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    TAXONOMY-1

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    Taxonomy 1

    Uploaded by

    Yjasmin Anne

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    drganizing Taxonomy: C Life’s Diversity assifying organisms anding about Naming and cl simplify our underst life on Earth. ssification systems * — Identify the distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon (domain, kingdom, phylum, dass, order, family, genus, species) relative to other taxa based on structure and function * Explain how species are named using the binomial nomenclature * Describe the present system of dlassification of organisms using cladistics, including the types of evidence and procedures that can be used to establish evolutionary relationships * Explain how the structural and developmental characteristics and relatedness of DNA. sequences are used in clossifying living things and in establishing evolutionary ancestry * Explain how genes and molecules are used in dating evolutionary events . ; aot ota bird? Although mistakenly consid Boye an ee ‘as bird during fight, our knowledge of taxonomy and eee er er evolution allows us to appropriately classify a bat as a Sen, mammal rather than a bird. Its wings are different from lomains of living organisms birds, which have a more expansive membrane of skin between fingers, called patagium, allowing its reset to be joined together, creati © Distinguish the different You have probably been amazed by the friendly neighborhood superhero, Spiderme dhoots spider webs at enemies or buildings with enormous power and strength. Did you know the there isa real hero spider in the wild? When it comes tothe strongest biolagical material inthe world naihing comes close to this spider's web. This spiders silk is said to be the strongest in the world 10 times stronger than Kevlar used to make bulletproof vests! Caerostris darwini is a newly described orb-weaving spider from the forests of Madagascar. It luces the largest known orb web, spanning an entire river. Find out how the Darwin Bark Spider rg panning i is considered the spider that spins the world’s strongest silk in A Closer Look Explained near the end of the chapter. Recognize the contributions made by taxonomists in the understanding about life's diversity «Promote the importance of an international standard of classifying organisms ‘© Respect that life may exist even in extreme environmental conditions ‘© Defend the importance of biodiversity andl its existence in the natural work © Appreciate the existence of diverse forms of living organisms Practice the ' orderliness and system in doing work Chapter 9 Making Sense of Our Biological World 283. eo ae 3 8 8 8 ‘organizes life on Earth through ] Main Idea: Biologists devise different classification systems to organize life's Historical View on biodiversity Life’s Classification EQ: Why is there a need to classify the great System diversity of life? 5 Imagine that you need to shop for eggs, milk, and bread in a grocery store for only a few minutes. ‘osay, grocery and big supermarkets have shelves that are categorized into sections such as dairy and fesh produce. You probably would go straight ahead to these sections to get what you need. Imagine fying the same food items in a marketplace where things are sold randomly by different sellers Where would you begin your task? You would perhaps hop from one store to the next to look for what ou need and this system could take a lor of time. Similarly, shopping is like studying biodiversity on arth, It will be difficult to describe and study organisms if they are not categorized in an organized manner, It would definitely be easier if similar organisms are placed together in one roup. Scientists claimed that the number of actual species that have not been discovered and identified, is close to around ®PimilliOn wich GISUmilMionlSpeci@OHAAa anc Sl innilligAuweeeANs (Census of Marine Life, August 24, 2011). So far, scientists have only identified, named, and classified almost cwoumilliemlkGi8ad)of organisms on Earth. Although this could be a lot already, the UN Convention on BiSlOiCAIDIVERSIEY. estimated that abour WGymillionyspeciespossibly liv ‘arth while some scientists still believed that Earth is estimated to house about 10 million to 100 million differene: 9 kindsiof6rganismsy The UN Convention also says chat there are some uggmnillionyspeciess of which 1.75 million have been described. on Poe PS eas ied cdl se encod en Species Number Bacteria 4000 Protists (algae, protozoa) 80000 Animals - vertebrates 52000 Animals ~ invertebrates 1272000 Fungi 72000 Plants 270000 Total described species 1.750000 Possible total of all species (including unknown species) | 14000000 Chapter 9 Making Sense of Our Biological World 285 | es ifficult to study them without assigning group them accordingly. This is - done, They have organized living things into groups srocess of grouping organisms using Thus, a field of study, called With this tremendous diversity of living organisms, itis d names to each species just as it is necessary to name people, and exactly what certain groups of biologists with similar characteristics so that they are easier to study, The f a multilevel approach based on their similarities is cal EN ee en : are living today) as well as Wee HMBY emerged as the science of naming extant organisms (chose that are TN ise sical groups. Taxonomy comes from extinct species (those that have died) and classifying them into logical grouF y on aking, sense of life's ists worked into m. the root word{#@ati@lWvhich means PAERABEMEHE Several scienti rked diversity by devising different systems to classify organisms Aristotle’s Classification System One primeval system developed was reese based on fSHARMIFG) and “fonlaemful’ 3 SS organisms. or gedible} and §nonediblesplants. 8 aoe Sometime during 300 BC, the famous Greek philosophemjAristotley che father oPbiologyy 4 \ g \ classified organisms into those with{fe/bl00d sof sems rontitaayy: (ha Woter and qhOS@NWitHOLic. He likewise classified (herbs) ferntis)) | (dvellors ese organisms as either planeS{ORARiMAIsHe also classified animals based on where they lived Sorel ey aie such as inflaA) Wateky or(aiiRyHe subdivided plants based on three categories using gstemy Plants: Bored on size Pentre differences. This crude system lasted for over (2000 years) Fig, 9-4. Aristotle's system of classification grouped organisms into two categories: plants and animal Polynomial System of Classification The simple system of Aristotle's classification was expanded by che(Gréeksland/RGmans into basic units—cats, oaks, and horses. These units began to be called 4sigeway) which is the Latin name for “ROUBID In the Middle Ages, these names began to be systematically written down by scholars. ‘Theyeatswere assigned with a name of FG horses with gill, and oaks as QwerEMMBefore mid-1700s, biologists affixed a series of descriptive terms to the name of the genus if they wanted to refer (0 a certain kind of organism within it, known as species. These many phrases, starting with the genus, are known sgiiliimiall| which is made up of about 12 oF more Latin words strung together. An example of naming a bee using the polynomial system is Apis pubescens, Thorace subriseo, Abdomine fusco, Pedibus posticus glabi, and Untringue margine ciliatus. This polynomial naming system during the Middle Ages persisted until i¢ was replaced about 250 years ago by che dinamicalsgatemies introduced by Carolus Linnaeus. 286 Exploring life Through Science—General Biology 2 the Linnean System of Classification uralists replaced Aristotle's classification system because it was unable to provide an adequate all organisms. His system of assigning polynomial names was cumbersome, thus a much simpler system of naming animals, plants, and other organisms was organized (only two names) ion, the use of common names for organisms had been confusing and problematic. This all 1 in 1758 when a Swedish doctor and bocanise, (Carols ARES, Ca che tenth edition is book, $9MemaNarae Linnacus' legacy is his Sem of sign spe eo sc sich consists of Gwolcomponents: « genus name such as SHORE and ane identifier or epithet, such “The naming system of Linnaeus is calle binomial nomendlalia@, where binomial means EEWO “This scientific naming of organisms has standardized the way organisms are classified and overage of Jn adit Fimed, and is still being used until today ‘9-2. Carl von Linne is the founder of modern taxonomy. In his fondess for his system of classification, he even converted his name into Carolus Linnaeaus. ‘Taxonomy does not only involve naming organisms properly but also (eee eam Linnaeaus was also responsible for proposing the placement of organisms into a seven- egorized ‘chical system for classifying organisms based on their form and structure. He cat he levels level hierar organisms from the ec KAO. pay

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