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The Effect of 8-Week Plyometric Training on Leg Power, Jump and Sprint
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 THE EFFECT OF 8-WEEK PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON
LEG POWER, JUMP AND SPRINT PERFORMANCE IN
FEMALE SOCCER PLAYERS
NURPER OZBAR,1 SEDA ATES,2 AND ANI AGOPYAN3
1
Department of Trainer Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey; 2Department of
Physical Education and Sports, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; and 3Department of
Trainer Education, School of Physical Education and Sports, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Ozbar, N, Ates, S, and Agopyan, A. The effect of 8-week
plyometric training on leg power, jump and sprint performance
in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 28(10): 2888–
2894, 2014—The aim of this study was to determine the effect of
8-week plyometric training (PT) on the leg power and jump and
sprint performance in female soccer players. Eighteen female
soccer players from Women Second League (age = 18.2 6
2.3 years, height = 161.3 6 5.4 cm, body mass = 56.6 6 7.2
kg) were randomly assigned to control (n = 9) and plyometric
(n = 9) groups. Both groups continued together with regular
technical and tactical soccer training for 4 days a week. Addi-
tionally, the plyometric group underwent PT for 8 weeks, 1 day
per week, 60-minute session duration. During the 8-week period,
the control group was hindered from any additional conditioning
training. All players’ jumps (triple hop, countermovement jump,
and standing broad jump), running speed (20 m), and peak
power were evaluated before and after 8 weeks. No significant
difference was found between the groups at pretest variables
(p . 0.05). Significant improvements were found in the posttest
of both the groups (p # 0.05), except for 20-m sprint test in the
control group (p . 0.05). Triple hop distance, countermovement
jump, standing broad jump, peak power, and 20-m sprint test
values were all significantly improved in the plyometric group,
compared with the control group (p # 0.05). We concluded that
short duration PT is an improved important component of athletic
performance in female soccer players. The results indicate that
safe, effective, and alternative PT can be useful to strength and
conditioning coaches, especially during competition season
where less time is available for training.
KEY WORDS stretch-shortening cycle, lower limb, jumping
ability, running speed, football, explosive power
Address correspondence to Dr. Nurper Ozbar, nurperozbar@gmail.com.
28(10)/2888–2894
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Ó 2014 National Strength and Conditioning Association
the TM
2888 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Copyright © National Strength and Conditioning Association Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.
INTRODUCTION
N
owadays, female soccer shows a great deal of
similarity to male soccer in terms of struggle,
and properties based on technique-tactic and
conditions. Actions such as power, running,
direction changes, jumps, and short-distance sprint belong
to lower extremity. During a soccer match, short duration
actions such as jumps, direction changes, and accelerations,
all of which occur once in 4–6 seconds, are repeated 1,000–
1,400 times (35). Technique in a soccer game is exhibited by
speed, power of lower extremity, and actions in which
explosive power comes to the fore. As frequent use of these
actions can influence the result of a game and optimal high
performance (5,35), the need to develop these properties by
different training occurs.
One of the training methods that includes these actions
and that is used for power development is plyometric
exercises. These kinds of exercises are characterized by
stretch-shortening cycle (10,22). It can be used for upper-
and lower-body exercises. Especially for lower body, plyo-
metric training (PT) is a method to improve vertical jump
ability and leg muscle power (23), which is included in var-
ious types of jumps, like countermovement jumps (CMJ), the
drop jump, and squat jump, hopping, alternate-leg bounding,
and stretch-shortening cycle (10). Also, PTs are found to
increase kicking speed (26,33), as well as strength, muscle
power (26), coordination, agility (26,36), speed, and acceler-
ation time (16,31,34); however, there are also reports about
neutral impacts (6) or negative impacts (20).
The controversial and scarce impacts of PT on female
soccer players must also be pointed out. Chimera et al. (6)
reported that 2 times per week for 6 weeks of PT increased
small (5.8%) but insignificant improvement in vertical jump
in collegiate female soccer and field hockey players. Also,
studies show that if adults perform PT twice a week, then
jumping and speed performance will increase (6,7). But,
Rubley et al. (32) reveal the effect of PT in vertical jumps
in children in 1 day a week program. However, technical
training of female soccer players during the competition
season, the effects of implementing PT, especially the

low-frequency PT (once a week), could not be fully
determined.
As a result, contradictory and different results of PT,
which insures speed and strength development that are
important factors in female soccer, show that more studies
must be done in this area. Moreover, as the studies on soccer
are oriented at male soccer players and less study exists
about female soccer players, more studies on this subject are
required. Despite the opinion that PT is sufficient twice per
week (27), we hypothesize that 8-week low-frequency, high-
volume and low-intensity (nondeep jump) PT, 1 day per
week, will significantly increase jumps and sprint perfor-
mance in female soccer players.
METHODS
Experimental Approach to the Problem
In the present study, a group-assigned, mixed-model exper-
imental design was used to determine the effect of 8-week
low-impact low-frequency PT on the leg power, and jump
and sprint performance of female soccer players. According
to the preliminary test results, the 18 elite female soccer
players were divided into two groups as control and
plyometric. One group who completed only regular soccer
practicesserved as the control group (CG); the other group
who completed once-weekly PT, served as the plyometric
training group (PG). The effectiveness of the PT program
was evaluated with a pretest and posttest.
Subjects
A total of 18 female soccer players, 15 to 22 years of age
(18.4 6 2.7 years), from the University Sports Club female
soccer team that plays at Women Second League volun-
teered to participate in the study. Anthropometrics and
training characteristics of soccer players are presented in
Table 1 (mean 6 SD and range). Participants were chosen
from the players who had at least 4 years of training
history; and they were excluded from participation in
this study if they had not previously engaged in a formal
PT program and had an orthopedic injury in the past
6 months.
Groups were divided into plyometric (n = 9) and control
(n = 9). Participants were homogeneous in terms of their
training history and physical properties (height, weight,
body mass index [BMI]). All players participated in all the
training; goalkeepers were not included in this study.
Approval from Marmara University Ethical Committee
was received. All participants and their parents were
informed of the purpose, benefits, and potential risks of the
participation. Written consent was obtained from all partic-
ipants, and parents gave written consent for the participants
younger than 18 years old.
Procedures
Testing Protocols. All the tests selected to determine the
training effects were carried out before and after 8 weeks
of training intervention. The tests were assessed in a single
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session (i.e., 15:00 and 18:00 hours) in the same condition
with a test being completed by anthropometric measure-
ments, sprint (20 m) and strength (triple jump, CMJ,
standing board jump) tests, respectively, and 1 minute of
rest was allowed between each test. All players were
familiarized with all experimental tests before baseline
performance. The players were requested not to perform
strenuous exercise in the 24 hours before testing and avoid
drinking or eating at least 3 hours before measurements.
These tests were performed on natural grass in a soccer
pitch, and the participants were wearing soccer kit. Before
the tests and after completing anthropometric measurement,
participants performed the standardized warm-up, which
consisted of jogging, multidirectional movements, sprints,
dynamic stretching exercises, and ball drills in 10 minutes.
Anthropometric Measurements. The anthropometric variables
(body height and body mass) were measured according to
the instructions of the Anthropometric Standardization
Reference Manual (19).
Sprint Test. Sprint times were evaluated during 20-m maximal
running on a grass track (3) and recorded by infrared pho-
toelectric cells (Newtest 2000 Sprint Timing System;
NewtestOy, Oulu, Finland) having a precision of 0.01 sec-
onds. Two trails were given and recovery time between
sprints was set at 2 minutes. During the recovery period,
the subjects walked back to the starting line and the best
sprint time was used for statistical analysis (11).
Countermovement Jump. The players performed 3 CMJ to
realize maximal height on a vertically using jumping mat
(Newtest 2000 System; NewtestOy). During the jump test,
participants were instructed to place hands on their hips
to minimize contribution of the arms during the jumps.
Three maximal jumps height (cm) were recorded. Between
jumps, a break of 30 seconds was provided. The best trial
was included into further analysis (12).
Triple Hop Distance Test. During the triple hop distance
(THD) test, 3 consecutive jumps were performed with the
same leg, an attempt to jump as far as possible to reach the
maximal horizontal distance. These tests were performed
until 3 successful hops were obtained for each leg, with the
starting order of randomly either the right leg or the left leg
assigned to the participants. For the best distance (cm),
dominant and nondominant leg was recorded from 3 trails.
This was used for analysis (13,28).
Standing Broad Jump. The test was performed according to
Eurofit test battery (1). Participants were instructed to jump
forward as far as possible and land with the feet together and
stay upright. The test was repeated twice and the best trial
was recorded.
VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2014 | 2889
 Plyometric Training in Female Soccer Player

at the same time (16:00–17:00

PM) of day throughout the
TABLE 1. Descriptive data for anthropometric features in plyometric group (n = 9)
and control group (n = 9).* intervention period. Plyometric
training group performed a vari-
Groups Mean 6 SD (range) p ety of plyometric exercises de-
signed for the lower extremity,
Age, y PG 18.3 6 2.6 (15–22) 0.796†
CG 18.0 6 2.0 (15–22) whereas the control group did
Training age, y PG 4.2 6 0.9 (3–5) 1.000† not participate in any plyometric
CG 4.3 6 0.8 (3–5) exercises. No injuries occurred
Height, cm PG 163.1 6 5.3 (156.6–173) 0.190† during the 8 training sessions.
CG 159.4 6 5.1 (152–166.6)
Both groups stayed away from
Weight, kg PG 58.8 6 7.8 (49.5–73.5) 0.297†
CG 54.4 6 6.1 (45.6–64.4) participating in other physical
Body mass index, kg$m 22 PG 22.1 6 2.7 (19.7–28.2) 0.863† activities during this study.
CG 21.4 6 2.8 (17.1–26.6) Plyometric program was
created for developing explo-
*PG = plyometric group; CG = control group.
†Not significant (p . 0.05). sive power of lower extremity,
and 10–15 minutes of standard
warm-up (jogging, multidirec-
tional movements, sprints,
dynamic stretching exercises
Peak Power. The CMJ height was then used to determine and ball drills) was performed before the main training ses-
peak power (PP) by the formula given in Lara et al. (17) sion. The main session lasted for 30–40 minutes, which con-
and this equation was used for national level of female sisted of plyometric exercises, and cool down lasted for 5–
players. PP = (53.6 3 Jump Height [cm]) + (67.5 3 Body 10 minutes. The PT protocol designed 4–5 sets, 5–15 repe-
Mass [kg]) 2 2,624.1. titions of 4–5 exercises, a total of minimum 90 “touches” and
maximum 220 “touches” per session. A touch is defined as
Training Protocols. Participants of both groups had at least 2 a foot contact with the ground.
years of experience for PT with the same coach and to The 8-week training set off 4 exercises of low to high
participate in high-impact PT. It has been suggested that intensity with low to high volume of total touches that
athletes should be able to squat 1.5 to 2 times their body also progressively increased each week. There was
weight (2). Therefore, before the PT, all players partici- 1-minute active rest period between each exercise repeti-
pated in strength training in general for 2–3 days per week tions, and 3–5 minutes for each set during which the
and special preparation sessions for 2 months. The aim of subjects walked around the field. The training program
this kind of training used some basic functional exercises of PG is outlined in Table 2.
for upper and lower body (e.g., push-up, crunch, front and
lateral lunges, back extension, bench press, squat, leg Statistical Analyses
press, single leg band–assisted squat, barbell squat, hip The descriptive statistics were expressed as mean values,
abduction-adduction, knee flexion-extension, ankle cir- SDs, and value ranges. The test-retest reliability of the speed
cuit, lat pull-down, Nordic hamstring curl, standing cable and strength tests was evaluated using intraclass correlation
wood chop exercises, standing cable row) to prepared the coefficients. All tests were reliable and reliability of these
players before attempting a plyometric program for the tests for intrarater correlation coefficient ranged between
demands of more advanced training by improving their 0.89 and 0.96 with no significant differences found between
overall strength. Study was implemented for duration of mean values for tests vs. retest. Test of normal distribution
2 months covering the second term of competitive season (Shapiro-Wilk) were conducted on all data before analysis.
(March–April). The experiment was performed 4 months When groups are assigned at random, analysis of covariance
later, the beginning of the competitive season. (ANCOVA) is considered an adequate method for compar-
During the training time, all groups continued their warm-up, ing changes between groups (15). Single factor ANCOVAs
technical and tactical training, and games together accompanied were used to pretest for differences between groups (PG and
by the same coach. General soccer training consists of 4-day CG) for the dependent variable (20-m sprint, triple jump,
practices (Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday) and 1 game CMJ, and standing board jump tests) as a covariate. There-
(Sunday) per week. Practices typically lasted for 2 hours and fore, statistical analyses of data were performed using Mann-
focused on soccer-specific skills: dribbling, throwing, passing, Whitney U-test to compare differences between PG and CG.
heading, tackling, trapping, and small side games. Additionally, The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze pretest
the PG participated in an 8-week training program. The PT and posttest difference of the players within their group in all
performed 1 session (60 minutes) per week on Wednesday, test variables. Significant was established at p # 0.05. Data
the TM

2890 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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TABLE 2. Plyometric 8-week training protocol.

Week Foot contacts Drill Sets 3 Reps Intensity Hurdle height, cm

1 90 Horizontal jumps over hurdle 438 Low 20–40

Standing long jump 437 Low
Front cone hops 335 Low
Forward-backward run* 335 Low
2 100 Double leg horizontal jump 535 Low 20–40
Lateral jump over hurdle 536 Low
Side to side sprint* 335 Medium
Jumps over low hurdles 536 Medium
3 120 Split squat jump 436 Low 20–40
Cone hops with change of sprint direction* 436 Low
Lateral jump over hurdle 436 Medium
Side-to-side slide and hops 436 Medium
Lateral and horizontal jump 436 Medium
4 140 Cone hops with 180B turn 438 Low 40
Vertical, lateral, and horizontal jump 438 Medium
Lateral cone jump 436 Medium
Single leg lateral jump 437 High
Slaloming* 436 High
5 160 Diagonal jump 438 Low 40–60
Standing long jump with diagonal sprint* 438 Medium
Single leg vertical jump 438 Medium
Cone hops with 180B turn 438 Medium
Skipping over cone 438 High
6 180 Double leg cone hops 536 Low 40–60
Single leg lateral jump over hurdle 538 Medium
Skipping with change of direction sprint* 536 Medium
Diagonal jump over hurdle 538 Medium
Step, jump, down, up, and sprint* 538 High
7 200 Diagonal jump over hurdle 5 3 10 Low 40–60
Vertical, lateral, and horizontal jump 5 3 10 Medium
Standing long jump 5 3 10 Medium
Single leg horizontal jump 5 3 10 High
8 220 Double leg diagonal cone hops 5 3 12 Low 60
Cone hops with change of direction sprint* 5 3 12 Medium
Double leg cone jump 5 3 10 High
Single leg lateral and horizontal jump 5 3 10 High

*The distance of sprint, 5 m.

analysis was performed using SPSS (version 14.0; SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
The groups’ differences of the anthropometric and training
characteristics are summarized in Table 1. There was no
statistically meaningful difference (p . 0.05) among the pre-
test results related to physical (height, weight, BMI) (Table 1)
and motoric properties (Table 3) of both groups and these
results were determined to be homogeneous of groups. Tests
of normality indicated that dependent variables were nor-
mally distributed.
Significant differences (p , 0.05) were observed between all
the pre- and posttest measurements of both groups. However,
no significant differences (p . 0.05) were observed in the
speed time decrease in 20-m sprint test between pre- and
posttests for the control group. Also, differences between
pretests and posttests within each group were stated
and percentages were found in the order of significant
increase in PG’s and CG’s dominant leg triple hop dis-
tance test (+12.1%, +4.3%), nondominant leg triple hop
distance test (+15.7%, +6.6%), standing broad jump
(SBJ) (+5.2%, +2.1%), CMJ (+17.6%, +6.9%), and PP
(+10.8%, +4.4%) values (p # 0.05). The PGs showed sig-
nificant decrease in (p # 0.05) 20-m sprint time (28.1%)
from pretest to posttests.
There were significant differences between the groups for
pre- and posttest results of dominant triple hop distance test,
nondominant triple hop distance test CMJ, PP, 20-m sprint
(s) parameters, and SBJ in favor of PG (Table 3).

VOLUME 28 | NUMBER 10 | OCTOBER 2014 | 2891

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 Plyometric Training in Female Soccer Player

TABLE 3. Performance variables of pretest and posttests for plyometric group (n = 9) and control group (n = 9).*

Within Between
Tests Group Pretest Posttest Difference group, p group, p

Dominant leg triple PG 4.9 6 0.5 5.6 6 0.4 0.6 6 0.3 0.008† 0.003†
jump, m CG 4.6 6 0.3 4.9 6 0.4 0.2 6 0.2 0.007†
Nondominant leg triple PG 4.9 6 0.6 5.7 6 0.4 0.8 6 0.5 0.008† 0.005†
jump, m CG 4.6 6 0.7 4.9 6 0.6 0.3 6 0.1 0.008†
Standing broad PG 182.8 6 13.5 192.3 6 14.6 9.6 6 3.3 0.008† 0.000z
jump, cm CG 173.1 6 4.8 176.7 6 4.6 3.6 6 1.4 0.007†
Countermovement PG 39.8 6 4.5 46.8 6 2.2 7.0 6 3.9 0.007† 0.003†
jump, cm CG 35.4 6 4.6 37.9 6 3.9 2.4 6 1.6 0.007z
Peak power, W PG 3,480.0 6 643.2 3,855.2 6 536.6 375.2 6 211.0 0.007† 0.003†
CG 2,949.2 6 432.1 3,080.2 6 420.4 131.0 6 85.2 0.007†
20-m sprint, s PG 3.7 6 0.3 3.4 6 0.2 0.3 6 0.3 0.008† 0.009†
CG 3.9 6 0.4 4.0 6 0.5 20.1 6 0.4 0.192§

*PG = plyometric group; CG = control group.

†Significant (p # 0.05).
zSignificant (p , 0.001).
§Not significant (p . 0.05).

DISCUSSION Villarreal et al. (8) on the effects of vertical jumping perfor-

The main finding of this study was that the supplementary
8 weeks of low-impact and high-volume PT on 1 day per
week significantly increased CMJ, triple hop distance, SBJ,
PP, and 20-m sprint performance in female soccer players.
Training volume and frequency are very important
parameters to be taken into account for an optimum PT
program design. In the present study, training containing PT
technique and condition was implemented in addition to
regular training. Plyometric training was done once a week
in our study; however, it deems suitable to implement this
training at least twice a week (10). The main reason for this
situation is that the team was in competitive season, and
control group consists of players from first 18. It was fore-
seen that prolonging the study for a longer duration would
create conditional imbalance in the team.
Plyometric training was suggested as an alternative to
strength training oriented at lower extremity for female
athletes (29). Results of 4 meta-analysis showed that PT
increases vertical jumping distance for both athletes and
nonathletes and for both men and women. However it
was reported that height of vertical jump did no increase
and yet it decreased at the least (8,10,23,24).
According to studies, there are also suggestions that
positive effect of PT on vertical jumping can be developed
at different periods of time such as 4–10 weeks (2,6,10,20,30).
Although implemented PT is of 8-week low frequency, high
volume, low intensity (nondeep jump), and 1 day per week
in our study, it created positive effects on CMJ performance
of PG female soccer players (17.6%), which is more than
control group players (6.9%). This development rate, which
is specified as 4.7–15%, is much more than meta-analysis of
the TM
mance of PT.
The results of present study show that vertical jump
(18.6%) and kicking distance shows an increase at adolescent
female soccer players doing PT low-frequency in 12 weeks
and on 1 day a week, low-impact (nondeep jump) model
with respect to control group, and the results show similarity
to Rubley et al. (32). In addition, our studies are compatible
with Siegler et al. (34) and Campo et al. (4), who used 10-
week (3 d$wk21) and 12-week (3 d$wk21) PT programs for
female soccer players, respectively, and found a meaningful
increase at jumping ability. However, our study is not com-
patible with Chimera et al. (6) study, which says that 6 weeks
of plyometric program, which is implemented at 2 days
a week and 20–30 minutes a day, creates a 5.8% increase
at jumping ability and this is not statistically meaningful.
The different results on our studies may be because of dif-
ferent frequency, intensity, time, type of plyometric exercises,
and training level of female athletes (6,8,23).
Triple hop distance, CMJ, and SBJ are functional tests and
they reveal leg strength from different points of view.
Especially, THD can reveal asymmetry in strength of the
legs, because it tests 2 legs separately in contrast to vertical
jumping (13). Standing broad jump tests horizontal jumping
property. Another result is that SBJ (5.2%) and THD (dom-
inant leg 12.1%, nondominant 15.7%) increase at both legs in
PG female athletes are more than CG (THD dominant leg
4.3%, THD nondominant leg 6.6%, SBJ 2.1%) sets forth the
effect of PT from different points of view. It is observed that
PT created more difference at jumping distance of nondom-
inant leg with respect to dominant leg at especially THD
test. The meaningful performance increase at all jumping

2892 Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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parameters at control group may be related to common
technical and conditional exercises done at other days.
Studies about the effect of PT on horizontal jumping
performance are scarce. In the study of Markovic and
Mikulic (24), it is stated that PT increases horizontal jump-
ing performance by 1.4–7%. This increase is found less than
vertical jumping (24). More studies are needed for observ-
ing the effect of PT on the increase in long distance jump
from standing still. Increase in vertical jumping perfor-
mance (17.6%) in PG is found to be more than SBJ
(5.2%), and it shows similarity with the results of the study
of Lehnert et al. (18). This result might be explained by
having less drill at lateral and horizontal direction than
vertical direction in our study.
It was stated that PT, which implemented 3 times a week
and for duration of 6–10 weeks, was found to have more
positives than other programs. Also, it is suggested that treat-
ment with more than 15 sessions increases strength perfor-
mance, whereas performance of more than 40 repetitions per
session seemed to be the most beneficial volume (10). How-
ever, low training frequency (1 d$wk21) but high jump training
volumes and low-intensity (nondeep jump) training model
used in our study, and which is increased gradually according
to weeks, resulted in a meaningful increase at some of the
strength and speed parameters of elite female soccer players.
These results show similarity to the study of Rubley et al. (32),
which shows the effects of PT on vertical jumps in children
with 1 day a week program. Having high speed in soccer can
provide advantages in actions such as making a move to balls
during defense and attack and gaining ball from the opponent.
There are several studies showing the increase (5,7,9,31) or no
change (14,21,23) in sprint performance after PT. At the last
meta-analysis study (9), the view that PT is an effective training
method for improving sprint performance is supported. Plyo-
metric training results in an increase in sprint performance,
especially between 10- and 40-m distances (9). Although there
is no increase at 20-m sprint time performance of CG, there is
a 8.1% performance increase in PG. Skipping jumps with hor-
izontal displacement, combined high-intensity training includ-
ing sprint and jumping in our training program, results in an
increase in horizontal acceleration and (9) supports these pos-
itive views about sprint time performance. The fact that the
increase in the PP performance of legs of PG (+10.8%) is
bigger in proportion to the CG (+4.4%) can be explained by
neuromuscular adaptation. Although the effects of neural
adaptation was not studied in our study, positive effects of
PT on especially speed and jump performances shows similar-
ity to the study of Wilkerson et al. (37).
As a result, our study was found to support the view that
PT increases speed, PP, horizontal and vertical jumping
performance of female soccer players significantly.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Our study shows that, in addition to technical training, well-
planned PT with duration of 8 weeks, 1 day per week,
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influences multidimensional development of muscular perfor-
mance. Despite the numerous benefits associated with high-
impact and high-intensity PT, the possibility exists for this type
of training to induce acute muscle soreness, muscle damage, or
even musculoskeletal injuries (25). There is a lack of informa-
tion concerning the effects of low-frequency, high-volume, and
low-intensity PT program in the muscle performance especially
on female players. The results of present study shows that short
duration (a day per week) PT may result in the development
horizontal and vertical jumping strength, PP, and speed perfor-
mance of elite female soccer players who have a good level of
basic and PT. The results indicate that safe, effective, and alter-
native PT can be useful to strength and conditioning coaches,
especially in competition season where less time is available for
training. Short duration PT program implemented in our study
might have been suggested for increasing physical capacity,
which is one of the dominant parameters of elite female soccer
players, during competitive season.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank Marmara University, Female Soccer
Team players who participated in this study.
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