Likewise, seeing the rear lights flashing in order to stop in front of his car often generates the use

of his own brakes and so on with the car behind us, and with all the others... In the event that the
vehicles are moving close together: immediate braking is required in order not to enter the car in
front of us

The main options for avoiding congestion without an “external” cause (accident...) are:

Driving at a constant speed as possible (to avoid sending frequent braking signals as vehicles follow
us)

Maintaining a sufficient reaction distance between our car and the one ahead of us without forcing
us to brake (this is a distance that can reduce the use of braking, especially immediate braking.

Reducing the number of unnecessary lane changes to ensure that the vehicle ahead is far enough
away to avoid being forced to stop by these lane changes.

References

justice

Maximum fares for metropolitan and outer metropolitan buses from January 2014 - Draft Report,
p. 37, citing work by LECG "Value of Sydney bus externalities and optimal Government subsidy -
Final report", September 2009, p. 17 copies preserved May 25, 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

"Mathematicians Take Aim At 'Phantom' Traffic Jams". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on
July 23, 2018. View it on 10-05-2014.

Motoring Towards 2050 - Roads and Reality. RAC foundation. Archived from the original on
January 20, 2009.