Identities and Inequalities Exploring the Intersections of Race Class Gender and Sexuality 3

Identities and Inequalities Exploring the Intersections

of Race Class Gender and Sexuality 3rd Edition
Newman Test Bank

To download the complete and accurate content document, go to:

https://testbankbell.com/download/identities-and-inequalities-exploring-the-intersectio
ns-of-race-class-gender-and-sexuality-3rd-edition-newman-test-bank/

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters

Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

Chapter 07
Inequalities in Law and Justice

True / False Questions

1. When it comes to violence, everyone has an equal chance of being victimized.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

2. The justice system punishes all perpetrators of violence equally.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

3. Those in positions of authority seem to respond to some people more harshly than to others
when acts of violence occur.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

4. Laws are seen as legitimate because they presumably protect good people from bad people.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-1
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

5. Due to government restrictions, lobbying groups are not allowed to influence legislators.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

6. Studies have conclusively proven that crack cocaine is more dangerous than powdered
cocaine.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

7. The higher a group's political and economic position in society, the greater the likelihood
that its values and interests will be reflected in and protected by the law.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

8. Blacks are nearly four times more likely than Whites to be arrested on charges of marijuana
possession, even though the two groups use the drug at comparable rates.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

9. Since marriage is a legal contract, consenting adults are free to enter into any form of
marriage they like.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-2
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

10. U.S. citizens live in a society in which their marriages and intimate partnerships are
explicitly arranged.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

11. The "one-drop rule" meant that a white woman could give birth to a black child, but a
black woman could not give birth to a white child.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

12. During the era when slavery was legal in the United States, white men had a powerful
economic incentive to engage in interracial sex.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

13. Only a minority of U.S. states ever outlawed interracial marriage.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

14. All racial groups have a similarly positive attitude towards interracial marriage.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-3
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

15. There is some concern that the legalization of same-sex marriage will reinforce the idea
that the only legitimate relationship is marriage.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

16. Legally married couples are eligible for about 1,100 benefits to which people in non-
marital relationships are not legally entitled.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

17. No country allows same-sex marriage.

FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

18. That race-based crime statistics are so skewed simply means that Blacks are more
criminally inclined.
FALSE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

19. In practice, equal protection and equal justice is an illusion.

TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

7-4
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

20. Statistical research of actual searches show that Whites are, in fact, more likely to be
carrying illegal drugs, weapons, or other contraband.
TRUE

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

Multiple Choice Questions

21. According to the World Health Organization, nearly six million people around the world
die each year from tobacco-related causes. Aside from toxic poisons, tobacco is probably the
single most lethal substance we can consume. Yet it remains legal, with only age restrictions
on its purchase and usage. According to the text, this is because:
A. politically powerful economic elites work against its criminalization.
B. depriving smokers from gaining access to tobacco could be fatal.
C. legislative action in this case is constitutionally limited.
D. tobacco use does not threaten or offend a majority of people in U.S. society.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

22. The median net worth of a member of Congress is about $1,008,767, 14 times more than
that of a typical American household. The average per capita net worth of the 10 wealthiest
members of Congress is about $192 million. These facts show that:
A. anyone can become president.
B. lawmakers tend to come from lives of privilege.
C. we pay our politicians highly because their services are so valuable.
D. democracy is corrupt.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-5
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

23. Which of the following actions has increased the influence of powerful segments of
society on legislators?
A. The passage of anti-miscegenation laws by the U.S. government
B. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that banned political action committees from attempting to
influence legislators
C. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling that removed the ceilings on the amount of money
individuals can contribute to campaigns
D. The abolishment of panethnic labeling by political groups

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

24. _____ refers to the sexual contact between people of different races.
A. Heterosexism
B. Colorism
C. Proprioception
D. Miscegenation

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

25. From a sociological perspective, discrepancies exist between punishments for the use of
crack cocaine versus cocaine in powdered form because:
A. of discrepancies in who uses which form of the drug.
B. of the discrepancies in the dangers of addiction to crack versus powder cocaine.
C. crack users are more dangerous to themselves and society.
D. crack is more dangerous to unborn children.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

7-6
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

26. Which of the following groups was most convicted of powdered cocaine possession based
on the statistics presented in the text?
A. Blacks
B. Whites
C. Latino/as
D. Asians

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

27. Although U.S. culture dictates that the formation of relationships is based solely on the
desires and attractions of the people involved, the law has historically restricted intimate
contact based on sexuality and:
A. weight.
B. class.
C. race.
D. height.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

28. One crucial outcome of the "one-drop rule" was that:

A. people of all races were contaminated by associating across the color line.
B. Native Americans were not allowed to engage in intercourse with Chinese Americans.
C. anti-miscegenation laws prohibited black slaves from reproducing.
D. white men could roam sexually among women of any color without threatening the color
line.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-7
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

29. Strom Thurmond's interracial relationship reflects:

A. the racial and gender double standard applied to interracial relations.
B. black hypocrisy about race.
C. Thurmond's strong support of gender neutrality.
D. the importance of anti-miscegenation laws in the United States.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

30. Lynching was most of all:

A. the response of vigilantes to actual violence against white women by black men.
B. a tool of psychological intimidation and terrorism.
C. a reasonable response of communities living in fear.
D. a way to punish criminals in rural communities with few law enforcement officers.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

31. In the early 19th century United States, the economic incentive for white men to engage in
interracial sex became stronger when:
A. black male slaves outnumbered black female slaves.
B. the U.S. government repealed the anti-miscegenation laws.
C. the importation but not the reproduction of slaves was outlawed.
D. lynch mobs were formed to protect white womanhood.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

32. Which of the following statements is true of lynching in the 20th century?
A. Lynching resulted in the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that racial segregation was
constitutional.
B. Lynching was primarily done to protest anti-miscegenation laws.
C. Unlike the police, lynch mobs had to operate with limits.
D. Less than a quarter of lynch victims were actually accused of rape or attempted rape.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-8
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

33. Which of the following statements is true of white-collar crime in the United States?
A. Corporations rarely receive heavy criminal punishment when their dangerous actions
violate the law.
B. Deferred prosecution increases the inconvenience of prosecution for corporate wrongdoers.
C. White-collar misbehavior poses lesser economic threat to Americans than street crime
does.
D. White-collar crime rarely affects people in an indirect manner.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

34. Which of the following statements is true of the racial profiling that occurs in traffic
enforcement?
A. The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that race does not constitute as justifiable grounds for
investigatory stops in any type of situation.
B. Black drivers are significantly more likely to be stopped by police than white drivers.
C. Latino/a drivers are significantly more likely than white drivers to be searched by police
once they are stopped.
D. Older males belonging to ethnoracial minority groups are most likely to be searched by
police.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

35. According to the text, some people fear same-sex marriage because:
A. it won't work the same way for gays and lesbians as it does for heterosexuals.
B. it will only lead to same-sex divorce.
C. it will reinforce the idea that the only legitimate intimate relationship is marriage.
D. marriage is inherently oppressive.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-9
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

36. According to the text, same-sex marriage bans and the inability to gain access to the legal
and financial benefits of marriage disproportionately affect homosexual couples of color
because:
A. there is a lesser stigma attached to being homosexual in communities of color.
B. there are more short-term homosexual partnerships in communities of color.
C. they are more likely to be religiously traditional and want to get married.
D. their households are about twice as likely as white same-sex households to include
children.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

37. According to the text, the three things O. J. Simpson had in his favor during his trial that
Whites have historically had in their favor were the ability to buy a good defense, a face not
stereotypically associated with crime, and:
A. a jury composed of members of one's own race.
B. unequal sentencing policies based on the race of one's victim.
C. media coverage that is on one's side.
D. a corrupt judicial system.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

38. Which of the following statements is true of crime in the United States?
A. Corporations often face heavy criminal punishment when their dangerous actions violate
the law.
B. More Americans die due to healthcare-associated infections than due to violent crimes.
C. Ordinary lower-class street crime is more of a constant and imminent physical threat than
things like unsafe work conditions.
D. Street crimes cost the United States more money than white-collar crimes.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

7-10
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

39. The influence of powerful economic elites on how seriously we take different types of
crime is suggested by the fact that although minority street criminals are what we tend to fear
the most, _____.
A. there is actually not much serious street crime
B. most people would not like to see corporate criminals punished
C. burglary and robbery cost the United States $3.8 billion a year, while white-collar crimes
cost over $680 billion a year
D. corporate crime is not personally motivated by criminal intent

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

40. What statistical discrepancy is suggested as evidence for racial profiling?

A. 40% of crime victims reported that their assailants were black, but close to 12% of
individuals arrested for these crimes were black.
B. 23% of violent crime victims reported that their assailants were black, however, 32% of
arrests for rape, 56% of robbery arrests, and 34% of arrests for aggravated assault were of
Blacks.
C. 24% of individuals arrested were black, but close to 40% of individuals convicted for these
crimes were black.
D. 24% of individuals arrested were black, but Blacks are only 12% of the U.S. population.

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

Essay Questions

41. Why is it highly unlikely that the possession and use of tobacco would ever be
criminalized?

Answers will vary

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

7-11
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Identities and Inequalities Exploring the Intersections of Race Class Gender and Sexuality 3

Chapter 07 - Inequalities in Law and Justice

42. List at least three examples of behavior that you think are wrong but are not illegal or do
not carry sufficiently severe punishment. Using the social construction and conflict
paradigms, explain why they are not illegal or not severely punished. Conversely, discuss
three examples of behavior that are illegal but that you think should not be regulated. Using
the social construction and conflict paradigms, explain why they are illegal.

Answers will vary

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

43. Newman argues, "For black women, interracial sexual contact was more likely to be a
punishment in itself rather than the reason for punishment." Explain why.

Answers will vary

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

44. Discuss the range of reasons people give for being against same-sex marriage and the
rebuttal responses.

Answers will vary

Topic: The Social Construction of Laws

45. How have laws ostensibly designed to protect women's rights created unforeseen
disadvantages?

Answers will vary

Topic: Race, Class, and Justice

7-12
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.

Visit TestBankBell.com to get complete for all chapters