222,18 226,04 3,86
JULY 241,15 237,05 4,10 55,46 56,06 0,59 254,46 257,40 2,94
AUGUST 221,61 225,09 3,47 44,32 40,45 3,87 256,44 270,75 14,31
SEPTEMBER 177,56 183,37 5,81 42,61 38,00 4,61 210,62 232,45 21,83
OCTOBER 128,66 141,98 13,32 36,02 34,87 1,15 167,39 200,48 33,09
NOVEMBER 106,95 109,56 2,61 26,74 26,08 0,66 177,97 186,74 8,77
DECEMBER 81,76 99,60 17,84 27,80 22,54 5,26 129,48 192,81 63,33
SUMMARY 1910,03 1962,50 160,38 519,60 505,20 39,81 2236,78 2460,00 399,43
MEASUREMENTS
8,17% 7,66% 16,24%
DEVIATION

Image 15. Comparison of global, direct normal and horizontal diffuse radiation for Los Angeles, 2006. For
New York, the
radiation values obtained are those of Image 16 , similar between NREL and PVGIS, differing to
a lesser extent than in Los Angeles and as follows:

a. Maximum global radiation of 185.78 kWh/m 2 in July, PVGIS (+5.13 kWh/m 2 , NREL)
and minimum of 53.37 kWh/m 2 in December, PVGIS (+0.53 kWh/m 2 , NREL).
b. Maximum diffuse radiation of 91.10 kWh/m 2 in June, PVGIS (-7.54 kWh/m 2 , NREL)
and minimum of 21.88 kWh/m 2 in December, PVGIS (-1.46 kWh/m 2 , NREL).
c. Maximum direct radiation of 171.01 kWh/m 2 in April, PVGIS (+5.63 kWh/m 2 , NREL)
and minimum of 84.43 kWh/m 2 in January, PVGIS (+10.69 kWh/m 2 , NREL).

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Global Horizontal DIFFERENCE (kWh/m Horizontal diffuse DIFFERENCE (kWh/m
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Normal direct DIFFERENCE (kWh/m
2 2 2
MONTH PVGIS NREL ) PVGIS NREL ) PVGIS NREL )

JANUARY 55,81 57,67 1,86 25,67 23,34 2,33 84,43 95,12 10,69
FEBRUARY 86,11 88,13 2,02 31,86 31,95 0,09 120,05 126,92 6,87
MARCH 137,91 141,00 3,09 49,65 44,73 4,92 162,82 179,68 16,86
APRIL 161,51 162,48 0,97 54,91 51,05 3,86 171,01 176,64 5,63

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MAY 176,83 182,95 6,11 79,57 75,02 4,56
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143,40 160,11 16,71
JUNE 162,67 164,77 2,10 91,10 83,56 7,54 103,96 116,75 12,79
JULY 185,78 190,91 5,13 89,17 84,86 4,32 137,22 152,37 15,15
AUGUST 166,98 169,58 2,60 65,12 59,59 5,53 154,79 168,43 13,64
SEPTEMBER 119,41 125,49 6,08 51,35 46,76 4,59 115,68 134,23 18,55
OCTOBER 99,35 102,10 2,75 36,76 34,19 2,57 129,16 141,84 12,68
NOVEMBER 61,71 63,13 1,42 25,30 24,53 0,77 92,15 98,03 5,88
DECEMBER 53,37 53,90 0,53 21,88 20,42 1,46 97,02 99,22 2,20
SUMMARY 1467,44 1502,10 34,66 622,35 579,99 42,54 1511,69 1649,32 137,63
MEASUREMENTS
2,31% 6,84% 8,34%
DEVIATION

Image 16. Comparison of global, direct normal and horizontal diffuse radiation for New York, 2006.

If the deviations between PVGIS and SoDA are studied, that is, in the cases of Madrid and
Berlin, it can be concluded that with respect to global radiation very approximate values are
obtained, with a deviation of 2 or 3%, while for diffuse radiation An average deviation of
15.46% has been obtained, in the case of Berlin.

Between PVGIS and NREL it has been observed that the average deviation of the measurements
is quite small, except in the case of the normal direct radiation of Los Angeles, which has an
average deviation of the measurements of 16.24%. In the following image you can see the
average deviations in more detail according to the measured radiation and the country
(Comparing PVGIS and SoDa in the cities of Madrid and Berlin, and PVGIS and NREL in the
cities of Los Angeles and New York).

MADRID BERLIN LOS ANGELES NEW YORK

GHI deviation 2,10% 3,54% 8,17% 2,31%
DHI deviation 11,62% 15,46% 7,66% 6,84%
DNI deviation 16,24% 8,34%
Image 17. Measurement deviations between SoDa, PVGIS and NREL
6 CONCLUSIONS.

Once the work has been carried out, the main conclusion obtained is that, in order to determine a
photovoltaic installation, it is necessary to compare the greatest number of databases possible,
due to the variation of the data from one source to another, never based solely on a single one.
data source.

Another important conclusion is that when carrying out a photovoltaic installation it is necessary
to take long series of data and not focus exclusively on one year, because these vary
significantly.

Regarding the difference between the diffuse radiation values of SoDa and NREL compared to
PVGIS, it may be due to the fact that PVGIS provides diffuse radiation from the ratio between
diffuse and global radiation, which probably increases the measurement error.

Another large deviation occurs in the normal direct radiation between NREL and PVGIS, so it is
necessary to check this measurement with another database, although it is possible that some

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error occurred during the calculations.
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Regarding the radiation received, it can be concluded that all cities receive enough radiation to
implement a photovoltaic system, with Berlin being the one with the worst conditions. Although
it is necessary to study other characteristics such as the environment and microclimatic
conditions, among others.

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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] "SoDa," [In line]. Available: http://www.soda-pro.com/web-

services/radiation/helioclim-3-archives-for-free. [Last access: 03 13 2021].

[2] «PVGIS,» [In line]. Available:

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/PVGIS/downloads/maps . [Last accessed: 13 3 2021].

[3] “NREL,” [Online]. Available: https://nsrdb.nrel.gov/ . [Last accessed: 13 3 2021].

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