第一章 緒論

第二章 基礎篇
2-1 空調基礎簡要說明
2-2 中央空調系統概要說明

第三章 設計篇
3-1 空調主機節能控制策略
3-2 儲冰空調技術
3-3 可變冷媒量 VRV 技術
3-4 外氣量控制及全熱交換器技術
3-5 外氣冷房技術
3-6 變風量系統技術
3-7 變水量系統技術
3-8 冷卻水與冷卻水塔節能技術
3-9 建築物能源管理系統技術
3-10 系統測試、平衡與調整

第四章 實務篇
4-1 基本資料調查表
4-2 既有系統剖析
4-3 耗能因素分析
4-4 研擬改善策略
4-5 現場勘查要點
4-6 電源電力確認
4-7 設備空間量測
4-8 搬運動線考量
4-9 管路路徑規劃
4-10 改善效益追蹤
第五章 運用篇
5-1 中央聯合南棟改善案例介紹
5-2 總統府改善案例介紹
5-3 台灣大學圖書館改善案例介紹
5-4 國立科學工藝館改善案例介紹
5-5 行政院衛生署朴子醫院改善案例介紹
5-6 國立屏東科技大學改善案例介紹

第六章 結論
 1.1

( )
(Building energy
efficiency upgrade program BeeUp)

10

1.2

Baseline Occupancy

(TAB)
TAB
TAB TAB
5%~8%
CO2 TAB

- I-1 -
 BEMS
BEMS

1.3
1. 2003~2007 97
(Building energy
efficiency upgrade program BeeUp) 2008~2011 119
1.1

- I-2 -
2. 2003 2007 20
2003 28 22800 2004
19 9300 2005
15 10736 2006 19
11425 2007 16
9659 1.2 1.3

- I-3 -
3. 2008 38
10285 2009 28 8202
2010 31 7908 2011
22 6220 1.4
1.5

- I-4 -
4. (Testing, Adjusting and Balancing TAB)

5 8
CO2
5.

6.

7. TAB ( 1.6) 60
TAB TAB
500

(TAB)

BEMS

- I-5 -
8. BEMS ( 1.7~1.11)

BEMS
BEMS
kWh kW
BEMS 2 3
Honeywell In touch Siemens

PLC
DDC

- I-6 -
- I-7 -
- I-8 -
9. (kWh) CO2

- I-9 -
1.4
1. 2003 ~2011 959,904,931
2. 2003 ~2011 61,628,918kWh /year
3. 2003 ~2011 204,542,708 /year
4. 4.7

1.5
1. 2003 ~2011 4,160 kg CO2
2.
15,945RT 135,532,500

1.6
=
=204,542,708 /year (135,532,500 + 41,602 CO2 )

1.7

- I-10 -
- I-11 -
- I-12 -
- I-13 -
- I-14 -
- I-15 -
- I-16 -
- I-17 -
 2.1

2.1.1
(P) kgf cm2 (Pa,N/m2)
N/m2 J/m3
29.92
( in.Hg) l4.7 (l4.7 psi) 1.033 kgf/
cm2 SI (atm) 101325 Pa 101.325 kPa

(vacuum)
absolute pressure)

2.1.2

- II-1 -
 1J 1W hp
75kgf-m 550 1.0 kgf.m/s=9.80665 W
l =735.5W l.0 =745.7W

(Watt)= (Pa)x (m3/s)/

1000kg/m3 20 1.20
kg/m3

2.1.3
( ) (Refrigeration Ton, RT)
(2000 lb)0 (24 )
1.0 USRT = 12000 Btu/hr
1.0 USRT = 3024 kcal/hr
1.0 USRT = 3.515 kW

2.1.4
Calorie or cal)
4.186 (Joule) 1,000 1 kg
Btu l.0 Btu Sl
Joule, J
l.0 Btu=252 =l.055x103 J

2.1.5
(kJ/kg)

H= CpT + hg kJ/gk
Cp (~1.0 kJ/kg) T( ) hg (~2500 kJ/kg)

- II-2 -
 2.1.6
0 0
79.6 kcal/kg l44Btu/
lb 540 kcal/kg 970Btu/lb

2.1.7
(humidity ratio)
(1.1)

..............(1.1)

0.622 ( 18.015 g/mole 28.965g/

mole) P Pa Pv Relative Humidity
RH
1kg 1 1.0 kJ
x2500(kJ)
0.01

2.1.8

( )

( )
( )
(heat gain) (cooling load)

2.2
2.1
50% 60%

- II-3 -
 15% 20% 25% 30%
1
5%

2.2.1
(SPF)
(1.2) Qe W (1.2)
SPF COP( / ) SPF
SPF 3.0

............... (1.2)

- II-4 -
 3.1

( ASHRAE
0.4 1.0 ) 0.4% 1000 4
3.1

3.2 350RT
COP 40% COP 4.0 90% 5.43
40% 36%
( )
3.3

1
-
99

- III-1 -
 1800RT 2150RT 1.2 15%(270RT)
350RT 77% 30% (540RT) 600RT
90% 50% (900RT) 600RT 350RT 95%

- III-2 -
 3.2
2

storage medium

6
3.4

3.1

2
ISBN 957-21-4365-4 93 4

- III-3 -
 3.5 ( ) (<-3~-5 )
(

3.4
full storage partial storage
load leveling demand limiting

3.6

3.7

3
3.2

3
2001(4)
Vol.31, No.2, pp.61-75

- III-4 -
- III-5 -
 3.3 VRV

VRV Variable Refrigerant

Volume
VRV
3.8
VRV

DC

- III-6 -
 DC Brushless Motor

3.9

4
2000

- III-7 -
 20%
10%
(COP) VRV
40% 60% COP
4 VRV COP 3.3
VRV COP

- III-8 -
5.0 30% 40% 10% 20%
VRV 20%

3.4

CO2 CO2
1000ppm 800ppm CO2 0.3L/m
CO2
CO2

( ) 8.5L/s( ) 3.4
( ) 8.5L/s ASHRAE 62.1-2004
3.4
CO2 CO2
(thermostat)
CO2
CO2
CO2
5
3.5

- III-9 -
 3.6 CO2

3.7
9.21%
13.15%

5
99

- III-10 -
 3.8 11.58%
16.96% 3.8

- III-11 -
3.5

( ) 22 60% 48kJ/kg
( ) 16 70% 38kJ/kg
( ) 10kJ/kg 1000cmh 1000x1.2x10
=12000 kJ/hr= 3.3 kW
1000m3/hr(cmh) (~3.5kW)
3.10 8:00
5:00 700 21 500

30%
( )

- III-12 -
 3.9
3.9
60%

3.11 26 50%RH 12.6 kcal/kg

32 70% RH 20.6 kcal/kg
( ) 70%
20.6 15.3 kcal/kg 70%

- III-13 -
 3.12

3.6
(Variable-Air-volume,VAV)

1/3 ( )

3.13

- III-14 -
 VAV

3.13
( 3.14)
( )
25%

- III-15 -
 3.15

20%
VAV 3.16 transmitter
receiver controller

1. VAV

2. RC2

3. 2. RCI
D4 D5 D6

VAV 3.17

- III-16 -
- III-17 -
 (muIti-zone)
3.18
50% 20%
3.16 PT1

- III-18 -
1/3

VAV

( )3
50% (0.5)3=0.125
3.10 (AH1~AH3)
37%
3.11
40hp

- III-19 -
 3.12
116,070 kWh 55
50%

3.7
3.7.1 20%

1000
2000
(Constant Water Volume CWV)

3.19

(Variable Water Volume WV)

- III-20 -
 3.7.2
(Fan Affinity Laws) Q H BHP
(1) Q1/Q2=N1/N2,
(2) H1/H2=(N1/N2)2,
(3) BHP1/BHP2=(N1/N2)3,
(RT) 10 lpm (Liter/Min) 13 lpm
5 6m 200m
8m 14m 50% 46W
RT 100W

3 3.20 80%

- III-21 -
 50%

3.7.3
(Primary-Secondary System)
Decouple System 3.21 Primary
Loop

Secondary Loop

- III-22 -
 Common Pipe
( )

3.7.4

1.
2. 95%
3.
4.
5.
50% 20%

3.7.5 (Primary/Secondary System)

(Common Pipe)
3.21 (Primary Loop)
( )

( Secondary Loop)

1. ( )

2. ( )

3.

- III-23 -
 4.

(VWV)

3.21
(378.5 lpm) ts = tp(
)

227.1 lpm 227.1 lpm

3.7.6

- III-24 -
 3.13 3.22
3.23

20% (BEMS)

- III-25 -
3.8
3.8.1
5

3.24

3.25

3.8.2
1.

- III-26 -
2.

3. PID

3.8.3
(tons) 1 1RT
1 2000lb 32 144 BTU/lb 24 32
(2000lb 144 BTU/lb 24Hr 12000 BTU/Hr)

(radiation) (conduction) (convection) (evaporation)

- III-27 -
 (latent
heat)

3.8.4
1.
2. ;

3. (Reset)
1
1.5%~2%

4.

5.
10 ( l RT=l0 lpm) 13 ( l RT=13 lpm)
5
6.

3.8.5
3.26 3.28 Energy Efficiency
Manual (Wulfinghoff,1999,Energy Institate Press)

- III-28 -
- III-29 -
 3.9
3.9.1
(IEA) Building Energy Management System
BEMS

(HVAC)
( 3.29BEMS )

- III-30 -
 BEMS
BEMS

BEMS

3.9.2 BEMS
BEMS
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

3.9.3 BEMS
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

3.9.4 BEMS
BEMS
BEMS

- III-31 -
 TCP/IP(Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) BACnet(Building Automation and
Control Networks) BACnet ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerat-
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers
1987
1995
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-1995 2003 ISO 16484-5

HVAC

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-1995 BACnet ISO

OSI Open System Interconnection 3.30
BACnet

BACnet

- III-32 -
 3.30 BACnet
PTP BACnet
3.1 (Ethernet, ISO 8802-3)

3.9.5 BEMS
3.31
Split-core CTs
RS-485 Modbus
(V) (A) (kW)
(VA) (VAR) (PF)

3.9.6 BEMS
RS-
485 BACnet
Modbus BACnet Hub
3.32 3.33

- III-33 -
 BACnet BACnet

BACnet PTP
3.32

- III-34 -
 BACnet BACnet Broadcast Management Device, BBMD
3.33

3.9.7 BACnet

BACnet
BACnet
Modbus Modbus Modicon

3.34 BACnet BACnet Modbus

Modbus BACnet Modbus
BACnet
BACnet

3.9.8
1 5

Access

- III-35 -
- III-36 -
 3.35

3.9.9 BEMS
BEMS BACnet BEMS
3.36 BACnet

BEMS BACnet
BACnet
(DDC)

3.9.10 BEMS
BEMS 3.15

- III-37 -
- III-38 -
- III-39 -
 3.9.11 BEMS
(EEV)
(EAC) (EL) EAC
BEMS
BEMS BEMS
BEMS
3.16 3 0.1
EAC BEMS BEMS

3.1

3.9.12 BEMS

1 7 8,100m2
650kW
720kW
1
200~350 2 3~6
170~200

- III-40 -
 3.9.13

1. 7.5 4

2.

1.

2. (BEMS)

10%

3.37 BEMS

- III-41 -
 20 1.
2. 3.
4. 5.
BEMS
( 3.37 )

3.38 15

3.9.14
BEMS
3.39 16% (EUI)
3.40 EUI

- III-42 -
BEMS
BEMS

- III-43 -
 3.10
ASHRAE (commissioning)

(testing, adjusting, balancing TAB)

TAB
VAV
( )

TAB

TAB

:
1.
2.

3.
4. HVAC

5.

- III-44 -
 10%

( VAV ) 0.75kW

CO2
CO2

2 CO2
1.
2. CO2

- III-45 -
4.1
( )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. E-mail

( )
1.

2.

( )
1. ( 80% )
________

- IV-1 -
 2.

3. (kW)

4. ( )

5.

6. EUI (kWh/m2*year)
EUI (kWh)/ (m2)

( )
1.

- IV-2 -
 2.
( A4 )

3. ( )

4. ( )

5.

4.2
4.2.1

1. 10 15
2.

4.2.2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

- IV-3 -
 4.3
4.3.1

(Chartered Institution of Building

Services Engineers CIBSE) Energy Audits and Surveys,
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

ASHRAE

1.2003 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, chapter 35, Energy Use and Management
and chapter 40, Building Energy Monitoring.
2.ASHRAE Standard 100 1995, Energy Conservation in Existing Buildings.
3.ASHRAE Standard 105 1984 (RA 90), Standard Methods of Measuring and Expressing
Building Energy Performance.
4.Procedures for Commercial Building Energy Audits- 2004
4.1

- IV-4 -
 1.
(1).

(2).

(3).
(4).
(5). ASHRAE ASHRAE Level
I-Walk-Through Assessment
2.
Commissioning

(1). ASHRAE Level II- Energy Survey and Analysis

(2).
(3).

(4).

ASHRAE Level II- Energy Survey and Analysis

ASHRAE Procedures for Commercial Building Energy
Audits- 2004

4.3.2
ASHRAE
1.
2.
3.
4.

- IV-5 -
5.
6.

1.

(1).
(2) .EUI kWh/m2.yr
(3) . /m2.yr
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7) .
2.
(1) .
(2) .
(3) . HVAC
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7).
(8) .
3.
(1) .
(2) .
(3).
(4) .
(5). :
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

- IV-6 -
4.3.3

ASHRAE

1.
2. -
3. -
4. -

4.3.4

1.
4.1

- IV-7 -
2.
4.2
3.

4.
5.

6.

4.3.5 -
ASHRAE

- IV-8 -
1. 4.3
2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

1.
2.
3.

4.

- IV-9 -
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.

4.3.6 -
ASHRAE

- IV-10 -
1.
4.4 4.5 4.6

- IV-11 -
2. 4.7
3.

- IV-12 -
4.
ASHRAE Handbook- Application
5.

6.

7.

8.
9.

10.

11.
12.

1.

2.

3.
4.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

- IV-13 -
 (5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

4.3.7 -
ASHRAE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.

2.

- IV-14 -
4.4

1.

2.
3.

- IV-15 -
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

10.

4.5

4.5.1
1. :
(1).

(2).
(3).
(4).
2. :
(1).
(2).
(3). COP
(4.)
(5).
(6).
(7).

- IV-16 -
 (8).
(9).
(10).
3.
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
4.
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4).
(5).
(6).
5. :
(1).
(2).
(3).
(4). BEMS
6.

BEMS TAB

4.6

220V 380V

(
)

- IV-17 -
4.7

4.7.1 :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

4.7.2
1.

2.
3.

4.7.3
1.
2.

4.7.4
1. (
)
2.

- IV-18 -
 4.7.5
1.
2.
3.
4. 30kPa

4.7.6
1. ( 4.2):

- IV-19 -
2. ( 4.3):

4.8

1.

2.

- IV-20 -
3.

4.

4.9

4.9.1
1. --
2. --
3. --
4. --
5.

4.9.2
1.
2. ( )
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

4.9.3
1.
2.
3.

- IV-21 -
4.
5.
6. Y
7. TAB
8.
9.

4.9.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

4.9.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

4.10
M&V

M&V

- IV-22 -
5.1 -

- V-1 -
5.1.1

1.
2. 41,966 m2
3. 08:00 17:00 9

5.1.2
1.
(1). 16 ( 5.1-2)

- V-2 -
(2). (VAV BOX)

(3).

- V-3 -
(4). CO2

(5).

(6).

1. 16

2.

- V-4 -
3.

4. (BEMS)

5. TAB

2.
(1). 30 14
(2).
(3).
(4).

- V-5 -
1.
2.
3.

- V-6 -
3.

- V-7 -
5.1.3

- V-8 -
- V-9 -
- V-10 -
5.1.4
1.
(1). TAB

AHU-7-1 AHU-7-2 60Hz 27.6(A) 27.1(A)

60Hz 15.6(A) 15.2(A)
60Hz

- V-11 -
(2). 5-1 5-2 VAV-BOX

(3). 5-1 20.2

( 97.11.12)

2.
( TAB )

- V-12 -
3.
(1) AH-5-1 58.8Hz
17.9A 35.5Hz
11.8A
(2) 261 (365 52 ) 8 0.85
AH-5-1 7125.6KWH

(3) CO2 ( kWh 0.637kg CO2)

7125.6 kWh * 0.637 kg/kWh = 4539kg
(4) 511~587ppm
525~589ppm
( 0940106804 )

- V-13 -
5.1.5
1.

1. 2,800
2. 1 0.637 kg
3. 3.1
4.
( 30 Hz)

2. BEMS

1. 42,794m2 EUI
( 160 kWh/ year 2)
2. 45%
25%
3. 3.1

- V-14 -
 (%)

3.

4.

CO2

5. BEMS(Building Energy Management System)

6.

- V-15 -
5.2 -

- V-16 -
5.2.1
450RT 180RT (VWV)

1.
2. 34,859m2
3. 8 00 18 00 10

5.2.2
1.
(1). 3

- V-17 -
(2).

1.

- V-18 -
2.

- V-19 -
2.

1.

- V-20 -
3.
(1).

- V-21 -
(2).
3

- V-22 -
4.

- V-23 -
 5.2.3
1. (BEMS)
(Real time online)

2.
88 LED
2,922W 1
26,000
3. 300
3 29
37 93

215kW
( ) 10
25

5.2.4
277
58 145
500 3.5

- V-24 -
5.3 -

- V-25 -
5.3.1
1.
2. 29,965 m2
3. 08:00~22:00 14

- V-26 -
5.3.2
1.
/ 3

- V-27 -
2.
(1). /
(2).
(3).

- V-28 -
3.

BEMS

- V-29 -
4.

- V-30 -
5.3.3
1.

- V-31 -
2. AHU-24

3.
(1) 24 (0.31kg/cm2)
40HP( ) 15HP
( 60Hz)
54.9% 167,844kWh 419,610 104,567kg-CO2

- V-32 -
(2)AHU-24
( 3 500Pa)

28.8% 14,528kWh 45,037 9,051kg-CO2

(3)

658,106 1,645,265 410,000kg

5.3.4
1.

:
1.B1~B4 40HP 3 (B1 B2 B4) 22:00~08:00
30Hz
2.B1 45Hz 12.0kW( )
3.40HP 15HP 8,520 3,550 30Hz
4.40HP 4,970 100%(60Hz) 1,740 (35%)
75%(50Hz) 1,988 (40%) 50%(30Hz) 1,242 (25%) CNS
12575/12812 , 2005( ) IPLV
15.7kW
5.B5~B7 15HP 1 (B7) 22:00~08:00 30Hz
60Hz
6.B1~B7 24
7. 355 2.5
8. 0.623kg

- V-33 -
2.

:
1.AHU-24 45Hz 5.95kW( )
2. 4,540 100%(60Hz) 1,589 (35%)
75%(50Hz) 1,816 (40%) 50%(30Hz) 1,135 (25%)
CNS 12575/12812 , 2005( ) IPLV
7.9kW
3. 355 3.1
4. 0.623kg

3.BEMS

1. 35,325m2 EUI(276 kWh/year m2

)
2. 2.5

- V-34 -
4.

- V-35 -
5.4 -
5.4.1 BEMS

BEMS
10

1.
720 6 1
5.4-1

2.

5 2 250RT 3
3 5.4-2
4 2

5.4-4

- V-36 -
- V-37 -
3.

CH1~CHN

- V-38 -
4. CH1~CHN

BEMS PLF

(1)

Vchw (LPM)
Tchwrt ( )
Tchsrt ( )
w 1 kg/L
Cpw: 4.186 kJ/kg-

(2)

: Qevp
(2) COP

- V-39 -
- V-40 -
5.

5.4-2
4.26 2.7 1.35

- V-41 -
6.
BEMS

5.4-3 BEMS 10
17

- V-42 -
 7.

PLF
80% (kwh) (kw) 80%
2 250 RT

5.4-4 5.4-7

- V-43 -
- V-44 -
 8.

5.4-8

9.

- V-45 -
 10.

5.4-9

5.4.2
1.
5 2 250RT 3
3
4
2
5.4-8

- V-46 -
2.
22:30
07:30
2 250RT 07:30 17:00
5.4.11
1897RT 5.4-9

- V-47 -
3.
5.4-10 BEMS X
Y CH-01 CH-02
07:30 20:30 160kw

- V-48 -
 5.4-11

4.
BEMS

450 m3
250 m3 200 m3 3 600
m3

- V-49 -
- V-50 -
5.

(1).
600m3

- V-51 -
(2).

4 :

5.4-12 09:00 3
16:00~17:00
2

- V-52 -
 BEMS 5.4-13 5.4-14
!

5.4-13 5.4-14 5.4-13 09/06 16:00 2

2 9.53 kw 8.18 kw
5.4.-14 12:42 3 3.83667 kw 3.75 kw
3.335 kw 10.92 kw 2 17.71 kw 6.79kw
!
BEMS

- V-53 -
- V-54 -
5.5 -

- V-55 -
5.5.1
1.
2. 200RT*1/150 RT*1 /100 RT*1
3.
4. 24

5.5.2
1.

- V-56 -
 BEMS

2.

- V-57 -
3.

- V-58 -
4.

- V-59 -
5.5.3
1.
(1) BEMS TAB/Cx 15%
(2) 10%
(3) 8%
(4) 5%

5.5.4

(kWh) 284 ,040

kWh/ 1,867,050
kWh/ 1,583,010
CO2 kg / 180,933

- V-60 -
5.6 -

- V-61 -
5.6.1
2 162kW 3
208,371

5.6.2
1.
45110 ( 22140 20970 )
500kWh

- V-62 -
2.
BEMS

- V-63 -
- V-64 -
3.

5.6.3
1.
(1).

1. 500 70L / 365

2. 3.1 0.636kg

- V-65 -
2 TAB HWP-01 HWP-03
5.6-4

1. 6 365

2. 3.1 0.636kg

- V-66 -
3
5.6-5

5.6.4

- V-67 -
 ( )
97~100 119

92~96 81 200 30%

61,628,918 kWh CO2 3,772,000kg( 100 )
CO2
2003~2007

97~100
(TAB)

1/3 60%

(BEMS)
20%~30%
BEMS
BEMS
TAB
5% ~ 8%
CO2
50
TAB

- VI-1 -
 eeBuildings
BAS (BEMS)

BeeUP

- VI-2 -
 (97~100 )

97 38

-1-
-2-
-3-
-4-
-5-
-6-
-7-
-8-
-9-
- 10 -
- 11 -
98 28

- 12 -
- 13 -
- 14 -
- 15 -
- 16 -
- 17 -
99 31

- 18 -
- 19 -
- 20 -
- 21 -
- 22 -
100 22

- 23 -
- 24 -
- 25 -
- 26 -