ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

BIOLOGY
 LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• 1. Describe the different ways of how representative animals
reproduce S11/12LT-IIej- 15
• 2. Describe the process of genetic engineering S11/12LT-IIej-
17
• 3. Evaluate the benefits and risks of using GMOs S11/12LT-
IIej- 19
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

• The type of reproduction in animals that occur with a single parent

and produces offspring by cell division or splitting of one cell into two is
called asexual reproduction.
• This type of reproduction is commonly found among protists,
cnidarians, and some complex animals. The resulting offsprings are identical
to the parents in terms of characteristics unless some mutations occurred.
ADVANTAGE AND DISAVANTAGE
• One adaptive advantage of reproducing asexually is that an
organism can reproduce many offspring in a short period of time without
exerting much energy to produce the gametes or to find a mate.
• The major disadvantage of asexual reproduction is the lack of
variation among individuals. A sudden change in the environment may wipe
out a group of these organisms that cannot adapt in the new environment.
AMOEBA OR PARAMECIUM
FRAGMENTATION
 parthenogenesis
• animals can reproduce through a modified process of sexual reproduction,
which gives rise to complete offspring from unfertilized eggs.
The queen bee mates only once.
She can then produce either unfertilized eggs or fertilized eggs.
The unfertilized eggs become male drones while the fertilized eggs
become female workers or queen.
•
HERMAPHRODITE
-they possess both male and female organs.
• This characteristic is advantageous if an animal rarely meets a mate.
• A hermaphrodite can either have its eggs fertilized by another organism of its kind or on its own.
• Simple vertebrates, earthworms, and some fishes are hermaphrodites.
Sexual reproduction in animals occurs in
three fundamental steps:

• a. Gametogenesis: production of gametes

• b. Spawning or mating: bringing gametes together
• c. Fertilization: fusion of gametes
 SEQUENTIAL HERMAPHRODITISM
OR SEX REVERSAL
• Among many fish and lizard
species, individuals can change
their sex in response to social or
environmental pressures.
• In a bluehead wrasse fish, the
presence of protogyny (from
female to male) and protandry
(from male to female) has been
observed. If the school of fish is
mostly females, the largest female
can rapidly change sex and
become the dominant male.
oviparous organisms