The diagram below shows a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

On this graph, the luminosity of the Sun is 1.

(a) What is the correct label and suitable unit for the horizontal axis?

Label = TEMPERATURE unit = K / °C [2]

(b) What type of star do each of the letters A. B, C and D correspond to?

(b)(i) A = RED SUPERGIANT

(b)(ii) B = RED GIANT

(b)(iii) C = MAIN SEQUENCE

(b)(iv) D = WHITE DWARF [4]

(c) Put a cross (X) on the diagram to show the position of the Sun. [1]

(d) At the end of their lives most stars cool down and emit less and less energy. Draw an
arrow on the diagram to show the direction the star labelled (*) would move as it cools down
and emits less energy. [2]
[Total: 9]
Below shows the Hertzsprung Russell diagram.

(a) What does T, on the horizontal axis, represent?

SURFACE TEMPERATURE [1]

(b) Circle the dot on the diagram which represents our Sun. SEE DIAGRAM [1]

(c) Describe the appearance of the star labelled X compared to our Sun.

DIMMER

RED / MORE RED [2]

(d)(i) Name the group of stars towards the bottom left of the diagram.

WHITE DWARFS [1]

(d)(ii) Discuss the properties of this group of stars and explain where they fit in to the
evolution of a star.

DIM / LOW LUMINOSITY / BRIGHTNESS

VERY HOT

TOWARDS THE END OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE STAR

BEFORE BLACK DWARF [4]

[Total:9]
The diagram below shows a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram.

L
U
M
I
N
O
S
I
T
Y

TEMPERATURE / K / °C
BLUE YELLOW RED

(a) Label the axes with appropriate labels, and a unit for the horizontal axis. [3]

(b)(i) One of the axes can also be shown as the colour of a star. On the Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram label this axis with the colours blue, red and yellow. [2]

(b)(ii) What is the relationship between the colours and the numbers on this axis.

THE HIGHER THE NUMBER / TEMPERATURE, THE NEARER TO THE BLUE END OF THE

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM THE COLOUR IS [2]

(c) (i) On the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, put a ring around a star that produces most of its
energy by the fusion of hydrogen. ANYWHERE ON THE MAIN SEQUENCE [1]

(ii) Explain how scientists know that there is hydrogen in stars.

SPECTRAL LINES SHOW THE SAME ABSOPRTION LINES AS FROM HYDROGEN WHEN

MEASURED ON EARTH [2]

(d) Why can black holes not be plotted on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram?

THEY EMIT NO LIGHT / HAVE ZERO LUMINOSITY [1]

[Total: 11]
Below shows the Hertzsprung Russell diagram. The arrowed line on the graph shows the life of
a star like the Sun.

(a)(i) When the star is at point A on the track, what is the name that we give to that type of
star?

RED GIANT [1]

(a)(ii) When the star is at point B on the track, what is the name that we give to that type of
star?

WHITE DWARF [1]

(a)(iii) On the diagram, draw the track of a star which has a much higher mass than that of the
Sun. STARTS TO LEFT ON MS, MOVES UP/RIGHT, STOPS THERE [3]

(b) Complete the following sentences about stars, using words from the list below.

carbon helium hydrogen iron uranium

(b)(i) Stars with a low mass do not fuse elements with nuclei bigger than helium

(b)(ii) These nuclei will fuse when the star is a red giant to form carbon and some heavier
nuclei like nitrogen and oxygen.

(b)(iii) When a high mass star becomes a supernova it has a core that is made up of iron [3]

(c) ce has been measured as 5778 K. What is this

temperature in Celsius? Any use of 273
temperature = 5505 °C [2]
[Total: 10]