Paper 1 V1

English As a second language
Reading and Writing

0510/02
O.Level
Variant 1
Paper 2
From 2010
i n g
d W rit
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June 2017
Variant 1
1
Cambridge IGCSE™
*0123456789*
ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/01
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Paper 1 Reading and Writing For examination from 2024
SPECIMEN PAPER 2 hours
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You must answer on the question paper.
No additional materials are needed.
INSTRUCTIONS O
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
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● Do not write on any bar codes.
● Dictionaries are not allowed.
INFORMATION
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● The total mark for this paper is 60.

● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
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A
This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 [Turn over

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Exercise 1
Read the article about an unusual type of plant called the living stone plant, and then answer the
questions.
All about living stone plants
Living stone plants don’t really look much like typical plants, but resemble instead small stones lying
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on the surface of the ground. Their scientific name, Lithops, comes from a word in the language of
Ancient Greece meaning ‘stone’. These interesting plants are common in the wild in South Africa,
but they are sold in garden centres all over the world.
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So what does a living stone plant look like? It has two thick leaves in the shape of an oval with a gap
between them, which creates the impression of a couple of stones lying closely together. This part of
the plant is called the head. The leaves store a large amount of water, which make them potentially
useful for a variety of wildlife. A fat layer of outer skin prevents insect attacks, however. Also, the
grey or green colour of the leaves helps to emphasise their stone-like appearance, which reduces
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the chances of them being eaten by small animals.
They are popular houseplants as they grow fairly easily indoors and are quite unusual. Although they
sometimes grow in grass in their natural habitat, these tiny plants are generally found in deserts,
so it is best to grow them in sandy soil. They are also often found growing naturally on and around
different types of rocks, which provide shade for part of the day. It is therefore important to protect
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the plants from strong sunlight when they are not in their native environment.
The majority of living stone plants use a long root, called a tap root, to reach down into the ground to
locate water. There are also some types of living stone plants which don’t have a tap root and these
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plants rely on absorbing mist through their leaves to get the majority of the water they need. Although
the tap roots can be up to 15 centimetres in length, the section of plant that is visible generally grows
to a height of only two centimetres. It’s crucial for home gardeners to use a container of sufficient
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depth, as most of the plant is located under the ground.
Living stone plants grow incredibly slowly both in the wild and at home, so it is essential to be
patient. The good news is that healthy plants can live for up to fifty years. The plants flower annually,
producing seeds which, in their natural environment, survive in the ground for months while they wait
for suitable growing conditions. As soon as rain begins to fall, new plants start to grow.
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© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

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Question 1
In which country can you find living stone plants growing naturally?
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Question 2
What is each plant’s pair of leaves known as?
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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Question 3
How does the thick skin of the leaves protect the plant?
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...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Question 4
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What is the main source of water for living stone plants without a long root?
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
Question 5
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How tall is the part of the plant that is above ground?
...................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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Question 6
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What advice does the writer give to people who want to grow living stone plants?
Give three details.
...........................................................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 8]
© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

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Exercise 2
Read the article about four young people (A–D) who enjoy cooking. Then answer Question 7(a)–(i).
My hobby: cooking
A Zac
It was my grandmother who got me into cooking. She taught me all the basics, and even told me
about some of her favourite old recipes – it was quite funny hearing about the things they used to eat
back in her day. She got a lot of pleasure from being able to share this with me. I never imagined I
would discover so much about social history – you know, how people’s tastes have really changed
over the generations. Some of the things that were common back then actually sounded unpleasant,
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if I’m honest! If you don’t happen to have a grandmother with suitable cookery skills, and you want to
get into cooking, then food blogs can identify things that are fun to make as well as eat. They can be
particularly helpful if you’re attempting something a bit tricky or complicated.
B Shelly
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The first time you make a new recipe, you’ll most likely stick to the instructions pretty exactly and
avoid any unnecessary stress. For beginners, after all, even the most basic things can be confusing,
with lots of techniques and specialist cooking terms – there’s a lot to take in! But once you are more
confident, then like me you’ll start to discover how easy it is to substitute ingredients, using milder
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or stronger spices according to taste, for example. There are all sorts of things you can do, and
who knows – it might end up being better than the original! Of course, that’s not always going to be
the case, but when a dish doesn’t come together as I’d expected, I’ve generally found there’s still
something to be learned from the process. And if not, well, put it down to experience and move on!
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C Mustafa
I’ve been cooking for a while now, and while I enjoy it, I admit to having had quite a few disasters!
I’d wrongly assumed that because my dad’s a chef, it would be something I’d pick up in no time.
But over time I’ve realised that although being a good cook isn’t something you’re born with, it is
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definitely a rewarding skill that can be acquired. The added bonus for me has been getting to try
some interesting food along the way. Some of my favourite things to cook are exotic dishes I’ve had
the chance to try elsewhere, and I sometimes look for recipes for those dishes. When I read them,
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however, I often have the feeling that all the stages involved, or the long list of ingredients, means it’s
just not practical to have a go myself. Occasionally I do, but even if the end result is something to be
proud of, I’m never sure it’s worth the hard work, to be honest.
D Becca
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I’ve got a typically busy teenage lifestyle, and most of my day-to-day activities require concentration,
or a degree of careful thought. However, when it comes to cooking, it’s the repeated actions, especially
simple ones like chopping or peeling, that offer me a complete contrast. I have a supermarket near
my home, which has whatever I need when I decide to make something special. But of course, being
able to create your own original dishes just based on what’s available at home – that’s something
else altogether, and it’s what I’m aiming to be able to do. One of my favourite recipes is for an
unusual sweet-and-sour salad I tried on a family holiday in Thailand. I make it quite regularly, and
then it’s like I’m back in a beach-side café, in the sun – perfect!

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5
For each statement, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Question 7
Which person gives the following information?
(a) the idea that attempting complex-looking recipes is too much effort .......... [1]
(b) a recommendation for a good source of inspiration .......... [1]
(c) a description of the effect on the writer of eating a certain dish .......... [1]
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(d) a suggestion of how to adapt a recipe to individual preferences .......... [1]
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(e) an understanding that made the writer enjoy cooking more .......... [1]
(f) the wish to be able to cook without having to follow recipes .......... [1]
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(g) some advice about how to benefit from a negative situation .......... [1]
(h) something unexpected the writer learned from some recipes .......... [1]
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(i) the idea that the writer finds the process of cooking relaxing .......... [1]
[Total: 9]
a
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A

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Exercise 3
Read the article about a recent lifestyle trend in which people choose to live in very small houses, and
then complete the notes.
Tiny homes
Around the world, people live in all sorts of homes, from palaces to tents. But have you heard of
something called the ‘tiny homes trend’? If you’re unfamiliar with the term, it refers to the choice
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that some people make to live in a particularly small home. Although tiny homes are too small to
suit everyone, the idea of living in one is growing in appeal. This is partly due to the fact that tiny
homes can be easily moved from place to place by truck, although of course, people should consider
the potentially high cost of the fuel needed to transport them. This cost will vary depending on the
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distance that has to be travelled to reach the new destination.
Living in a small space can mean that people may want to make some changes. For example, it
encourages you to get rid of unnecessary possessions, and that is actually a big part of the attraction
for many. And when you take into account the fact that there has been increased media interest in
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the idea, you can see why more and more people are considering this way of life, and are planning
to move into one.
In the past, tiny homes tended to be built by individuals, with varying degrees of experience, rather
than by professional builders. In recent years, though, this has changed, because many companies
now specialise in building them. Something that may be an issue, however, is that when it comes
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to tiny home construction, not every region has building regulations. No one wants to end up with
problems that have to be fixed, or a number of parts that need replacing, after the builders have
finished!
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When thinking about moving a tiny home to a new destination, it is not always straightforward to
connect to a range of services. Homes of any size generally need to have access to things like
power and water, and making sure that these are available will naturally be a priority for a lot of
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people. It is also worth taking into account something that may have persuaded many people to
invest in a tiny home in the first place – the desire to leave a smaller carbon footprint. One way of
achieving this is for owners to install solar panels to provide at least some of their power needs.
Depending on the local climate, owners may require some sort of air conditioning equipment, which
is a sensible idea as it can be tricky to control the temperature inside these properties. As with all
types of building, getting a balance between keeping warm and having enough fresh air is important.
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It creates a comfortable space to live in while maintaining a healthy environment.

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Imagine you are going to give a talk about tiny homes to your classmates.
Use words from the article to help you write some notes.
Make short notes under each heading.
Question 8
Disadvantages of tiny homes:
Example: too small to suit everyone
• ........................................................................................................................................................
•.........................................................................................................................................................
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•.................................................................................................................................................... [3]
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Question 9
Reasons why tiny homes are popular:
•.........................................................................................................................................................
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•.........................................................................................................................................................
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•.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
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[Total: 7]
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Exercise 4
Read the blog written by someone who studies wildlife in cities, and then answer the questions.
Urban ecology
by Josh Taylor
I work as an ‘urban ecologist’, which involves studying how wildlife is affected by rapid,
widespread urban development. This knowledge is used to advise planners on how to develop
our cities in a way that allows wildlife to exist alongside the human population. It’s perhaps not
something you’ve heard of; after all, urban areas are the last places most people connect with
animal conservation. That’s certainly the impression I regularly get from those I speak to, at any
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rate. So I’m always happy to talk to anyone who shows an interest in the species that share our
parks and public spaces. The variety of wildlife that can be found on our doorsteps is amazing!
Unlike many conservationists or ecologists, I’ve always felt comfortable in urban environments.
Growing up in the suburbs meant my friends and I got to know every part of our city. Of equal
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importance to me, however, was having access to the extensive woods just a bike ride from my
neighbourhood. My parents often took me there so I could burn off some energy and have the
freedom to explore. As I got older, having easy access to these quite different environments
helped inspire me when I was thinking about my future. Then I found a college that offered
an urban ecology degree course and it seemed like the perfect combination. My decision was
made!
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I thoroughly enjoyed my course, and am lucky to have been involved in a range of interesting
projects ever since – working with giraffes in Tanzania, or urban populations of butterflies in
the United States, for example. But it’s also the colleagues on any project who make it special.
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Many I’ve worked with have made important contributions to the world of animal conservation.
Some are even experts whose research findings were covered in my degree textbooks! When
I started my first project, as you might expect, I was constantly seeking second opinions, but
the encouragement I received means I now trust my own judgement. And that’s important if I’m
going to be valued by other members of the team.
a
I’m now at the stage where I run my own projects, but that hasn’t always been the case. In fact,
like many graduates, I started out by taking on the role of technician, doing the routine and less
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interesting parts of project work. Having a fairly low salary is a bit of a disadvantage, but it gives 26
you great opportunities for improving the techniques you’ve been taught. Before too long, you’ll
be in a position to start taking on more responsibility. In the beginning though, you’ll do things
like data entry, and checking and setting up equipment, which almost everyone’s bound to have
done already.
A
I love my job, but I appreciate that it might not be for everyone. For instance, every project is
a new puzzle, with a ton of information to collect and read, often on paper. And it’s important –
you could well be looking at ways to protect a species that might otherwise be threatened by a
new construction project, for example. And some things can’t be rushed, despite the pressure
you could be under from a building company, for example, or even a local authority. Some of the
resources we have include satellite images and pretty advanced IT packages, but the majority
of the work can only be done by someone outside, often standing around in all weathers. But for
me, that’s fine. Spending the day stuck in an office in front of a computer, on the other hand –
now that’s what I’d call a nightmare!

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Question 10
How do people usually react when Josh explains his job to them?
A They are unaware that such a career exists.
B They seem unsure that the occupation is worthwhile.
C They are keen to share their own experiences of city wildlife.

[1]
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Question 11
What does Josh say influenced his choice of career?
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A his early adventures with his friends
B his family’s love of the natural world
[1]
C the location of his childhood home
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Question 12
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In paragraph 3, Josh mentions some colleagues to demonstrate how
A they were happy to share knowledge with him.

a
B they helped him to gain some confidence.

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C they worked together well as part of a group.

[1]
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Question 13
What does ‘it’ refer to in line 26?
A taking on the role of technician
B having a fairly low salary
C improving the techniques you’ve been taught

[1]

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Question 14
Josh suggests that his job suits
A people who have a lot of patience.
B people who enjoy being physically active.
C people who prefer working with technology.

[1]
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Question 15
What was Josh’s main reason for writing this blog?
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A to educate people about the different wildlife in our cities
B to offer an account of his personal experiences
[1]
C
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to encourage involvement in conservation projects
[Total: 6]
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A

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Please turn over for Exercise 5.
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Exercise 5
Question 16
You recently bought an item online. There was a problem with it.
Write an email to a friend about the problem.
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In your email you should:
• explain why you bought the item
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• describe the problem with the item
• say what you are going to do about it.
Write about 120 to 160 words. O

You will receive up to 6 marks for the content of your email, and up to 9 marks for the language
used.
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[Total: 15]
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Exercise 6
Question 17
Your class recently took part in a one-day sports festival for local schools. The organisers want
students’ opinions about the sports festival, and you have been asked to write a report.
In your report, say what was enjoyable about the sports festival, and suggest how it could
be improved.
Here are some comments from students in your class:
It was a chance to meet

students from other schools
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There weren’t many new
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sports to try.
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fitness.
We spent too much time

listening to instructions.
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Now write a report for the organisers of the sports festival.
The comments above may give you some ideas, and you should also use some ideas of your
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own.
Write about 120 to 160 words.

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You will receive up to 6 marks for the content of your report and up to 9 marks for the language
used.
A

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[Total: 15]
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BLANK PAGE
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (Cambridge University Press & Assessment) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance
have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Cambridge University Press & Assessment is a department
of the University of Cambridge.

17
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education
*8446263860*
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Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended) May/June 2010
2 hours
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
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No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write in dark blue or black pen.

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Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
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Answer all questions.
Dictionaries are not allowed.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
For Examiner's Use

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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Total
This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page.
IB10 06_0510_21/4RP
© UCLES 2010 [Turn over
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about a unique lunch delivery business, and then answer the questions on
the opposite page.
The Dabbawallahs of Mumbai, India
Babu Paranvakar, aged 63, of Mumbai in India is a professional dabbawallah. He earns a living by cycling
over 48 kilometres a day delivering dabbas (metallic lunch boxes) to office workers.
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These lunch boxes are collected from the female occupants of homes all round the city and delivered to
their relatives at their workplace. The tradition of carrying lunch boxes from private homes to workplaces
dates from 1890. In those days delivery was by hand cart, horse-drawn carriage or by other animals, such
as bullocks.
Today the main method of transporting the lunch boxes is by 4000 dabbawallahs on bicycles. The
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distances can be great and many dabbawallahs take their bikes with them on the train. Incredibly, the
system works without a single document because in the past most dabbawallahs could not read or write.
This meal service is very labour-intensive and low-tech, but there is some evidence that it is changing. The
people who coordinate the service have started text messaging and have introduced the facility for
ordering the delivery online. It is planned that the business will soon have its own website with information
about prices and services. They also hope to establish an internet shop which will sell coffee mugs, T-shirts
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and other items.
Technically, dabbawallahs are independent, small-scale businessmen. When they first join the business
they must pay 30 000 rupees, which guarantees them a monthly salary of 5000 rupees as well as some
health care and education for their children. “It is a good job which makes you think on your feet and lasts
as long as you remain physically strong,” says Babu. “I have 4000 kilometres on my body clock already this
year,” he adds.
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How methods of distribution have changed over the past 120 years
hand cart 5 %
1890 1950 2010
bullocks
train
15 %
handcart 15 %
30 % bicycle
horse handcart
drawn 50 %
55 %
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horse
carriage bicycle
drawn
30 % 80 %
carriage
20 %
Most dabbawallahs are Hindus, but their customers can also be Muslim, Sikh, Jain or Parsi, religions that each
observe different and strict dietary rules, so it is essential that each lunch box is delivered to the right person.
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“We deliver about 180 000 lunches every day and we charge 7 dollars a month for the service,” says
Raghunath Medge, President of the Association. “Only one box goes missing every two months, that is one
in six million.”
This is an impressive statistic and their business is so efficient that some of the dabbawallahs have been
invited to business conferences and to give lectures at business schools.
This unique food distribution service has so far successfully resisted competition from fast food outlets and
giant food corporations. People still want traditional home-made food. In addition, it is cheaper for the
customers to pay for food to be collected from their homes and have it delivered at work than to go to a
restaurant or street stall every day.
Babu delivers his last lunch box right on time at an office block. He has about an hour before he starts
collecting the empty containers. As he sits exhausted on his delivery bicycle, he says, “The old ways are the
best. It is a privilege to be part of the finest and most famous meals-on-wheels service in the world.”
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10

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(a) What exactly do dabbawallahs do? For

Examiner's
delivering dabbas (metallic lunch boxes) to office workers Use
[1]
(b) Who prepares the boxes for the office workers?
female occupants of homes all round the city and delivered to their relatives at their workplace. [1]
(c) Which two means of transport are most commonly used for delivery of the lunches
nowadays?
train and bicycle [1]
(d) How does a dabbawallah’s family benefit from his employment? Give two details.
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some health care and education for their children.
[1]
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(e) According to the charts, what percentages of lunches were delivered by bicycle in
1950, and in 2010?
1950 50%
2010 80%
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(f) Why is it important that lunch boxes are delivered to the right person?
[1]
there are different religion with strict dietary rules so they have to deliver it to the right person [1]
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(g) Why have some dabbawallahs been invited to lecture at business schools?
because they have an impressive business and they are so efficient [1]
(h) How is the dabbawallah business able to compete against cafés and food stalls?
Give two details.
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cheaper
homemade [2]
(i) What is Babu’s next task after delivering the lunch boxes?
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collect the empty lunch boxes [1]
(j) Give four details to describe the modernisation of the lunch delivery business.
cheap
homemade
efficient
delivers to right person [4]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10 [Turn over

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Leave
blank
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Leave
blank
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Part 1
(Total 10 marks)
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Exercise 4
Read the article below about the problems that astronauts have with food in space, and then
complete the notes on the opposite page.
Space Cuisine
Most people rarely consider what the three astronauts who live on the International Space
Station are going to have for dinner. However, food scientists working with the project spend a good deal of
time worrying about the astronauts’ diet. When you spend 190 days on the Space Station, food can become the
highlight of the day. There is nothing like the crunch of a fresh apple to lift the mood of the
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astronauts.
However, the food scientists need to consider some basic facts about the lack of gravity in space before they
decide on how best to prepare the diet. Firstly, the astronauts’ sense of smell is reduced in space.
Moreover, weightlessness makes liquids move from the lower part of the body to the upper,
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sometimes blocking the nasal passages. Similarly, an atmosphere without gravity and with only
re-circulated air tends to take away the pleasant odour of the food.
All these details give particular problems to the food scientists. The first rule about cooking for
astronauts is never to prepare any food that breaks up too easily. No-one wants to chase a tiny
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piece of food around a space station. Scientists have developed a special dough-based sandwich which is useful
in space because it does not break into little bits as easily as normal bread.
Because of the reduction of food odours, astronauts long for food which has a nice, sharp
flavour. Salt and pepper can help to achieve this, but they must be in liquid form. Where
there is a lack of gravity, grains of salt and pepper can damage equipment or become stuck
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in an astronaut’s nose or eyes. Even a fresh tomato can cause problems. If a little tomato
juice squirts out when they bite it, it has to be found, so the astronauts have to eat
pre-sliced tomatoes. In addition, all the food has to be moist enough to stick together.
The astronauts eat almost all their meals together at a common table. Of course, they are not sitting. They are
floating. They use a foothold to stay in place, and attach utensils to the table with straps and sticky
tape.
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The astronauts are careful not to waste anything, even if they do not like a dish. “We try
not to throw food away because you never know what the future might hold,” said
astronaut William McArthur.
The astronauts on the shuttles, who are in space for only 10 to 15 days, have to be content to end their meal
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with a vitamin tablet. But astronauts orbiting the earth for months need something a little
special, so warm desserts like chocolate pudding cake have been developed.
The latest challenge is how to prepare food for the planned expedition to Mars. The timeline
for the whole voyage is long because of the great distances. The food will need a 5-year shelf life, because it will
be launched into space before the astronauts. In addition, allowances have to be made for unpredictable
weather and mechanical problems that could add more time.
For these expeditions, scientists also have to research new kinds of packaging that help lessen a
problem called “water activity”, which can promote the growth of unwanted bacteria.
Astronaut McArthur commented, “The spread of bacteria in space is definitely not a good idea.”
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10

23
9
You are going to give a presentation to your class about the problems of food in space. Prepare For
some notes to use as the basis of your talk. Examiner's
Use
Make your notes under each heading.
Physical changes to astronauts caused by lack of gravity

reduction sense of smell
• .............................................................................................................
liquid movement
• .............................................................................................................
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Special requirements for food in space
resistance of breaking
• .............................................................................................................
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pre sliced tomatoes
• .............................................................................................................
• long shelf life
.............................................................................................................
Challenges for the voyage to Mars

5 years shelf life
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• .............................................................................................................
unpredicted weather
• .............................................................................................................
new packiging required
• ..........................................................................................................
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[Total: 8]
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24
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12
Exercise 6
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You were recently out walking when you found a very interesting item.
m
You decide to write a letter to your friend, explaining what happened.
In your letter you should:
•
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say where you were when you found the item;
describe the item that you found;
• explain what you did next.

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Any one of the pictures above may give you ideas, but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
Your letter should be between 150 and 200 words long. Do not write an address.
You will receive up to 9 marks for the content of your letter, and up to 9 marks for the style and
accuracy of your language.
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© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10

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13
For
Examiner's
Use
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[Total: 18]

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14
Exercise 7
It is widely believed that people attach too much importance to buying and wearing fashionable
clothes.
Here are some comments from your school friends on this topic:
"I like to be different and

stand out in the crowd, so I “I think if you
don’t follow fashion." wear the latest
fashions people
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respect you
more.”
m
"It costs too much money
to keep up with fashion."
O "Wearing fashionable
clothes makes me feel
good when I am out with
my friends."
am
Write an article for your school magazine giving your views.
Your article should be between 150 and 200 words long.

dh
The comments above may give you some ideas but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
You will receive up to 9 marks for the content of your article, and up to 9 marks for the style and
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© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10

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15
For
Examiner's
Use
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[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/M/J/10

32
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*1597166505*
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Paper 2 Reading and Writing (Extended) October/November 2010
2 hours
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For Examiner's Use

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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Total
IB10 11_0510_21/4RP
34
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about the history of perfume, and then answer the questions on the
opposite page.
The history of perfume dates back to the ancient world. The Egyptians were the first to use
it, as part of their religious ceremonies, believing that they could communicate with the gods
by raising scented smoke from incense. In fact, the word ‘perfume’ comes from the Latin, ‘per
fumum,’ which means ‘through smoke’. Later, creams and ointments were used to make the
body look and smell more beautiful or to improve and maintain health. Natural ingredients such
as peppermint and rose were common in early perfumes. The Egyptians invented glass and used
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glass perfume bottles to store their perfumes. They also used gold, hard stones and other
materials to make their perfume containers.
The Persians perfected the art of preserving scents. The Greeks classified perfumes according to the
part of the plant they came from and kept records of their ingredients. Alexander the Great brought
perfume to Greece after invading Egypt, and the Romans adopted the Greek love of perfume
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when they invaded Greece. Historians have also confirmed that Islamic, Chinese and Indian
cultures had been using perfume as part of their religious ceremonies and social activities as well.
After the fall of the Roman Empire, people stopped using so much perfume in the West. It was
not until the twelfth century, when trade became international, that this changed again. Routes
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between the East and West were opened up and new scents and spices arrived in Europe. Many
people often tried to make their own scents by mixing flowers, herbs, spices and oils at home.
The 18th century brought a revolutionary advance in perfumery with the invention of eau de
Cologne – “water from Cologne”. A young Italian invented it in the city of Cologne, Germany.
This was a blend of various herbs and flowers and it was very refreshing.
In the 19th century there were many changes in Europe as industry developed and machinery
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started to become more and more important. Modern chemistry and advanced technology
made it possible to create new ways of extracting perfumes from flowers. The biggest of all
technological advances was the ability to create artificial ingredients in the place of natural
perfume ingredients that were hard to find or very expensive. This resulted in perfume and cologne
becoming cheaper and available to everybody. Perfume was no longer something which only the
wealthy used to show how important they were in society. However, there were still only a few
brand names available until the 20th century when the mass production of perfume began.
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9
8
7
Number (in 6
millions) of
5
perfume
products 4
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exported 3
2
1
0
France Germany USA Italy Spain Netherlands
Countries exporting perfume products
Both men and women continue to enjoy wearing perfume and cologne. Perfume is marketed
to make people feel as if they are buying a luxury product and this makes them feel good.
We now live in a global society, where technology has made the production of perfume
a comparatively cheap process. Today, you may be in countries thousands of kilometres
apart, and yet you can still expect to be able to buy the same brands of
perfume. Nowadays perfume is cleverly advertised, attractively
bottled and sold at a price that many can afford.
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10

35
5
(a) How did the Egyptians try to communicate with the gods? For
Examiner's
by raising scented smoke from incense [1] Use
(b) Which important Egyptian invention helped them to keep perfumes?
[1]
(c) Who introduced perfume to Greece thousands of years ago?
[1]
(d) When did people in the West stop using so much perfume?
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[1]
(e) What were the main ingredients of eau de Cologne?
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[1]
(f) What made the extraction of perfume easier in the 19th century? Give two details.
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(g) Give two advantages of using artificial ingredients instead of natural ingredients.
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[1]
(h) According to the graph, how many perfume products are sold abroad by the country
which is the second largest exporter?
dh
[1]
(i) What became possible in the perfume industry in the 20th century?
A
[1]
(j) Give four purposes for the use of perfume throughout history.
[4]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10 [Turn over

36
Leave
blank
Part 1
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37
Leave
blank
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Part 1
(Total 10 marks)
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8
Exercise 4
Read the following speech from a scientist who is talking about the effects of being bilingual,
and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
If you speak another language and you also speak English (or any other language), your brain
may have developed some distinct advantages over your friends who only speak one
language. New research into bilingualism has found that being fluent in two languages,
particularly from early childhood, increases a person’s ability to concentrate, and might also
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protect against diseases of the brain in old age.
Until fairly recently, parents and teachers feared that introducing children to a second language
when they were very young could not only delay their language skills but also harm their
intellectual growth. In addition, there were fears that bilingual children would become confused
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in their use of language. New research, however, has found that bilingual children speak their
first word, and their first fifty words and so on, at the same age as children who only speak one
language. Furthermore, there is no evidence that children confuse the two languages.
Bilingual children may have an advantage at school. In fact, even before they start school they
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have been found to be better than others at focusing on a task and ignoring distractions. School
age bilingual children have been found to have an above average ability to concentrate. They
also find it easier to interact and make friends with a wide group of other children. It may be
that managing two languages helps the brain to focus and ignore irrelevant information.
At the other end of the age scale, one of the difficulties which can affect old people is known
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as ‘dementia’. This is a condition that causes the brain to stop working normally. People with
dementia are often confused and their memories no longer function properly. Research
suggests that bilingualism may slow down the beginning of age-related dementia, by up to
four years. Although scientists don’t know why bilingualism does this, some suggest that
speaking two languages may increase the blood and oxygen flow to the brain and keep nerve
connections healthy.
dh
More recently, scientists have discovered that the brains of bilingual adults are different,
especially in the brain’s left side, where most language and communication skills are
controlled. The effect is strongest in people who learnt a second language before the age of
five. This discovery suggests that being bilingual from an early age significantly changes the
brain’s structure.
For many years now, scientists have been arguing about exactly how the brains of bilingual
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people organise language. However, thanks to technological advances, scientists have

recently discovered that the processing of different languages mostly happens in the same
area of the brain. On the other hand, when bilinguals are rapidly switching backwards and
forwards between their two languages, they show significantly more activity in the right side
of the brain than people who speak only one language.
It really does seem that speaking two languages gives the brain an excellent workout!
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10

39
9
You have been asked by your languages teacher to give a presentation to your year group on For
what has been discovered about bilingualism. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your Examiner's
Use
presentation.
Fears about encouraging young children to be bilingual

delay language skills
• .............................................................................................................
harm intelligence growth
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• .............................................................................................................
• confused in their use of language
.............................................................................................................
Advantages for children of being bilingual
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• focus on task
.............................................................................................................
• above average ability to concentrate
.............................................................................................................
Effects of bilingualism on the brain
• brain structure
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.............................................................................................................
• processing different language happen in same are of brain
.............................................................................................................
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more activity happen on right side of brain
• ..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
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40
Read the article below on improving your sleep and answer Questions 1–5.
How to improve your sleep

The purpose of sleep is to make us effective during daylight hours. Whether you
consider yourself to be a good sleeper, or you struggle to get a good night’s rest, it’s
important to realise the full potential of your nightly sleep as a lack of sleep leaves
you grumpy and less able to function properly the next day. There are several ways of
changing your habits to get a better night’s sleep.
Many of us spend much of our day sitting motionless in front of a computer screen,
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but research has shown that people who are physically fit and active have a better
quality of sleep. Exercising three times a week for just 20–30 minutes will have a
noticeable impact on the quality of your sleep, as well as your overall fitness. You
should prioritise exercise that gets your heart pumping, such as walking, swimming
or cycling. However, be careful to avoid strenuous exercise in the evening and
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certainly just before bedtime. Exercise temporarily arouses the nervous system and
therefore, taken late in the day, it can lead to problems in achieving and maintaining
sleep. Exhausting yourself and then collapsing into bed is not a good strategy.
When you eat is important. Your main evening meal should not be within three hours
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of bedtime to give your digestive system a chance to work. Going to bed hungry is
not a good idea as this can interrupt sleep. A light snack an hour or two before bed is
fine. What you drink is also important: avoid caffeine for four hours before bed. Many
people find that a hot, milky drink helps them get off to sleep.
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Many of us have busy lives and often forget to take short breaks. We all need a
challenge but feeling overwhelmed is a recipe for stress. By extension, this may well
affect our sleep. This is why effective task management during the day can help limit
any worries at night when you are trying to sleep. Make sure that what you are trying
to do is realistic and achievable. Many people find writing task lists helpful. A list
forces you to be specific and selective, and to make a practical plan of action. Then,
when you find yourself lying in bed, thinking about problems, remind yourself that
you have a plan of action in place already to be dealt with the following day.
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Your bedroom should not be brightly lit, even before bedtime. The dark triggers the
brain to prepare the body for sleep, so your bedroom should be very dark once you
have switched off the light. A combination of summer nights or strong street lighting
and thin curtains should be avoided. The simplest solution is to have thick curtains or
blinds. Some people sleep well with a sleep mask on, but this is not for everyone. If
A
you prefer to have a bit of light, try to keep it at a very low level: a small lamp in the
hallway with the door very slightly ajar, or a plug-in night-light of minimal wattage.
A stuffy room is likely to cause an uncomfortable night’s sleep, while fresh air will
promote sleep. Try opening a window before going to bed; the circulation of good-
quality air is helpful. See what you can do to adjust that blend of temperature and
air flow so that it is right for you. Extreme temperatures at either end of the range
can affect our sleep. A room that is too hot (usually more than 24°C) can cause
restlessness. On the other hand, a room that is too cold (less than 12°C) can make it
difficult to get to sleep and can cause more unpleasant and emotional dreams. The
ideal bedroom temperature is 18°C.
41
Noise is a well-known enemy of sleep, though people get used to some noises after
a while. The sound of a ticking clock or if you live in a house close to the railway line,
the sound of the trains, can become quite familiar noises. It’s worthwhile identifying
any noises in your home environment that may be interfering with your sleep and
doing what you can about them. Many noises, however, are out of our control. To
deal with these you can try sleeping with earplugs in, although many people find
them uncomfortable.
Our sleep can also be affected by the schedules and habits of other family members.
Teenagers may come and go at unsocial hours and it is worth considering that
we all differ in our natural daily cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Simple rules
of conduct agreed by all can be remarkably effective in improving the sleeping
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environment.
(Source: Copyright Guardian News & Media Ltd 2011)
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42
Questions 1–5
Indicate your answer to the questions below by marking a cross for the correct answer .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new answer with
a cross .
1 Research into sleep has shown that exercising…

(1)
A twice a week improves sleep.
B for short periods is beneficial.
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C in the evening is recommended.
2 Your sleep will be disturbed if you…
(1)
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A go to bed on an empty stomach.
B eat a small meal a couple of hours before bed.
C drink milk before bed.
3 To reduce stress in daily life…

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(1)
A avoid new challenges.
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B take long rest periods.
C focus on important jobs.
4 The best way of promoting sleep is to have…
(1)
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A only natural light in the bedroom.

B as little light as possible.
C artificial light in the hallway.
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5 If your bedroom is too cold, you will…
(1)
A wake up more often during the night.
B be more likely to have nightmares.
C wake up feeling tired and unrested.
(Total for Questions 1–5 = 5 marks)

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44
12
Exercise 6
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Your close friend went away three months ago to study in another country.
Write a letter to your friend giving news about home.
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• explain how you are feeling now that your friend has left;
•
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tell your friend about one or two particularly interesting things you have done recently;
ask about your friend’s life.

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Any of the pictures above may give you some ideas, but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
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© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10

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13
For
Examiner's
Use
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[Total: 18]

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14
Exercise 7
Many adults say that life for teenagers today is easier than when they were young.
Here are some comments from your friends on this subject:
“Our lives are definitely ͞tĞŚĂǀĞƐŽŵƵĐŚƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐǇĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ

harder because we have so ŶŽǁĂĚĂǇƐƚŚĂƚůŝĨĞŵƵƐƚďĞĞĂƐŝĞƌ͘͟
much pressure on us to
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succeed at school.”
m
“We have far greater “Everything is more
opportunities than our expensive nowadays
parents ever did.” so life can be tough.”
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Write an article for your school magazine giving your views on the subject.
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The comments above may give you some ideas, but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
dh
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© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10

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15
For
Examiner's
Use
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[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2010 0510/21/O/N/10

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*8784401214*
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2 hours
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IB11 06_0510_21/4RP
50
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about an unusual library service in Ethiopia, and then answer the questions
on the opposite page.
The donkey mobile library

It is a hot and bright morning in the Ethiopian For his first job in America, Yohannes suddenly found
countryside. Yohannes Gebregeorgis walks beside a pair himself working in the children’s section of the main
of donkeys that are pulling a two-wheeled cart. They library. He was surrounded by books he had never seen
arrive at the agricultural town of Awassa where Yohannes before, and, for the first time in his life, he realised how
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unties the animals and opens the sides of the cart to joyful and imaginative children’s literature is. He says,
display, not the usual vegetables or tools, but children’s “I always thought of Ethiopia. But how could I bring
books. This is the Donkey Mobile Library, the first of its children’s books, with their fascinating characters, to
kind in Ethiopia and one of only a few in the world. my home country when it had almost no libraries to
keep the books in?”
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He contacted Jane Kurtz, a writer who was born in
America but who had grown up in Ethiopia, and
Yohannes was born in Ethiopia, North Africa, but together they founded the organisation, “Ethiopia
trained to be a children’s librarian in the USA. He
O Reads”. With gifts of books and money, they created
returned to his home country some years ago after more two children’s libraries and reading centres and, soon
than two decades in America. The yellow cart is full of after, the Donkey Mobile Library. Since then, more
picture books donated by American libraries, teachers school libraries have opened, some of them offering
and school children. training for future librarians.
Yohannes arranges small painted benches in the shade of Inside the Awassa Reading Centre, groups of children,
the trees, and suddenly Ethiopian children, many of them
am
dressed in a variety of different clothes, study the
barefoot, come shouting and racing down every road and bookshelves for their favourite story. Some of them read
path. It’s mobile library day! The children circle the at tables or on old sofas. Most of the children say that
bookshelves with great excitement. Until the Donkey the library has given them ideas about what they might
Mobile Library began its regular two-monthly visits, do in the future. A child called Dareje wants to be a
many of these children had never seen a book. Now they scientist and find a cure for life-threatening diseases. An
wait for the library eagerly. Despite the heat, they all sit eleven year-old girl, Fikerte, wants to do research about
quietly and listen to Yohannes as he reads aloud to them. the moon and discover new facts about outer space.
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Tamrat, aged 10, lives with his parents and six brothers
“Without books, education is very dull, like food and sisters in a small house. He doesn’t know what he
without salt. You can survive but you can’t really come will do with his life, but he loves the library and comes
alive,” says Yohannes. “The ability to read is the basis seven days a week.
for greater productivity, better health and longer life. It
is equally important in reading instructions on how to “What brings you back here day after day?” the
apply the correct amount of fertiliser to the crops in the librarian asks him.
A
fields and in how to vote in an election. Even though the

children lack material goods, if they have the advantage “The stories,” Tamrat replies instantly. “It’s the stories
of books they can imagine a world of possibilities.” that bring me back.”
donations from charity various individual

groups: 10,000 Dollars Ethiopia donations: 3,000 Dollars
donations from other book sales and sponsored

libraries: 15,000 books activities: 2,000 Dollars
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/M/J/11

51
5
(a) How does the mobile library move from place to place?
a pair of donkeys that are pulling a two-wheeled cart
[1]
(b) How many mobile donkey libraries are there in the world?
only a few in the world
[1]
(c) How long did Yohannes spend in America?
more than 2 decades [1]
(d) How do the children behave while Yohannes is storytelling?
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quietly
[1]
(e) Apart from health factors, what advantages are there for these children in being able to
read? Give two details.
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greater productivity
live longer [2]
library?
other libraries
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(f) According to the diagram, which organisations donated the most money to the mobile
[1]
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(g) What was the main problem about bringing books back to Ethiopia?
no libraries to keep books in
[1]
(h) Apart from books, what may be available at school libraries?
tables and old sofas [1]

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(i) Why does Tamrat visit the library every day?

the stories [1]
(j) Describe the appearance of the children AND their attitude towards the mobile library.
A
Give two details for each.
Appearance they are happy to have books
Attitude they listen quietly and act appropriately
[4]
[Total: 14]

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Part 1
Read the list of events below and match each statement on page 3 to information given
about each event by marking ( ) for the correct answer. You must choose answers only
from the information given on the events below. An answer can be used more than once.
If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new
answer with a ( ).
EVENTS
A Until November 2007: Milapfest
Philharmonic Hall, 0151 707 1111
ar
www.milapfest.com
Now in its 12th year, the Music for the Mind and Soul concert series is a truly relaxing
way to spend two hours. An eclectic and changing programme of musicians perform
Indian classical music with astonishing dexterity and skill in elegant surroundings.
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Very popular event on the last Saturday of each month. But be warned, latecomers will
not be admitted.
B 22–24 September 2007: British Musical Fireworks
Kings Gardens, Southport, 01704 533333
O
www.visit-southport.org.uk/fireworks/
Every night, six of the UK’s top professional firework companies compete for the
championship title, with each display lasting 15-18 minutes.
Approximately £300 of fireworks goes up in smoke every minute; that’s over £330,000
for the entire championship. There is also a new ‘Water Ballet’ presentation over
Marine Lake.
am
C Until end of December 2007: Love Sport
World Museum Liverpool, 0151 478 4393
www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk
An interactive exhibition aimed at both children and adults. Love Sport combines
learning about the science of sport with the opportunity to take part in some exercise.
The interactive part allows visitors to test their own coordination, balance, strength and
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stamina and compare results with other people, as well as looking at sports psychology
and its impact on performance.
B 7–26 November 2007: International Guitar Festival
Various venues, 0151 666 2756
www.bestguitarfest.com
This is their 18th birthday, and performers from all over the world will be playing.
A
An eclectic programme of classical, jazz, rock, blues, slide, country and flamenco
takes place in a range of venues from the intimate 100-seater Birkenhead Priory to the
Pacific Road Arts Centre.
E October 2007: Scrap Arts Music of Vancouver
Royal Court Liverpool, 08707 871866
www.royalcourtliverpool.co.uk
Part of the Liverpool Performs season, Scrap Arts Music live up to their name. They are
a five-strong percussion ensemble with a difference: all their instruments are created
from scrap metal and construction salvage by themselves. The instruments make a
wide array of sounds and pitches, allowing for a range of rhythms and compositions.
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F March–August 2007: Contemporary Arts from China
Tate Liverpool, 0151 702 7400
www.tate.org.uk/liverpool/
Liverpool is home to the oldest Chinese community in the UK and is twinned with
Shanghai. This relationship is reflected in this exhibition presenting some of the most
interesting contemporary art to be made in China since 2000. This period has seen
growing cultural and economic exchange between China and the rest of the world,
radically influencing Chinese artists. This exhibition promises to reflect a society
undergoing profound cultural change.
G July 2007: Arabic Arts Festival

Various venues, 0151 709 5297
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www.bluecoatartscentre.com/arabic
Organised under the umbrella of the Bluecoat Arts Centre, this annual festival draws
on the arts and culture of Yemen, Egypt and Morocco, and provides opportunities to
participate in music, dance, theatre, craft and food. Belly-dancing events are always
popular and are teamed with stalls selling Middle Eastern food and goods, attracting a
m
broad audience. The festival has invited some excellent and well-established musicians
to play.
Statements O Answers
A B C D E F G
1. Performers at this event use home-made

instruments.
2. This event is particularly suitable for people of
am
all ages.
3. This is a monthly event.
4. At this event you can take part in various

cultural activities.
5. This event shows the very latest cultural
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developments in another country.

6. This event is a competition.
7. This event allows you to check your physical

condition.
A
8. If you arrive after the performance has started,

you won’t be allowed in.
9. At this event you can do some shopping.
10. This event will give you the opportunity to see

some 21st century art work.
Part 1
(Total 10 marks)
54
8
Read the following article about the development of a flying car, and then complete the notes on the
opposite page.
Passengers... your car is

ready for take-off
The flying car has been talked about for many years, but now it appears that the idea is about to
ar
become a reality.
An international company has built a two-seater plane that, at the touch of a button, converts into a
car which is perfectly suitable for driving on public roads. It has been designed so that the wings fold
up automatically, and it takes just 15 seconds to switch between flying and driving. With its wings fully
m
open and the propeller spinning, the flying car can take off from any airfield. The hope is that it will
eventually take off from roads, but at the moment that is still illegal.
New technology means that the inside of the plane’s cockpit is quite similar to the inside of a car.
Reaching your destination can be made easier by satellite navigation systems, and weather patterns
O
can be displayed on a simple colour screen. The lightweight engine means that it can fly up to 500
miles without the need to refuel.
It would seem that cars which can fly make complete sense. They are quicker than conventional cars
for travelling from city to city, and they can run on ordinary unleaded fuel. They have another big
advantage. Flying cars are cool, like something you would see in an action film.
am
At the moment, however, the flying car’s wheels have not left the ground. That is not because of
technical reasons or problems with the design. It is because the various road and aircraft authorities
simply cannot agree on whether it is a car or a plane.
“The Government and the authorities have never thought seriously about a flying car,” says Alan
Price, the president of the company that has developed it. “I wanted a car that could fly and drive, but
dh
it is difficult to find an organisation prepared to insure the vehicle against accidents.”
Nevertheless, the company hopes to produce and deliver its first flying car soon. The company
already has orders for 40 of them. The majority of the potential customers are older and some are
retired. They have worked hard all their lives and now they can have a flying car... a form of
technology that they have been promised in films and on television since they were children. There
A
have even been orders from some people who have no pilot’s licence, but are willing to learn to fly
because of the excitement of owning such a vehicle.
The flying car will cost around $200,000. “For an airplane, that’s a very reasonable price, but for a car,
it’s quite expensive,” explains Alan Price. “But it just is not possible to make a $10,000 flying car yet.”
This latest means of transport will not become a mass-market item at any time in the near future.
But in the long term it has the potential to change the way you travel. It will become no more
expensive than driving your car on the motorway. Journey times could be reduced by more than half.
So the next time you are told to fasten your seat belt, it may be to prepare for take-off.
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/M/J/11

55
9
You are going to give a presentation to your school’s Technology Club about the flying car.
Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
Design features of the flying car
• at the touch of a button plane converts into a car

2 seater
• .............................................................................................................
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range of 500 miles
• .............................................................................................................
automatic wing folding
• .............................................................................................................
quicker travel
• .............................................................................................................
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Problems faced by the potential buyer
cost
• .............................................................................................................
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mass marketing
• .............................................................................................................
Benefits of the flying car compared to driving

• quicker travel
.............................................................................................................
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• saves time
..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
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A

56
Read the article below on the music industry and answer Questions 1–5.
Why do music festivals go from strength to strength?

The music industry, like any business that depends on people paying for content, has
been changed irreversibly by the internet. In Britain, although sales of downloaded
albums have been increasing (by 30 per cent in 2013) this falls well short of
compensating for the loss of sales of CDs over the same period of time. However, one
aspect of the music industry which has seen increased popularity is live performance,
particularly festivals, with over 200 major festivals a year in Britain generating over
£100 million in direct and off-site spending.
ar
Festivals attract people who might otherwise never visit the area and this generates
a valuable source of revenue. However, the benefits of festivals extend well beyond
generating an income for the area. Other benefits include strengthening communities,
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in particular rural communities, and enriching the quality of small-town and village
life. In addition to these positives, festivals also raise awareness of the locality.
A recent research study explored festivals from the perspectives of organisers,
audiences and musicians to see what makes festivals work. Fifty festivals were
O
observed and interviews held with organisers, musicians and audience members.
Organisers were, above all, interested in the music and, while they were concerned
with audience numbers and the quality of the experience, they were not primarily
commercially oriented. In terms of the practicalities of organising a festival, good
organisation was about choosing the right space to fit the bands and the audience,
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attracting the audience and then ensuring sound and lights worked well so that the
event could then proceed. Organisers needed to generate sufficient income to pay the
bills and keep the festival going, but many of them used profitable events to subsidise
less popular or more experimental work, or community and charity events.
a
The festival audiences were highly mixed, ranging from the enthusiast with the
complete CD collection to those who wanted to go to a music event and just
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happened to be in the right place at the right time. Festivals attract audiences because
of reputation and specific headline acts, but many people attend just because a
partner or friend is going. While communicating with audiences through festival
and artist websites and traditional media is important, word of mouth has the most
impact on decisions to attend. Social media is also playing an increasing role, most
often influencing last-minute decision-makers about which performances to go to.
A
Some audience members wanted to hear musical hits, while others wanted to hear
new material. Almost all were interested in forming a ‘connection’, although how they
defined this word varied. This ‘connection’ was with both audience members and the
musicians.
57
Many musicians played festivals because of the atmosphere, the opportunity to

see and talk to other bands and to play to a large audience. Many watched friends
play and backstage it was common to see musicians working together on musical
arrangements. However, depending on the type of festival, some bands did have to
compromise and play songs or styles they would not normally perform at their own
shows.
To make a tour of festivals viable, many bands would re-orchestrate music so that
it did not require large instruments or more players that would be expensive to
transport to the venue. However, the musicians did not see this as detracting from
quality and often saw it as an opportunity to enhance creativity. Playing festivals was
an important source of income for many bands. The possibility of gaining new fans
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was also a benefit, but these commercial considerations, while important for some,
were less important than connecting with the audience and having fun in big venues.
The research revealed that festivals worked well when there was an overlap between
what organisers, musicians and audiences valued and did. However, it was not a
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simple case of everyone wanting the same thing. Audiences were highly mixed and
differed in what they valued, although most wanted ‘connection’. Organisers were
aware of commercial, musical and other goals, but were motivated by the music and
experience rather than only commerciality. Musicians were strategic in what they
O
chose to do and financially aware, but did not necessarily see this as detracting from
creativity.
(Source: Adapted from Britain in 2012: Annual magazine of the Economic and Social Research Council)
a m
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A
58
Questions 1–5
Indicate your answers to the questions below by marking a cross for the correct answer .
a cross .
1 When arranging festivals, organisers consider…

(1)
A the type of people attending.
B the layout of possible venues.
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C access to off-site services.
2 Some people attend a festival based on…

(1)
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A the predicted size of the audience.
B what people they know are going.
C how close they live to the venue.
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3 The most influential information source is…
(1)
A other people.
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B newspapers.
C internet sites.
a
4 When musicians tour festivals, they might…
(1)
dh
A select fewer instruments.

B take back-up members.
C share transportation.
A
5 Musicians mainly play at festivals to…
(1)
A attract more followers.
B increase their earnings.
C enjoy the experience.
Turn over
A
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a m
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59
60
12
Exercise 6
ar
You like to watch television every day. At the beginning of the school holidays your television
suddenly broke down. It took two weeks to repair.
m
Write a letter to a friend, explaining:
• how you first reacted to the breakdown of the television;
• how you spent your time instead of watching television;

O
• what you learnt from the experience.
Any one of the pictures above may give you ideas, but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
am
dh
A
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/M/J/11

61
13
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A
[Total: 18]

62
14
Exercise 7
Some people say that there is too much pressure on young people to lead a healthy life nowadays.
Here are some comments from your friends about the subject:
"I think we all have a

responsibility to look after
our own health."
ǲ ǯ
ar
ǯ
Ǥǳ
"If we are fit and
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healthy, we feel good
and have more energy "There is too much
for work and play."
publicity about the need
O for exercise – I prefer
just to laze around."
am
Write an article for your school magazine giving your views about the issue.
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A
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/M/J/11

63
15
ar
m
O
am
dh
A
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/M/J/11

64
A
dh
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O
m
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65

*8456711451*
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2 hours
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dh
A
IB11 11_0510_21/5RP
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about the discovery of strange animal species living around a remote
volcano, and then answer the questions on the opposite page.
Discoveries in
Papua New Guinea
For many months George McGavin refused to describe the extraordinary creature he had discovered.
ar
“People would ask me if it had four legs, and if it had fur,” he said. “I didn’t tell anyone, not even my wife.”
Finally, last September, McGavin revealed that he had observed a previously undiscovered giant rat. This was
the most amazing discovery that his team had made on a journey to one of the most remote places on earth.
m
The giant rat was discovered in Bosavi in Papua New Guinea, an island in the Pacific Ocean. The rat
measures 0.8 of a metre from nose to tail and weighs 1.5 kilos, about the size of a small cat. It has thick fur
and appears to be vegetarian. The rat was not the only unusual animal they encountered on the expedition.
The team found about 40 other species unknown to science, including some fish, frogs and beetles.
O
The team travelled to Mount Bosavi and stayed for about six weeks. This extinct volcano is isolated, rising
2,500 metres above the lowland rainforest. Its crater is an enclosed area full of unnamed life forms and with
its own climate. The last eruption of Mount Bosavi was about 225,000 years ago, so new species have had
plenty of time to develop.
The rainforest in Papua New Guinea: home to many species
am
species existing outside
30% the rainforests
70% species existing inside
the rainforests
Before making the trip up to the top of the volcano, the team spent some time filming in the lowland
dh
rainforests, which are home to many types of species. This area presents considerable challenges for wildlife
film-makers, who often spend long hours waiting for something to happen but in the end seeing nothing but
ants. Furthermore, there were no spectacular creatures like monkeys or wild cats, which always attract big
audiences to television programmes. In addition, most of the mammals were extremely afraid of humans
because they are often hunted by the local tribesmen. Nevertheless, the television team managed to find an
extraordinary range of creatures with fascinating lives, proving that it’s not just wild cats that are interesting. In
the end, the days spent filming proved worthwhile even though the team was constantly bitten by mosquitoes.
A
After exploring the rainforests, the team flew to the rim of the crater in a helicopter. Only thirty seconds
after landing, one of the group noticed a different type of frog, almost certainly a species unknown to man.
Unlike the mammals and birds in the lowland forests, these creatures were not nervous of humans – a sign
that there was very little hunting up in the crater. One unexpected encounter was with a tree kangaroo. As
McGavin said: “Animals like this are usually really shy and hard to film, but this one just wandered past our
camp. We couldn’t believe it!”
All these new species are now being studied at scientific institutions. Each one will have to be named.
Typically, the name will refer to a characteristic of the creature or the place where it was found. It might
even include the name of the scientist. However, as McGavin states: “It’s fine to name something after one
of your colleagues, but it’s not considered correct procedure to name a new species after yourself.”
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/O/N/11

67
5
(a) What was George McGavin’s major discovery and when did he first tell everyone about it?
giant rat [1]
(b) What is the length and weight of the new discovery?
0.8 of a meter from nose to tail and weighs 1.5 kilograms [1]
(c) Why is the extinct volcano favourable to the development of new species? Give two
details.
isolation
hasnt erupted in a long time
ar
[2]
(d) According to the chart, what percentage of species live in the rainforests of Papua New
Guinea?
m
70 [1]
(e) Which two animals are most popular with television viewers?
monkeys and wild cats O [1]
(f) What first indicated that the team might find new species in the crater?
The first indication was the discovery of a different type of frog on the rim of the crater.
[1]
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(g) How did the volcano animals behave differently towards humans compared to the
lowland forest animals?
The animals in the crater were not nervous around humans. [1]
(h) How do scientists usually name new species? Give two details.
dh
Scientists usually name new species based on characteristics or the discovery location, and they might
include the name of the scientist. [2]
(i) What problems do film-makers face when trying to make good television programmes
in the rainforests of Papua New Guinea? Give four details.
A
Limited Visibility of Spectacular Creatures
Waiting for Action:
Fearful Mammals: [4]

Mosquito Bites:
[Total: 14]

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Section 1
Read the following article about the city of Dubai, in the Middle East. Identify which
paragraphs (A to G) contain the information listed in questions 1 to 10 by marking ( )
for the correct answer. Paragraphs may be used more than once. If you change your
mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new answer with a ( ).
How to spend 48 Hours in Dubai

Shop for spices, gold and perfume in the atmospheric
souks1 or just lie back on the white beaches
A Why go now?
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This city promises sun, sand and shopping, of course, but there is much more. A city of the
future, it also has a fascinating past – and combines a rich heritage with modern style.
B Touch Down
The contenders from London Heathrow to Dubai are British Airways and Virgin Atlantic.
m
Emirates Airlines also have flights to Dubai. Indirect flights are often cheaper: the lowest
return fares through www.opodo.co.uk start at £158. The airport is only 4km from the city
centre; numerous buses serve various parts of the country while a taxi for the city centre
takes 15 minutes.
C Check in
O
The old wooden doors have just opened at the Orient Guest House, a restored courtyard
house and one of only two hotels in the historic quarter. There is nothing like hearing the call-
to-prayer echo through the narrow streets from your bed in a traditionally decorated room.
D Take a Hike
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Stroll through the lanes of Bastakiya. The area’s elegant courtyard houses were built by
Persian merchants early in the 20th century; the wind-towers served as their air-conditioning.
Today some are home to small museums and galleries. Knowledgeable staff at the Centre for
Cultural Understanding offer guided walks through the quarter, sharing the little-documented
history and pointing out architectural details you might otherwise miss.
E Window Shopping
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Take your pick from the restored wooden arcades of Bur Dubai souk where you can shop for
alarm clocks, Bollywood films and have a suit made. This is best visited early evening. You
can find anything from perfume to kitchenware.
F Dining with the Locals

Eat Arabic at Bastakiah Nights on the edge of the city. This century-old mansion has
A
breathtaking interior rooms set around a courtyard, with water views from the roof terrace.
Feast on Middle Eastern meze, served with grace and attention.
G Cultural Afternoon
The wonderful Dubai Museum has exhibits on the city’s development from fishing village
to post-modern metropolis. You should also visit the elegant House of Sheikh Saeed al
Maktoum, once the headquarters of Dubai’s rulers and former home to the grandfather of
Dubai’s ruler.
1 souk = marketplace
(Taken and adapted from the Independent Traveller Magazine, pages 12 & 13, 17 February 2007,
http://travel.independent.co.uk/middle_east/article2275687.ece)
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Questions Answers
A B C D E F G
1. the companies which fly to Dubai
2. places where you can get souvenirs and presents
3. the place where you can learn about the

royal family
4. how far the airport is from Dubai
5. how people in Dubai kept their houses cool
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6. the local food
7. cheap tickets to Dubai
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8. someone who can show you the most
interesting houses
9. the way the city has changed through time
10. places where you can stay

O (Total 10 marks)
Section 1
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A
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8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about a museum in Tokyo, the capital of Japan, and then complete the
notes on the opposite page.
It’s an early spring morning in Tokyo and you are walking along Kichijoji Avenue, in Inokashira Park.
After a while, you come to a small, black iron gate. You push it open, step through the gateway, and
ar
stare. Staring right back at you is a huge, furry, grey-faced, black-whiskered creature, sitting upright in a tall,
glass box. This strange guard is called a Totoro, and you are about to enter the world of its creator, Hayao Miyazaki.
Since the 1960s, Miyazaki has worked on several television series and directed nine major feature films. He is known
m
internationally for his imaginative fantasy film, “Spirited Away”. This is the story of a ten-year-old girl who, by
chance, finds an abandoned adventure park, which is in fact another world. The film is aimed equally at adults
and children, and like many of Miyazaki’s stories it is a mixture of Japanese tradition and ideas from world
literature.
O
When you walk past the Totoro at the gates, you are inside the Ghibli Museum – an art gallery and
adventure playground in one place. If you are used to long queues and boring exhibits at museums, then
you will be pleasantly surprised. The building is a castle, painted in amazing shades of yellow, green and
purple.
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Upstairs, a series of rooms shows how a film is made. The main attraction is Miyazaki’s study, overflowing with models
and books. All of these have been created or written by Miyazaki himself. Pinned to the walls are colourful sketches, which
show the first ideas for his film plots. It is astonishing how much time is needed to create the final version of a film from
these first ideas. The many photographs and drawings on his workdesk give an indication of the patience that he shows
when making animated films. On his desk there are clues to his interests: he has an obsession with flying, from small
dh
aircraft to modern glider planes, from garden birds to powerful birds of prey.
Miyazaki himself is a white-haired 68-year-old with a neat beard. He is an intensely private person, who rarely gives
interviews or appears in public. Totally dedicated to his work, he will happily spend fourteen hours a day concentrating
on his various projects.
A
When you have spent long enough inside the building, there is still the rooftop garden to explore. There stands
the bronze statue of a robot-soldier. Red pine trees provide shade from the hot sun on the rooftop café, which
serves good tasty food, including enormous slices of strawberry cake.
Tokyo has many places where you can spend your time and your money. But Ghibli is unique; if you are
ever in the neighbourhood, make sure that you walk down Kichijoji Avenue, say “hello” to the Totoro,
and step inside.
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/O/N/11

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9
You are going to give a presentation to your school’s Film Club about the Ghibli Museum.
Prepare some notes to use as the basis of your talk.
Details of Miyazaki’s study

Dedicated Workspace
• .............................................................................................................
Obsession with Fligh
• .............................................................................................................
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• Meticulous Creative Process
.............................................................................................................
Details of Miyazaki’s character
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neat
• .............................................................................................................
passion in aviation
• .............................................................................................................
• work ethic O
.............................................................................................................
What you can see or visit outside

cafe
• .............................................................................................................
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rooftop garden
• ..........................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
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A

72
Read the article below on Camp America and answer Questions 1–5.
Camp America
Camp America was established in 1969 and is part of a larger group called the
American Institute for Foreign Study. There are offices in Australia, Germany, Poland
and South Africa with head offices in London, UK and Stamford, USA. Camp America
offers the opportunity to do something different over the summer. Young people
get the chance to live and work with children on an American summer camp as an
activity leader, as a counsellor or behind the scenes as support staff.
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Each year, Camp America operates an exchange programme which gives 7000 young
people from all over the world the opportunity to work for nine weeks on a summer
camp placement. The programme currently recruits workers for over 1000 summer
camps all over America. Taking part in Camp America has many benefits. It can help
m
improve the confidence, responsibility and communication skills of young people
as well as encourage and develop independence and life experience. Working in
another country also helps broaden horizons and introduces a better understanding
of other cultures.
O
Applying to Camp America involves completing stage one of an online application
form, paying a deposit fee and then attending an interview with a trained Camp
America interviewer. Generally, these interviewers are young people who have
participated in the programme for two or more years, and their responsibility is
to assess whether those applying to Camp America possess the skills, experience,
maturity and ability to participate. They usually conduct interviews in their own time
m
with the majority being held in their home or, if not possible, in their local area.
If successful at the interview stage, applicants are then required to complete stage
two of the online application which is submitted with two references and other key
documents. The fully completed application is then posted on the online system,
a
which allows over 1000 camps to access people’s applications any time night or day.
This recent initiative is in essence a matching system, whereby a team of dedicated
dh
placement officers works to promote the skills and qualities of suitable individuals
to the most relevant camps. Applicants receive updates regarding the status of their
applications via the ‘Camp America Direct’ web system.
Once applicants have been offered a place at a summer camp, they will be required
to complete a visa application with their local US Embassy and arrange for a check-up
A
by their own doctor. Camp America then arranges and pays for a return flight to New
York and provides instructions about onward travel to the camp, which is by plane,
train or bus. Where group travel is not feasible, participants may be required to travel
alone. Any money paid out by individuals having to make their own way to their
camp will be reimbursed by the camp itself.
At the end of their placement, participants are required to make their own way
back to New York for return flights. Camp America offers flights from other specified
airports in the US for a small fee.
73
Successful participants are expected to complete the full placement. While on a

camp, participants are answerable to the Camp Director. Camps in the US often
have very strict rules and regulations regarding matters such as timekeeping
and professionalism. Participants should expect to be asked to leave the camp
immediately if they are fired after breaking camp rules. This is done to minimise camp
disruption. Camp America will then work with the person regarding what happens
next.
For those participants who may want to repeat the camp experience in the future,
fantastic incentives are offered, making it convenient and economical for them to do
so. Participants could also be invited to represent Camp America at their college or
university and be given the opportunity to carry out interviews in their local area on
ar
the company’s behalf.
Camp America has introduced a new ground-breaking system whereby payment for
camp duties is now based on the skills and experience people have. The organisation
prioritises looking after its employees and works hard year-on-year to improve service.
m
(Source: adapted from www.campamerica.co.uk)
O
a m
dh
A
Turn over
74
Questions 1–5
a cross .
1 Camp America…
(1)
A mainly recruits workers from the UK.
B offers a choice of placement lengths.
ar
C operates across a range of locations.
2 Those conducting interviews for Camp America…

(1)
m
A work mainly in the evenings.
B have previous camp experience.
C are recruited from an agency.
O
3 Successful applications to Camp America are…
(1)
A sent out to potential employers.
m
B reviewed by camp directors.
C targeted at appropriate camps.
a
4 Travel to the placement camp is…

(1)
dh
A with other people if possible.

B at the worker’s expense.
C organised by the employee.
A
5 Established workers with Camp America are…

(1)
A given good deals to return.
B offered additional training.
C asked to give presentations.
Turn over
A
dh
a m
O
m
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75
76
12
Exercise 6
School
closed
ar
You recently had an unexpected day’s holiday from school.
m
Write a letter to a friend explaining:
• why the school was closed for the day;
• what you did during the day;

O
• why it was better or worse than a day at school.
The pictures above may give you some ideas, but you are free to use any ideas of your own.
am
dh
A
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/O/N/11

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13
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A
[Total: 18]

78
14
Exercise 7
Some people say that in the future there will be no schools and students will learn online at home.
Here are some comments from young people about this idea:
“I won’t be able to ͞It’s more relaxing at home

meet my friends and I can study at whatever
every day.” time I want͘͟
ar
“I won’t have to
spend hours every
“We will lose the opportunity day travelling to
m
to take part in activities like school.”
sport and music.”
O
Write an article for your local newspaper giving your views about the issue.
am
dh
A
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/O/N/11

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15
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O
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A
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2011 0510/21/O/N/11

80
A
dh
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O
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81

*7770020471*
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2 hours
m

O

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For Examiner's Use

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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
A
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Total
IB12 06_0510_21/4RP
82
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about miners trapped underground in Chile, and then answer the questions
Trapped
TrappedFor Months
For Months
It is sometimes difficult to believe, but human beings love to co-operate. Of course, we argue and fight at
times, but in a crisis we show real ability to work together to overcome difficulties.
ar
Nowhere was this more evident than in the drama which took place in a mine far below the Atacama Desert
in Chile. Beginning on August 5th, 2010, 33 miners were trapped for more than two months at 700 metres
below the surface. The length of this ordeal exceeded the previous record of 25 days, which a group of
Chinese miners endured in 2009.
m
While the Chilean miners were working, an enormous landslide occurred which trapped them under the
ground. For the first 17 days, they survived on a few cans of tuna fish and their own physical and mental
strength. The rescuers on the surface used a machine to drill through the rock. Eventually it reached the
underground tunnel where the men were sheltering and they attached a note to the drill to say that they were
O
alive.
For the next two months, as media interest grew, the whole world watched, in constant hope that all the
miners would be rescued. Psychologists watched to see how human beings survive such stressful conditions
and how we react when emergencies occur. As one expert said: “Every form of stress had an impact on those
miners. In order to survive mentally, they had to overcome the extreme difficulties of their situation. They
am
were encouraged by experts on the surface to establish a daily routine and to take regular physical exercise.”
Rescue workers delivered essential items to the miners using three narrow supply tubes. After three weeks
the miners sent to the surface their first video, which showed them without shirts and unshaven. They were
soon provided with clean clothes, toothbrushes and razors, and letters from their loved ones. They all wore
matching red shirts, which helped to create a feeling of unity and discipline. At first, the miners’ food
consisted simply of vitamin drinks, but later they were provided with yoghurt, cereal, tea and sandwiches.
dh
Finally, their bodies were able to take hot meals like meatballs with rice.
In the early days, it was difficult to know how long the miners would have to remain trapped before they
were rescued, but they were kept fully informed. As a psychologist said: “It was essential that they were
regularly given all the relevant information. We wanted to avoid the situation where they were ready and
expecting to be rescued but then were disappointed at the last moment. This would have been damaging for
A
their mental condition.”
three supply tubes each Towards the end of their stay underground, they
to the 700 metres long and were advised to start planning for their arrival at the
surface 15 centimetres wide
surface. Among the books they read was a guide
1 2 3 called “Talking to the Media”, so that they were
well prepared to speak to journalists.
main tunnel Finally, the rescue tunnel was made wide enough to
tunnels
central where bring the men to the surface. They were lifted, one
area miners by one, in a special capsule, and, on 13th October,
50 square slept 2010, the last man was rescued.
metres
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/M/J/12

83
5
(a) When do people work most closely together? For

Examiner's
eople tend to work most closely together during a crisis or emergency. Use
[1]
(b) What was previously the longest period that miners had been trapped underground?
The previous record for the longest period miners had been trapped underground was 25 days, which a
group of Chinese miners endured in 2009. [1]
(c) How did the miners first make contact with the rescuers?
The miners first made contact with the rescuers by attaching a note to the drill that reached their
underground tunne [1]
(d) What were psychologists particularly keen to find out? Give two details.
ar
impact of various forms of stress on the miners
Importance of establishing a daily routine and regular physical exercise for mental well-being [2]
m
(e) What made the rescuers decide to send the miners clean clothes and razors?
The decision to send the miners clean clothes and razors was made after the miners sent their first
video to the surface, showing them without shirts and unshaven. [1]
(f) Why were the men all given the same colour shirts to wear?
O
The men were all given matching red shirts to wear to create a feeling of unity and discipline among the
trapped miners. [1]
(g) How did the food supplied by the rescuers change from the earliest stages to the final
stages? Give two details.
am
In the early days, the miners' food consisted simply of vitamin drinks.
Later, they were provided with a more varied diet, including yoghurt, cereal, tea, sandwiches, and
eventually hot meals like meatballs with rice. [1]
(h) According to the diagram, what was the width of each of the supply tubes?
700 cm long and 15 cm wide
[1]
dh
(i) How did the miners prepare for what they would face when they came out of the
capsule?
before coming to the surface, the miners were advised to prepare for facing the media by reading a guide called "
Talking to the Media." [1]
A
(j) What did the experts believe that the miners needed to do for their physical and mental
health? Give four details.
Overcome extreme difficulties by establishing a daily routine.
Engage in regular physical exercise.
Take care of their mental well-being amidst various forms of stress.

Stay regularly informed to avoid potential disappointment that could be [4]
damaging to their mental condition.
[Total: 14]

84
Leave
blank
SECTION A
Read the events notices from a UK magazine and answer questions 1 to 10. Identify
which paragraphs (A to M) contain the information listed in questions 1 to 10 by marking
( ) for the correct answer. Paragraphs may be used more than once. If you change your
mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new answer with a ( ).
EVENTS
A Classical Music turn into rhinoceroses, kicks off a Royal
This is a weekend devoted to the composer Court season devoted to the classics. It will
Philip Glass to mark his 70th birthday, be fascinating to see how this play stands the
ar
including the premiere of the Book of Longing test of time.
(his setting of the poetry of Cohen to music) H Classical Music
and the first performance in its entirety in This celebration of the music of Luigi Nono
London for more than 20 years of his Music is the first in this country devoted to the
in Twelve Parts. music of the great Italian who died in 1990.
m
B Comedy His works feature alongside those written by
Fresh from his success at Edinburgh, to Monteverdi and Vivaldi, both of whom also
which he returned this summer after a 10- lived in Venice.
year absence, Frank Skinner takes his new I Dance
show on the road, travelling through several
O English National Ballet is pushing the boat
major cities. The show is a sharp look at the out for this new work from Michael Corder,
problems of getting older and turning 50. whose retelling of the Hans Christian
C Theatre Anderson story will be set to the music of
In this follow-up to last year’s scary Prokofiev.
performance of Faust, this company will J Art
be transforming their theatre into a stage A coup for Liverpool as the Turner Prize
am
where Edgar Allen Poe’s creepy tales will be Exhibition moves out of London for the first
recreated. time to act as a curtain-raiser for the city’s
D Classical Music European Capital of Culture celebrations.
Events to commemorate the 50th anniversary K Art
of the death of Jean Sibelius are everywhere. Michelangelo’s painting The Virgin and
Complete cycles of the symphonies are Child, earned the title ‘Manchester’s
promised in Birmingham and in London. Madonna’ because it was last shown in the
In Manchester meanwhile, performers are
dh
UK in the Manchester exhibition of 1857,

devoting a weekend to the composer’s shorter the largest art fair ever held in Britain. Here,
compositions. it returns from London as the centrepiece of
E Jazz the Manchester Art Exhibition.
Headliner Sonny Rollins is a key draw at the L Theatre
UK’s biggest and best jazz festival. Norwegian Michael Morpurgo’s children’s novel about
jazz star Jan Garbarek and American pianist a horse serving in the first world war is
A
Chick Corea are among the big international brought to the stage by director Tom Morris.
stars. Life-size puppets set the scene for a tale that
F Opera is exciting and sad.
James MacMillan’s new work is set in M Music
Scotland in 2080, and is based on a story This should be an emotional revival featuring
from a Welsh collection of folk tales. Katie musicians from the Muslim and Jewish
Mitchell directs and the composer himself communities who once lived and worked
conducts. together in Algeria. They now play their
G Theatre traditional Chaabi music together again after
A chance to experience Ionesco’s surreal a break of many years. They will also be on
satire on a conformist world, where humans tour in Europe until the end of 2010.
(taken and adapted from The Guardian g2: Tuesday 28/08/07)

85
Leave
blank
Questions 1–10
In which events notice are the following mentioned?
1. a show about the experiences of an animal

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
2. a show that is frightening

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3. the performance of a complete piece of music for the first time in London
m
4. musicians from different countries performing together
5. someone joking about their age

A B C D E F
O
G H I J K L M
6. performance of music by composers from one particular city

am
7. a painting on exhibition in a city for the second time after many years
dh
8. performances in different cities to celebrate the works of one person

9. a story set in the future

A
10. people from two different cultures performing together

Section A
(Total 10 marks)
86
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about “dowsing”, the ancient technique for finding water underground, and
then complete the notes on the opposite page.
Discovering the existence of water underground without scientific means or knowledge is one of the
world’s oldest mysteries.
ar
Instead of using modern equipment, the discoverer – or dowser – holds thin metal rods or just simply
a twig from a tree. When the rods cross or the twig moves without any help from the operator, it is
considered a sign that water lies beneath the surface of the ground.
m
Costas Kyriakou, who lives in Cyprus, is a practising dowser, and is convinced that the technique
works. He claims that he has never been wrong in discovering water underground. He believes that
there are no hidden secrets and says: “It is a gift which a genuine dowser must possess and I believe
that I have this gift. My body sends electromagnetic waves which respond to the presence of water.”
He cannot wear clothes made of synthetic materials because they immediately make his body itch.
O
Costas discovered his gift accidentally when he was only 15 years old. A piece of abandoned metal he
had picked up suddenly went wild in his hands. When he was about the same age, he found water
underground in the fields near his village.
With a lifetime of experience, he can now tell the quantity of the water in an underground area.
am
Because of the high costs involved in searching for water, this is an important factor for companies
when deciding whether it is worth drilling a test hole to locate it. He can tell the basic quality of the
water, for example, how pure it is and whether it contains any salt. He can also distinguish water from
other liquids, such as oil, for instance. He demonstrated this by showing how differently his
instruments behaved when placed over the buried tanks of a petrol station in comparison to a water
well. He is even able to discover how deep the water is underground and can trace the direction in
which it is flowing.
dh
As Costas became more experienced, he changed the tools that he used. He soon decided to throw
away the standard “L” shaped copper or tin rods, and replaced them with a single rod with a loop at
either end. He uses this with one hand, in the same way as he uses a twig or any small piece of wood.
Costas also noticed that the rod and the twig only helped in discovering water that was near the
surface. To go really deep, he uses a kind of pendulum, a weight, preferably made of bronze, that simply
A
hangs by a piece of string. It is an amazing sight to watch a heavy object like that defying the law of
gravity, at first swinging from side to side like a proper pendulum and then spinning round without any
help or interference from the human handling it.
If an ordinary person tries to do the same test over a particular spot which is known to contain
water, nothing happens. The pendulum remains hanging with no movement. But if Costas touches you
with his hands as you hold it, you can feel the string immediately become charged with energy – like
an electric current.
Dowsing is a popular activity in countries like Cyprus, where water is sometimes in short supply.
However, in many other northern European countries, where water is plentiful, dowsing is mainly used
to detect other things, such as metal objects, underground.
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/M/J/12

87
9
You are going to give a presentation to your school’s Science Club about the subject of For
dowsing. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk. Examiner's
Use
Costas’s early discoveries

Discovered his dowsing gift at the age of 15 when an abandoned metal piece he picked up
• reacted
.............................................................................................................
unexpectedly in his hands.
• Found water underground near his village using his newfound dowsing ability around the same age.
.............................................................................................................
ar
What Costas can tell companies about water underground
• Can determine the quantity of water in an underground area, providing valuable information for
.............................................................................................................
m
companies considering drilling test holes.
• Can.............................................................................................................
assess the basic quality of the water, including purity and the presence of salt. Additionally,
capable of distinguishing water from other liquids, such as oil.
• .............................................................................................................
Able to gauge the depth of the water underground and trace its directional flow, aiding companies
in making informed decisions about drilling locations.
O
Tools that Costas now uses to detect water
• .............................................................................................................
Initially used thin metal rods or a twig from a tree.
Later switched to a single rod with loops at either end, using it with one hand similar to a twig or
• .............................................................................................................
small piece of wood.
am
For deeper water detection, employs a pendulum—a weight made of bronze hanging by a string.
• ..........................................................................................................
This tool can defy gravity, swinging and spinning without human interference.
[Total: 8]
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A

88
Read the article below on zoos and answer Questions 1–5.
The History Of Zoos

The origins of zoos can be traced as far back as 10,000 years ago in Ancient Egypt.
The pharaohs would sometimes demand that wild animals be captured and kept
for their own amusement, intimidation of enemies, or to hunt as sport. However,
the main reason for keeping wild animals in this fashion was to exhibit the wealth
and power of the ruler. This model continued on a very limited scale until the age
of exploration in the 15th century, when western explorers started to collect exotic
specimens from their travels around the world, particularly in the tropical regions.
ar
This led to zoos being built in capital cities around the western world, once again
to demonstrate the city’s status through the size and grandeur of its zoo. Contests
began between zoos to display the greatest variety of species. The enclosures used
m
to house the animals were too small and badly equipped. These zoos had no concept
of conservation and viewed the natural world as inexhaustible. At the same time
however, natural history museums were being founded. The new scientific studies
they were conducting, combined with access to a wide range of exotic subject
matter, led to a gradual change in zoological thinking.
O
After World War Two, zoological thinking began to take on its modern form. Zoos
started to adopt the role of conservation establishments, setting up research
departments and using educational staff to share their new message with the public.
Through research, mixed species enclosures are now a familiar sight, creating a more
natural experience for both the animals and visitors. This new-found knowledge and
m
attitude towards zoo management have resulted in more suitable habitats for the
animals and a much improved life experience on many levels.
Firstly, in many cases, animals living in zoos survive much longer than the same
species in the wild. This prolonged longevity in zoos can be attributed to three
a
factors, most notably the medical treatment available there. While under the care
of zoologists, animals have access to the best medical treatment available. Even
dh
the most basic of infections or illnesses can kill animals in the wild, but when those
animals are in zoos, infections and illnesses can be treated to extend their lives.
Secondly, zoos do not create habitats that contain predator-prey situations, so
animals that are normally the prey in the wild do not have to worry about avoiding
predators and stressful situations. This results in longer lifespans and presumably a
better quality of life too.
A
The final contributor to longer life in zoos is the constant and reliable source of
food. Zoo animals never go hungry due to lack of food or inability to catch or find
anything to eat as they might in the wild. Zoos employ specialised dieticians who
carefully construct each species’ diet and ensure that the animals are fed at intervals
appropriate to their natural eating cycles.
The most important action zoos can take to ensure continued awareness and support
for conservation is to provide extensive educational opportunities. While zoos want
to educate everyone, they generally target children to get young people interested in
conservation early by allowing schools to take a field trip to the zoo and sometimes
sending the animals to the classroom.
89
The first step towards educating zoo visitors is to make the enclosures realistic and
the display boards interactive. Today’s enclosures are custom-built for the species
they hold.They have flora and terrain typical of the species’ native habitat and are
large enough to hold a sufficient number of the species to make a natural family
group. Outside the habitat created for the animal, enclosures are becoming more
visitor-oriented. Interactive displays, large signs and pictures greatly enhance the
learning experience offered by modern zoos to their visitors.
(Source: adapted from © whyzoos.com)
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O
a m
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A
90
Questions 1–5
Indicate your answers to the questions below by marking a cross for the correct
answer . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box
and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Animals were first captured to…

(1)
A use in competitions.
B entertain the pharaoh.
ar
C hunt the enemy.
2 The early zoos in capital cities were…

(1)
m
A used to show importance.
B set up to protect animals.
C established by explorers. O
3 A modern approach to zoo management involves…
(1)
A running specialised courses for staff.
m
B regular off-site education sessions.
C greater awareness of conservation.
a
4 Compared to animals in the wild, zoo animals…

(1)
dh
A suffer fewer illnesses.

B face less aggression.
C eat a more varied diet.
A
5 Modern zoos offer their visitors…

(1)
A species-specific habitats.
B animal handling sessions.
C literature to take home.

A
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a m
O
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91
92
12
Exercise 6
ar
People say there is a first time for everything. Recently you did something for the first time in
m
your life.
You decide to write a letter about your new experience to a friend.
In your letter you should: O

• say what gave you the idea to do it;
• describe what you did for the first time;
• explain why you would or would not like to repeat the experience.
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dh

A
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/M/J/12

93
13
For
Examiner's
Use
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A
[Total: 18]

94
14
Exercise 7
Your school year group is doing a project on the advantages and disadvantages of the car as a
means of transport.
Here are some comments from your friends on the subject.
“It would take twice the

time for me to travel by
bus or train than by car.”
“Cars cause more
accidents than any other
ar
forms of transport.”
“It’s cheaper for a

family to travel
m
together in a car than
by public transport.” “There are so many cars on
the road, drivers become
O frustrated and angry.”
Write an article for the project giving your views about the issue.
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dh
A
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/M/J/12

95
15
For
Examiner's
Use
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O
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A
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/M/J/12

96
A
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O
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97

* 3 6 7 6 2 4 9 8 2 4 *
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2 hours
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O


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For Examiner’s Use

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Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
A
Exercise 5
Exercise 6
Exercise 7
Total
DC (AC/SW) 53398/5
98
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about mankind’s efforts to cool the Earth’s climate, and then answer the
questions on the opposite page.
MAN-MADE EFFORTS TO COOL THE EARTH

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ar
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O
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80
70
60
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tonnes of 50
carbon
dioxide (in 40
billions)
30
20
10
A
0
2010 2030 2050
(actual figure) (projected (ideal
figure) figure)
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JODSFBTJOHUIFBNPVOUPGQMBOLUPO BUJOZGPSNPGBOJNBMBOEQMBOUMJGFXIJDIESJGUTJOUIFPDFBOT
1MBOLUPOBCTPSCTDBSCPOEJPYJEFBTJUHSPXTBOEUIFODBSSJFTUIFDBSCPOEJPYJEFEPXOUPUIFCPUUPNPGUIFPDFBOXIFOJUEJFT
5IFEJTBEWBOUBHFPGTVDIBUFDIOJRVFJTUIBUJUXPVMEUBLFUPPMPOHUPNBLFTJHOJGJDBOUSFEVDUJPOTJODBSCPO
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BSUJGJDJBMGJMUFSTESJWFOCZOVDMFBSQPXFSUPSFNPWFUIFDBSCPOEJPYJEFGSPNUIFBJS
0OFGBDUJTDFSUBJO"OZNFBTVSFTXIJDIBSFUBLFONBZIBWFUP
CFLFQUHPJOHGPSEFDBEFTPSFWFODFOUVSJFT
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/O/N/12
99
5
(a) Why are scientists researching ‘geo-engineering’? For

Examiner’s
..................................................................................................................................... [1] Use
(b) What does a volcanic eruption send into the air?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) How do volcanic eruptions help to cool the Earth? Give two details.
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
ar
(d) When and where was the second largest eruption of the last century?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
m
(e) How often would sulfur-based particles need to be sent into the atmosphere?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
O
(f) What is one possible danger of spraying salt water into the air?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
am
(g) According to the graph, how much carbon dioxide do scientists predict will be produced
in 2030?
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) How can plankton help the atmosphere? Give two details.
dh
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(i) What is a disadvantage of removing carbon dioxide by filters?

A
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(j) Give four examples of geo-engineering techniques described in the passage.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 14]
100
6HFWLRQ$
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dh
A
101
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blank
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A
Section A
7RWDOPDUNV
102
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about some Masai tribesmen from Tanzania who ran the London Marathon,
and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
MASAI RUNNERS GO THE DISTANCE

When Isaya O’Leporu and five other Masai tribesmen completed the London Marathon,
arriving at the finishing line was only one of their achievements. They were, in fact,
the first members of their village to leave the region. They became very popular with
the British public when they made a successful appearance on television, showing their
ar
enthusiasm and determination to succeed. Most importantly, however, they raised
over £100,000 while they were there to pay for the cost of bringing clean water to their
isolated village.
The need for clean water was very obvious. Many Masai people were getting seriously
m
ill. A number of children in the village were missing school in order to make the
exhausting ten-kilometre walk to the nearest water source, where they often faced
dangerous animals. The men were forced to drive the village’s precious cows far onto
neighbouring land in search of watering holes, at the risk of angering rival tribes.
O
It is hard for most Masai to imagine travelling to a place that cannot be reached on
foot. When the plan to run the marathon was first suggested, many villagers tried to
stop them leaving because they were convinced that they would not return. For Isaya
and his fellow tribesmen, however, the trip provided many new experiences. It was the
first time they had seen snow, which was very cold and painful to touch. They noticed
am
the crowds in London who, they said, walked very fast and looked very serious.
After successful completion of the marathon, Isaya and his fellow runners were
welcomed home as heroes, with their remarkable stories. They also brought with them
enough money to cover the cost of searching and drilling for water.
But it soon became clear that the essential water would not appear overnight. It took
some time for the authorities in Tanzania to collect the tax on the money that they had
dh
earned from the run. There was the long process of searching, with experts continually
failing to find evidence of water beneath the earth. The villagers were frustrated by the
length of time taken by the surveyors to locate the sources of water.
Isaya found himself trapped between the villagers, who were impatient for water to
start flowing, and the surveyors, who faced the challenge of finding water in one of the
A
driest regions on Earth. As Isaya said, “I had to explain to my people that sometimes
you can drill many times and not find water. They were concerned that so much money
was being spent and no water was being found.”
Finally, a surveyor confirmed that water had indeed been found some distance from
the village. The entire village worked for days to clear a route so that the trucks of the
drilling company were able to reach the site. One day later, water trickled slowly to the
surface, to the great excitement and delight of all the village people.
For Isaya and his companions, the success of this project – almost exactly one year after
they had completed the marathon – was a huge reward for their efforts.
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/O/N/12

103
9
You are going to give a presentation to your school’s Geography Club about the Masai tribesmen For
and the marathon run. Make brief notes to use as the basis for your talk. Examiner’s
Use
Achievements during the visit to London
• .................................................................................................................
• .................................................................................................................
ar
Negative effects of the lack of water on the villagers
• .................................................................................................................
• .................................................................................................................
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• .................................................................................................................
Reasons for delay in finding water for the village
•
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.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
• .................................................................................................................
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[Total: 8]
dh
A

104
Read the article below on dentistry and answer Questions 1–5.
The History Of Dentistry

Toothache is something we have in common with our ancestors. Interestingly, those
living in Ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome may not have had as many cavities as
people in modern societies due to the lack of sugar and processed food in their diet.
However, their teeth were worn down and damaged primarily by their coarse diet
which required them to chew more. In Egypt, archaeologists have discovered sand in
the food the Ancient Egyptians had preserved and this must have contributed to the
problem. Ancient recipes for toothpaste still survive, although there is no mention
ar
of toothbrushes. For most people in ancient civilisations, their main experience of
dentistry was having a rotten tooth removed. Extractions were undertaken by a
variety of people, such as jewellers or wigmakers, who all removed teeth in addition
to pursuing their main occupations.
m
The 1700s saw the emergence in Britain of a practitioner known as the ‘operator for
the teeth’. This practitioner was seen as being skilled in the removal of teeth and the
crafting of artificial ones. There were not many of these operators at this time and
it seems that they were particularly popular in fashionable parts of London. By the
O
1750s the term dentist was being used to describe tooth operators in Britain. The
range of their services broadened and included fillings, remedies for gum diseases,
and even the whitening of teeth. The demand for dentists was now growing. They
were few in number and they often went on tours of several weeks’ duration across
the UK to provide treatment. The growth in demand may have been because sugar
m
consumption was increasing and people’s teeth were getting worse. The first modern,
commercially manufactured toothbrush was now available, but it was far too
expensive for most people.
By the 1800s there was a marked increase in the number of practising dentists. The
a
majority of practitioners learnt their trade through an apprenticeship. However,

there was no control to prevent malpractice or incompetence and the standards
of apprenticeship varied greatly. In the 1870s leading dentists campaigned for the
dh
first legislation to regulate dentistry, which led to the Dentists Act of 1878. The Act
required all dentists to gain a Licence in Dental Surgery by attending dental school
and this then allowed them to register as a dentist. Initially, this was a setback for
women who were practising as dentists. The dental schools refused them entry and
so they could not qualify and register. It was not until 1895 that the first woman
qualified and registered as a dentist in the UK.
A
Despite the progress in dentists’ education, the nation’s teeth got worse during the
1800s. Most families were lucky if they had a toothbrush to use between them and
often could not meet the costs of dental treatment, even if there were a dentist in their
neighbourhood. For those who did visit the dentist, scientific developments helped
to make the experience more bearable. Most of those who did visit dentists were still
visiting unqualified practitioners as these outnumbered qualified ones at this time.
105
Individual dentists have always given advice to patients about the care of their teeth.
However, it was not until the late 1800s that a more organised approach to dental
health education was developed. In response to the appalling state of children’s teeth,
films and puppet shows were commissioned and the first clinic dedicated to children’s
oral health was set up. The School Dentists Society was established to continue to
inform education authorities about dental treatment and to raise awareness of the
importance of disease prevention. The society produced the first teaching resources
aimed at encouraging teachers to include toothbrushing in the school daily routine.
The 1900s saw an explosion of new materials, techniques and technology along with
a better understanding of dental disease prevention. Access to dental treatment
was still limited at the beginning of the century. Approved societies provided dental
ar
treatment for workers but not for their family members. In 1948 the British population
gained access to free dental treatment. Today, whilst many still have dental problems,
those with healthy teeth are encouraged to look after them.
m
(Source: adapted from ©British Dental Association)
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a m
dh
A
Turn over
106
Questions 1–5
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate your new answer
with a cross .
1 In ancient times…
(1)
A sand negatively affected dental health.
B cavities were more common than now.
ar
C there were specific dental professionals.
2 Tooth operators…
(1)
m
A originated from Ancient Egypt.
B focused on extracting teeth.
C created replacement teeth. O
3 During the 1700s…
(1)
A the number of dentists was growing rapidly.
m
B dental treatments became more extensive.
C dentists mainly looked after the needs of locals.
a
4 To gain a Licence in Dental Surgery, dentists needed to…

(1)
dh
A complete an apprenticeship.
B pass a course in dentistry.
C register as a practitioner.
A
5 In order to improve children’s dental health…

(1)
A more treatment was given to children.
B schools were given their own advisers.
C child-friendly information was produced.
Turn over
A
dh
a m
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107
108
12
Exercise 6
ar
m
Yesterday you were looking out of the window when you saw something strange.
You decide to write a letter about it to a friend.
•
O
explain why you were looking out of the window;
• describe what you saw and how you felt;

am
• say what you did next.
dh
You will receive up to 9 marks for the content of your letter, and up to 9 marks for the style and accuracy
of your language.
A
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/O/N/12

109
13
For
......................................................................................................................................................... Examiner’s
Use
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
ar
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
O
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
am
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
dh
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
A
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 18]
110
14
Exercise 7
Your school magazine is inviting students to write an article about change in your country.
Here are some comments from your friends on this subject:
Some change is necessary if Too much change means that we lose

we are to keep up with developments our own identity and traditions.
in the rest of the world.
ar
Change makes life Some people feel anxious
exciting and gives us more about change and prefer things
opportunities. to stay as they are.
m
Write an article for your school magazine giving your views about the issue.
O
am
dh
A
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/O/N/12

111
15
For
......................................................................................................................................................... Examiner’s
Use
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
ar
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
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O
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.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
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.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
A
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 18]
© UCLES 2012 0510/21/O/N/12
112
A
dh
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113

* 9 2 7 6 9 4 6 6 0 1 *
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2 hours
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O


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DC (CW/JG) 59167/4
114
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about using bananas to produce biofuel, and then answer the questions on
the opposite page.
PLANTATION POWER
On her hillside plantation on the Caribbean island of St Lucia, Leona Cecil is holding up heavy bunches of
bananas. It is hard work, but she wants to make sure that none of her precious bananas fall to the ground and
suffer damage.
After tourism, the island’s biggest money earner is the export of bananas. However, this income has been
severely reduced after Hurricane Tomas hit St Lucia three years ago, causing widespread damage to the island.
Owners of small farms such as Leona’s have found it difficult to compete with bigger producers from other
ar
countries. The number of St Lucian farmers exporting bananas has fallen by about 80%. “I am one of the few
growers left – I have bunches of bananas to sell, but no foreign buyers,” Leona says. “It’s hard to pay my bills.”
The farmers are desperate to find new sources of income, because although supermarkets are offering to buy,
they are paying lower and lower prices to the farmers. Without enough foreign buyers, most bananas end up as
m
animal feed or just simply rot away, with the result that the fruit is wasted.
30 Leona is one of about 20 banana farmers

Number of 25 on St Lucia keen to experiment with a
Caribbean farmers
more profitable alternative for this waste
20 O fruit – turning it into ethanol, a biofuel.
exporting bananas
(in thousands) 15 In the past, the island’s economy has
depended on the export of bananas.
10
Now the farmers want to use the fruit
5 to provide fuel for their cars, boats and
0 the local minibuses. If successful, the
1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 ‘banana ethanol’ project could not only
am
Year of survey help support the struggling farmers
but also provide a cheap alternative to
expensive imported fuel. Just like its neighbouring islands, St Lucia has to import almost all of its fuel. That means
both transport and electricity production are expensive and add to the cost of living for the inhabitants of the island.
Donald Holder is leading the ‘banana ethanol’ project after completing his studies in renewable energy
technology at university. He says, “People are always complaining about the cost of public transport here.
That’s why I thought of biofuels.”
dh
The biofuel process produces ethanol and methane. It begins by mixing very ripe, squashed bananas with
water. This mixture goes into a tank, where it ferments and is distilled to make a fuel that is 95% ethanol
and can be used in vehicles. The methane which is also produced is then used to provide the power for the
machinery itself, helping to keep production costs low. Organic waste left at the end of the process can be used
as fertiliser, some of which goes back to farmers and some of which is sold.
A
Holder expects to produce 80,000 litres of fuel in the first year. This level of production will use nearly all the
bananas that are thrown away each year on St Lucia. A criticism of biofuel projects is that they use crops which
could be eaten, but this scheme only uses food that would have been wasted. Holder estimates that his product
will be about 10% cheaper than imported fuel.
Initially, the ethanol will be mixed with normal petrol because cars on the island are not yet equipped to run
on pure biofuel and pumps at petrol stations have not yet been adapted to supply it. The
project expects to provide fuel for about 300 cars per week.
Holder has been helped financially by winning an international competition, and this has
enabled him to buy equipment from various international suppliers. Other development
agencies have also funded the research needed to move the project forward.
© UCLES 2013 0510/21/M/J/13

115
5
(a) Where on St Lucia is Leona’s plantation? For

Examiner’s
...................................................................................................................................... [1] Use
(b) Which industry produces most money for the island’s economy?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What was the result of extreme weather conditions on the island?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Why aren’t the farmers earning as much from their crops these days? Give two details.
ar
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
m
(e) According to the chart, in the most recent survey, how many Caribbean growers were
exporting bananas?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f)
O
What are the negative consequences of using expensive imported fuel? Give two
details.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) What gave Donald Holder the idea of producing biofuel?

am
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) How does the use of methane keep production costs low?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
dh
(i) At the moment, why is it impossible for drivers to use ethanol on its own?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(j) How has Donald Holder benefited from his competition success?
A
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(k) Apart from reducing fuel costs, what are the main advantages of the project for the
struggling farmers? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 15]
116
Section A
Read the internet article below giving advice on study skills and answer questions 1–10.
For each paragraph identify which heading, from A–M on page 5, best describes the
information in that paragraph by marking ( ) the correct answer. Headings may be
used more than once or not at all. If you change your mind, put a line through the box
( ) and then indicate your new answer with a ( ).
WAYS TO EFFECTIVE LEARNING
These tips can help you learn, memorise and improve your study skills.
ar
Paragraph 1
It has been proved that 10-minute bursts of concentration repeated often are much more
effective than one long session. So, even if you have only 10 minutes to study, do it. Take
a break. Then study for another 10 minutes. This “distributed learning” approach is highly
m
efficient because it reflects the way the brain likes to work.
Paragraph 2
O
If you start to feel tired after several days of study, have a day off. The reason for doing
this is to refresh yourself. However, if you feel bad (“I really should be studying”) then
your precious rest period has been used to create more stress and your brain will not absorb
new data. On days off from studying, really enjoy yourself and do not feel bad about not
studying.
am
Paragraph 3
Do not study if you are angry, distracted, or in a hurry. When the brain is relaxed, it is like
a sponge and it naturally absorbs data without effort. If you are stressed, your brain repels
data. Forcing yourself to sit and study when your mind is on other things is a complete waste
of time!
dh
Paragraph 4
When you learn something new, try to go over the points the same day. If you wait a few
days and then make efforts to look over the material, it will seem much less familiar.
However, if you look over what you have studied later on in the day, this will tend to cement
the information into your brain. It is also important to look over the work at regular intervals
A
over the next few weeks.
Paragraph 5
Why do runners sometimes strap lead weights to their legs? When you overemphasise
actions during practice, the final result seems easy. This concept can be applied to studying
anything. For example, if you are learning how to spell new words, overstate the sound of
the letters to help remember them. Later on, the correct spelling seems obvious.
117
Paragraph 6
If you require certain things to be present to help you study, always try to make these
a priority. For example, do you need special lighting, silence, music, privacy, available
snacks etc? Pay attention to what works for you and repeat it each time you study to be
successful.
Paragraph 7
It is normal for the brain to forget things. Instead of getting angry, you should be prepared for
it and deal with it accordingly. As you learn new things, you find it more difficult to access
older information. The trick here is simply to review. Include a quick review in each study
ar
session and this will solve the problem.
Paragraph 8
m
Generally, if you schedule certain times of the day to study, you will get into the habit and
accomplish more. If you just try to “fit it in” during your day, the chances are that you will
never find the time. An effective way to do this is to mark it down in your calendar as if
you have an appointment, like going to the doctor’s. For example: “Tuesday, 3 – 4:30 pm
- Study.” O
Paragraph 9
One of the main reasons people do not achieve their aims is because they set them too high.
If they are manageable, you get into the habit of accomplishing them and gradually you can
am
set higher ones. Also, recognise the difference between long-term and short-term aims. Set
your vision on the long-term dream, but focus your day-to-day activity on the short-term.
Paragraph 10
People learn at different rates. Some people learn more quickly but worry that they aren’t
going fast enough! In contrast, others learn more slowly but are more self-accepting, and
dh
end up learning the material in a shorter period of time. This is because they don’t waste
energy blocking, getting upset, and thinking that they’re not good enough. They simply keep
moving forward at a slower (but un-blocked) pace.
A
Turn over
118
Leave
blank
Questions 1 - 10
Which paragraph gives you information about the following?
A LEARN SOMETHING NEW EVERY DAY

B USE EXAGGERATION
C SET AND UNDERSTAND YOUR VARIOUS GOALS
D STUDY FOR EXAM SUCCESS
E TAKE GUILT-FREE DAYS OF REST
ar
F ACCEPT YOUR SPEED OF LEARNING
G PREPARE YOUR STUDY ENVIRONMENT
H RECOGNISE THE MOOD YOU ARE IN
m
I STUDY WITH OTHER PEOPLE
J STUDY LITTLE AND OFTEN
K CREATE A DAILY STUDY ROUTINE
O
L ACCEPT YOU MAY NOT REMEMBER
M RECOGNISE LEARNING IS A LONG PROCESS
am
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 2
3. Paragraph 3
dh
4. Paragraph 4
5. Paragraph 5
6. Paragraph 6
A
7. Paragraph 7
8. Paragraph 8
9. Paragraph 9
10. Paragraph 10
Section A
(Total 10 marks)
Turn over
A
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119
120
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about a new sport which is based on the game played in the Harry Potter
books and films, and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
REAL–LIFE QUIDDITCH SWEEPS ALL BEFORE IT

Welcome to the real-life version of Quidditch, based on the famous game at Hogwarts
School in the Harry Potter novels written by J. K. Rowling.
The game has certainly caught the imagination of a generation of young people across the
world. It has progressed from its origins as a joke started by American college students, to
being a big hit with more than 1,000 clubs playing globally. Some matches can attract crowds
ar
of more than 20,000 spectators, and the game has many more fans on social network sites.
Real-life Quidditch is best described as a combination of two different games. The first game is
something close to basketball. Three ‘chasers’ on each team attempt to throw or kick a ‘quaffle’
(a volleyball) through the opposing team’s rings to score goals. As they do this, the two ‘beaters’
on each team throw rubber balls at them to try to prevent them from hitting their target. The
m
priority for this contest is to score as many goals as possible.
Meanwhile, a second and separate game of ‘hide-and-seek’ is going on. A cross-country runner
with a tennis ball (recreating the ‘snitch’ from J. K. Rowling’s version of the game) runs from
the field of play at the beginning of the match. The runner must be caught by a ‘seeker’ and the
O
priority of this part of the game is to take the ‘snitch’ from the runner’s possession. When the
‘snitch’ is caught, the whole game ends and the goals are counted. Typically, a well-organised
game might last about twenty minutes.
There are still, however, some areas of disagreement. The rules have not yet been finalised
although there has at least been agreement on the number of ‘quaffles’ or volleyballs. There
am
are five, which are passed between 14 players. They must wear coloured headbands and hold
household brooms or mops between their legs at all times. Moreover, because the boundaries
of the playing field are still under discussion, matches have sometimes moved a long way from
the normal area, finishing on a rooftop or even in a lake.
Sadly, because of the physical nature of the game,

injuries are becoming more and more common,
with the result that some players are taken to
hospital with serious problems such as broken
dh
bones.
Will the game of Quidditch survive or will it be a

passing phase? One enthusiast said, “I am sure
the popularity will continue to grow. The game
is so exciting to watch with a lot of balls flying
A
around, and it can be played by both boys and

girls. In today’s high-speed world, young people
like the fact that the game takes little time and can
be fitted into a busy schedule.”
In addition, a generation of young people has grown up with the Harry Potter series,
and they are now entering college and university. The game is evolving too, with
the equipment being modified all the time. For example, it was soon realised
that household brooms broke too easily, so lighter, shorter and stronger
versions have been made.
Unfortunately, there remains one significant design problem

that no-one has yet been able to solve. The brooms can’t fly.
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9
You are going to give a talk to your school sports club about the game of Quidditch. Prepare For
some notes to use as the basis for your talk. Examiner’s
Use
Main aims of the two games
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
ar
Present problems with Quidditch
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
m
• ...............................................................................................................
Reasons for the continuing popularity of Quidditch
•
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...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
[Total: 9]
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A

122
Read the article below on a different way of living and answer Questions 1–5.
A Different Way Of Living

Traditional neighbourhoods where all the children play together outside for hours
and all the neighbours look out for them are now rare. However, there is a new type
of cohousing village community that is likely to have similar elements. This may
persuade some to move from a city dwelling to join such a scheme.
Cohousing is a collaborative venture, where residents intentionally and actively
participate in the design and operation of their own neighbourhood. All homes are
ar
individually owned and paid for by residents. One example of such a community
in Belfast consists of 36 private dwellings arranged around a square. The homes,
varying in size, have from one to three bedrooms and are partially standardised to
reduce building costs. The site layout also allows residents the option of adding an
extra room to their houses if needed in the future. The homes are clustered to foster
m
community interaction and to preserve natural open spaces. There is a network of
pedestrian paths in and around the community with vehicle parking around the
outside of the village.
O
The community also includes a ‘common house’. This is crucial to the concept of
cohousing. It is centrally located: residents frequently pass by on the way to and
from their own homes thereby increasing opportunities to interact with neighbours.
A common house provides the community with a focus for socialising and
sharing. The cohousing community layout is very different from most typical new
neighbourhoods where houses have attached garages and private gardens resulting
m
in people having little contact with their neighbours. As cohousing has evolved over
the past 20+ years, research has shown that residents in communities with well-used
common houses are happier with smaller private homes.
a
In the Belfast common house the well-equipped kitchen is used to prepare

community meals, which are then served on a regular basis in the large dining area.
This area may also, on occasion, be used for meetings, workshops and presentations.
dh
A children’s crèche facility is located near the dining area, so parents can participate
in community events without worrying about childcare. Older children have their
own space for homework and there are areas for arts and crafts, music and yoga. A
fully-functioning office space is available so residents can share the technology and
resources typically found in individual homes. Guest rooms located in the common
A
house lessen the need for individual homes to provide lodging for visiting friends
and family.
123
Although numerous aspects of the community are very appealing, people make
the decision to move largely because of the lifestyle it makes available to children.
They live in a rural area where they can play outside safely, explore natural places
and don’t have to be driven long distances for play dates or activities. With parking
on the outskirts of the village and all members of the community knowing each
other, cohousing creates a safe environment for children to play and can allow
them greater freedom. Children also have playmates of all ages. Many children in a
typical community know only their parents, possibly their grandparents and other
children their own age. Those who live in cohousing may also know many middle-
aged people and older children. This provides them with a more well-rounded life
experience to draw from. Many cohousing families swap childcare, pass on clothes
and toys to others and discuss parenting approaches. Having community support is
ar
something cohousing members really appreciate.
Despite numerous benefits to living in cohousing, it can also present challenges.
Group decision-making is more time consuming and can seem especially difficult
for parents of young children. Different parenting styles, such as allowing exposure
m
to violent media or responding to disagreements among children, can be more
challenging. All the children have access to a communal play area. In a typical
community, parents invite other children to come into their garden to play with their
children. If the children don’t get along, parents don’t invite those children to come
O
over to play again. In a cohousing community, everyone has to work things out. This
can be frustrating in the beginning, but the whole family can experience incredible
growth in terms of forming and sustaining lifelong relationships.
(Source: adapted from http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/home/1876537/cohousing_and_

am
community_on_the_coast.html and http://mainecohousing.org/homes/homes.html)
dh
A
Turn over
124
Questions 1–5
answer . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate
your new answer with a cross .
1 The layout of the Belfast community includes...
A individual parking places.
B options for more homes.
C access to unspoilt areas.
ar
2 The Belfast community residents are likely to...
A come into contact with others on a regular basis.
m
B meet up with other residents in the evening.
C make daily use of the communal areas.
3 The dining area is used as a...
A place to do homework.
O
B function room for adults.
m
C play room for children.
4 Children living in a cohousing community...

a
A have access to a range of planned activities.

B spend more time with others outdoors.
dh
C build relationships with people of all ages.
5 Cohousing parents with young children may disagree on the...
A best way to deal with conflict.

A
B amount of TV children watch.

C types of games children play.
Turn over
A
dh
a m
O
m
ar
125
126
12
Exercise 6
ar
Charity Event
m
You recently organised an event to raise money for a local charity.
Write a letter to a friend, explaining:
•
O
why you chose your particular charity
how you planned the event
• whether or not you felt the event was successful.

am
dh

A
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13
For
......................................................................................................................................................... Examiner’s
Use
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
ar
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
m
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
O
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
am
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
dh
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
A
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]

128
14
Exercise 7
Your school magazine is looking for articles on the following topic:
“The ability to travel easily is a great benefit to our generation.”
Here are some comments from your friends on the subject:
“ We should be more concerned about

“ There is no doubt that the amount of fuel and energy we use
travel broadens the mind. ” when travelling from place to place. ”
ar
“ It’s vital to travel “ Each country is losing
m
if family members live far away its identity with so many
or even in different countries. ” tourists. ”
O
Write an article for the school magazine, giving your views.
am
dh
A
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15
For
......................................................................................................................................................... Examiner’s
Use
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
ar
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
m
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
O
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
am
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
dh
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
A
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2013 0510/21/M/J/13

130
A
dh
am
O
m
ar
131

* 1 1 5 6 0 8 1 7 1 9 *
ar
2 hours
m

O


am
dh
A
DC (SJF/JG) 66088/3
132
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about a businessman who makes and sells traditional sweets in Malaysia,
and then answer the questions on the opposite page.
THE MALAYSIAN TING-TING MAN

Leo Chia is standing behind his stall on a hot afternoon, smiling warmly as
he serves his customers. Three generations of his family have been selling
ting-ting sweets in Malaysia since his grandfather started the business. “It’s
hot,” complains Leo, moving his stall into the shade. “But I enjoy what I do
and want as many people as possible to try these traditional sweets.”
ar
Ting-ting sweets are small and hard and traditionally handmade by mixing
white sugar, maple syrup and sticky rice. But Leo’s family recipe uses
maltose and honey instead of white sugar. Leo learnt the trade at the age of
13 by helping his father to measure the ingredients. In those days he often
used to pop a few sweets into his mouth, which explains why now that he is an adult, some of his front teeth
m
are missing. “That’s only part of the reason,” he laughs. “Maybe I didn’t brush my teeth properly when I was
younger.”
Last year, Leo’s father finally gave his son permission to run the business. When making the sweets, Leo
needs containers of different sizes to measure the ingredients accurately. On most days, he uses enough to
O
make about two kilos of sweets. It is essential to make the sweets when the temperature is not too cold, so
Leo makes his ting-ting between midday and 6pm.
It is equally important to have the right tools when breaking the solid sweets into small pieces. Only a
traditional metal chisel and a small hammer will do the task properly. The 60-year-old chisel that Leo uses
has been passed down from generation to generation and is of great importance to him. Finally, he needs to
have good storage space for both the ingredients and the freshly-made sweets.
am
In the old days, his grandfather used to sell and deliver the sweets from a basket on his bicycle. His father
uses his motorbike to sell ting-ting, but Leo prefers to use his car. He says, “The more places I go to, the
more customers I can find. I go wherever I think I can sell the most!”
Sundays are always the busiest because that is the day when most families go out together, and Leo enjoys
meeting old and new customers. When there are big orders for a children’s party, for example, Leo makes the
ting-ting three days before the delivery. Although the sweets do not have any preservatives, and they are best
dh
eaten within three months, they can be stored for up to half a year. Refrigeration is not necessary, but they
must always be kept away from sunlight.
All the sweets are sold at 2 RM a packet, and

LEO’S PROFIT AND COSTS 2010-2013
if business is good, Leo can make 100 RM a
day. But on bad days, he might only sell one COSTS PROFIT
40 80
packet. However, he is a very determined
A
Average 35 Average 70
person and always looks on the bright side. He daily costs 30 daily profit 60
says, “My father and grandfather supported in RM 25 in RM 50
20 40
their families by selling ting-ting and I hope to (Malaysian
15
(Malaysian
30
continue this tradition. We haven’t raised the Ringgits) 10 Ringgits) 20
price of the sweets for the past eight years 5 10
even though the cost of basic ingredients has
2011
2011
2010
2012
2010
2012
2013
2013
increased tremendously. So the profits are

less and I don’t make much money, but it is Year Year
enough to make a living.”
Realising the importance of education, the enterprising Leo has also enrolled for a college course in
accountancy. He continues, “Eventually, I hope to have a shop with a demonstration area to show children
how ting-ting is made and then maybe they will become interested in the process. It is a long-term plan, but
hopefully it will happen.”
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5
(a) How many generations of Leo’s family have made ting-ting? For
Examiner’s
.................................................................................................................................... [1] Use
(b) Apart from syrup and rice, what ingredients does Leo use to make ting-ting?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) What was Leo’s first job in the family business?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) Give two reasons why Leo’s teeth might be in such bad condition now.
ar
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) What three methods of transport has the Chia family used since the business started?
m
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) When would Leo need to prepare the ting-ting well in advance?
O
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) What is the maximum length of time the sweets can be kept?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
am
(h) According to the charts, in which year were the business costs at their lowest and what
was the average daily profit in 2012?
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
dh
(i) Why have Leo’s profits fallen? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(j) In addition to selling ting-ting, what does Leo intend to do in his shop?
A
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(k) Apart from ingredients, what does Leo need to make and keep his sweets? Give four
details.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 15]
134
Leave
blank
SECTION A
Read the following paragraphs from a Farm Holiday brochure and answer questions
1 to 10. Identify which paragraphs A – M contain the information listed in questions 1 to
10 by marking ( ) for the correct answer. Paragraphs may be used more than once. If
you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new answer
with a ( ).
FARM HOLIDAYS
A CASTLERIGG FARM The cottages are self-contained and sleep 2 – 4
Experience a stay in a Georgian country farmhouse people. Ideal for bird watching and hiking or
cottage. Get close to nature. Breathe in the taking a moonlit walk to our beautiful beach.
ar
tranquility and quietness. Explore the extensive Sorry, no pets.
grounds which include features such as medieval H SMITHY COTTAGE
Rigg Castle and a disused railway viaduct. Short Ideal choice for business or pleasure. The cottage
drive to the coast. Open all year. has recently been renovated to a high standard and
B LITTLE GREBE FARM is located in a secluded corner of our organic farm.
m
We offer comfortable accommodation in the Join us in experiencing the joys of feeding the
farmhouse itself as well as excellent traditional calves and helping with the milking. Conveniently
food. All meat, eggs and vegetables used are free located for major cities and all local attractions.
range and come from the farm. There is a lounge Open all year.
for guests to use. TV is provided in all rooms. I SHELLFORD COTTAGES
Open all year. O Two attractive cottages in a small farming village
C ORCHARD COTTAGE/MILLER’S in the beautiful unspoilt Shellford Valley. Furnished
HOUSE to a high standard with open fires and linen
Our two beautiful award-winning cottages are provided. Children and pets welcome. Bring your
situated in a stunning rural location on our family own horse on holiday. Stables and grass available.
working farm with cows, baby lambs and hens. Open all year.
Children’s play area and idyllic country walks make J LANGLEY CASTLE BARN
am
this an ideal rural escape. Excellent restaurants and This luxury barn is built on the ruins of a medieval
historic town of Caster nearby. Open all year. castle with magnificent views and a private
D FORGE COTTAGE garden. It is perfectly located in the charming
Escape to Eden. Relax in a comfortable cottage unspoilt village of Langley. An ideal base for the
on a dairy farm in the Eden Valley between the Lakes/Dales and walking. Open all year except
Lakes and the Dales. Ideal for touring the area. Christmas.
Accommodates 2 – 4 people with riverside gardens K WOOD FARM COTTAGES
and open fires. Well-behaved children and pets Hidden down a country lane, two converted barns
welcome. Open all year except Christmas and New situated in a secluded 5-acre site. These clean,
dh
Year. spacious cottages sleep 4 people and are well-

E GLOSSON TOWER FARM COTTAGES equipped with TV, DVD, internet connection and
“What a fantastic view!” – the most frequent BBQ. Games room (snooker, table tennis, table
comment we hear. See pheasants, rabbits, deer, football and board games) and swings and a
red squirrels and more in an idyllic rural setting. trampoline in our gardens. Open all year.
Cottages furnished to a high standard with enclosed L HAREFIELD HEATH FARM B&B
A
gardens and parking. Excellent walking, touring Located in the heart of the countryside, finalist in
and cycling area. Good selection of restaurants Yorkshire Area Bed and Breakfast Awards 2009,
nearby. Private fishing. Open all year. we offer luxurious rooms, en-suite bathrooms
F GLADWINS FARM and internet access. Full English breakfast made
You’ll have a great holiday at our family-run from local produce provided. Convenient for local
traditional cottages. Sunset Cottage sleeps places of interest.
2/3. Sunrise Cottage sleeps 4. Easy-access M WATSONS FARM
accommodation all on one level, a disabled- Located on a working sheep farm in the picturesque
friendly bathroom and shower. Superb for families village of Holme, our two beautiful cottages provide
who want to holiday with grandparents. There is luxurious accommodation and a comfortable base
ample off-road parking. Open all year. for relaxing and exploring this stunning area.
G NEWTON FARM COTTAGES Both cottages are inter-connecting to provide
Quality stone-built cottages on a working farm accommodation for twelve people. Excellent
between the fishing villages of Crigg and Brendby. restaurants located nearby.
135
Leave
blank
Questions 1–10
Which accommodation has the following features?
1. It is located on the site of an old castle.

2. It is suitable for a large group.

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3. It is within walking distance of the sea.
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4. It has several indoor activities.
5. It has won a prize.

A B C D E F
OG H I J K L M
6. It has lots of wildlife.

am
7. It is suitable for older people.

dh
8. It is by a river.
9. It encourages visitors to take part in farming activities.

A
10. It produces the food that visitors eat.

Section A
(Total 10 marks)
Turn over
136
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about the construction of a powerful radio telescope, and then complete the
notes on the opposite page.
RADIO TELESCOPE COULD DETECT ALIENS IN SPACE

Astronomers are planning to build an amazing that the result will show us precisely where in
radio telescope to discover whether there is the universe all these galaxies are located”.
alien life in outer space. It will be powerful
Astronomers also hope that the project will
ar
enough to detect transmissions from any planet
up to fifty light years away from Earth. This help them understand “dark energy”, the force
telescope will have 3,000 separate radio dishes that makes the universe expand at an ever-
and antennae all linked together, making it increasing rate. The true nature of this “dark
extremely powerful. British astronomers have energy” is currently a mystery to even the
m
been appointed to oversee its design and most knowledgeable astronomers. A final task
construction, and they predict that it will be will be to pick up the faint radiation left over
thousands of times more sensitive than any from the formation of the first stars, galaxies
radio telescope already in existence. and black holes. The radio telescope will be
O used to gather radiation released more than 13
“We know that the universe is incredibly vast billion years ago.
and contains hundreds of billions of stars,”
says Robert Samford, the director of the radio Astronomers working on the project have
telescope project. “However, at present we established some rules for the construction
can only see a fraction of what is out there. We of the telescope. It must be built on a site
completely free from radio interference. In
am
would like to explore the furthest and most
inaccessible regions of space.” addition, the host country must guarantee that
it will prohibit the construction of any other
More than twenty countries will share the mobile phone, radio or TV masts nearby for
estimated £1.4 billion cost of the building of up to 50 years. This will reduce the number of
the radio telescope. Two possible sites have suitable locations because there are few areas
been chosen, one in Western Australia and one remaining in the world which are free from
in South Africa. Both sites have to be in the such masts. One suggestion is that the radio
dh
southern hemisphere because this will give a telescope could possibly be placed in a desert.
direct line of sight into the heart of the Milky
Way, our home galaxy. The design of the radio telescope will enable
it to produce 100 times more data than is
The primary purpose of the radio telescope currently moving around the internet, and
will be to detect any alien civilisation advanced it will need the world’s most powerful
A
enough to have radio. Such a sophisticated supercomputer to analyse this information.

civilisation would have powerful radar and
radio stations, and the signals from these
stations would automatically be detected by
the new telescope. However, this is just one of
several key tasks that the radio telescope will
perform. It will also try to create a map of the
entire universe, showing the positions of more
than a billion galaxies. Robert Samford adds,
“This will be the most comprehensive mapping
exercise ever conducted, and we are confident
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9
You are going to give a talk to your school’s science club about the radio telescope. For
Examiner’s
Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk. Use
Technical features of the radio telescope
• powerful enough to detect distant transmissions
ar
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
m
Main tasks of the radio telescope
• .............................................................................................................
•
O
.............................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................
Rules for the construction site

am
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................
dh
[Total: 9]
A

138
Read the article below on an ageing population and answer Questions 1–5.
Britain – An Ageing Population

In the UK the lengthening lives of baby boomers* and falling birth rates combine to
produce an extraordinary statistic. Based on current trends, in a decade the number
of over 65s in the UK will be ten times greater than the number of those aged 15 to
64. For the first time in history, by the middle of this century the number of people
worldwide aged 65+ will outnumber children aged five and under.
ar
Currently one quarter of the UK population is aged over 65. Some are financially
very secure, while others are living in poverty. However, all share needs, interests
and challenges that are already changing the shape of society. Scientific evidence
shows that people become less like one another as they grow older – a challenge
for those who consider ageing affects everyone in the same way. The differences in
m
how people age are based on a range of factors relating to education and social class.
The better educated and more affluent generally have a more positive experience
of ageing, whilst those facing poverty, harsh working conditions and long-term
stress have a negative experience. In order for everyone to enjoy ageing in a fair and
O
equitable manner, it is necessary to invest in good education and skills from an
early age.
As they age, many of today’s baby boomers remain fitter than their predecessors.
They also wish to carry on working until this is no longer possible. They may be part
of an inter-generational household living with children and grandchildren and are
m
able to spend more on holidays, cars and entertainment than they ever could in their
youth. Others are living in poverty, are isolated and in need of intensive support for
illnesses. Although 80% of the UK population lives in towns and cities, more than 75%
of people aged over 65 reside in rural areas. For those in bad health living in isolated
a
communities or remote areas, telemedicine is an option. Care can be delivered by

doctors or specialists from far away without the patient having to travel to visit them,
thus improving medical services to rural areas.
dh
Action by central government is still in its early stages. It is considering housing

which can be extended to take in a dependent relative, tax incentives to encourage
an older person to opt for a smaller home and public spaces geared to accommodate
the older as well as the younger generations. In contrast, research shows that many
people moving into their 60s prefer to avoid looking into the future. However, this is
A
the time when it might be wise to prepare for this major transition in life, when long-
term health conditions could become an issue and voluntary work and hobbies more
important.
Turn over
139
Three-quarters of over-65s own their own home, compared with less than a third of
those aged 25 to 34. Many older people are moving to smaller properties in order
to provide their children with the money they need to buy a house. In response to
this, Britain’s biggest house builders have announced they are altering how they
design, locate and market some of their homes to tap into the baby boomer market.
Other products and services are also being adapted to suit an older population
with a wider benefit to all. Amazon, for example, has spent heavily on redesigning
packaging which is easier to open and Google has increased the size of its search
box. Oxo, a cooking utensil company, has created tools that are easier to grip. They
are aesthetically pleasing enough to appeal to all. One UK coffee shop chain now has
sturdier chairs, wider aisles, lower tables and bigger print on the menus.
ar
It is recommended that more attention be paid to low cost products that can
transform lives. It is known that bath rails reduce falls, yet they are not in people’s
homes as a matter of course. A bath plug that changes colour when the water
is too hot and empties the bath to avoid flooding costs less than five pounds.
m
Although these types of products make commercial and practical sense, there are
still questions about how best to market them as people don’t want to think about
getting older.
* baby boomer
O
(Source: adapted from www.theguardian.com/science/2014/nov/09/
ageing-britain-time-to-cater-peoplesneeds)
someone born at a time when a lot of babies were born particularly

between 1946 and 1964
am
dh
A
140
Questions 1–5
answer . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then indicate
your new answer with a cross .
1 In the UK, those aged 65+…
A have enough money to live comfortably.

B place predictable demands on society.
C become more individual as they age.
ar
2 People’s experience of ageing is influenced by the…
A type of places they have worked in.
m
B extent to which they enjoyed school.
C geographical area they grew up in.
O
3 Baby boomers today are most likely to…
A have a better social life than when younger.

B live as part of a wealthy family household.
m
C receive home visits from health professionals.
4 The government is working towards…

a
A increasing awareness of life changes.

dh
B more flexible accommodation options.

C amenities specifically for older people.
5 Some products and services are being made more…

A
A affordable.
B practical.
C colourful.

A
dh
a m
O
m
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141
142
12
Exercise 6
tation
Invi
ar
m
You recently arranged a surprise event for a member of your family.
O
Write a letter to a friend about the event.
• say who the event was for, and why

am
• describe how you arranged the event
• explain how the family member reacted to the surprise.
The pictures above may give you some ideas, and you should try to use some ideas of your own.
dh
A
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13
For
Examiner’s
Use
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
ar
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
m
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
O
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
am
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
dh
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
A
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]

144
14
Exercise 7
Many books have been made into films.
Some people say that it is better to watch the film rather than read the original book.
Films have the graphics which As a reader my mind is active...

young people love. I have to use my imagination.
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It takes more effort
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There’s nothing more enjoyable
to read a book. than reading a good book.
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Write an article for your school magazine giving your views.

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The comments above may give you some ideas, and you should try to use some ideas of your own.
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© UCLES 2013 0510/21/O/N/13

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For
Examiner’s
Use
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[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2013 0510/21/O/N/13

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147
Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education
* 2 5 6 6 3 1 5 1 4 6 *
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2 hours
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Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.


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DC (SJF/SW) 74433/5
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Exercise 2
Read the following article about the number of languages that have vanished over the years, and then
answer the questions on the opposite page.
LOST FOR WORDS – 500 000 LANGUAGES DISAPPEARED

New research suggests that about half a million languages have existed since the first humans walked the
Earth, 160 000 to 200 000 years ago. However, this number has declined over the centuries because many
of the world’s languages have simply disappeared. The latest estimate is that there are 7 000 languages
remaining in the world today, but many of these are under threat of dying out completely.
We now have the smallest number of different languages, with only about 20 recognised by the population
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of the world in general. The vast majority of the remaining languages are spoken by tribal groups containing
only a few thousand people. One example of this is Papua New Guinea in South East Asia. It is a country
where you can find over 800 languages, which is an incredible 12 per cent of the total number of the world’s
languages. There are places in that country where you can find a new language spoken every three or four
m
kilometres.
One explanation for this extraordinary situation in Papua New Guinea is that the climate makes it easy
for small groups to grow their own food and survive independently. This means that more languages will
develop and remain. As a university professor says, “Different groups of people use language to mark out
USA
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their territories and draw boundaries. They also use it to distinguish themselves from other groups. They can
tell who is a member of the group and who isn’t.”
Country NIGERIA NORTH KOREA PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Total number of
364 521 1 830
languages
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Percentage of
45% 95% 0% 100%
indigenous languages
It is interesting to consider the reasons why some languages survive while others die out. It is not just a
matter of how difficult the language is to learn – English, for example, is well known for its difficult spelling
and pronunciation. Sometimes, the survival of a language is simply because the society that uses it is
successful, and this helps to maintain and spread the language more and more. How well the language
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survives is also affected by the natural geographical features of a country, in particular, how easy it is to
travel within a country and to neighbouring countries.
There are no languages that are superior to others. There are just lucky ones, and the luckiest of them all is
English. The professor continues, “The most commonly spoken mother tongue is Mandarin. This is followed
by Spanish and then Hindi / Urdu, but these are largely spoken within one country or continent. English
is only the fourth most commonly spoken mother tongue, and yet it has become the leading international
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means of communication.”
Although some animals use signs and sounds to communicate in a limited way with one another, only
humans can learn to use a language independently. There are some mysteries about languages that
scientists still have to solve. Humans are genetically programmed to learn languages, but no one knows
exactly how it works. Another mystery is when exactly humans first learnt to communicate through speech.
It is not possible to tell from fossil records when humans made the first sounds.
It is sad for the people who lose their language, because this leads to a loss of traditions and culture as well.
The university professor states, “Just as hundreds of thousands of languages have died out, so many more
will follow until we are left with just a few. English is most people’s second language across the entire world,
so English will probably be one of them, despite the fact that it is difficult to learn to pronounce.”
However, many people believe that the world will be a poorer place without the rich diversity of a wide range
of languages.
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14
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5
(a) How many languages have there been since the first humans?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Why is the number of existing languages likely to change?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What is surprising about the languages in Papua New Guinea?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) In what ways are languages useful to different groups? Give two details.
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(e) According to the diagram, which country has the second highest percentage of indigenous
languages and what exactly is the percentage?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f)
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Which factors are important in helping languages to survive? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
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(g) Which mother tongue is the second most widely spoken?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(h) What are scientists still trying to discover about languages? Give two details.
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(i) Why is it sad when a native language is lost?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(j) What do we learn from the article about the English language? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

150
Section A
Read the following article giving advice on Listening Skills and answer questions 1 to 10.
Identify which paragraphs (A–H) contain the information listed in questions 1 to 10 by
marking a cross ( ) for the correct answer. Paragraphs may be used more than once or
not at all. If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your
new answer with a cross ( ).
Listening Skills
A Face the speaker. Sit up straight or lean forward slightly to show through body language
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that you are paying attention. This means that you should keep still and not be restless.
In this way you are demonstrating your interest in what the speaker is saying.
B Maintain eye contact. It is important to make a connection with the person you are
talking to. However, you should avoid looking at the person for too long as this could
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cause discomfort to both of you.
C Minimise external distractions. When your conversation partner is speaking do not

allow your focus to wander, for instance by looking out of the window, listening to what
D
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is on the radio or whatever else might be happening in the room.
Respond appropriately to show that you are listening. You can do this by nodding,
smiling and using other facial expressions. Encouraging the speaker to continue with
small verbal comments such as “hmm” or “Really!” is also a good technique.
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E Concentrate on what the speaker is saying. It is easy to lose focus if you think you know
what the person is going to say next. You might be wrong. Also try not to think about
what you are going to say next. If you have got any questions wait until the speaker has
finished. Sometimes it is a good idea to repeat in your own words what has been said
to make sure you have got the message correctly. For example, you might say, “When
you said that no two zebras are alike, did you mean that the stripes are different on each
one?”.
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F Take note of the speaker’s body language. Look out for facial expressions such as a
smile or a frown. Pay attention to the person’s body posture to see whether it is relaxed
or tense. This can tell you something about the person’s mood. Non-verbal messages
can be just as important as words, sometimes even more so.
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G Keep an open mind. Try not to make assumptions about what the speaker is thinking.
Wait until the speaker has finished before deciding whether you agree or disagree. It is
not a good idea to interrupt the speaker mid-sentence. This will often lead to frustration
on the part of the speaker as it can easily distract from the main points being made. It
is also impolite.
H Listen for the main ideas. These are the most important points the speaker wants to
convey. They may be mentioned at the start of the talk and repeated a number of times.
Pay special attention to phrases such as “The thing to remember is…” or “What I mean
to say is…”.
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Leave
blank
Questions 1–10
1. Try to identify key points.

A B C D E F G H
2. Be aware of other signs as well as words.

A B C D E F G H
3. Re-phrase if necessary to be certain you have understood.
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A B C D E F G H
4. Allow the speaker to finish before commenting.
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A B C D E F G H
5. React to what is being said.

A B C
6. Try not to move about.

D
O E F G H
A B C D E F G H
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7. Do not stare at the speaker.

A B C D E F G H
8. Do not predict what someone is going to say.

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A B C D E F G H
9. Take note of repetitions.

A B C D E F G H
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10. Avoid glancing at the television, for example.

A B C D E F G H
Section A
(Total 10 marks)
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8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about Madame Tussauds, a museum which creates life-size figures made of
wax, and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
BEHIND THE SCENES AT MADAME TUSSAUDS

There are only two hours to opening time at the Madame Tussauds Wax Museum in
London. The staff and the artistic team are busy examining the 200 wax models of
famous people exhibited there. One of the tasks of the team is to check each model
carefully every day for signs of damage. Most museums in the world have a strict ‘no
touch’ rule when it comes to their exhibits. At Madame Tussauds, however, visitors
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don’t just stare at the lifelike figures; they are allowed to touch and even hug all the
wax celebrities on display.
“A traditional museum has ropes around the exhibits to protect what is on display, but
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this is not our policy,” explains the general manager of Madame Tussauds. “This is the
nearest that a lot of people are going to get to a real life celebrity. We allow our visitors
to go up close as if they were personal friends.”
This policy does create problems, however, when there are

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over one million visitors each year. The wax models become
scratched, dirty and sometimes worse. It is the task of the
artistic team to carry out all the necessary repairs to the
figures. This needs to be done quickly because everything must
be perfect every day at opening time. Most visitors probably
don’t know how much they are damaging the figures, each of
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which can cost over £100 000.
Charles Garossi, a wax artist, is examining the head of a famous film star. There are
scratches on the face, but Charles quickly sets to work. He mixes the oil paints that
he carries on a palette and brushes paint across the face. The problem is solved in
seconds. Moments later, he inspects the back of the neck of a well-known sports star.
There are some deep marks, caused by fingernails. It is a bigger job, and so he uses a
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knife-like tool and some skin-coloured wax from his pocket to repair the damage. One
of the challenges for artists like Garossi is to work with a variety of tools.
Garossi can take a lump of wax and, within minutes, shape it into a human ear. Not
just any ear, but the uniquely shaped ear of the celebrity who lost it. For more extensive
repairs, like a head that has been knocked off onto the floor, the artists work in the
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laboratory. This is a massive room, filled with the smells of oil paint and hair spray.
Wooden heads are lined up along a wall, some with wigs and others waiting for the
hairdresser to arrive, to create the latest style. Workbenches are covered with a mixture
of body parts – detached legs and arms – and torn clothes.
The artists at Madame Tussauds constantly have to study gossip magazines for the
latest photos of the celebrities, so that they can keep the figures’ clothes, hair and even
tattoos up to date. Everything is carried out in a traditional manner; the museum’s
policy is not to allow digital technology. As the hairdresser says, “I grew up watching my
mother styling my aunt’s hair in the kitchen – times have changed, but the techniques
are still the same.”
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14

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9
You are going to give a talk about the Madame Tussauds museum to your school art club.
Museum policies
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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Tasks of the artistic team
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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Details of the laboratory
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
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154
Read the article on caravans and answer Questions 1–5.
Caravanning goes from strength to strength

Caravans have developed a great deal in both use and design over the centuries.
They have not always been the typical family trailers installed with kitchens and
showers which we know today.
Caravan, from the French word caravane and the Persian word karwan, was once a
term used to describe a group of traders travelling across the desert with animals
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which they used to transport goods. Then, during Roman times, some people chose
to travel throughout the empire. They carried all their belongings with them in
brightly-painted, horse-drawn, covered wagons, working in one place for a while and
then moving on. These wagons were known as Romany caravans. Such travellers,
with their distinct lifestyle, have remained in existence throughout the centuries and
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still exist today.
It was not until the 1880s that the idea of having a luxury caravan for leisure
purposes was conceived. Caravans were now seen as the height of fashion for the
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upper classes. They became very popular with this group and with those who found
temporary exposure to life on the road appealing. Caravans became so highly
regarded in the UK that a club was created in 1907. It was dedicated purely to
caravanning and was called ‘The Caravan Club.’
In 1919, the Riley family built the first motorhome on the chassis of a car and later
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built a caravan trailer which could be pulled by a car. Further developments were
seen in the 1920s as more companies manufactured new models and horse-drawn
caravans largely vanished. In the 1930s, caravanning was still restricted to those
who had the funds to own a caravan and the means to pull it. However, as caravans
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became more affordable, their appeal spread to the middle classes. This prompted
manufacturers to introduce the use of gas for cooking and lighting. Around this time,
the first steel-bodied caravan models were also made. All these developments led
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some hardy pioneers to begin taking their caravans across the English Channel.
However, during the 1940s the caravan industry came to a halt as manufacturers
had to focus their skills and attention on the Second World War. At the end of the
war production resumed and caravans became popular once more. The subsequent
mass production of a small, cheap caravan made it affordable to even more people.
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By the 1950s the growing appeal of caravans led to even more manufacturers
entering the market.
During the 1960s, economic prosperity combined with a reduction in the price of
caravans allowed more people to own a car and purchase a caravan. This in turn
resulted in more people being able to join the caravanning set. The distance that
caravans could be towed increased and further innovations improved the comfort
and use of space in caravans. Caravan sites began to focus on the facilities offered:
more discerning holidaymakers were demanding improved washing and toilet
amenities, for example. As a consequence of all these advances, the idea of getting
home from work on Friday and taking off became ever more attractive.
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Caravans have become lighter and stronger due to changes in the construction
materials employed, including the use of plastic for windows. More recently,
advances in design and technology have made it possible to extend the living space
within the caravan. When you press a button, the side of the caravan slides out to
create more room inside. Larger and longer caravans have become fashionable
and satellite TV is now a fixture. In line with this, caravans have continued to grow
in popularity. Their evolution has advanced momentously through the years, from
simple wooden box-like trailers to luxurious vehicles, equipped fully with kitchen
utensils, multiple rooms and showers.
Previously seen as more of a ‘family’ or ‘older’ thing, caravans have now gained in
popularity with young adults and couples. Caravan sites offer a more affordable
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holiday option and a whole new range of activities, suitable for a much wider market
than before. With such an array of different caravan vehicles and holiday types,
people can now tailor their caravanning experience to suit their tastes, from a nature
getaway to a family fun-filled trip. Caravanning remains a hugely popular pastime
with the British. It is an ideal way for families to go away together and enjoy the
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beauties of holidaying in the UK, and further afield.
(Source: adapted from http://ukcaravanning.hubpages.com/hub/

O A-Brief-History-and-Introduction-to-the-Caravan)
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156
Questions 1–5
1 Romany caravans were used…
A to transport materials.
B as temporary family homes.
C to find work opportunities.
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2 In the 1930s…
A improvements were made to caravan design.
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B the general appeal of caravans remained static.
C overseas caravan journeys became common.
3 In the 1960s…
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A more people joined The Caravan Club.
B caravans became more popular.
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C short caravan journeys were preferred.
4 Nowadays, caravans…
a
A have optional satellite TV.

B tend to be more spacious.
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C typically consist of one room.
5 Caravan sites…
A have lost appeal with families.

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B are similar in terms of facilities.

C offer a less costly holiday option.

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12
Exercise 6
Free admission for one
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You recently received a ticket for free entrance to an event in your city. You went to the event.
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Write a letter to a friend about the event.
•
say how you got the ticket O
describe where you went and what happened at the event
• explain your feelings afterwards.

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© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14

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[Total: 19]

160
14
Exercise 7
Advertisements are everywhere around us. Are they a benefit or not?
“Advertisements inform me “Advertising makes me want

about the latest products.” things that I can’t afford.”
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Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views.

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© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14

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[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14

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16
BLANK PAGE
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reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/M/J/14

163

* 4 7 3 1 5 3 0 2 3 3 *
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2 hours
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DC (SJF/SW) 81517/3
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about a team of scientists on an expedition to Antarctica, and then answer
the questions on the opposite page.
ENTERING THE WORLD OF ANTARCTICA

Last year, an international team of scientists led by Professor Andersson was selected to stay for five
months in Antarctica, the coldest, remotest continent on Earth. To survive such a challenge, good
equipment and friendly travelling companions were important, but above all, each member needed to
have a strong sense of adventure.
The first challenge was to reach Antarctica. A huge ship stood in the harbour, waiting patiently for the
team of scientists to go aboard and set sail for Antarctica. The journey was going to be an incredible
6248 kilometres southwards to the end of the Earth, passing through various time zones and away
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from any form of civilisation. They were heading for a land of ice and snow, where incredibly, the sun
would shine brightly for 24 hours a day throughout the summer. Before the voyage, one of the tasks
of the ship’s doctor, Janet Davis, was to pack different creams and medicines in case any of the team
suffered from sunburn or snow blindness.
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24
21
amount of 18
15
daylight 12
(in hours) 9 O
6
3
0
July 1st November 1st January 1st April 1st
As the ship sailed across the dangerous southern latitudes, it was thrown around by the force of the
violent thunderstorms and the gigantic waves. The doctor often had to give sea-sickness tablets to
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the members of the team. The scientists were full of admiration for the tiny birds which flew without
stopping for thousands of kilometres in such terrible conditions. The birds’ journey was like a marathon
which they had to make every year in their search for places to breed. With each passing day on the
voyage, the team also saw more and more whales, until these creatures were outnumbered by the
crowds of penguins as the ship sailed closer to Antarctica.
Three weeks after starting the journey, the ship finally reached its destination. The scientists were
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able to step out of the ship and not only walk, run and jump on the frozen surface, but also drive the
snowmobiles, which were important as their only means of transport. The mighty ocean was below the
ice on which they were driving. Professor Andersson reminded the team that they had to be alert at all
times because a mistake could mean that they would fall into a deep hole, with possible loss of life. The
doctor always accompanied the teams in their vehicles in case of accidents or injuries.
During their free time, the scientists took part in several recreational activities, such as table tennis and
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chess, and celebrated numerous birthdays and festivals. They also took turns at housekeeping duties
and cooking. Thawing the frozen vegetables, meat and fish before cooking was very difficult in this
region, and they had to use drills to cut through the solid meat and fish. Luckily, whatever they cooked
was edible, and the doctor did not have to treat anyone for food poisoning during the stay.
Penguins arrived, all in a line and sliding on the ice. They showed no fear, because they stood and
stared at the scientists for many minutes, in a scene of peace and tranquillity. There were also seals
which lay all over the ice, soaking up the sun and the warmth before the long, dark winter that would
eventually arrive. These creatures all made wonderful subjects for photos,
and Janet Davis acted as official photographer when she was not needed
for medical duties.
Throughout their stay, the team had plenty of opportunities to make friends
with members from other research stations in the area. The expedition
created friendships which would last long after the team’s return home.
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14
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5
(a) What is the main requirement for a person wanting to stay for almost half a year in Antarctica?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) According to the diagram, on which date is there the least amount of daylight, and how much
daylight is there?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What conditions made the ship’s journey particularly dangerous? Give two details.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(d) Why do the birds make their annual journey?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Which creature did the scientists see most frequently as they approached Antarctica?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) What did the team use to travel across the ice?
O
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) Why did Professor Andersson warn the team to take special care?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
am
(h) What special occasions did the scientists enjoy? Give two details.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(i) How did the weather conditions create problems with the food and how did the scientists
overcome them?
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(j) What suggests that the penguins were unafraid of the scientists?
A
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(k) What tasks did the ship’s doctor have to do? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

166
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" Do your part to reduce household waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposable
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ones. Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste and whenever
possible, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminium. If there isn’t a recycling
programme at your workplace, school, or in your community, ask about starting one.
# Adding insulation to walls and attics can lower heating expenses by reducing the amount of
m
energy required to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heating or the air-conditioning
while sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times.
$ Wherever practical, replace ordinary light bulbs with fluorescent or energy-saving light bulbs.
O
Replacing just one 60-watt light bulb with a fluorescent one, for example, will save money and
will last 10 times longer, using two-thirds less energy, whilst emitting 70 percent less heat.
% Less driving means fewer emissions and reduces carbon footprints. Besides, walking and
cycling are great forms of exercise. When you do drive, make sure the vehicle is running
efficiently. For example, keeping tyres properly inflated and driving at a sensible and
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consistent speed can improve fuel consumption. When purchasing a new vehicle, choose one
that offers high mileage per gallon.
& When purchasing new household appliances, such as refrigerators, washing machines or
computers, look for the more energy-saving models. Integrated appliances mean fewer
products therefore less electricity used. You may be surprised to know that the latest
generation of computer game consoles can consume up to a massive 250W of power – the
equivalent of having over four 60W traditional light bulbs burning.
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' Set your water heater at 50 °C to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating blanket. Fit energy-
saving showerheads which save hot water and reduce energy consumption. Wash your
clothes in warm or cold water to reduce the use of hot water and the energy required to
produce it. Do not leave water running unnecessarily.
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( Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room.
Remember to turn off the stereo and computer when you are not using them. Leaving the
television on standby wastes electricity so, when you have finished watching, turn it off.
) If you have the means, plant a tree. During photosynthesis, trees and other plants absorb
carbon dioxide and give off oxygen but, at present, there are too few of them to counter the
increases in carbon dioxide caused by humans.
* Seek advice from your local gas or electricity supplier. Many utility companies provide free
energy audits to help consumers identify areas in their homes that may not be energy-
efficient. In addition, these companies offer rebate schemes to help pay for the cost of
energy-efficient upgrades.
167
2VFTUJPOTo
Switch your PC off when you don’t need it.
" # $ % & ' ( ) *
Do the laundry at a lower temperature.

" # $ % & ' ( ) *
Ask about how to make your house more energy-efficient.

" # $ % & ' ( ) *
ar
Purchase items sold in cardboard boxes, for example, that you can recycle.
" # $ % & ' ( ) *
m
Insulate your home and get money back from energy providers.
" # $ % & ' ( ) *
" # $ % & '

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Select a digital television which combines a television with a digital receiver.
( ) *
am
Don’t keep your house too hot or too cold.
" # $ % & ' ( ) *
Buy electrical goods for the kitchen that are energy-efficient.

" # $ % & ' ( ) *
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Consider alternative methods of transport.

" # $ % & ' ( ) *
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Look for more economical ways of lighting the house.

" # $ % & ' ( ) *
5PUBMGPS1BSUNBSLT
168
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about a man who fell to Earth from a height of 40 kilometres, and then
THE MAN WHO FELL TO EARTH

On October 14, 2012, Felix Baumgartner made history as the man
who fell to Earth from a height of almost 40 kilometres. During the
fall, he became the first person to break the sound barrier on his
own without the help of any machine. He made the highest and
fastest jump in history, after going up in a capsule, similar to a very
small spacecraft. The capsule was lifted by a helium balloon to
ar
an altitude of about 40 000 metres. Millions of people around the
world watched the journey from pictures taken by a camera which
was fixed to the capsule itself. When the capsule reached the required height, viewers could see
what Felix saw as he looked down: the round, blue Earth, surrounded by the blackness of space.
They then watched as Felix stepped into the empty darkness and fell for more than four minutes.
m
During his fall, he reached a maximum speed of more than 1300 kilometres per hour.
The jump was not without challenging moments. For example, the engineers in charge of the
mission considered stopping the jump when the glass shield of his helmet began to be covered
O
with mist during the ascent. Later, a new crisis developed during the jump, when Felix began
spinning out of control in the thin air of the stratosphere. Fortunately, as the atmosphere thickened,
he managed to stop the spin and fall smoothly. He opened his parachute about one and a half
kilometres above the ground and landed safely in the desert.
During the jump, Felix broke the altitude and speed records, which had been set half a century
am
before by Joe Kittinger, a retired Air Force colonel, who is now more than eighty years old. It was
Joe’s calm voice that guided Felix through some tense moments. Joe praised Felix for his great
courage and determination. “Through Felix we have fulfilled the aims of the mission. We wanted to
test this spacesuit for its strength and protective qualities, and it has passed the test.”
The whole mission involved about 300 people, including engineers and scientists who had been
working for five years on the project. Apart from breaking the altitude and speed records, the aim
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was to see how the equipment was affected by loss of pressure at extreme heights. The information
provided by the jump will help pilots and even space tourists survive in the future if they have to
jump out of their spaceships in an emergency.
One particular problem that Felix Baumgartner discovered during tests was that he suffered from
panic attacks when he was forced to spend hours inside the pressurised space suit and helmet. He
A
was advised by experts to keep busy all the time in order to take his mind off the jump.
In addition, preparations for the jump did not always go smoothly. Several attempts to inflate the
helium balloon, which would lift Felix in his capsule to the required height for the jump, had to be
abandoned because of bad weather.
Finally, however, everything was prepared and the mission was completed. Viewers from all around
the world watched the live video being broadcast both from the capsule and from mission control in
Florida. There were a record eight million people watching the jump at the same time.
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14

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9
You are going to give a talk about Felix Baumgartner and his jump to your school science club.
Statistical data about the jump
• The mission involved about 300 people

...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
Problems before and during the trip
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
Aims of the mission

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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
[Total: 9]
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A

170
Read the article on urban greenhouses and answer Questions 1–5.
Coming to a rooftop near you – the urban growing revolution

London, New York and other cities could be self-sufficient in fruit and vegetables
by converting unused roof space into gardens and greenhouses. The benefits
of doing this include cutting down the amount of waste produced; improving
energy efficiency, sustainability and food security; and having healthier, more
connected citizens.
Oscar Rodriguez is an architect who runs a design consultancy called Architecture
ar
& Food (A&F). He is on a mission to convert London’s cityscape into an urban
rooftop farmland. Based on his extensive surveys, he has identified exactly how
many hectares of roof space have the potential to be used as growing space. After
considering the flat and pitched roofs of much of London’s housing stock, Rodriguez
developed a portfolio of appropriate designs to suit residential, institutional and
m
commercial properties. According to Rodriguez, if we were to convert half the
identified area into horticultural greenhouses, it would be possible to supply all
London residents with enough fruit and vegetables to satisfy their daily needs.
O
His rooftop system designs require a fraction of the energy and water of conventional
farming and the designs make the most of all available light, rain and organic waste.
These rooftop gardens have the potential to yield five to ten times more food than
a system which uses soil. The roof of the host building would have to be reinforced
to take the new load, but this would offer an immediate benefit to the owner as the
horticultural body using the roof would be responsible for maintaining it.
m
Ideally, Rodriguez wants residents running the farms but they would need to receive
training. He wants to embed horticulture into the community to foster a sense of
shared ownership. Essentially, his vision is a community-led, local food system which
a
makes us less vulnerable to the effects of climate change and rising food and oil
prices. This is achieved by growing food as close to the market as possible and by
using a system free from fossil fuels. Whilst Rodriguez realises this is not the answer to
dh
all our food needs, he does have complete faith in the system’s potential to maximise
growing food in cities.
Existing in Rodriguez’s imagination are fictitious families and rooftop greenhouse
scenarios. He dreams about a situation where families moving into their new homes
in a block of flats are given not just the keys, but also a pamphlet for their local
A
vegetable-box scheme. Under this scheme, fresh produce grown in the rooftop
greenhouse above their heads is delivered to their door. Residents receive a discount
when they volunteer a few hours a week growing and distributing the food.
These new residents also soon discover their energy bills drop substantially due
to the insulating effect of the greenhouse.
171
These benefits come with some rules. For example, food waste has to be separated
from the rest of the household waste. This food waste is then collected weekly and
converted into compost for the greenhouse. When there is a glut of crops, residents
are encouraged to convert the surplus into chutneys and preserves to be sold
online. Such schemes might tempt younger people from cities to consider careers
as horticulturalists rather than the more traditional careers such as hairdressers,
plumbers and electricians. This scheme would offer paid apprenticeships to
facilitate this.
These projects have high initial costs, and they are receiving interest from those
offering innovation funding; however, local government funding and funding from
investors is proving harder to attract. Little cohesive data on rooftop agriculture
ar
exist and the concept has yet to be accepted as a viable business model. When
Rodriguez pitched to the top five UK supermarkets, they were interested in having
a greenhouse on their flat roofed superstores, but their ultimate response was “not
yet”. At A&F, they are aware of the many barriers to implementation and appreciate
that rooftop farming is only one part of the solution to feeding the world sustainably.
m
Unfortunately, the current infrastructure would not be anywhere near robust enough
should rooftop agriculture become a necessity rather than a nicety.
(Source: adapted from http://www.theecologist.org/green_green_living/2533583/

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coming_to_a_rooftop_near_you_the_urban_growing_revolution.html)
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dh
A
172
Questions 1–5
and then indicate your new answer with a cross .
1 Rodriguez is…
A an employee of a design company.
B interested in a range of properties.
C transforming all London’s roof space.
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2 Rodriguez’s farming systems…
A are water intensive.
m
B are easy to establish.
C use soil alternatives.
O
3 Community farming projects may lead to…
A residents taking responsibility for them.

B climate change slowing down.
m
C market changes becoming unimportant.
4 In Rodriguez’s dream situation, residents…

a
A do paid work in the greenhouse.

B recycle the family’s food waste.
dh
C consume all the food they produce.
5 Rooftop agriculture projects…
A have expensive daily running costs.

A
B would make successful businesses.

C are being considered by supermarkets.

A
dh
a m
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173
174
12
Exercise 6
ar
You recently read a surprising news item.
Write a letter to a friend about the news item.
m
• describe what the news item was about
• explain what made you decide to read it

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• say why you want to tell your friend about it.
am
Your letter should be between 150 and 200 words long.
dh
A
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14

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13
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]

176
14
Exercise 7
Your principal wants to install a drinks and snacks machine in your school.
“The money from the sales can

benefit the school.”
ar
“Many of these drinks and snacks
are unhealthy.”
m
Write an article for your school magazine, giving your views on this proposal.
O
am
dh
A
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14

177
15
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
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dh
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14

178
16
BLANK PAGE
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© UCLES 2014 0510/21/O/N/14

179

* 5 0 3 0 7 1 1 4 4 8 *
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2 hours
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DC (ST/SG) 100402/4
180
4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about Neil Armstrong, the American astronaut, and then answer the questions
THE FOOTSTEPS OF AN ASTRONAUT

Neil Armstrong trained for years to go into space. Aldrin later said that neither he nor Armstrong
On 21 July 1969, he became the first man to were emotional people. He did admit, however,
step onto the moon when he put his left boot on that after the landing there was a brief moment
the surface and spoke the memorable words, when they looked at each other, slapped each
“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for other on the shoulder and said, “We made it!”
mankind.” Aldrin later said that Armstrong was one of the
ar
bravest men that he had ever known.
Neil Armstrong was the commander of the Apollo
11 spacecraft on the most daring space mission ASTRONAUT AGES AND MOONWALKS
of the twentieth century. The early stages of the 6
flight were very stressful and incredibly noisy, and 5
m
Number of
during the launch phase of Apollo 11, Armstrong’s astronauts 4
who walked 3
heart reached a top rate of 110 beats per minute. on the
moon 2
Apollo 11 was larger than any spacecraft that had 1
gone before. It consisted of a command module,
O 36 – 38 39 – 40 41 and over
which the astronauts travelled in; a service Ages in years
module, which provided power; and a lunar
landing module, for landing on the surface of the An estimated 600 million people, which in 1969
moon. An advantage of travelling in this space was one fifth of the world’s population, watched or
module was that the astronauts could move listened to the moon landing.
around more easily, and this was probably one
m
In total, twelve American astronauts walked on the
reason why none of the Apollo 11 crew suffered moon between 1969 and the final moon mission
injuries. Armstrong was especially pleased about in 1972. Alan Shepard became the oldest man to
this because as a child he had suffered from walk there when, at the age of 47, he commanded
motion sickness, and even during the training for the Apollo 14 mission in 1971. Despite his age,
a
the space flights he had sometimes felt ill after he was a strong man and when he played golf on
doing aerobatics. the moon, he joked that, because of the lack of
During the final descent onto the moon, Armstrong gravity, he could hit the ball “miles and miles and
dh
noticed that they were heading towards a landing miles”.

area which he believed to be unsafe. He took Neil Armstrong was born in 1930 and took his
over manual control of the lunar landing module, first aeroplane ride at the age of six. He became
which enabled him to find an area to land that fascinated with aviation and he built model
was less dangerous. When questioned later about aeroplanes and conducted experiments in the
A
his decision, he said, in his own typically modest mechanics of flying. He joined the military as a
way, that he was just doing what his training had pilot and then became an astronaut on the space
taught him. programme before teaching aviation at university.
Armstrong and his co-pilot, Edwin ‘Buzz’ Aldrin, He finally bought a farm in the 1970s and raised
spent nearly three hours on the moon surface cattle.
collecting samples of rock and moon dust. He was a private person, rarely making speeches
Armstrong said later, “The sights were simply or giving interviews to the media. People who
magnificent, the most incredible that I had ever knew him and worked with him, however, said that
experienced.” The two astronauts also conducted he was enormously proud of the achievements
scientific experiments during their walk. The of the space programme. He was happiest when
third astronaut on the mission, Michael Collins, flying and said in one rare interview, “Now and
circled the moon in the command module, while then I miss the excitement of being in the cockpit
Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the surface. of an aeroplane and doing new things.”
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/M/J/15

181
5
(a) What was Neil Armstrong’s role in the space mission?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) When did Armstrong’s heart beat fastest?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What was a benefit of the bigger command module?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What health problem did Armstrong have when he was young?
ar
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) When did Armstrong notice a possible problem during the space mission?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) How did the two astronauts spend their time during the moonwalk? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
O
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) What was the task of Michael Collins?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
m
(h) According to the graph, which age group had fewest astronauts walking on the moon and
how many astronauts were in it?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
a
(i) When did the last lunar mission take place?

dh
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) Why was Alan Shepard able to hit a golf ball a long way on the moon?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
A
(k) What was Armstrong’s last job connected to flying?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(l) What do we know from the article about the character of Neil Armstrong? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]
182

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8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about areas of the world where living to 90 years of age is common, and then
LIVING LONGER WITH LOVE AND BEANS

There is something really interesting about Ikaria, a Greek island in the Aegean sea, 50 kilometres
off the coast of Turkey. It has the highest percentage of inhabitants over the age of 90 in the world.
Among these inhabitants are a 95-year-old man who still plays the violin, a 98-year-old woman
who runs a hotel, and a 102-year-old man who can beat almost anyone in an arm-wrestling
competition.
ar
Since 2008, Donald Brueckner, a writer and explorer, has been studying the island to discover its
secrets. He has also tried to identify other areas of the world where there is a higher proportion
of people who live considerably longer than is normal. He analysed the lifestyles of each place in
order to find out if there were similarities which might explain such long lives, and named these
m
places ‘blue zones’.
In addition to Ikaria, there are other areas in the ‘blue zone’ category. They include Okinawa in
Japan, where the population lives on average seven years longer than people in America. Another
is the mountainous Barbagia region on the island of Sardinia, where a large number of people
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have reached 100 years of age. Finally, the Nicoya peninsula in Costa Rica in Central America
has the lowest rate of middle age death in the world.
So what is the secret?
Brueckner believes that long life is not all related to genetic factors. Scientific studies
m
have suggested that only about 25 per cent of long life is determined by genes. The remaining
75 per cent is to do with lifestyle, and this is the aspect which particularly interests Brueckner.
Although these ‘blue zones’ are spread around the world, the daily routines of the oldest living
people are in fact very similar, and there are several features which they have in common. These
a
‘blue zones’ are all places which preserve tradition and where modernisation is not so advanced.
The people living there also appreciate and celebrate age, rather than youth. There is no single
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secret to a long and healthy life, but it is more a combination of factors. Brueckner has also found
that in these communities there is a strong connection to the land and nature. They also have a
healthy diet which includes a lot of beans.
It is possible to try and encourage these habits and customs in other countries in the world.
Brueckner has been working with the authorities in a city of 18 thousand people in Minnesota,
A
USA, where the average life expectancy was 78 years until 2009. The city now has public gardens
and a nature trail around its lake, and people who were semi-isolated are coming together to
start exercise programmes. The results of Brueckner’s trial are impressive: life expectancy has
increased by 3.1 years.
“We have encouraged them to become healthy citizens,” says Brueckner. “We haven’t forced it
upon them.”
Now, more and more city authorities are taking note of these findings and are trying to follow
this example. The big problem is that inevitably, globalisation will reach all these ‘blue zone’
communities and start to change their centuries-old traditions. This will have huge implications for
the lives of the inhabitants.
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/M/J/15

187
9
You are going to give a talk about ‘blue zones’ to your Global Studies group at school. Prepare some
notes to use as the basis for your talk.
Examples of ‘blue zone’ areas and the people who live in them
• Barbagia – many people of 100 years of age.
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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Similar lifestyle characteristics of ‘blue zone’ areas
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
Ideas introduced in Minnesota
• ...............................................................................................................
m
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
a
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[Total: 9]
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188
Read the article on lighthouses and answer Questions 1 – 5.
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The History Of Lighthouses
A lighthouse is a structure from which light is projected at night, or which serves
as a landmark by day, to guide ships sailing in coastal waters. They are constructed
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at potentially problematic points on a coastline: at entrances to harbours, on rocky
ledges and islands, and even in the water. They help identify a ship’s location, alert
the ship’s crew of potential dangers, and let them know that land is near. Lighthouses
were designed to include a cottage for the keeper and his family.
The first lights used to guide ships were bonfires lit on hilltops, but the earliest
am
recorded lighthouses date back to Roman times. These structures were actually
lighthouse towers with beacons* powered by burning wood or coal. In the
17th century, travel on the high seas increased leading to extensive lighthouse
construction. However, it was only in the 18th century that wood and coal were
replaced by oil or gas lanterns and not until the early to mid-20th century that
electric lights were used instead of these lanterns.
dh
Before the use of electric beacons, the lighthouse keeper had to keep the oil or
gas beacons lit and to clean the reflecting mirrors and the tower windows. With
the introduction of automated electric beacons, the role of the lighthouse keeper
became unnecessary. It is estimated that as many as 50,000 lighthouses exist in the
world today. Most of them were automated at the end of the 20th century and where
this was not viable they were abandoned.
A
The power of modern lighthouse beacons varies in candelas from about 10,000 to
about 1 million, depending on the weather conditions and the visibility requirements
of shipping traffic in the particular area. The candela is the unit used to calculate
the amount of light that a source radiates in a given direction. Every automated
lighthouse emits a distinctive series of flashes known as its characteristic. These
flash sequences allow ship captains to time intervals between flashes so that they
can identify a particular lighthouse, using a publication called the Light List. This
publication gives a number to each lighted beacon and describes its identifying
characteristics.
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Many lighthouses are equipped with a horn to help guide ships sailing in foggy
weather and this is audible up to 13 kilometres away. Ship captains can determine
their own location by identifying distinctive combinations of long and short horn
blasts specific to each lighthouse. Some lighthouses are also equipped with radio
beacons that transmit Morse code radio signals. These radio signals, which are
distinguished by short (dot) and long (dash) combinations, have a range of up to
320 kilometres.
Since lighthouses often serve as landmarks by day to help ship captains establish
their position along a coastline, they vary in shape, colour and size. They can be
square, round and even rectangular. A small number have either twin or triple towers.
Some are painted with stripes, spirals, or diamond patterns. Most lighthouses range
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in height from 10 metres to 63 metres. They are built from a range of materials
including wood, stone, brick and iron and are constructed to withstand local
environmental conditions. Lighthouse designs often reflect the architectural styles
of the time in which they were built.
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In the 19th century, floating lighthouses known as lightships were stationed in
coastal waters where lighthouses could not be built. These ships displayed one or
more lights to help with navigation and at one time there were more than 120 of
them in coastal waters. By 1985 buoys equipped with an automated beacon and a
O
fog signal took the place of lightships. These massive buoys measure 12 metres in
diameter and are among the largest of a variety of navigational aids known as lesser
beacons. Such beacons include river lights, fog signals, and numerous other smaller
navigational aids used to mark channels in rivers and harbours.
Today, many of these lesser beacons are in use throughout the world alongside those
am
lighthouses which have been automated. Primarily, these historical structures are a
backup as modern satellite-based navigational systems are installed on ships of all
sizes thereby replacing the lighthouse.
(Source: adapted from http://www.lighthousepreservation.org/education.php)

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* beacon a very bright light

A
190
Questions 1 – 5
1 The first known lighthouses were…
A fuelled by wood or coal.
B built in the 17th century.
C constructed to be lived in.
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2 The Light List…
A times the flashes of lighthouses.
B references all lighthouse structures.
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C links lighthouses to characteristics.
3 Lighthouses are similar in…
A appearance.
B function.
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C construction.
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4 Lightships were…
A shown to be as effective as lighthouses.
B eventually replaced by lesser beacons.
C equipped with more than light resources.

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5 Lesser beacons are…
A all of a similar size.
B mainly light sources.
C used in different ways.

A

A
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191
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12
Exercise 6
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You were recently on a school trip when something unusual happened.
Write an email to a friend about what happened.
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• explain where you were going and why
• describe what happened O

• say how you felt about what happened
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Your email should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 10 marks for the content of your email, and up to 9 marks for the style and
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[Total: 19]

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14
Exercise 7
Your school magazine is looking for articles on the following topic:
‘Your life can only be good if you have a lot of money.’
Here are two comments from your friends on the topic:
“Some of the best things

,·YHGRQHLQP\OLIHKDYH
cost nothing.”
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“Think of all the latest
luxuries that you can buy.”
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[Total: 19]
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16
BLANK PAGE
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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/M/J/15

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* 8 1 5 6 1 4 2 2 8 5 *
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2 hours
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DC (RW/SW) 100902/4
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about ways of keeping wildlife away from airports, and then answer the
questions on the opposite page.
WILDLIFE AT AIRPORTS
The number of reported collisions between aircraft and wildlife is increasing throughout the world.
Airport authorities and governments in many countries are worried, and are trying to reduce the
risk to aircraft when they are landing or taking off.
Nowadays, statistics show that there is a steady rise in incidents involving aircraft and wildlife. This
could be because aircraft are more powerful, but what is certain is that the problem has increased
because more people are flying. To improve safety, a range of new measures is being tested at
airports around the world.
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Birds are the biggest threat. There have been incidents of birds smashing into the pilot’s windscreen
on take-off. Airport officials have introduced a variety of measures which are designed to deter birds
and animals from living near the runways. For example, a number of airports are experimenting
with planting grasses that birds do not like to eat. This is particularly effective for geese, but other
birds can be discouraged by removing ponds and lakes from the area surrounding the airport, and
m
cutting down trees that bear fruits or seeds. “If you don’t have the attraction of food, then the birds
won’t come here,” says one airport manager. In addition, certain airports have replaced the grass
alongside the runways with stones or concrete. This means that small rodents have nowhere to live
and so the large birds that feed on them are not attracted to the area.
Another method is to use the noise from loud guns to scare away birds. The problem with this
O
approach is that a member of the airport staff has to go out and check the guns that create the
noise. In addition, birds can very soon get used to the regularity of the sound. Controlling birds such
as hawks is even more difficult because they hover in the sky and cause problems for aircraft in the
air. There have been incidents where these birds have been sucked into aircraft’s engines.
An alternative way of solving the problem of birds is to trap and relocate them to new homes. Traps
are shaped like A-frame houses. The top of the roof is held open with a stick. The bird lands on the
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stick, which collapses and the bird falls inside. The roof shuts quickly, trapping the bird, which can
then be transported to a safe area far away.
Then there is Meg. Meg is a border collie dog who patrols an airport in southwest Florida. Rainwater
pools at the edges of the runways attract groups of water birds, which often delay the departure of
aircraft. Meg works seven days a week, running into bushes that are too dense for vehicles, and
a
crossing wetlands that are too difficult for people to walk through. Meg’s job is not to catch the
birds but to scare them away from the runways, and she is very effective because the birds cannot
predict her movements.
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A less common method is to use certain species of hunting birds to chase other birds in the air.
Birds, such as falcons, are released just before flight departures and arrivals. The falcons scare the
other birds, which make warning calls and then fly away.
Animals on the ground also pose problems. Deer, for example, have jumped over a fence three
metres high and have run across the runway in front of aircraft. Foxes can dig tunnels under airport
security barriers and cause damage to the electrical systems.
A
It seems that no one way is totally successful in preventing incidents with wildlife at airports. Airport
authorities are continuing to work with experts to try and reduce the risk of these wildlife problems.
METHODS USED TO REDUCE WILDLIFE AT AIRPORTS
using guns
25%
removing
natural using hunting
habitats birds
50% 6%
using bird traps
using dogs 14%
5%
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/O/N/15
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5
(a) Why are governments concerned about wildlife at airports?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What has definitely caused more wildlife incidents at airports?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What is being done to stop geese from living at airports?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) How do concrete areas at airports affect birds?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(e) What disadvantages are there to using guns? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) What happens to birds after they are trapped?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(g) How is Meg more effective than humans on difficult ground? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
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(h) Why is Meg particularly good at frightening birds?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
a
(i) How do birds react to the falcons? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) According to the chart, which is the most common way to reduce wildlife at airports and
which is the least common?
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most common ...........................................................................................................................
least common .......................................................................................................................[1]
(k) Give four examples of problems caused by specific types of wildlife at airports.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

200
READING
Part 1
Read the leaflet below on children’s books and answer Questions 1–10.
Top 10 Children’s Books

A Knit It, Stitch It!
Knit It, Stitch It! teaches basic sewing, embroidery and knitting using simple patterns.
From bags and hats to making soft toys, this book is packed with inspiring projects.
Great for beginners and competent crafters alike, creative kids will soon be producing
home-made gifts for friends and family.
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B 1000 Things for Kids to do in the Holidays
This is a great resource for any parent, guardian or childcare professional. Packed with
up-to-date information, this handy guide suggests activities and days out spanning
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the whole of the country from the north to the south of the UK and everywhere in
between. Split into easily navigable sections.
C One Stitch At A Time
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This is a complete all-in-one kit aimed at helping children to learn sewing skills. It
comes complete with the felt fabric, stuffing and accessories for creating a cute cat
figure. This step-by-step guide allows children to gain confidence slowly in using a
sewing needle.
D The Littlest Bear
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This is the story of a surprising friendship between a lonely little polar bear and a
lost wolf cub. A gentle tale that can be read aloud and enjoyed, this delightfully
constructed story will help to teach young children about the value of making
friends.
E Monstersaurus
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Young children will love this book. It tells the story of Monty and his love of inventing
things – things that don’t always work. Monstersaurus is an extremely funny picture
book with bold, bright pictures and fun text that is perfect for reading aloud.
F My Secret Diary
A
My Secret Diary is a fantastic account of teenage life. Describing problems with family,
school life and friends, these memoirs are extracts from real secret teenage diaries.
This will be a fascinating read for anyone who’s interested in life in the UK in the
1950s.
G Buster’s Birthday
Buster’s Birthday includes a real present to open, making this book one big
celebration. With colourful, friendly illustrations and a simple, welcoming text, this
read-along tale allows little ones to discover the fun presents that Buster has received
and to join in with his birthday fun.
201
H New Diary Of A Wimpy Kid Collection

A fantastic series for encouraging reluctant readers. This set of cartoon diaries is
the story of school kid Greg Heffley, who records the events of his day in a journal,
complete with superb, child-like illustrations.
I I Can Write Collection
Each title in the collection contains 30 essential first words – perfect for helping
writers to develop early language skills. The wipe-clean pages allow children to trace
each word by following the dotted lines, then to write it freehand again and again
until they are word-perfect.
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J Happy Days Collection
Including 18 timeless adventures, this is a great source of bedtime reading for little
ones. Ideal for sharing aloud or for encouraging young children to begin reading
independently, these tales are filled with likeable characters and plenty of adventure.
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(Source: adapted from www.thebookpeople.co.uk)
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202
Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–J) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by marking a
cross for the correct answer . If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
indicate your new answer with a cross .
You must choose answers only from the information given in the leaflet. Paragraphs may be
used more than once or not used at all.
This book…
1 is about an unexpected relationship.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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2 includes a gift for readers to discover.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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3 is for children learning to read by themselves.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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4 contains suggestions for places to visit.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
5 is based on true events.

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(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
6 encourages repetition.
A
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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7 is useful for someone looking after children.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
8 is designed to make you laugh.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
9 is aimed at children who might not like reading.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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10 includes the materials to make a toy.
(1)
A B C D E F GO H I J

(Total for Part 1 = 10 marks)
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8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about a race across Australia in cars powered only by solar energy, and then
FOUR DAYS WITHOUT FUEL
The World Solar Challenge Race is unlike any other car race you can imagine. The route passes
right across the deserted Australian outback, and the cars themselves resemble something from a
science-fiction film. They glide silently, powered only by solar energy, along the dusty highways.
This race does not last for just a few hours, it goes on for days. The cars start in Darwin, in the far
north of Australia, and the fastest usually cross the finish line about four days and 3000 kilometres
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later in Adelaide, on the south coast.
One of the cars which took part recently, named Stella, publicised as the world’s first ‘family solar
car’, was created by students at a university in Holland. Stella has a square shape to maximise
space inside and also has a place to store luggage in the back. The car is covered in reflective solar
m
panels that absorb the rays of the sun and provide the power for the battery. It also runs on narrow
tyres to reduce weight.
The World Solar Challenge Race was first organised by a Danish environmentalist who built the
O
first solar-powered car in 1982. The aim of the race is to promote new ideas in solar technology and
electric car design which could one day be used in more conventional vehicles. In fact, major car
manufacturers are already using solar panels to power the lights in normal cars. One multi-national
company has produced a car with a solar panel pack which works the air conditioning. They have
also been able to develop an ignition system which operates by using solar power. In addition, an
environmental company is able to provide solar panels for garage roofs so that drivers can recharge
m
the latest range of electric cars at home.
“Driving on public roads for such a long distance in a normal car can be very dangerous. It is
particularly dangerous in lightweight solar vehicles like these that can reach speeds of 160 kilometres
per hour,” said Chris Jones, the event director.
a
The entire route is open for ordinary traffic during the race and long, heavy trucks constantly block
dh
the road. The car drivers are only allowed to race during daylight hours each day, after which they
have to pull off the road and set up camp for the night. If they drive in the dark, there is an increased
risk of collisions with kangaroos. Along the route, drivers can get updates on their race position and
do basic maintenance, but they are not allowed to do anything more than that.
In 2013, 38 cars started the challenge, but many did not complete it. One car was blown off the road
A
by a gust of wind and some could not continue because their car’s mechanical parts were covered
in dust from the roads in the outback.
The winner was a Dutch team which completed the route in 36 hours at an average speed of
90 kph. At the end, the weather played a decisive role. With only 50 kilometres to the finish line, rain
came down heavily and the Brazilian team, which was in second place at the time, had to stop and
recharge their car’s battery.
It seems that sometimes even advanced technology cannot compete with the forces of nature.
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/O/N/15

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9
You are going to give a talk about solar power and the World Solar Challenge Race to your local
environmental group. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
Facts about the race route
• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
Problems during the race
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• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
How solar power has been used by major car producers
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
A

206
Read the article on The Real Junk Food Project and answer Questions 1 – 5.
The Real Junk Food Project

Adam Smith, founder of The Real Junk Food Project in Leeds, feeds his café customers
on goods which would otherwise have been thrown away by supermarkets and
independent grocers and also by food banks (which supply basic provisions free of
charge to those in need). The 29-year-old trained chef uses this unwanted food to
cook up stews, casseroles, soups and cakes, allowing customers to pay what they feel
they can, and if that is nothing, they can tackle the washing up instead.
ar
The café has had such an impact in a world with high food wastage and high
hunger levels that it has inspired 47 other “pay as you feel” cafés to spring up in the
past few months in the UK, with the concept even being considered as far away as
Los Angeles. Mr Smith says The Real Junk Food Project, which is in the process of
being registered as an official charity, is about more than simply feeding those who
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might otherwise go hungry. It’s about bringing people from different demographics
together in a way that doesn’t involve money. People are opening similar enterprises
because they are tired of what is going on in society and they care about what is
happening to other human beings. O
As the inspiration for a quietly-growing network of social cafés, Mr Smith thinks
that by changing legislation you could prevent supermarkets throwing so much
food away. He also wants more pressure put on supermarkets so that they are more
likely to work with organisations like his. Currently, a retailer will be prosecuted if it
sells food after the use-by date as there is a health risk to consumers in doing this.
am
However, there is no issue with retailers selling food right up to the best-before
date. Despite this, many supermarket managers regularly throw food out before this
date and are very reluctant to link up with enterprises like his which would happily
take the food. Mr Smith said his café regularly obtains its food from some rather
unorthodox places. They frequently take food from supermarket bins if they have to.
They watch supermarket staff throw food away, then they go and take it back out
again ten minutes later. Over 90% of the goods are perfectly fine.
dh
It is doubtful that redistributing surplus food from shops will help significantly to
alleviate poverty, nor will it solve the issue of hunger in the UK. Clearly there is food
poverty, yet there are food surpluses in the country. Whereas supermarkets have
proven very willing to work with charities and redistribution organisations such as
A
food banks across the UK, these same supermarkets appear to be more resistant to
working with social cafés.
The publication of a recent government report into hunger revealed four million
people in the UK were at risk of going hungry, while three and a half million adults
could not afford to feed themselves properly. In response to this, 272 food banks
have sprung up across the UK. In addition, the advisory body Waste and Resources
Action Programme (WRAP) has been urged to set food retailers targets to double the
amount of surplus food they redistribute to food assistance providers.
There has also been some controversy around the idea that hunger in Britain is
caused in part by people not knowing how to cook. Mr Smith agrees more needs to
be done to teach young people cooking basics whilst they are still in education.
207
His team has realised there is a serious lack of education in the UK about food
awareness, what to make and where food comes from. Consequently, only simple
foods are cooked in his café.
A recently opened “pay as you feel café” hopes to address this issue by providing free
cookery workshops for single men run by volunteers. It also hopes to strengthen
the community and help people understand those who need to use food banks and
enterprises such as social cafés. It doesn’t take much to get to a place where you
end up losing your job and then realise your social network wasn’t as strong as you
thought. As a result you could fall into a food crisis – it can happen very suddenly and
to anybody. However, help is very clearly at hand.
ar
(Source: adapted from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/
real-junk-food-project-the-leeds-cafe-that-has-fed-10000-people-
using-20-tonnes-of-unwanted-food-and-9926579.html)
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208
Questions 1 – 5
and then indicate your new answer with a cross .
1 The Real Junk Food Project…
A relies mostly on supermarkets.
B helps only those people in trouble.
C operates a non-traditional policy.

2 The “pay as you feel” concept has…
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A become more recognised in the UK.
B been established in other countries.
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C generated instant worldwide interest.
3 Mr Smith would like to see…
A products with longer best-before dates on them.

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B better links between social cafés and retailers.
C more social cafés being opened in areas of need.

4 The report into hunger has…
am
A prompted more guidance for the food industry.
B encouraged supermarkets to waste less food.
C revealed single men are most likely to go hungry.

5 “Pay as you feel” cafés aim to…
dh
A provide jobs for locals.
B make a business profit.
C educate local residents.

A

A
dh
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12
Exercise 6
Last week, you received a phone call and you had to leave your home in a hurry.
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Write an email to a friend about what happened.
m
• explain what the phone call was about
• say what happened after you left your home
• describe how you felt when you returned.
O
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[Total: 19]
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14
Exercise 7
Some people say that you learn more out of school than you do at school.
Here are some comments from your friends:
“Our family and friends teach us the

“School helps us to get the most important things that we
qualifications we need for life.” need to know.”
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accuracy of your language. O
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[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2015 0510/21/O/N/15
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215

* 2 2 3 3 3 8 7 4 9 3 *
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2 hours
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DC (ST/SG) 110314/2
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about a sport called BMX, and then answer the questions on the opposite
page.
BMX
There is only so much that you can write about a sport without trying it
yourself. I was excited when my editor asked me to produce an article
on BMX. The appeal of the sport for many people is the challenge, but I
started feeling anxious when I realised that I would actually need to have
a go at it myself.
BMX, or bicycle motocross, involves riding a small bicycle on tracks
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which usually include several jumps. Some people prefer BMX racing;
others like freestyle BMX, which is all about performing tricks. Either
way, the fact that BMX bikes are fairly cheap to buy has helped to make
it a sport that many people want to try.
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The sport began in the 1970s, when children in California were inspired by the stars of cross-
country motorbike racing, and started racing their bikes on dirt tracks. Many people believe that
they were motivated by an American TV documentary which showed children riding a popular type
of bicycle, called the Sting-Ray, off-road. This quickly became the preferred bike for BMX racing
because it was easy to adapt for better performance.
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By the mid-1970s, BMX racing had become officially recognised as a sport. In 1981, the
International BMX Federation was founded, and the first world championships were held in 1982.
The International Olympic Committee made BMX a full-medal Olympic sport in time for the 2008
summer Olympic Games in Beijing, China. The first Olympic champion in men’s racing was Māris
Štrombergs, from Latvia; Anne-Caroline Chausson, who was French, became the first women’s
champion.
m
Lots of people are attracted to BMX because there are many places to ride and do tricks. I went to
my local BMX centre and met Mark Hubbard, a professional BMX rider, to try it out. I wanted him
to teach me a trick that I had heard about, called the bunnyhop. To do this, riders have to lift their
front wheel, then their back wheel, to launch their bike in the air, as if they are jumping off a ramp.
a
However, Mark said this was too challenging, and he would teach me two simpler ones instead.
First I tried a truck stand, which involves balancing on the front tyre with your hands in the air. My
first attempts were disastrous, so Mark decided to teach me how to do a glider – a trick where you
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keep your feet on the wheel pegs and roll backwards and forwards with your hands above your
head. Mark made it look so easy, but I just couldn’t take my hands off the handlebars. Before we
ran out of time, Mark gave me one last chance to perfect the first of these tricks. Taking a deep
breath, and with Mark firmly holding onto my bike, I managed to get my balance and stand upright.
I then realised with horror that Mark had stepped away. I was actually supporting myself – but only
for a few seconds, before I fell off! Mark later reassured me that BMX isn’t as dangerous as some
A
people think.
Injury rates for selected sports
I also tried out BMX racing at the centre.
I was only allowed on the amateur track, Alpine skiing 3.0
which had a five-metre start hill followed Softball 2.2
by a variety of jumps and turns. Then Basketball 1.9
I watched some teenagers having an Surfing 1.8
advanced lesson on the elite track, which Mountain biking 1.2
has a higher start hill and a much more Skateboarding 0.8
technically demanding layout. They all BMX 0.8
looked so cool with their bikes – another In-line skating 0.4
reason why the sport is so popular. I left
feeling very relieved that I didn’t have to 1 2 3 4
try my luck on that! Number of injuries per 1000 athletes
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5
(a) How did the writer feel about the idea of having a BMX lesson?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Which two types of BMX riding does the writer mention?
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Which sport did BMX develop from?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(d) Which make of bicycle did most children use for BMX racing in the 1970s?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) When did the first international BMX competitions take place?
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...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) What was the nationality of the first woman to win an Olympic BMX racing event?
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...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) What do riders need to do first if they want to perform a bunnyhop?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(h) Which trick did the writer manage to do in his lesson?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(i) According to the chart, which sport is as dangerous as BMX, and how many injuries are there
a
for every 1000 basketball players?

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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) What two tracks were at the place where the writer went for his lesson?
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...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(k) Give four reasons why BMX is such a popular sport nowadays.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]
218
READING
Part 1
Read the leaflet below on extreme sports and answer Questions 1–10.
Guide to extreme sports

Extreme sports are sports activities that are thought to entail a high level of possible
danger. These activities often involve speed, height, a lot of physical effort and
specialised equipment or spectacular stunts.
A Surfing
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Surfing is the world’s favourite extreme sport and is a test of agility and timing.
There are several types of surfing, including wind surfing, kite surfing and large wave
surfing. Surfing has become a culture and way of life, with music and film playing
a large part in this.
m
B Climbing
Whether you want to climb natural rock faces, man-made cliffs or even buildings,
climbing is an accessible, challenging and widely-practised extreme sport with a
O
range of disciplines. It is one of the most physically demanding extreme sports, so it
might not be suited to everybody.
C Mountain Biking
This consists of riding bicycles off-road, often over rough ground, using specially
m
adapted mountain bikes. Mountain biking takes bicycles to new places. Off-road
tracks with rocky and rough terrain make ideal mountain biking locations and it’s an
enjoyable extension of an ability that most people already have.
D Skateboarding
a
Skateboarding originated in California in the 1940s when surfers looked to entertain

themselves when waves were flat. Nowadays skateboarding is a hugely popular
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extreme sport around the world and is mainly used for recreation and for transport.
The annual sports competition X-Games has helped popularise skateboarding as a
sport.
E Bungee Jumping
A
This involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord. The
tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane. Commercial
bungee jumping began in New Zealand in 1986. It is a popular extreme sport that
anybody can participate in.
F Mountain Boarding
Mountain boarding is basically like off-road skateboarding. You ride a modified
skateboard with huge wheels down hills, dirt tracks or even in skateboard parks. It
is advised that people simply enjoy the ride as doing anything more would be too
difficult and dangerous.
219
G White Water Rafting

Although it’s not as dangerous or extreme as it once was, white water rafting involves
paddling down a fast-flowing river on a large inflatable raft, made for around eight
people. Since the 1970s, developments in this activity as a leisure sport have made it
increasingly popular.
H BASE Jumping
BASE jumping is like skydiving, except you jump from a fixed position not an
aeroplane and don’t have much time to open a parachute, making it much more
dangerous. BASE jumps can be from buildings, cliffs and bridges. Jumpers have
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seconds to open their parachutes and also have little time to glide once the
parachute is out.
I Cave Diving
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If you like scuba diving but you’re looking for a more extreme experience, cave
diving might be the sport for you. It’s the same as diving, but you’re exploring an
underwater cave, relying on artificial lights and your ability to manoeuvre in tight
spaces.
O
(Source: http://www.eventsabroad.com/events-abroad-lifestyle-blogs/top-10-extreme-sports/)
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A
220
Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–I) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by marking a
You must choose answers only from the information given in the guide. Paragraphs may be
This extreme sport…
1 might not be suitable for those lacking in strength.
(1)
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A B C D E F G H I
2 is the most popular one.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H I
A B C D E F G
O
3 involves not being able to move around easily.
H I
(1)
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4 is not as risky as it used to be.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I
a
5 was first used as an alternative to another sport.

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(1)
A B C D E F G H I
A
6 is accessible to all.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I
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7 involves having to react quickly.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I
8 is featured in a yearly event.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I
9 should not involve doing any stunts.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H I
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10 builds on a commonly held skill.
(1)
A B C D E F G
O H I

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222
8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about WaterAid, and then complete the notes on the opposite page.
WaterAid
Many people around the world take it for granted that they can simply
turn on a tap and get a glass of clean, fresh water to drink. These
people have probably never even considered life without this basic
necessity. However, it is incredible to realise that approximately
748 million people nowadays still do not have safe drinking water –
that is one in ten of the world’s population. These people desperately
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need easy access to clean water, as it would allow them to take the
first steps out of poverty. With a safe water supply, a child who used
to spend four hours a day walking to fetch water now has time to go
m
to school and get an education. Clean water is also vital because it
means that fewer people suffer diseases.
WaterAid is a charity which is working to improve the lives of some of the people who lack
O
safe water. Up to now, it has helped over 19 million people, in a wide variety of ways. In
some rural communities, volunteers have worked with villagers to dig wells, often by hand,
to give them access to clean water. In other places, pipes have been laid to carry fresh
water from higher ground to taps that are situated near people’s homes. Where technology
is involved, for example if a pump has been installed to bring water up to the surface from
m
below ground, WaterAid has taught locals how to mend the pump if it breaks. This means
that a safe water supply is available again much more quickly, and also that communities
do not have to rely on skilled technicians who can charge high fees and may take several
days to arrive at the rural location. These local, well-trained pump mechanics also carry
a
out routine checks and maintenance, and records now show an increase in the number
of wells which provide people with a regular supply of water. Many sets of tool boxes have
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also been given out so that the local mechanics have the equipment they need to carry out
maintenance and repairs effectively.
Of course, all this work and equipment requires a huge amount of financial support. Many
people make regular donations to WaterAid, which means that the charity is able to plan
A
ahead with some confidence. Even donating a small amount of money each month makes
a big difference. Supporters are then kept up to date on the progress of current projects
through emails and newsletters. The charity also arranges a variety of events to raise
funds. Examples include marathons, expeditions, concerts and even cake sales – the list
is endless. People can take part in an event that is set up and promoted by the charity
itself, or they can get in touch with the charity and organise their own event. WaterAid
also receives money from governments, organisations and companies around the world
that are committed to improving access to safe water. The organisations range from banks
to clothing manufacturers, and all of these are essential to WaterAid’s work and are an
important part of the solution to the world’s water crisis.
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9
You are going to give a talk to your class about WaterAid.
Why clean water is important:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
What WaterAid has done to help provide clean water:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
•
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...............................................................................................................
How WaterAid gets money to pay for projects:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
A

224
John Steven is a travel reporter for a newspaper. Read his travel report on Denmark
and answer Questions 1–5.
ar
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Legoland and beyond: a relaxing family break in Denmark
If you asked your child to imagine the perfect holiday, what would it look like? Lots
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of pool time? A chance to play all day? Animal attractions? There are plenty of places
that might come to mind, but a small Danish town is probably not among them.
Billund, a town in Jutland, however, has not one but three major draws for families:
the world’s first Legoland; Scandinavia’s biggest water park, Lalandia; and, since
September, the Lego House. On top of that, in a great move, the town has renamed
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itself Capital of Children. Additionally, the Capital of Children is a body set up by the
Lego Group and the local council. They are tasked with making Billund the most
child-friendly place to live and work, not just in Denmark, but in the world.
In practice, this means local children are invited to attend planning meetings to give
their input on new outdoor spaces and facilities, such as the children’s library, and
safer routes through the town. It’s all about including children in deciding what kind
of society they would like to live in.
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For the visitor, the most obvious example of this ambitious project is the Lego House.
It’s a gleaming white architectural wonder that looks as if a giant has been playing
with oversized Lego bricks. When I took my seven-year-old son over October half-
term, I knew that we were in for a visual treat. What I really hadn’t expected was that
there would be so much to do inside the building. We ended up spending eight
A
hours there.
The real thrill for children is having access to 25 million Lego bricks. Friendly staff
wearing Lego figure name badges watch the “experience zones”, gently steering
children towards activities. They keep an eye on the adults too; there’s no hiding in
a corner scrolling your mobile here. We made flowers for Lego gardens and cars that
we raced on a track. We competed in robot games, and even played through lunch.
Diners build their order in bricks, then watch their meal being ‘made’ in an on screen
animation before it’s delivered in a Lego-style box. Even the exhibition on the history
of the Lego Group had us engrossed.
225
Visitor numbers are expected to peak in July and August, when an entry system will
operate. In October half-term I could count on one hand the number of people in
each room. As family trips go, Billund was turning out to be easy, with queue-free
attractions, and roads easy to navigate. At Legoland we walked straight on to every
ride, returning to some for a second go because we could. Then there’s Lalandia. This
vast entertainment centre has somehow slipped under the radar of British tourists. Of
the 723,000 visitors to its Aquadome in 2016, less than 2% were from the UK.
Through the revolving door of Lalandia is a “street” of affordable cafes, and designer
shops and a head-spinning number of activities. Without a doubt the highlight is
the Aquadome. We spent an afternoon splashing around in the four pools and six
waterslides, and riding fat tubes on giant inflatables. This attraction is definitely easy
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on the wallet.
We moved on, first to Givskud Zoo – a safari park with the bonus of 40 life-size
dinosaurs – and then to the nearby town of Vejle. In summer, families descend on
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the nearby beaches. This being Scandinavia the brave continue to swim through the
winter and last month a sauna opened on one of the beaches. Recently, the town
has gained what I think is a global reputation for its striking architecture: the award-
winning Bølgen (Wave), a row of five undulating apartment buildings, overlooks the
harbour, and another architectural marvel: the floating Kayak Club.
O
With non-stop entertainment, this trip was always going to be a winner with my son.
I’m already really excited about a return visit, this time in summer, to make the most
of the east and west coasts (both within easy reach). Billund may be the Capital of
Children but Jutland could certainly lay claim to being the most child-friendly place
in Europe for holidays.
am
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A
226
Questions 1–5
Identify which of the options given for Questions 21–25 accurately completes the
given statements by marking a cross for the correct answer . If you change your
mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new
answer with a cross .
1 According to John Steven, Capital of Children is …
(1)
A a name selected by children.
B the idea of town residents.
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C a local council department.
D the name of an organisation.
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2 What most surprised John Steven when he visited the Lego House?
(1)
A It was made out of large Lego bricks.
B There were many activities on offer.

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C The Lego House had a white exterior.
D Adults were not allowed to participate.
3 What did John Steven notice on his trip to Billund?

m
(1)
A The Lego House was bigger than he expected.
B All the Legoland rides were surprisingly busy.

a
C Lalandia was not popular with British visitors.

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D There was not much traffic on the quiet roads.
4 John Steven believes the town of Vejle is best known for its …
(1)
A appealing location.
A
B unusual buildings.
C range of facilities.
D life-size dinosaurs.
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5 What is John Steven’s perception of Lalandia?

(1)
A It was good value for money.
B The range of food was limited.

C The pools were large in size.
D There were too many shops.
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TOTAL FOR PART 2 = 15 MARKS
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A
228
12
Exercise 5
ar
Your friend is coming to stay in your house next month to look after it while you and your family are on
holiday.
Write an email to your friend about staying in your house.
m
In your email, you should:
• tell your friend where some important things are in your house
•
O
ask your friend to do something for you
suggest what your friend can do in the area.

m
a

dh
A
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13
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..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
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A
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[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2016 0510/21/M/J/16

230
14
Exercise 6
Many people can get free music by downloading it from the internet.
Here are two comments from some students in your class:
“How can musicians

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“CDs are much too

expensive in the shops.”
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m

O
a m
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A
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15
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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A
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[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2016 0510/21/M/J/16

232
A
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a m
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233

* 2 7 6 4 5 7 5 0 0 4 *
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2 hours
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DC (LK/CGW) 119404/5
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4
Exercise 2
Read the following article about the Dana octopus squid, and then answer the following questions.
SQUID THAT LIGHTS UP IN THE DARK

Several species of squid, including the giant squid Researchers already had some ideas about how
and the colossal squid, live in the deep waters this glowing squid behaves, and the new video
of the ocean. However, very little is known about footage supports those theories. “It’s nice to
them. Scientists have therefore been particularly have some proof,” says squid researcher Michael
excited to discover another type of deep-sea Vecchione of
squid – one which lights up in the dark. the Natural
History Institute.
This enormous squid, known as the Dana octopus “It has mostly
squid, has been filmed for the first time in the wild. been just theory
ar
The film shows the squid, which can grow as big and guesswork
as a human, using bright, flashing lights on its up until now.”
arms to catch other creatures.
The footage
The glow-in-the-dark squid was discovered in also shows that the Dana octopus squid is a
m
2006 in the dark waters of the North Pacific Ocean very effective hunter. It swims backwards and
off south-eastern Japan by Japanese scientists, forwards and it is able to change direction rapidly
during an expedition led by Tsunemi Kubodera by bending its body. On the film some were seen
of the National Science Museum in Tokyo. They reaching speeds of 2.5 metres per second as they
attracted the massive squid by putting food at the attacked the food.
O
end of a long line which they dropped from the
research ship down into the ocean, and lowered “Some people have said that all deep-water squid
cameras alongside it. Two years previously, in are rather slow and heavy because their muscles
2004, the same team had also filmed the first ever are not very firm,” says Vecchione, “but this
images of a live giant squid. particular type of squid has got very muscular fins
for swimming.”
The Dana octopus squid, like most squid, has
m
eight arms with cat-like claws on its suckers. Other The Dana octopus squid is thought to be one of
large squid use two long tentacles, which are like the world’s largest squid and scientists believe
extra arms, to grab creatures while hunting, but that they live in large numbers in the tropical
scientists think that the Dana octopus squid blinds oceans. However, because they swim in such
its victims using light-producing organs on the deep waters, it has not been easy to conduct more
a
ends of two of its arms. detailed research on them. Until the Japanese
team caught them on film, no one had ever seen
These organs, which are about the size of one alive.
dh
lemons, are called photophores, and they can

be opened and closed like eyes. This deep-sea
squid swims in a very dark environment, so their
photophores can be used to light up its immediate
surroundings. Additionally, the squid
uses them to measure the distance Deep-sea squid
20
A
between itself and its prey.

Length in metres
The Japanese scientists noticed that 15

the Dana octopus squid also glows
when it is not hunting. They believe 10
that the squid uses these light signals
as a form of communication. For 5
example, a single flash of light seems
to act as a warning signal when 0
the squid is approaching unfamiliar Female Male Dana Colossal
objects. Further investigation revealed giant giant octopus squid
that these flashes of light could also be squid squid squid
used to attract a mate.
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235
5
(a) Where exactly was the Dana octopus squid first filmed?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) How did the Japanese scientists film the Dana octopus squid?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) In which year was the giant squid first filmed?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) According to the scientists, what is unusual about the way the Dana octopus squid catches its
food?
ar
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) What are the Dana octopus squid’s light-producing organs comparable to in size?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) Why is the video evidence of the Dana octopus squid important to the researchers?
O
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) Apart from using light-producing organs, what makes the Dana octopus squid such a good
hunter? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(h) Why is the Dana octopus squid better at swimming than other deep-sea squid?
a
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
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(i) Why is the Dana octopus squid so difficult to study?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) According to the chart, which is the second longest squid and how long is it?
A
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(k) What does the Dana octopus squid use its light-producing organs for? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

236
READING
Part 1
Read the webpage below on Harewood House and answer Questions 1–10.
Visit Harewood House

A You’ll find that there’s so much to do when you come to Harewood that we would
advise you to plan your day before your visit. Harewood is proud to be one of the
Treasure Houses of England, a collection of ten of the most magnificent palaces,
houses and castles in England today.
ar
Harewood House
B Edwin Lascelles (1713–1795) commissioned the construction of Harewood House
in the mid-18th century with money his father had made in the sugar trade.
It has been home to the Lascelles family ever since and it reflects the changing
m
tastes and styles of the past 250 years. In 1998, Harewood became a museum and
opened its doors to the public.
Gardens & Grounds
O
C There are over one hundred acres of gardens. They are full of variety, with plants
from all over the world, all this in the setting of a magnificent landscape. Younger
visitors will enjoy the excitement and thrills of the Adventure Playground, with
slides, swings and climbing frames and the café, picnic areas, ice cream kiosk and
toilets all close by.
m
Bird Garden
D The site is home to exotic species of birds, many of which are classed as
endangered in the wild. Visitors can wander past large aviaries and enclosures,
which are home to birds from different parts of the world. Display boards give fun
a
facts about the birds, for example where they came from, their habitat, diet and
behaviour.
dh
E You can also take a look at the busy life of bees in the Observation Beehive. The
bee colony is installed in the observation hive each year in summer (weather
dependent). Watch the bees in action, and if you spot the Queen Bee you can go
to the Information Centre and collect your own sticker which says ‘I’ve seen the
Queen!’
A
Lakeside Walk
F The lake covers an area of thirty-two acres and the woodlands on either side
contain a wide variety of trees and flowers. There are also over a 100 different
rhododendron bushes to be found growing beneath the trees and along the
edges of the lake. The growing of rhododendrons is something of a custom at
Harewood and each successive generation of the family has contributed
to the collection.
237
The Courtyard Café

G The ever changing menu features dishes made freshly by our chefs using some
ingredients from the estate’s own Walled Garden. With something for everyone,
there is also an excellent children’s menu as well as delicious vegetarian options
to enjoy. Come and join us for a great fresh coffee, a cup of tea or slice of
homemade cake.
The Secondhand Bookshop
H The bookshop is run by a team of volunteers and depends entirely on donations.
There is a huge selection of fiction and non-fiction books, and CDs and DVDs. We
ar
sell tea and coffee and have comfy sofas and a log fire where you can sit and relax
while browsing the books. All proceeds help fund educational projects on site.
(Source: adapted from www.harewood.org)
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238
Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–H) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by marking a
You must choose answers only from the information given in the webpage. Paragraphs may be
This paragraph mentions…
1 the building of Harewood House.
(1)
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A B C D E F G H
2 facilities aimed specifically at children.
m
(1)
A B C D E F G H
3 raising money.
A B C D E F G
O H
(1)
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4 an attraction that is not always available.
(1)
A B C D E F G H
a
5 a rare collection.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H
A
6 growing fruit and vegetables.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
239
7 an old tradition.
(1)
A B C D E F G H
8 types of information available.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
9 when Harewood first welcomed visitors.
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(1)
A B C D E F G H
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10 using time effectively.
(1)
A B C D E F G
O H

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8
Exercise 4
Read the following article about the Mars One project, and then complete the notes on the following
page.
LIFE ON MARS
Bas Lansdorp is the co-founder of the Mars One project and is looking
for people who want to live on Mars as part of an exciting new project.
He believes that with proper preparation a human settlement can exist
there, and says that the settlement would provide valuable information
for scientists around the world who are studying the possibility of living
on another planet.
ar
Undiscovered waters, mountains or faraway lands have always attracted explorers as they search
for adventure on Earth, even in the face of extreme danger. It is perhaps not surprising that the
Mars One project has already received thousands of applicants, all keen to achieve their dream of
setting foot on Mars.
m
Future explorers take note, however. Mars is a planet very different from Earth. Its atmosphere is
very thin, it is extremely cold and the water that remains is frozen or underground. Applicants, then,
must be physically fit, adaptable and must work well in a team. There are also plans to televise the
project as a reality TV show, from the initial selection of participants to everyday life on Mars.
O
The first four settlers will be transported to Mars in 2026. Those who are chosen to go will live
together in a small community. In order for them to stay alive, energy will be generated from solar
panels and water will be extracted from the soil and recycled. The new settlers will attempt to grow
their own food, but they will also have an emergency food supply and will receive deliveries when
new explorers arrive. After two years, four more people will be sent to join them.
m
The Mars One project advisers say that, when the number of settlers reaches twenty, the community
will be self-sufficient. This means that they will be able to take care of themselves and continue to
build the settlement on their own.
a
So far, no human has ever visited Mars. Critics say that the surface of Mars is extremely hostile,
and the planet cannot support human life. Radiation levels are very high, and this could lead to an
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increased risk of cancer. However, the project team have already thought of this and will advise the
settlers to wear protective clothing at all times.
The people who run the Mars One project are confident that it can happen. Tom Acosta, an
astronaut who has just returned to Earth after five months in space, has shown interest and has
even said that it would be an honour to be one of those selected to go to Mars.
A
Funding the project may be difficult as it would cost $5.9 billion to send the first group. However,
Bas remains confident that their financial target will be met. “This could be the biggest thing that
mankind has ever done,” he says. “Humans are naturally curious and so many people want to
explore beyond our world; our dream of going to Mars will come true.”
Whether or not the Mars One project will achieve its goal, the publicity generated from televising
the whole process means that the world will surely be watching.
© UCLES 2016 0510/21/O/N/16

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9
You are going to give a talk to your school’s science club about the Mars One project. Prepare some
notes to use as the basis for your talk.
Reasons to take part in the Mars One project:
• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
How the first group will survive on Mars:
m
• Energy will be generated from solar panels
• ...............................................................................................
•
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...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
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A

242
Read Ella Foote’s report on braving the cold to wild swim every day through
December until New Year’s Day and answer Questions 1–5.
The Joy of Wild Water Swimming

My toes sink into the mud at the edge of the River Mole at the bottom of Box Hill in
Surrey; the water immediately cools my feet beyond feeling. I have come here today
looking for my usual interesting swim. Normally there are stepping stones that cross
the river at this point, and I pictured myself skipping over them. However, the reality
is quite different. After significant rain and snow melt, I should have known the river
ar
would be higher than usual. The spot – tranquil in all my previous visits – was now a
rushing, fast-flowing river. It had the appearance of chocolate milkshake, rather than
the image I’d pictured. Oh well, I have swum in worse.
I step cautiously into the unknown and find the stepping stones under my feet. I try
m
to walk across them, but with the strong current against my legs it’s no use, so I just
get in. I fumble into the water with zero grace. The water feels silty and leaves brush
against my body rushing downstream.
But I barely notice the cold anymore. I have been doing a Dip a Day December –
O
swimming every day this month in rivers, lakes, ponds and sea – and today it is day
14. It isn’t uncommon for me to reach the edge of a river and question why I am
doing this. We are often encouraged to slow down, pay attention and appreciate the
little things in life, but at this time of year it can be hard to take a moment. Swimming
everyday outside, often in low light or darkness and in pretty cold weather, forces
me to find the beauty in winter. This aspect of swimming in the darkest month of the
m
year always wins me over. It is much easier to catch the sunrise and sunsets at this
time of year, and the glitter trail in water reflecting the sun is something truly worth
pausing over.
Of course, not every day has the sparkle of frost on the ground and blue skies.
a
Most of December in Britain is grey. When I wake up to the sound of rain, when
the light never seems to appear, those are the hardest days. On most swims I
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am solo, balancing my camera on a riverbank hoping to capture the magic I feel

from the water. Swimming alone, especially in colder weather, isn’t advisable. But
there is something special about a swim all by myself; nature reveals itself to you
more frequently and I have taken the time to understand my limits and don’t take
unnecessary risks. Swimming with like-minded cold-water fanatics has its charms too,
yelping and whooping, gathering afterwards to share hot chocolate – there is much
A
joy to that too, so it’s always worth finding a local group if you want to give it a go
yourself.
Living in Berkshire, I am lucky enough to have a good selection of swim spots on the
Thames and Jubilee rivers. There are plenty of lidos* within reach too, but by mid-
December I ache for the sea and I am more confident to try places I haven’t swum
before. I plan my days around the weather forecast, working around the dry spells
and sunshine. There is a lovely spot in Medmenham, near Marlow, that is perfect to
catch the sun rising; the Jubilee River near Maidenhead offers boat free swimming
and ice at the edge when it’s really cold; and a spot by the Flowers Cafe not far from
Henley provides a great jetty to leap off when you’re feeling bold!
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Being self-employed, I can work flexible hours which I am very thankful for, but there
are still days when only an early morning swim or evening dip will work. That means
scrabbling around in the dark on a cold riverbank, sinking into inky black water –
which provides a whole different challenge. I will swim every day until New Year’s
Day to complete the month – the nip of the water and the zing of a swim is quite
addictive.
*lidos outdoor swimming pools
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244
Questions 1–5
1 Which of the following statements is true about the River Mole?
(1)
A This is the first time for Ella to swim in the river.
B Ella expected the river conditions to be challenging.
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C Ella thinks that this swim is her most difficult so far.
D Ella struggles getting into the water for her swim.
2 What does Ella most enjoy about Dip a Day December?
m
(1)
A She gets the opportunity to value what she sees.
B She has a reason to swim outdoors in December.
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C She swims early in the morning or late at night.
D She travels to lots of different locations to swim.
3 What does Ella most struggle with?

(1)
m
A The fact that she cannot easily video her swims.
B The weather which is most typical of December.
C The risks associated with swimming in new places.

a
D She is at times restricted by her swimming ability.

dh
4 Which of the following statements is true?

(1)
A Ella does not usually swim alone.
B Ella only likes swimming in rivers.
A
C Ella enjoys swimming with others.

D Ella runs a local swimming group.
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5 What does Ella prioritise when organising her swims?

(1)
A The best conditions for swimming.
B The most convenient time to swim.

C The closest locations to take a swim.
D The places she has not swum before.
ar
(TOTAL FOR PART 2 = 15 MARKS)
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12
Exercise 6
You have recently joined a new club at school.
ar
Write an email to a friend telling them about the club.
m
• explain how you found out about the club
• say what you enjoy about it
• say why you think your friend should join the club too.
O
m
a
dh
A
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13
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
ar
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
O
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
a
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]
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14
Exercise 7
It has been suggested that the times of the school day should be changed, to start and finish one hour
later.
Here are two comments from your friends about this:
We find
it difficult to get up early If school finished later there would not
so always arrive at school be enough time for after-school activities.
very tired.
ar
m

O
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15
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
ar
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
a
..................................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 19]
© UCLES 2016 0510/21/O/N/16
250
A
dh
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m
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* 2 5 4 0 8 3 4 0 3 7 *
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2 hours
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a
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DC (ST/FD) 126997/1
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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about rollercoasters, and then answer the following questions.
My first ever rollercoaster ride
ar
I have come to a theme park to meet rollercoaster enthusiast Jay Murray, to find out what makes these
rides so popular. Jay estimates he has been on 700 rides in the past 10 years, and is surprised that I
have never been on one. He says that one of the attractions of these rides is that you feel out of control,
but safe. Jay really wanted to emphasise the importance of safety. “All rides are tested for 1,000 hours
before they open to the public,” he said. “They also do a test run on every ride each morning, and
m
there’s a thorough annual inspection too.”
Rollercoasters first appeared in 17th-century Russia. These were sloping structures up to 15 metres
high, built of wood, with a layer of ice on the surface which people would slide down. Rollercoasters
with wheeled sledges were developed soon afterwards. Later, in Pennsylvania, in the USA, a train that
had been used to deliver coal was converted to carry passengers on day trips. This gave a man called
O
LaMarcus Thompson the idea to open a park with pleasure rides at Coney Island, New York. A school
teacher by profession, he had the eye of a designer, and the mind of a businessman. In just three
weeks, he raised enough money from the rides to pay for the cost of building the park.
By 1888, Thompson had built nearly 50 rollercoasters around the USA and Europe. He introduced new
technologies such as cables to pull trains uphill, but it was another man, John Miller, who came up with
m
a design for an under-friction wheel, which kept trains firmly attached to the rails. This meant that they
could go faster and on steeper tracks, without falling off. This invention appeared in 1912.
The introduction of steel tracks meant that the structures were significantly stronger, making rides
safer. This also enabled engineers to be more ambitious in their designs, with the knowledge that the
rides would still feel smoother. The tracks became quieter too, which was another bonus.
a
Modern rides have a range of features, including floorless trains, free-fall drops, rolls and loops – all of
which mean that if you go on a ride these days, the experience is so intense. “That’s why I love them,”
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said Jay. “You forget who you are for a minute.” The names of some famous rides reflect these features
– Tower of Terror, Formula Rossa and Steel Dragon are just some examples.
Name of ride: Country: Height: Total cost: Maximum speed:

Tower of Terror Australia 115 metres A $ 16 million 161 kilometres per hour
A
Formula Rossa United Arab Emirates 52 metres £19.5 million 240 kilometres per hour
Steel Dragon Japan 97 metres US $ 52 million 153 kilometres per hour
However, there are limits to the physical forces that a person can tolerate on a ride. People can cope
more easily with the positive vertical – the feeling of being pressed into their seat – than the negative
vertical, which pushes them out of it. Interestingly, Jay points out that the desire to make rollercoaster
rides higher and faster is slowly being replaced by a trend towards more complex rides, which offer a
more lasting experience. Jay explains: “A world-famous ride such as Kingda Ka (in the USA) is over in
less than ten seconds. Although such a ride is thrilling, and gives you a rush of adrenaline, there is an
alternative. You can try a ride like Helix (in Sweden), which lasts for two minutes – it’s my number one
at the moment.” All the same, Jay was eager for me to experience ‘air time’ – the moment when you
reach the top and hang, weightless, before plunging down the other side. And when I finally did, I had
to admit that it was fantastic!
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5
(a) How do theme parks make sure each ride is safe every day?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What were the earliest rollercoasters covered in?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What did the railway in Pennsylvania originally transport?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What was the occupation of the man who first designed the rides at Coney Island?
ar
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) What was the name of the device which was invented in 1912?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) How did the use of steel tracks change a person’s experience of going on a rollercoaster
ride? Give two details.
O
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(g) According to the table, how tall is Tower of Terror, and what is the fastest that Steel Dragon
can travel?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(h) Which term refers to the force that pushes you into your seat while on a ride?
a
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
dh
(i) How does Jay Murray believe rollercoaster rides will change in the future?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) What is the name of Jay Murray’s current favourite ride?

A
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(k) Why is Jay Murray so keen on rollercoaster rides? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

254
READING
Part 1
Read the web page below on Sleningford Watermill and answer Questions 1–10.
Welcome to Sleningford Watermill Caravan and Camping Park

A Sleningford Watermill opened as a caravan and camping park in 1973. The park
sits alongside the banks of the River Ure at the end of a long private driveway.
Many people return to us year after year because the park’s natural beauty and
atmosphere provide a haven for people wanting to get away from it all.
ar
B The watermill itself is no longer in use but provides a focal point for the park
which has touring pitches for caravans, motorhomes and tents set among
14 acres of mature riverside meadow in three distinct areas (The Riverside, The
Millhouse Field and The Island). The River Ure provides the focus for the majority
m
of activities in the park.
C Canoeists are welcome to paddle within Sleningford Watermill’s boundaries
throughout the year with the exception of Christmas Eve, Christmas Day and
Boxing Day. A daily fee of £4.50 per paddler should be paid at reception before
O
entering the water. No access charges apply when staying at Sleningford.
D Managers may refuse access to visiting canoeists if the park is too busy.
Paddler fees include the use of a toilet, shower and the changing room. Any
organisations planning to bring a large number of canoeists to the park,
particularly on Saturdays and Sundays, must contact the managers prior to
m
arrival to check availability.
E The park is also a popular destination for fly-fishers during the season, which
runs from 1st April to 30th September. Full-day fishing tickets can be bought at
a
reception at a cost of £10, or half-day tickets for £5. The catch limit is four fish
per day or two fish per half-day ticket.
dh
F The site offers fantastic opportunities for cyclists and hikers, due to the great
variety of terrains and trails accessible from within the park. There are popular
circular trails through surrounding towns and villages and the information room
stocks useful free maps.
G There are many tourist attractions a short drive away from Sleningford Watermill
A
and our information room provides location details, posters and discount
vouchers for local venues. There is also a good selection of shops, banks,
restaurants and pubs within a comfortable driving distance.
H At Sleningford Watermill we are proud of the number of conservation projects
we have in place. There are several wildflower areas around the park where the
grass has been allowed to grow providing excellent pollen and nectar sources
for many insects. A butterfly garden and a tree identification walk have also
been created, which are at their best in June and July.
255
I The toilet blocks have recently been updated to have low energy lights with
movement sensors which prevent them being left on when the blocks are not
in use. The washbasins now have ‘push down’ taps to save water. Recycling bins
for paper, cans and bottles are provided in the park.
J All visitors to the park must report to reception on arrival to register their
vehicles and pay the appropriate fee. We hope you decide to visit us soon.
(Source: © Judith and Philip Sleningford Watermill Caravan & Camping Park)
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256
Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–J) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by
marking a cross for the correct answer . If you change your mind about an answer,
put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
You must choose answers only from the information given in the web page.
Paragraphs may be used more than once or not used at all.
This paragraph refers to…
1 the days that canoeing is not available.
(1)
ar
A B C D E F G H I J
2 the number of routes for walkers.
m
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
A B C D E F
O
3 an activity available only during certain months.
G H I J
(1)
m
4 adaptations to a park facility.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
a
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5 the layout of the park.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
A
6 something that is free only for guests.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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7 learning more about nature.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
8 people wanting a relaxing holiday.

(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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9 the procedure for group bookings.
(1)
A B C D E F G H I J
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10 the possibility of paying less than usual.
(1)
A B C D E F G
O H I J

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258
8
Exercise 4
Read the article about the future of bookshops, and then complete the notes on the following page.
The tale of the vanishing bookshops

The number of bookshops in most towns and cities around the world is in decline – few people
would disagree with this. It isn’t just small, local or independent bookshops that are suffering –
large chains are closing their stores too.
What is behind this trend? One of the major causes is, without a doubt, the competition from online
sellers and supermarkets. These outlets can offer popular titles at a reduced price, by buying and
selling books in large quantities. It suits many people with their busy lifestyles to be able to make a
ar
purchase quickly online, or to be able to put a book in their supermarket trolley while doing the food
shopping. Another explanation is the fact that fewer people seem to want to read books these days.
Many of those that do so think it is much easier and more convenient to carry a tablet or e-book
reader with them than it is to fit a heavy novel in their bag. And of course it means they can have
more than one book to read at the same time. There are, however, some reports that sales of digital
m
books are now reaching a peak in some countries, following a rapid growth in sales, but this news
may be too late for some bookshop owners. Other important causes include the high cost of rent for
many bookshops, and the fact that in times of economic difficulty, people have less money to spend
on ‘extras’ such as a good book to read.O
Bookshop owners, authors and publishers are not giving up easily. They have realised that if they
don’t take action now, the future of the industry is at risk. The challenges have led to some creative
solutions, which many hope will bring people back to bookshops and prevent some from closing
down. One obvious solution is to make a bookshop more individual in style so that people want to
come in. A shop should also be designed to encourage customers to spend time browsing. Many
m
booksellers say that the best customers are those who do just this – they may have intended to buy
only one book, but having looked at two or three others, decide to buy them too.
Some bookshops have introduced more innovative ideas recently. One is to hold what is known
as a ‘reading spa’. This is an individual consultation with a customer, where they are introduced
a
to several new books that have been selected to meet their taste in literature. Another idea is
getting people to sign up to a ‘reading year’ service – for an annual fee, a customer is sent a book
dh
each month which has been picked to suit their particular interests. These exciting ideas show that
bookshops can develop into something which goes beyond just selling books.
Other methods designed to bring in customers include opening a cafe in the shop, and putting on
events. These might include inviting an author to come in and read a section from their book, or talk
about it, and sign copies that customers have bought.
A
Despite these new ideas and approaches, many booksellers recognise the fact that they are
unlikely to get rich by selling books. They do it quite simply because they love it.
© UCLES 2017 0510/21/M/J/17

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9
You are going to give a talk to your class about the challenges bookshops face. Prepare some notes to
use as the basis for your talk.
Reasons why bookshops are going out of business:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
What bookshops are doing to attract business:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
a
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[Total: 9]
A

260
Read Mary Brown’s article on travelling alone and answer Questions 1–5.
Go Solo!
As a travel editor, I spend a lot of time on the road, often by myself, and I’ve learned
that solo travel is easier than you might think, totally liberating, and very rewarding.
Before I took this job I never used to go anywhere alone but, after a few life-changing
experiences, I’m addicted to solo travel and I’m not the only one.
In recent years, people’s interest in solo travel has skyrocketed, and those in the
travel industry have come up with ways to cater for this growing segment. I strongly
ar
believe that if you’ve ever wanted to travel alone but been too afraid, now’s the time
to reconsider. We all have lists of places we want to travel to, but all too often we
hold ourselves back from experiences because we have no one to share them with.
Everyone has different schedules, budgets, and travel plans, so waiting for the right
m
time to travel or the right person to join you on a trip is a waste of time. Travelling
alone, only your needs matter and you can plan something at the last minute if you
desire.
In our world filled with digital distractions, I think people find it a challenge to take
O
the time out that is needed to disconnect. Fortunately, solo travel offers the time
and space that’s necessary for valuable ‘alone time’. Even if you’re not the type of
person who goes to distant places when travelling, being alone on the road will give
you the opportunity to enjoy your own company. Some people dislike doing things
individually, but giving yourself alone time, especially for extended periods, is a most
valuable gift that you will eventually learn to appreciate.
m
What’s more, you’ll learn a lot about yourself in a way that’s impossible when you’re
caught up in your normal daily routine. I often surprise myself by the new interests I
develop when I’m travelling or the way I interact with strangers differently from how I
would when I’m home.
a
Being an outsider certainly influences your behaviour and these changes are positive
when it comes to travel, perhaps making you kinder and more patient, and increasing
dh
your curiosity about your surroundings. In my opinion, the chances are you’ll learn a
lot about others, simply by paying more attention than you would if you were with a
travel companion.
Speaking from experience, if you’ve ever planned a holiday with other people, you
know that picking a travel date alone can be hard work, and that’s just the beginning.
A
Travelling is supposed to be relaxing, and it’s never more so than when you are your
own trip planner. I find that you don’t even have to plan, as being spontaneous is
perfectly acceptable.
Obviously there are benefits to travelling with friends or loved ones, but other
people can distract you from the destination you’re visiting. For me, when you travel
with someone else, the trip is mostly about your shared experiences. If you’re really
looking to connect with a place and its people, consider going there alone.
261
Without a doubt, one of the biggest deterrents preventing solo travel is the fear of
feeling lonely. The truth, however, despite possible language differences, is that you’ll
never feel this way if you make the right choices. Want to meet some locals? You can
research lively cafes or try busy street food stalls. If you’re in a foreign country, try to
find spots that are popular with other tourists. Sign up for cooking classes or museum
tours to meet people with similar interests.
I still feel a bit nervous when I’m setting off on a solo trip but, in the end, nothing
comes close to the feeling of conquering the world on my own. The more you travel
alone, the more likely you are to feel the same way, like you can tackle any challenge.
The more confident you feel when travelling alone, the more confident you’ll feel at
home.
ar
If you’ve never travelled alone because your first thought is, ‘What would I even do
with myself?’ I implore you to plan a solo trip immediately. In fact, there’s so much
you can do when you travel alone that you’ll wonder how you ever managed to travel
m
with someone else in the past.
O
a m
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A
262
Questions 1–5
1 Which of the following statements is true about Mary Brown?
(1)
A When Mary Brown is working she always travels alone.
B She has always felt that travelling alone would be easy.
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C She was not used to solo travel until starting her job.
D Since starting her job she always takes holidays alone.
2 According to Mary Brown, which of the following statements is true?
m
(1)
A It is a good time to think about travelling solo.
B People should list the places they want to visit.
O
C People generally have similar travel interests.
D Travelling with others can be a waste of money.
3 Which of the following does Mary Brown agree with about solo travelling?
(1)
m
A Being in far-away destinations is best.
B Travelling alone to a place is boring.
C Travel encourages different interests.

a
D Speaking to strangers becomes easier.

dh
4 What can people do to avoid feeling lonely when travelling alone?

(1)
A Learn some basic language phrases.
B Research the food in the local area.
A
C Choose busy holiday accommodation.

D Visit places that attract local people.
263
5 What does Mary Brown most enjoy about taking solo trips?
(1)
A She still gets excited when she is leaving.
B She enjoys overcoming challenges alone.

C She travels to many different locations.
D She feels more relaxed on her return.
ar
m
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a m
dh
A
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12
Exercise 6
ar
During your last school holiday, you did four weeks of paid work experience.
m
Write an email to your friend about your work experience.
• tell your friend about where you worked

O
• explain how your work experience helped you to improve your English
• say what you enjoyed about the job you did.
m
a

dh
A
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[Total: 19]

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14
Exercise 7
In your English class, you have had a discussion about whether governments should spend money on
exploring space.
Here are two comments from students in your class:
We might need to live

on another planet in
the future!
ar
Think how much money
it costs!
m
Write an article for your teacher, giving your views.
O
a m
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A
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[Total: 19]
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A
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* 2 9 9 3 1 1 1 5 2 3 *
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2 hours
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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about a tree called the mountain ash, and then answer the following questions.
The mountain ash tree
I have come to a forest on the Australian island of Tasmania, and I am near the top of
a mountain ash, one of the tallest trees on earth. I’m here with some scientists who
are taking measurements of the tree, and collecting information about the wildlife
which lives in it. The insects, possums, reptiles, and even frogs which are found in the
treetops rely on rainwater which collects in holes in the tree trunk. One of the scientists,
Pete Douglas, suddenly shouts: “There’s a huge hole here full of rainwater! This is the
perfect place to observe the wildlife.” We all make our way towards Pete’s discovery.
ar
Today is windless and dry, which means that the trunk of the mountain ash tree is its
usual whitish-grey colour. In wet weather, however, the tree trunk turns bright green.
There are over 140 mountain ash trees more than 85 metres tall in Tasmania, and
the one we are climbing is almost 90 metres tall, the height of a thirty-storey building.
However, these trees are not as tall as some of the North American giant redwoods,
m
and neither do they live as long – 400 rather than 3000 years – but they are the tallest
flowering trees on earth.
Most mountain ash trees, however, seem to have a natural height limit. There is a point
where they find it difficult to go any further up, and grow wider instead. A tree needs
O
energy to grow taller, and the leaves in the treetop are very important because they absorb energy from
sunlight. Treetop leaves also need water, however. The taller a tree is, the harder it becomes for the tree to pull
up enough water from the ground to feed those leaves, and they grow less. As a result of this, they capture
less energy from the sun, which in turn slows the tree’s growth.
One of my fellow climbers, Laura Potter, has been Tallest individual trees alive today
looking closely at the leaves growing at the top of
m
the tree that we are climbing. “The leaves are quite 140 mountain ash
large,” she says. “That’s not what I expected to find,
which might mean that the tree hasn’t yet reached
120 115.5 m 112 m giant redwood
its peak height.” 99.6 m 97 m
100
80.5 m
a
Mountain ash trees often die from forest fires height 80

before they reach their full height, whereas giant in
redwoods which are affected by fire grow new metres 60
dh
branches. Redwoods are also able to produce 40

chemicals that resist diseases. Mountain ash trees,
on the other hand, cannot protect themselves like 20
that, and diseases often kill them.
0
The biggest threat to mountain ash trees in the last Hyperion, Stratosphere Centurion, Icarus Dream, Orokonui,
California, Giant, Tasmania, Tasmania, New Zealand
200 years, however, has been humans. Logging
A
USA California, Australia Australia

companies have cut down huge areas of mountain USA
ash forests in order to provide wood for building
and other purposes. Moreover, logging businesses in the 19th and 20th centuries generally chose to cut down
the giant trees first because these provided more wood.
Surprisingly, Pete Douglas and his colleagues are not pessimistic about the future of the tallest mountain ash
trees. “Large areas where they grow are now protected by state regulations,” says Pete. Unfortunately, several
logging companies have continued to cut down mountain ash trees in unprotected areas. However, even this
is changing. Falling prices for mountain ash wood mean that some businesses are abandoning their activities.
Pressure from environmental organisations is also forcing them to look for more sustainable sources of wood.
Climate change may also affect the mountain ash trees. Scientists don’t yet know, however, whether warmer
temperatures will limit the growth of these trees or encourage them to get even taller. Only time will tell.
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5
(a) Why is Pete Douglas pleased to find water near the top of the tree?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) When does the trunk of the mountain ash tree change colour?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) According to the chart, how high is the tallest mountain ash tree alive today?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) What happens to mountain ash trees when they stop getting taller?
ar
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) How does a shortage of water affect the leaves at the top of tall trees? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
m
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(f) What has surprised Laura Potter about the tree that she is studying?
O
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) What is the most serious danger facing mountain ash trees?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
m
(h) How are governments helping to preserve mountain ash forests?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
a
(i) What factors are causing some companies to stop cutting down mountain ash trees? Give
two details.
dh
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...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(j) What differences are there between mountain ash trees and giant redwood trees? Give four
A
details.
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[Total: 15]

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READING
Part 1
Read the leaflet below on ethical presents and answer Questions 1–10.
Top Eight Ethical Presents

If you’re in need of some ideas for gifts this year, take a look at our top eight ethical
presents. They could be recycled, fairly traded, locally sourced, or help promote
sustainable living; each one has a story to tell.
A ‘Go Green’ board game
ar
‘Go Green’ is a fun board game for the whole family. Using your wheelbarrow, you
need to move around the board and collect fruit, vegetables, goats and chickens. The
first person to fill his or her garden with the most produce and animals is the winner!
m
B Recycled butterfly bracelet
This pink butterfly bracelet is handmade using recycled materials so you can look
stylish and be environmentally friendly at the same time! The chain is silver-plated,
20cm long and fully adjustable to fit all sizes. The pink butterfly range also has a
O
necklace and earrings to match.
C Garden bag
This bag, handmade by a fair trade cooperative in Bangladesh, is a great way to
recycle the many cement sacks commonly found throughout the country. It is the
m
perfect storage and carrier bag for any gardener. It is waterproof, has pockets on
every side with a large central compartment and is padded for extra strength.
D Bug box insect habitat
a
This insect house provides a perfect winter haven for insects to shelter in until spring
appears. The durable roof and solid wood construction give excellent insulation for
insects over the winter. It should be hung in a sheltered part of the garden or on a
dh
house wall or in an orchard.

E Carbon Monster
Carbon Monster is a storybook explaining “carbon footprints”. Aimed at 5–9 year olds,
this book tackles environmental issues in a positive and fun way. The story is about a
A
little boy George, who notices a line of tiny footprints behind him that get bigger and
bigger, and how this changes the way he lives his life.
F Seed-bomb making kit
Seed-bombs are perfect for those hard to reach places in your garden. Seeds are held
in a protective coating until the conditions are right for them to explode with colour.
All you have to do is prepare your seed-bomb, throw it where you would love to see a
splash of flower colour and wait!
273
G Napkin ring and place-name set

These napkin ring and place-name sets have been made out of recycled coffee cups.
They come with a piece of chalk so you can write your guests’ names on the wipeable
surface. It’s a great way of personalising your table for a dinner party.
H Compostable watering can
These watering cans, available in red, green or blue, are completely natural and made
from 100% renewable materials and minerals. They are hardwearing and have the
same versatile uses as plastic, but without harming the earth. Once you have finished
with them, simply cut them up into pieces and put them on your compost heap. They
ar
break down naturally which makes them biodegradable.
(Source: adapted from ©The Eden Project)
m
O
a m
dh
A
274
Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–H) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by marking
a cross for the correct answer . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line
through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
You must choose answers only from the information given in the leaflet.
This paragraph refers to a gift that…
1 is targeted specifically at children.
(1)
ar
A B C D E F G H
2 is part of a larger collection.
m
(1)
A B C D E F G H
3 is made smaller before throwing away.
A B C D E F
O
G H
(1)
m
4 can hold a variety of items.
(1)
A B C D E F G H
a
dh
5 needs to be placed off the ground.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
A
6 is made in a range of colours.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
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7 takes time to show results.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
8 involves competing with others.

(1)
A B C D E F G H
ar
9 can be made shorter.
(1)
A B C D E F G H
m
10 shows people where they should sit.
(1)
A B C D E F GO H

a m
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276
8
Exercise 4
Read the article about Lion Encounter which offers people the chance to walk with young lions, and
then complete the notes on the following page.
Lion Encounter – walking with lions
Mauritius is an island in the Indian Ocean, 2000 kilometres from Africa. It has no native lions, but
it is one of the few places on earth where you can walk with them. The Casela Nature Park on the
island includes a large area of woodland and grassland which is similar to the landscape that many
lions inhabit in Africa. The park provides a home to young lions from various parts of Africa who
would not survive in the wild because their mothers have abandoned them.
ar
Soon after I arrive, Graeme Bristow, the head of Lion Encounter, goes through some basic
information and rules. The two lions we will walk with are both about 18 months old and are very
excited to be let out into the open landscape. I feel very nervous when I first catch sight of them –
they already weigh one hundred kilogrammes.
m
Graeme and his assistants always accompany visitors on lion walks, and they ensure that all
regulations are followed. You have to carry a large stick, which enables a young lion to understand
its relationship with you. You do not normally use the stick to hit the lions, but it shows them who is
in charge. O
During the walk, the lions behave like normal wild cats. They are incredibly agile and I watch one
jump easily high up into the branches of a tree. We always have to stay behind them so they are in
our sight. If we let them get behind us, they might well attack. Sometimes we get close enough to
be able to touch them, but it must only be from the neck down – definitely not the head.
m
After a while, I ask Graeme if I can lie on the ground to take a photograph of the lions. “Sure,” he
jokes, “if you want it to be your last ever photo.” He’s only half-joking, however. Graeme says: “If
lions see that you’re smaller than them, they may think you’re food.” This is why visitors are not
allowed on the walk unless they are at least 1.50 metres tall. What’s more, if the lions decide to
chase you, running won’t help because over short distances they can easily reach forty kilometres
a
per hour. As I get into position to take the picture, Graeme and his assistant stand close by holding
big sticks.
dh
Some people criticise projects like these. They say that close contact with humans is unnatural
for wild animals, and point out that the animals in the park can never be returned to the wild. They
argue that it is better to protect wild animals in their natural environment than in parks like these.
Graeme Bristow admits that a park is not ideal, but he claims that seeing the lions close-up helps
non-experts like me to understand them better. He is also confident that the experience of walking
with lions encourages people to do more to help protect lions’ natural habitat.
A
The rights and wrongs of projects like these are complex, but there is no doubt that walking with
lions is a thrilling experience.
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9
You are going to give a talk to your class about Lion Encounter. Prepare some notes to use as the
basis for your talk.
The young lions – some physical facts:
• 18 months old
• ...............................................................................................
ar
• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
m
Rules for visitors going on lion walks:
• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
Arguments supporting the Lion Encounter project:
• ...............................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
A

278
Time to Declutter?
For a very long time, I thought that decluttering and zero waste were opposites. Didn’t
decluttering mean throwing items away, and zero waste mean throwing nothing away
and keeping it all? I couldn’t imagine that the two could work together yet decluttering
has been an essential part of my five-year zero-waste journey.
When it comes to getting rid of unwanted items, the two most common options are
discard or donate. Discarding really should be a last resort, saved only for those things
that are damaged beyond repair, non-recyclable, and possibly dangerous. But what
about donating?
Charity shops want goods that are clean, in working order and desirable. They need to
ar
be able to sell them. But charity shops aren’t the solution for everything and, sadly, they
don’t have limitless storage. Donating our winter wardrobes in the height of summer will
likely mean items in excellent condition remain unsold, simply because there isn’t the
demand. Offloading goods in the week after the New Year when the rest of the country
m
is doing the same thing isn’t to be encouraged, either. Not all charity shops can accept
electrical items.
Before donating, I always call the charity shop and ask if there are things that it needs.
There will always be things in high demand and things that aren’t. Don’t limit your
O
donating to the charity shops. Schools, community groups, craft societies and animal
sanctuaries all have needs and might be able to help take unwanted items. Online
community sites are a great way to find new owners for unwanted goods, and a way to
offer broken goods for parts and spares.
am
Decluttering is about removing the unnecessary, the unused and the unwanted from our
homes. It’s about removing the excess, and keeping only the things we find useful and
beautiful. If our homes are filled with items we use regularly and appreciate, there is little
or no waste. Yet decluttering will only reduce waste if it’s treated as a one-way process.
The purpose of decluttering is not to make room in the house for a shopping spree. Until
people change their way of thinking, and needless things are no longer brought into the
home, decluttering can never mean less waste.
dh
Rather than keeping things to ourselves, we should embrace the opportunity to share
what we have. Donating items we don’t need gives somebody else the opportunity to
use them and, most significantly, helps prevent new purchases. Owning stuff we don’t
need, don’t use and don’t like is a complete waste. As far as I’m concerned, there are two
main reasons we keep things we don’t need: ‘just in case’ or ‘guilt’.
A
We tell ourselves we might need the item in the future. But if we haven’t needed it so far,
what are the chances? Could we get a replacement quickly, affordably and second-hand?
In most cases, there is no need to keep something ‘just in case’.
We might feel guilty. There are many reasons that we feel guilt: we made a poor choice,
spent too much money, dislike the handmade gift that we know took so much effort and
time. Keeping something out of guilt does not increase the chances that we will use it.
279
I have always found decluttering hard because I was forced to confront my poor
decisions (impulse purchases, wasted money, clothes I never wore), and my failure to
continue a hobby after I had started it. My biggest struggle has been to part with items
I have kept in cupboards for years because they have sentimental value. I now think
much more carefully about what I bring into my home and have convinced friends and
family not to buy me unnecessary presents. The whole process has forced me to examine
my life and formulate new and healthier habits; I now make better choices. With fewer
possessions, my home is definitely tidier and I feel more positive.
I can appreciate well-made clothes or admire clever designs, but that doesn’t mean that I
need to make a purchase. If I don’t need it, or can’t see how I will get rid of it responsibly,
then I don’t buy it.
ar
m
O
am
dh
A
280
Questions 1–5
given statements by marking a cross for the correct answer. If you change your
1 Which of the following statements is true about Sarah Mace?

(1)
A She has just started to think about decluttering her home.
B She now understands decluttering and zero waste are linked.
C She has followed a zero-waste lifestyle for the last decade.
ar
D She feels decluttering the home is not so important to her.
2 According to Sarah Mace, which of the following statements is true about charity
shops?
m
(1)
A They are the best places for unwanted items.
B They struggle to sell non-seasonal clothing items.

O
C They welcome donations at all times of the year.
D They suggest checking on what items are needed.

3 Which of the following does Sarah Mace agree with about the home?
am
(1)
A We should keep things we enjoy looking at.
B Items removed should be replaced by others.
C People should only buy items they can afford.

dh
D Everything in the home should be functional.

4 According to Sarah Mace, what is the greatest benefit of giving things away?
(1)
A People feel better for doing it.
A
B Items get more use elsewhere.
C People buy fewer new items.
D There is less waste in the home.

281
5 What has Sarah Mace found most difficult about her decluttering journey?
(1)
A Giving up items of emotional importance.
B Having to acknowledge her unfulfilled goals.
C Realising how much money she has wasted.
D Being unable to buy what appeals to her.
ar
m
O
am
dh
A
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12
Exercise 6
TAXI
You have been saving money for something that you have wanted for a long time. Finally, you have
been able to buy it.
ar
Write an email to a friend about your experience.
• say what you wanted to buy and why
m
• explain how you managed to get the money you needed
• describe how you feel now that you have got what you wanted.
O
m
a
dh
A
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[Total: 19]
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14
Exercise 7
There has been a lot of discussion on television recently about the value of studying science. Your
teacher has asked you to write an article for the school magazine on this topic.
Here are two comments that you have heard:
I think science makes our

lives better. People sometimes use science
in the wrong way.
ar
Write an article for the magazine, giving your views.
m
O
a m
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A
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[Total: 19]
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16
BLANK PAGE
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* 5 8 7 6 8 4 0 7 5 9 *
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2 hours
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DC (LK/CGW) 145734/4
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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about a race in the Sahara Desert, and then answer the following questions.
The Marathon of the Sands
The Marathon des Sables, or ‘Marathon of the Sands’,

which takes place in the Sahara Desert, has gained a
reputation as the ‘toughest footrace on Earth’ since it
began in 1986 with 186 competitors. Runners have to
complete 250 kilometres in 6 days in one of the most
challenging environments on the planet. The event
has 1400 entries, with a support team of 400, and 200
members of the media are also involved in it this year.
ar
The race attracts runners from all over the world, and Moroccan runners have been particularly
successful. Irishman Ben Turner, who is 71, is hoping to become the race’s oldest finisher ever. In
order to prepare for the race, he has spent the last month training in a hotter climate in Spain. For
most runners, it is not about winning but about finishing the race and receiving the famous kiss on
m
each cheek from Patrick Bauer, the man who originally set up the race.
The rules state that competitors must be able to rely on themselves: organisers provide everyone
with water, but individual competitors are free to choose their own food items. There are strict rules
about the weight of the items that competitors take with them. Equipment must weigh between 6.5
O
and 15 kilograms, and though tents are supplied, runners need to bring lightweight sleeping bags.
Most runners aim for the lower end of the weight range, as it decreases the effort they need to put in
during the race.
Marathon des Sables: numbers and facts Deciding what to take is

72 number of medical personnel present hard. Hot food or a music
m
28 age of the person making first attempt to complete the course
player? Runner David
14 average speed in kilometres per hour of slowest runners Kelly explains his choice. “I
10 highest number of race wins by a single person was happy to give up the
2 helicopters available to follow runners’ progress luxury of a small stove to
warm my food,” he says.
5 quad bikes to move equipment quickly
a
“The only time I don’t have

music playing to keep me going is when I’m doing the special hot yoga classes I do to help me
prepare for the desert.”
dh
This year, over 200 runners are women, including Marie Davies who is competing for the third time.
She has learnt from experience that the weight of her equipment is very important, so this time
she is making sure that it is lighter than in her previous attempts. She has also been training on a
running machine in a heated room to prepare for the conditions that she will face.
A
The temperatures in the Sahara Desert are very high during the day, but sink to freezing at night.
For another runner, Jordan Smith, recreating these conditions in the UK is a challenge – particularly
in the British winter. Jordan knows that he cannot prepare for heat and sun, so he ensures that he
runs an average of one hundred kilometres a week, which has helped him to improve his strength.
At weekends, he tends to have a break from this routine by cycling in a nearby park. Often, runners
have to be inventive with training. Some run in boxing tracksuits, which are designed to make the
wearer very hot and so lose weight as they sweat. Others improve their technique by going to special
sand tracks used for athletics.
Although Jordan has been preparing for the event for a year, his biggest fear is the thought of not
finishing, rather than the more common concern of being stung by a scorpion. With entry fees, and
travel costs coming to more than five thousand dollars, there’s a lot at stake. “I’ve done all I can to
prepare myself physically for the race, and I know I’m at the peak of fitness. On its own that’s not
enough – determination is everything. I’ll make it, even if I have to crawl!”
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5
(a) How many competitors are running in the race this year?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Who organised the first Marathon des Sables?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) What items are given to all competitors? Give two details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
ar
(d) Why do runners want to carry as little weight as possible?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) According to the chart, how many times has the most successful competitor won the race?
m
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) What is David Kelly’s biggest motivation while running?

O
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) What is different about the equipment that Marie is bringing with her on this race?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
m
(h) How does Jordan Smith train for running long distances?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
a
(i) What is Jordan most worried about?

dh
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(j) What does Jordan think is the most important factor for success in the race?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
A
(k) How have runners prepared for the high temperatures? Give four details.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 15]

290
READING
Part 1
Read the leaflet below on memory and answer Questions 1–10.
10 Ways to Improve Your Memory

Do you find yourself forgetting where you left your phone or blanking out
information at key moments? Fortunately, there are plenty of things that you can do
to help improve your memory.
1 Being focused is one of the major aids to memory. In order for information to
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move from short-term memory into long-term memory, you need to attend
to this information actively. Try to study in a place free of distractions such as
television, music and other diversions.
2 Studying materials over a number of sessions gives you the time you need to
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process the information more successfully. Research has shown that students
who study in this way remember material far better than those who do all their
studying in one marathon session.
3 Researchers have found that information is arranged in long-term memory in
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related clusters. You can take advantage of this by studying similar concepts and
terms together, or making an outline of your notes and textbook readings to help
draw together connected concepts.
4 Mnemonic devices are simple strategies often used by students to help with
recall. The best mnemonics are those that utilise positive imagery, humour or
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novelty. You might come up with a rhyme, song or joke to help remember a
specific segment of information.
5 Information needs to be encoded into long-term memory so that it can be
recalled. This can be done by studying the definition of a key term for example,
and then reading a more detailed description of what that term means. If you
repeat this process a few times, you will recall the definition more easily.
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6 When studying unfamiliar material, take the time to think about how this
information relates to things you already know. By establishing relationships
between fresh ideas and existing memories, you can dramatically increase the
likelihood of recalling the recently-learned information.
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7 Many people benefit greatly from the photographs, charts and other graphics in
textbooks. If you do not have such images to help, try creating your own. Draw
charts or figures as part of your notes or use highlighters to draw attention to
related ideas in study materials.
8 Research suggests that reading material aloud significantly improves your
ability to remember it. Educators have also discovered that teaching others new
concepts enhances understanding and recall. These approaches can be combined
by explaining new concepts and information to a study partner.
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9 The order of information can play a role in recall. While recalling middle
information can be problematic, this can be overcome by spending extra time
rehearsing it. Another strategy to use with an especially challenging concept is to
change the sequence of the material to make it easier to memorise.
10 If you are used to studying in one specific location, try a different spot. If you
study in the evening, try reviewing the information the following morning.
Making small changes to study sessions can increase the effectiveness of your
efforts and significantly improve long-term recall.
(Source: adapted from http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/tp/memory_tips.htm)
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Questions 1–10
For each paragraph (1–10) identify which heading from A–M below best describes
the information in that paragraph. In the grid on page 5, put a cross under the
correct answer. If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then
Headings may be used once or not at all.
Which heading below best describes which paragraph?
A How to use visual cues
B Techniques for difficult information
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C Group information when studying
D The suggested length of study sessions
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E Linking new and known material
F The importance of concentration
G Going beyond the basic explanation O
H The need to spread study periods
I The benefits of copying out difficult texts
J The use of memory techniques
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K Help yourself by helping others
L The benefits of a varied routine
M Choosing the correct study material
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1 Paragraph 1
2 Paragraph 2
3 Paragraph 3
4 Paragraph 4
5 Paragraph 5
6 Paragraph 6
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7 Paragraph 7
8 Paragraph 8
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9 Paragraph 9
10 Paragraph 10
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Exercise 4
Read the article about loggerhead turtles, and then complete the following notes.
Tracking turtles
Following the movements of turtles through the ocean, a process known as

tracking, is not an easy job. Researchers have even tried swimming behind
baby turtles for their first few hours to see where they go, but it proved too
difficult to keep up with them. Now, thanks to tiny solar-powered devices,
or ‘tags’ that can be followed by satellites, researchers are discovering
more about a species of turtle called a loggerhead.
When baby loggerhead turtles hatch out of their eggs, they head to the ocean from their nests in
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sandy beaches. This happens at night, when there is less chance of them being eaten by other
animals before they reach the ocean. However, when they get to the open sea, a growing problem
that turtles face is mistaking plastic floating in the sea for food. When turtles become adults they
return to the same beaches years later, but unfortunately for these turtles, some nesting beaches
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are threatened by expanding tourism development. The fact that turtles choose to nest on a beach,
however, is good for the natural environment because the eggshells provide nutrients for plants that
help to keep the sand in place, making it less likely to wash away.
In order to successfully track adult turtles, researchers can fix equipment to their shells. However,
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baby turtles grow so quickly that whatever device is attached usually falls off as the shell gets
bigger. A breakthrough came when a team of biologists tried tiny solar-powered tags, originally
designed for tracking birds. These tags are much lighter, whereas the heavy batteries used before
seriously affected the turtles’ movements. To attach the tags, a liquid called acrylic was painted onto
a small area of the turtles’ shells, to which the tags were stuck with strong glue. This allowed some
movement. Researchers had previously attempted to allow for expanding shells by using an elastic
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belt around the turtles that expanded as the turtles grew. However, the belts still damaged the shells,
whereas fixing the solar-powered tags using acrylic did not cause any damage.
Researchers put solar-powered tags on young turtles, and placed them on a type of seaweed
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floating in the ocean off Florida in the USA. Sea currents in this area move in a big circle. Previously,
it was thought that turtles swam around the circle on these currents, before returning to the beach
to lay eggs. However, satellite data from the tags showed that many turtles travel into the centre of
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the circle where large amounts of seaweed are found. The temperature readings are higher in the
centre than in the surrounding water, and researchers think that the seaweed keeps turtles warm,
helping them grow. From this information, researchers have identified climate change as a potential
danger – this can alter the ocean’s currents, meaning turtles are unable to reach the safety of the
seaweed.
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Worryingly, numbers of loggerhead turtles are decreasing. Turtles provide habitats for other
creatures, and adults grow large enough to carry tiny plants and animals around on their backs.
Their large size, however, means that they are sometimes caught in fishing nets, which reduces
their numbers. This decrease in population has a negative effect on the health of a marine plant
called sea-grass. Sea-grass is an important part of the marine ecosystem and by eating it, turtles
encourage the growth of this essential plant, and therefore have a key environmental role.
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You are going to give a talk about loggerhead turtles to your class.
Problems with the tracking equipment the researchers have used:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
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Threats to loggerhead turtle populations:
• ...............................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................
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Why the turtles are important:
• ...............................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................
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[Total: 9]
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Time to Declutter?
For a very long time, I thought that decluttering and zero waste were opposites. Didn’t
decluttering mean throwing items away, and zero waste mean throwing nothing away
and keeping it all? I couldn’t imagine that the two could work together yet decluttering
has been an essential part of my five-year zero-waste journey.
When it comes to getting rid of unwanted items, the two most common options are
discard or donate. Discarding really should be a last resort, saved only for those things
that are damaged beyond repair, non-recyclable, and possibly dangerous. But what
about donating?
Charity shops want goods that are clean, in working order and desirable. They need to
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be able to sell them. But charity shops aren’t the solution for everything and, sadly, they
don’t have limitless storage. Donating our winter wardrobes in the height of summer will
likely mean items in excellent condition remain unsold, simply because there isn’t the
demand. Offloading goods in the week after the New Year when the rest of the country
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is doing the same thing isn’t to be encouraged, either. Not all charity shops can accept
electrical items.
Before donating, I always call the charity shop and ask if there are things that it needs.
There will always be things in high demand and things that aren’t. Don’t limit your
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donating to the charity shops. Schools, community groups, craft societies and animal
sanctuaries all have needs and might be able to help take unwanted items. Online
community sites are a great way to find new owners for unwanted goods, and a way to
offer broken goods for parts and spares.
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Decluttering is about removing the unnecessary, the unused and the unwanted from our
homes. It’s about removing the excess, and keeping only the things we find useful and
beautiful. If our homes are filled with items we use regularly and appreciate, there is little
or no waste. Yet decluttering will only reduce waste if it’s treated as a one-way process.
The purpose of decluttering is not to make room in the house for a shopping spree. Until
people change their way of thinking, and needless things are no longer brought into the
home, decluttering can never mean less waste.
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Rather than keeping things to ourselves, we should embrace the opportunity to share
what we have. Donating items we don’t need gives somebody else the opportunity to
use them and, most significantly, helps prevent new purchases. Owning stuff we don’t
need, don’t use and don’t like is a complete waste. As far as I’m concerned, there are two
main reasons we keep things we don’t need: ‘just in case’ or ‘guilt’.
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We tell ourselves we might need the item in the future. But if we haven’t needed it so far,
what are the chances? Could we get a replacement quickly, affordably and second-hand?
In most cases, there is no need to keep something ‘just in case’.
We might feel guilty. There are many reasons that we feel guilt: we made a poor choice,
spent too much money, dislike the handmade gift that we know took so much effort and
time. Keeping something out of guilt does not increase the chances that we will use it.
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I have always found decluttering hard because I was forced to confront my poor
decisions (impulse purchases, wasted money, clothes I never wore), and my failure to
continue a hobby after I had started it. My biggest struggle has been to part with items
I have kept in cupboards for years because they have sentimental value. I now think
much more carefully about what I bring into my home and have convinced friends and
family not to buy me unnecessary presents. The whole process has forced me to examine
my life and formulate new and healthier habits; I now make better choices. With fewer
possessions, my home is definitely tidier and I feel more positive.
I can appreciate well-made clothes or admire clever designs, but that doesn’t mean that I
need to make a purchase. If I don’t need it, or can’t see how I will get rid of it responsibly,
then I don’t buy it.
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Questions 1–5
given statements by marking a cross for the correct answer. If you change your
1 According to the text, which of the following statements is true?
(1)
A Edith and Alex have led similar lives.
B Edith has spent time living in America.
C Edith and Alex both studied in Edinburgh.
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D Alex has travelled overseas with work.
2 According to Edith Brown, which of the following statements is true about the
Craw’s Nest?
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(1)
A The Craw’s Nest is owned by Edith’s grandparents.
B The hotel is a popular venue for different events.

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C The Craw’s Nest is staffed by locals from the area.
D Edith and Alex lived at the hotel during childhood.

3 Which of the following does Edith Brown regret about her childhood?
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(1)
A Missing out on time with her friends.
B Making conversation with strangers.
C Having to work hard to buy a new car.

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D Having to work for extended periods.

4 Which of the following statements about Edith Brown’s work is true?
(1)
A Her first job was in Edinburgh.
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B She was too busy to see Alex.
C Her work made her feel lonely.
D She had a successful career.

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5 How does Edith Brown feel about her contact with Alex?
(1)
A She enjoys receiving her regular letters from Alex.
B She is grateful they rarely disagree with each other.
C She wishes just the two of them met up more often.
D She misses him and would like to move closer to him.
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Exercise 6
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You recently had to make an important decision.
Write an email to your friend, telling your friend about the important decision you had to make.
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• describe the decision you had to make

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• explain why it was important
• say how you felt after you reached your decision.
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[Total: 19]
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Exercise 7
Some people think that we rely too much on eating convenience food nowadays.
Here are two comments from your friends:
I think it lets me have more time to do other things.
I wish I knew how to cook things for myself.
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Write an article for your school newspaper, giving your views.
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[Total: 19]
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16
BLANK PAGE
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* 8 9 7 5 6 1 4 1 1 4 *
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2 hours
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DC (SC/SW) 153684/4
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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about a writer, and then answer the following questions.
Sally Buchanan – my life in words
I always loved studying English literature, though when it came to choosing a degree course, I
decided to go for something more practical. I got a place on a course in journalism, but during the
course I realised I was more interested in creative writing, so I enrolled on an online course to study
that after I graduated.
I started writing my first novel, Moonlight, during this course. Feeling optimistic, I sent it off to
several publishers, but soon learned that a downside to being a writer is receiving rejection letters.
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However, my next novel, Standing Still, was accepted, and was printed seven years ago. It’s always
interesting meeting readers to hear what they think of my books, but giving talks at literary events
is what gives me the greatest satisfaction. People often ask questions at these events about being
a writer, and I’m always careful to emphasise disadvantages, such as having no regular income, as
well as the advantages.
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Besides writing novels, I’ve also worked as a ghost writer. This means writing an autobiography
on behalf of someone, for example a famous footballer, who doesn’t have the skills or time to write
their own book. I wrote for a fashion designer, although the contract I signed states that I can’t
name the actual person. I don’t mind that, because the book ended up being one I wouldn’t enjoy
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reading. Writers have to accept that editors can change their scripts – which is what happened in
this case.
I also love writing poetry. I’ve just published a collection of poems called Fever Tree, for which I was
awarded the Fish Poetry Prize. I’m also a judge on this year’s Young Poet of the Year competition,
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and we’ll announce the winner next month. Working with aspiring young writers is something I
find very rewarding. I try to guide them to write the type of book they’d like to read, and am very
happy to discuss ideas with them or check a draft of their work. The key is to make the characters
believable – that’s what I think makes a really good read. It can be difficult having to rewrite your
work, but every writer, myself included, knows that this is an essential part of the process.
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I frequently get asked about writer’s block – the feeling that you can’t write, or don’t know what to
write. Luckily it’s not something I’ve experienced, though there are all sorts of claims as to what
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causes it. Some say it’s because the writer is worried about the quality of their writing, others that
the writer doesn’t set aside a specific time of day for writing. I’d go along with the first of these.
I’d also argue that publishers giving you strict deadlines isn’t a factor, although this is definitely
something I’ve found difficult as an author. But I do think that a barrier for some writers is when they
run out of inspiration.
Average earnings for writers
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More and more people want to write for a living. 25 000

There seem to be almost as many different forms
of writing as there are authors, from writing a blog, 20 000
which anyone can do, to copywriting – writing salary annual

15 000
the text for adverts and publicity – which is such in
euros
a skilled job and I’m sure I’d find impossible. (€) 10 000
Fiction writing, travel writing and script writing all
have their own challenges too. I would encourage 5000
anyone who loves words to consider a career in
writing. 0
adult journalism script travel
copywriting non-
fiction fiction writing writing
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(a) What subject did Sally study at university?
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) What was the title of Sally’s first published book?
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(c) What does Sally enjoy most about being an author?
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(d) Who was Sally a ghost writer for?
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(e) Which poetry competition did Sally win?
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(f) What advice does Sally give to young people who want to become writers? Give two details.
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(g) Why does Sally think that some writers experience ‘writer’s block’? Give two details.
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(h) What type of writing does Sally consider to be most difficult?

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(i) According to the chart, which type of writing gives the lowest average earnings?
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(j) Give four problems that Sally has experienced as a professional writer.
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[Total: 15]

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READING
Part 1
Read the webpage below listing events throughout the year at Castle Gardens and
answer Questions 1–10.
A Easter egg hunt

Come and explore the gardens, solve the clues on our Easter egg trail and receive a
chocolate Easter egg prize. All completed forms will be entered into a draw to win a
family ticket to see ‘George’s Marvellous Medicine’, an open air theatre performance
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at the gardens.
B Woodland scavenger hunt
Our garden ranger is running April’s adventure ‘Woodlands’ theme. Search for
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different animals and find out about their rich habitat as you follow a woodland trail
to uncover all sorts of natural treasures. This leads onto a range of related activities in
the barn.
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Practise taking great photographs whilst navigating the gardens with your GPS-
enabled smartphone or with a map and a compass. Enter your best picture in our
online photography competition to win a great prize. You can attend this event in
either the morning or the afternoon. Bring your own photographic equipment.
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D Build a bird feeder
This event is planned for half term fun. Identify the different types of birds you see
on the organised, ranger-led walk in the gardens and discover what the birds like to
eat. Then build your very own bird feeder and take it home to attract birds into your
garden.
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E Animal safari
Explore the gardens looking for all kinds of different animal life. If it wriggles, crawls
or walks, we’ll be looking for it. Prepare to discover what lives alongside the plants
and flowers in the gardens and then take part in arts and crafts in the ranger hut.
F Design a flowerbed
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Children aged 4–16 are invited to design a flowerbed. The six winning entries will
have their designs planted in the gardens. Winners will be invited to an awards
evening where they will be presented with their prizes and they will also receive
gardening equipment for their schools.
G The barn
This is a great place for all the family to have some indoor fun. There are plenty of
activities for all age ranges. Enjoy home-cooked hot food or coffee and cake with
friends in the café. Weekly and monthly events are scheduled to keep children
entertained.
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H Design a bird mask

Join our staff in the summer at the lakeside bird hide and surrounding area. Count
the different breeds of birds you spot on a lakeside adventure walk and learn about
their habits and habitats. Then design and make your own bird mask to take home.
I Wintering wildfowl
Join our garden ranger for October’s ‘Wintering wildfowl’ theme. Meet at the barn
and bring waterproofs. As autumn approaches we visit a lakeside bird hide to watch
our winter migrant ducks and geese. This activity finishes with arts and crafts in the
ranger hut.
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J Charity Christmas fair
Find that unique Christmas present from the wide range of stalls situated in the
grand hall. From hand-crafted cards to main gifts, you’ll find the perfect purchase
from carefully selected stalls. Enjoy festive music and hot food as well as a fancy dress
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competition for children on Saturday 8 December.
(Source: adapted from ‘Castle Kennedy Gardens 2014 Events Guide’)

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Questions 1–10
Identify which paragraphs (A–J) contain the information listed in Questions 1–10 by
marking a cross for the correct answer. If you change your mind, put a line through
the box and then indicate your new answer with a cross .
You must choose answers only from the information given in the webpage.
This paragraph refers to…
1 a guided tour.
2 a permanent location to eat.
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3 the opportunity to win a second prize.
4 a selection of seasonal items to buy.
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5 a choice of two sessions.
6 specific clothing requirements.
7 a follow-on session in the barn. O
8 winners formally receiving prizes.
9 working out a route.
10 learning about bird behaviour.
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A B C D E F G H I J
Question 1
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Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
Question 5
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Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
Question 9
Question 10

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Exercise 4
Read the article about a famous footpath in southern Spain called ‘El Caminito del Rey’, and then
complete the notes.
Walking 100 metres up
‘El Caminito del Rey’ translates from Spanish as ‘the King’s little
pathway’. The original footpath was built in 1905, in southern Spain,
and over time it became known as the most dangerous footpath in the
world.
It was built along the steep wall of one side of a valley and was
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100 metres above a river in an area of outstanding beauty. The footpath was used by workmen to
walk between two hydroelectric power plants which supplied electricity to the local area.
With the increase in the demand for electricity, a dam was built across the river. The footpath was
extended to include a bridge that reached across to the other side of the valley. In 1921, the King of
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Spain walked along the newly extended footpath to put in place the final stone of the new dam, and
gave the footpath its name. Local people then started to use the footpath to walk to each other’s
homes.
The footpath was constructed from concrete and steel. Over time, the fierce sun, wind and rain
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made holes in the concrete and large chunks fell into the river below. The steel became rusty and
broke into pieces. Despite the condition of the footpath, local people continued to walk along it,
risking their lives. It also attracted climbers and walkers from all over the world who had heard about
its dangerous reputation. They carefully climbed along the side of the valley, attached by ropes to
the remaining sections of the footpath. Such was the danger that the footpath was officially closed.
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However, even this didn’t stop people. As a result, the local council got together with the people
in the villages that the footpath connected. With the help of the government, a plan for a safer
footpath was produced, and in March 2015 it was opened.
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‘The King’s little pathway’ is now a different experience for locals as well as tourists. The new
footpath is just above the original one. It still offers the same spectacular views, but without the
previous danger. However, local advice is not to go on the footpath if you are scared of heights.
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“I used to need climbing equipment to walk along the footpath, and wear special sandals so that
I didn’t slip,” said one local man. Now tourists are simply advised to take plenty of water and, of
course, not to forget their cameras. Some tourists want to walk from one end to the other just to
say that they have done it, but this is a shame because it’s best to take time to enjoy the scenery. It
gets very busy in the summer so it’s a good idea to arrive early in the morning to avoid the queues.
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It’s not only tourists who benefit from the new footpath. There are several advantages for local
people too. Tourists now have to pay to walk along the footpath, and the money raised from ticket
sales is used to improve local facilities. There are also more jobs in the area because of the increase
in numbers of tourists. And after many years of being unable to visit their neighbours on foot, local
people can once again walk to each other’s homes along the new footpath. Let’s hope ‘the King’s
little pathway’ continues to be enjoyed for years to come.
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You are going to give a talk to your class about ‘the King’s little pathway’.
Reasons why the original footpath was unsafe:
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Recommendations to tourists:
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How the new footpath has helped local people:
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Is shorter better
I meet Rich Leigh for lunch on a Friday, his day off. In fact, his entire company has the day
off, because Radioactive, the firm led by Leigh, has adopted a four-day week. It is one of
a handful of British businesses that now operate like this: staff still get paid their previous
five-day salary, but they work a day less. The company began with a six-week trial and
found that staff achieved just as much – and there was even evidence of growth. Another
clear indicator of the scheme’s success is how happy his employees now are.
The four-day working week is being claimed by experts as the answer to Britain’s
productivity problem. British people work some of the longest hours in Europe: the average
British worker now takes only a 34-minute lunch break and works 10 hours overtime
each week (more often than not, this is unpaid). Yet productivity falls seriously behind our
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European neighbours, who tend to work fewer hours. France recently made it illegal to
expect workers to answer emails out of hours, and the average French worker produces
more by the end of Thursday than British workers do in a full week.
Most European countries set a limit of 48 working hours a week. Britain is possibly the
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only European country that allows workers to opt out of this and work longer hours. For
campaigners, now is the time for a change. There is both opportunity and need, on health,
happiness and business grounds. Those who have called for a four-day week argue that,
where businesses have done well as a result of automation, this success should be shared
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with workers in the form of reduced hours.
At Radioactive, Leigh says the switch to the four-day working week was surprisingly
straightforward, although there have been some sacrifices: lunchtimes have been reduced
to 45 minutes and annual leave by 20%. The four-day week doesn’t mean working 40 hours
over four days, nor is it about shift patterns. Rather it is about working a 28 to 32-hour week
am
but being paid for the hours worked in a traditional full-time job.
In Edinburgh, workers at the tech firm Administrate are also working four days a week,
although the office is open five – some people work Monday to Thursday others Tuesday
to Friday. Administrate introduced the four-day week in 2015. It was an experiment as the
Director wanted to see if the financial outcome for the company would be better if he
invested in the employees. Indeed, efficiency has made up for the loss of working hours.
dh
In a lot of companies, time is lost to overly long meetings, or having drinks in the last hour.
Administrate now has rules on keeping meetings short and encourages team bonding to
take place away from workers’ desks (regular team lunches, for example).
Aidan Harper is the founder of the 4 Day Week campaign. He wants to ensure that a shorter
working week is guaranteed for all workers. He believes that, in Britain, we have growing
A
numbers of overworked people, but we also have a growing number of underworked

people. So, one question is whether the redistribution of time or workload might help this.
And there is a more important question about what the economy is for. Surely the purpose
of the economy is to create a good life for those who contribute to it, so, for example,
people are housed or have an education. But something our economy is not providing for
us is time, which we need. The next stage should not be to generate more goods, but to
create the conditions in which we can live less hectic lives.
Campaigners and workers have had a role in pushing for positive change. In the early 20th
century, after observing technological advances in factories, unions negotiated for two-day
weekends, as we know them, rather than just a single day off. The time is right to reassess.
Business is different today from 30 years ago, when we couldn’t send an email, couldn’t
shop online, and had to use a fax machine. So why are we working the same way?
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Questions 1–5
1 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about British workers?
(1)
A They are competing against European workers.
B They are using their working hours effectively.
C They are stopping for a shorter rest at lunchtime.
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D They are being paid for all the hours they work.
2 What effect has a four-day week had at Radioactive?

(1)
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A Workers are expected to take longer for lunch.
B A shift system has been introduced for workers.

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C Workers are paid based on the hours they work.
D Changes have been made to holiday entitlement.
3 What change has Administrate made in the workplace?

(1)
am
A Teams spend time together frequently.
B Workers are paid productivity bonuses.

C Near the end of the day workers relax.
D The office is closed for one day a week.

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4 Which of the following is true about the 4 Day Week campaign?

(1)
A It claims working fewer hours should be optional.
B It wants to see companies produce more goods.

A
C It believes the economy should support workers.
D It wants to see new jobs being created for people.

316
5 Why should we think about making the working week shorter?

(1)
A Unions have been asking for this for a long time now.
B The way that people work is different from in the past.
C Factories rely on technology more than they used to.
D Businesses have generally become more competitive.
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A
A
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317
318
12
Exercise 6
Recently, you spent a week with your English friend and their family to improve your English.
Write an email to your cousin about your visit.
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• describe the family you stayed with
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• explain what you enjoyed doing during your visit
• say how your English has improved.
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a m
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[Total: 19]
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14
Exercise 7
There is a proposal to close the swimming pool in your town and build a supermarket there instead.
Here are two comments from young people in your town:
My parents say it will be

easier to do the shopping.
Where will we meet our
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friends at the weekends?
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Write an article for the local newspaper, giving your views.
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[Total: 19]
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Cambridge Assessment International Education

* 3 1 3 1 8 7 7 4 2 5 *
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2 hours
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Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
O

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a
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This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (NH/TP) 165068/5
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2
Exercise 1
Read the article about a chef who works in Antarctica, and then answer the following questions.
Cooking on ice
Jennifer Doyle is a chef in one of the world’s remotest places. She works at the Casey Research
Station in Antarctica, where she’s in charge of feeding the scientists who work there. ‘It’s such a
fascinating environment. Lots of my colleagues comment on the night skies, which are full of light.
But for me it’s the colours of the landscape that stand out. People think everything is white but
actually there’s an amazing range.’
Three years ago, Jennifer worked as Head Chef for a multinational company, preparing business
lunches and party food. ‘The job was good but I was bored. I’d been looking at job adverts in catering
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magazines but hadn’t seen anything interesting.’ Then, a colleague told her about an advert for
chefs to work in Antarctica, so she applied. Her application was successful, on the condition that she
could pass a medical test. ‘I didn’t have any doubts about accepting. I wanted to go straightaway!’
m
During Antarctic winters, which last from February to December, the research station is completely
cut off from the outside world by ice. A ship arrives at the end of January with supplies for the winter.
Once it leaves, the sea freezes and the staff are on their own until December. ‘I can’t pop out to the
supermarket – the nearest is 2000 miles away in Chile! But that’s not as big a problem as working
out how much food to order. That’s the biggest challenge for me.’
O
Jennifer believes that being a chef in Antarctica is not just about cooking food. ‘Food is very powerful
and can have a big effect on people’s mood. Preparing meals that make them feel better is one of
the most rewarding aspects of my job.’ And while other chefs might feel limited by a narrow range of
ingredients, Jennifer doesn’t. ‘This job gives me a fantastic opportunity to be creative, as I have to
come up with ideas for meals using only the ingredients I have.’ The fruit and vegetables only last a
m
few months, and when they run out people start to dream about fresh food like oranges, according
to Jennifer. ‘One year, people started keeping apples to trade with each other and these became
quite a valuable currency.’
a
Winter temperatures reach minus 50 degrees Celsius, and when the wind blows it can feel even
colder. Jennifer remembers when she first arrived. ‘I stepped outside but hadn’t put on my protective
glasses. Within minutes, my eyes started to freeze so I had to get back inside quickly! I’d been so
dh
busy planning a menu, I just didn’t remember to put them on – I won’t make that mistake again!’ For
Jennifer, however, the cold is all part of the attraction of being in Antarctica. She accepts that some
people find such low temperatures difficult but says there are things they can do to help. ‘If you go to
bed cold, you tend to stay cold, so try to do some exercise before getting into bed. This might sound
strange but it can really make a difference.’ Another of her useful tips is to put your clothes in the bed
the night before so they’re not so cold when you put them on the next morning.
A
So would she go back to a normal job? ‘Not at the moment, although sometimes I dream about
relaxing in a hot bath. We’re only allowed a two-minute daily shower, as every drop of water has to
be dug from the ice and melted. Overall though, it’s great. There isn’t much to spend my salary on,
so I’m saving lots of money for the future!’
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3
1 How did Jennifer first find out about the job?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What did Jennifer have to do in order to accept the job offer?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 When is food delivered to the research station?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 What does Jennifer find most difficult about her job?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 Which food did staff use to exchange for other things?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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6 Why did Jennifer forget to wear glasses one day?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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7 What advice does Jennifer give for keeping warm inside the research station? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
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8 What does Jennifer miss?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
a
9 What does Jennifer like about living and working in Antarctica? Give four details.
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.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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4
Exercise 2
Read the reviews of four websites (A – D) that teach people to play the guitar.
Then answer Question 10 (a) – (j).
Best websites for learning how to play the guitar
Reviewed by Guitar Magazine’s Dave Garner
A guitarhome.com
Many of the good things about other websites for learning how to play the guitar are also true of
guitarhome.com – after all, competition is strong, so they generally have similar features. One thing
that stands out about this one is the site’s Hub Learning technique, which takes you through the basics
to an intermediate level in an effective way. If you’re just starting out, you’ll be playing simple solos in
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no time, but if you can already do this, other sites might be more useful. The ability to download video
content to your computer is useful, and the lessons themselves are great, but they don’t try to include
too much at once. Another thing that’s good is the free trial. Go to the website, fill in your email address,
and start learning! One word of warning – you’ll be sent lots of emails advertising the lessons, but this is
understandable since the more people who choose to sign up and pay a monthly fee, the more they can
m
keep delivering a high-quality service.
B guitarband.com
O
What’s great about guitarband.com is that you learn from the best. For a monthly fee, you can access
video lessons, although unfortunately these can’t be downloaded, which would be more helpful for users.
However, you can also pay more to sign up with a specific teacher – a real bonus for those who learn
best from individual private instruction. Choose the type of guitar you want to play (acoustic, electric etc.)
and style you want to learn (rock, blues, jazz etc.). You then record videos of you playing and send them
to your teacher, and they give advice by video message for you to listen to as often as you like. The
m
teachers are some of the world’s top guitarists – I chose the ‘Rock Guitar’ course from Paul Henson, from
River. As well as being an amazing guitarist, he was a great tutor, which I wasn’t expecting – celebrities
sometimes promote services just for money, after all.
a
C jerrysguitars.com
This website has fans from all over the world. There’s a long list of song options to choose from, and you’re
dh
sure to find your favourite. The free lessons teach everything from the basic notes to impressive solos,
and the enthusiasm shown by tutor Jerry makes learning a pleasure. So just select the song you want to
learn, and watch the lesson. The site is well-organised so it’s easy to find what you want. For example, if
you want to focus on advanced technique, there’s a section for that, and there are also lessons for those
with some previous experience. Although perhaps there’s less information in the beginner lessons than
you would get from sites you pay for, it’s still worth a look.
A
D easyguitar.com
This is one of the biggest guitar lesson websites around, and has all the top-quality features you’d expect.
There are over 5000 lessons, so whatever your taste in music, you’ll find it here. Members are really
happy with the service – any negative comments are generally to complain that lessons aren’t free. But
considering what you get, $6.99 a month seems reasonable. Learning with easyguitar.com is fun, and
you’ll see big improvements no matter how experienced you are. A highlight of this site is that you can
video-chat online with instructors from the comfort of your home. There are also lessons recorded by
some famous guitarists, which show the techniques used in some of music’s most well-known songs,
although these will probably be of more practical use for advanced players. The organisation of the
beginner’s section is a bit complicated, with many choices to make and different teachers. But once
you’ve found your way around the site, you’ll love discovering new and unexpected styles from all over
the world.
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5
10 For each question write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which review …
(a) describes a service which allows learners to speak directly with teachers? .......... [1]
(b) compares the amount of content in lessons with websites which are not free? .......... [1]
(c) suggests that the site may not be suitable for more experienced players? .......... [1]
(d) suggests that the number of options on the website for new players may be confusing?
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.......... [1]
(e) mentions a feature that they feel could improve the site? .......... [1]
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(f) remarks on the positive effect of the teacher’s personality? .......... [1]
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(g) comments that the lessons contain an appropriate amount of information? .......... [1]
(h) mentions that guitar players of all levels will make progress? .......... [1]
m
(i) admits that they were surprised by the quality of the teaching on the site? .......... [1]
(j) comments that it is acceptable for the site to encourage membership? .......... [1]
a
[Total: 10]
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A

328
6
Exercise 3
Read the article about the discovery of a new type of fish, and then complete the notes.
The discovery of an important little fish

When Dr. Brooke Flammang first watched a video of a new fish that
had recently been discovered in Thailand, she couldn’t believe what
she was seeing. The fish was walking. But it wasn’t the walking that
amazed her: Dr. Flammang is a scientist who studies the way fish
move, so she’s used to seeing fish that appear to ‘walk’ over rocks
or through fast, flowing water. It was how the fish was walking that
surprised her. While any other so-called walking fish jumps or slides
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forward using its tail, this new fish uses its four fins to walk. In fact,
it walks exactly like a land animal with four legs, and she knew this
was very unusual. She was amazed, and knew straightaway that the discovery could be significant
as it would offer scientists a fantastic opportunity to gather information about why the fish moves in
this unique way.
m
The fish, which is pink and has no eyes, has only been found in eight caves in Thailand. It was
filmed by a team of scientists working there, so Dr. Flammang contacted them to ask how she could
get hold of one of the blind cave fish for her research. It turned out that only around 2000 exist in the
wild, so researching them was not going to be straightforward.
O
However, Dr. Flammang was determined to further investigate the behaviour of the newly discovered
fish. She had observed in the video how the fish walks and knew that this was very unusual. But
more crucially, she believed that the fish might show us what life on Earth looked like 400 million
years ago. This was when living creatures moved from the oceans to the land. Since she was not
allowed to remove the fish from the caves, she had to come up with a new way of observing them.
m
First, she requested help from a Thai scientist, Dr. Apinun Suvarnaraksha. Dr. Suvarnaraksha
needed to obtain special permission from the Thai government to examine the new fish and film
more detailed videos of it in the caves. These videos provided Dr. Flammang with more examples of
a
its unusual behaviour. ‘Amazingly, the videos showed that this fish climbs waterfalls using its body to
grip the rock. Previously I’d only seen ‘walking fish’ doing this using the force of the water to swim up
the waterfall,’ Dr. Flammang explained.
dh
As well as filming new videos, Dr. Suvarnaraksha was able to produce a detailed image of the
inside of the new fish. This showed that some of its bones were similar to those of land animals. ‘It
seems that the fish’s skeleton is designed so that it keeps its tail straight as it walks, which is unlike
the typical tail movement of other ‘walking fish’. It really is exciting – this little fish might help us
understand how living creatures first learned to walk! And without the help of Dr. Suvarnaraksha, we
A
never would have made these discoveries,’ said Dr. Flammang.
Dr. Flammang believes that her experience is an example of how working in international teams and
using technology can bring great research results for scientists. ‘Our next goal is to find out whether
they are our earliest living ancestors. We’ve come up with really exciting results so far.’
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7
You are going to give a talk about the discovery of the new fish to your class at school.
11 How this newly discovered fish behaves differently from other ‘walking fish’:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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12 What scientists might learn from the discovery of this new fish:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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13 Why it was difficult for scientists to study this new fish:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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[Total: 9]
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330
The tourist pledge
It takes just under 20 hours to fly from the UK to the islands of Palau, which lie in the
Pacific Ocean but, when you land at the airport, there is one thing to do before you can
go on your way.
The airport official puts a stamp in your passport with the words: ‘Children of Palau, I
take this pledge, as your guest, to preserve and protect your beautiful and unique island
home. I vow to tread lightly, act kindly and explore carefully. I shall not take what is not
given. I shall not harm what does not harm me. The only footprints I shall leave are those
that will wash away’.
Only after reading a checklist of what is expected of you, agreeing to it and signing your
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name under it, will you be allowed entry. This is because last year, Palau became the first
country in the world to amend its laws to help preserve its environment and culture. It is
hoped that the pledge will help guests understand the vital role they play in protecting
Palau for the next generation.
m
This country has seen tourist numbers skyrocket and now receives over 160,000
visitors every year. That may not sound like a lot of people compared to other tourist
destinations, but it’s eight times the number of the islands’ residents. As this is a small
country, the impact of tourism is, understandably, felt on every level. To enforce the
O
recent changes, tourists who break the rules will have to pay fines of up to 1 million
US dollars.
Some of the checklist rules are certainly worth stating, particularly for those of us who
aren’t familiar with what is expected of us as tourists: don’t collect shells, don’t feed the
fish and sharks and don’t touch the coral. You could forgive a tourist who is unaware for
am
not knowing the damage that these apparently innocent acts do. Iceland is taking the
same approach to tourism too. The Tourism Minister recently introduced The Icelandic
Pledge. He believes the people who visit Iceland want to be responsible tourists. It’s just
that they aren’t always aware of what that means. When they arrive, all visitors will be
encouraged to take a pledge. His hope is to create an ‘army’ of people who know how to
look after the country’s delicate nature. I’m not clear as to why, but taking the Icelandic
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Pledge is voluntary – not part of a national law, as it is in Palau.

Following this trend, New Zealand recently became the latest destination to introduce its
own tourist pledge. This is in the form of a video that will be shown on inbound flights.
The video asks visitors to protect nature, keep New Zealand clean, drive carefully and
show respect. New Zealanders have recently hit back at the rise in so-called ‘freedom
A
camping’. They are concerned that people are pitching their tents or parking their
motorhomes wherever they like and leaving litter behind. The campaign, however, is not
specifically directed at them.
Venice, in Italy, on the other hand, has taken a different approach to bringing tourists
into line. The council has started enforcing a series of rules by using volunteers to keep a
check on tourists in popular tourist spots, such as St Mark’s Square and on Rialto Bridge.
Visitors are not required to sign a pledge. However, if they are caught sitting down in
the wrong place or wandering about without shirts on, they will be told that they have
broken a rule – with possible fines of up to 500 euros.
331
What’s clear is that experts expect to see more tourist pledges around the world. Tourist
boards want to limit the damaging effects of tourist behaviour. We are all aware of
the wider effects of tourism, such as carbon emissions from plane fuel and residents
being priced out of city centres. The boom in short-term holiday letting websites has
contributed to this. However, the micro effects can be just as harmful. One shell picked
off a beach has little consequence. If all 160,000 of Palau’s annual tourists take a shell, it
can have a significant damaging effect on the ecosystem.
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332
Questions 1–5
1 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about Palau?
(1)
A It asks rule-breaking tourists to leave.
B It is receiving a high number of visitors.
C It is keen to educate the next generation.
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D It is thinking about pledges for residents.
2 Which of the following statements is true about visitors to Iceland?

(1)
m
A They are advised to act responsibly.
B They will be taken on a nature tour.

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C They have a safety talk upon arrival.
D They will be looked after by the army.
3 What are the residents of New Zealand most worried about?

(1)
am
A People not driving carefully enough.
B The rising popularity of motorhomes.

C Tourists who behave inconsiderately.
D The content of the video for tourists.

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4 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about Venice?
(1)
A The council asks tourists to sign a pledge.
B Tourists are asked to pay on-the-spot fines.

A
C The council is targeting residential areas.
D Tourists are expected to dress respectfully.

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5 According to the text, what is the impact of tourism on city centres?

(1)
A Residents renting properties instead of buying.
B An increase in the number of hotels being built.
C Property prices are too high for local residents.
D Airports close to destinations becoming busier.
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A
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10
Exercise 5
15 Last month, you won a competition to meet a famous person. Yesterday, you finally met them.
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Write an email to a friend telling them about this.
m
• explain what you had to do to win the competition
• describe your meeting with the famous person
•
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say how you felt after meeting this person.
The pictures above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.

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used.
a
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A
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11
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[Total: 16]
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12
Exercise 6
16 In class you have been discussing whether it is important for all students to have music lessons at
school.
Here are two comments from your classmates:
There are more important things to do at school.
I think I improve in my other subjects as a result.
ar
m
The comments above may give you some ideas, and you can also use some ideas of your own.

O
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your article, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
a m
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[Total: 16]
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16
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To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2019 0510/21/M/J/19

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Cambridge Assessment International Education

* 5 4 6 5 1 6 6 2 4 1 *
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2 hours
m
Write your centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
O

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a
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This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages.
DC (ST/CB) 171694/4
340
2
Exercise 1
Read the article by a journalist about some ancient rock paintings that were found in a cave in France,
and then answer the following questions.
Ancient cave art

In December 1994, three climbers were climbing a cliff in southern France when they came across
a small opening. They made the opening wider, and then crawled along a narrow passage into a
large cave. To their amazement, they saw hundreds of beautiful images of animals on the cave
walls. As they walked through the cave, they realised they were stepping on animal bones. Later
tests showed that these were thousands of years old.
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The climbers told the local authorities about the cave, and experts were sent to study it. The experts
realised it was a very important discovery. They identified more than 400 drawings and paintings
of 15 different animal species. Some were between 28 000 and 31 000 years old. The majority,
however, dated back 35 000 years. Experts also worked out that there had been a 4000-year interval
when no art was created in the cave.
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They also concluded there had been a rock fall about 27 000 years ago. The entrance became
blocked and remained so until 1994. The cave was therefore frozen in time, which helped to
preserve the images, and as a result, they look fresher than prehistoric cave paintings found
elsewhere. Exposing the rock paintings to normal air and people for any length of time would
O
damage them. So since the cave was discovered, very few people have been allowed inside, and
only for a limited time. Various studies have been carried out, however. Scientists established that
the walls had been cleaned before they were painted, meaning that the background colour is lighter
than in other caves. They also identified the materials the artists used: pieces of iron, brushes
created from horsehair and pointed stones for scratching lines. Experts also noted that the images
m
seem more alive than cave paintings anywhere else.
Soon after the cave was found, the authorities named it Chauvet. People often assume this is the
name of the local town, but in fact it’s the surname of one of its discoverers. In 2007, the French
government decided to show the world what Chauvet was like by building an exact copy of it a few
a
kilometres away from the real cave. This reconstruction, named Caverne du Pont D’Arc, finally
opened in 2015, and I visited it one summer’s day. The group I was with walked down a concrete
tunnel towards a large door. I knew it was a new building, but as I went through the door, I had the
dh
sense of going into a genuine cave. The temperature was suddenly very cool, so I was glad I had
brought a jacket. Also, I immediately noticed that the atmosphere was damper than outside.
As we went further inside, our guide pointed out different features of the ‘cave’. The images, exactly
like the originals, include rhinos, panthers, hyenas, lions and birds, as well as other now extinct
species, and are stunning. The Chauvet cave paintings also show animals like deer and bison,
A
which humans hunted for food. However, unlike in other caves, many of the Chauvet animals are
much more aggressive. There are also some scenes of animals interacting – something not found
elsewhere. Like all the other images, the lions are beautifully painted, but the thing that stood out
for me was the fact that their faces are human-like.
At one point during the visit, I asked the guide why people didn’t feature in the paintings on the
walls. She said this wasn’t uncommon in ancient cave art and it revealed what the world was like
when the artists were alive: dominated by large and dangerous animals. Very different from today.
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3
1 What did the climbers notice on the floor of the cave?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 How many years ago was most of the art in the cave made?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Why were people unable to enter the cave for thousands of years?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
ar
4 What material did the cave artists use to make their brushes?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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5 Why was the cave named Chauvet?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
O
6 What gave the writer the impression that he was in a real cave when he entered the Caverne du
Pont D’Arc? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
m
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 What did the writer particularly admire about the lion paintings?
a
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
dh
8 What images was the writer unable to see in the cave?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
A
9 How are the Chauvet paintings different from other examples of ancient cave art? Give four
details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who are the children of top sports people. Then answer
Question 10 (a)–(j).
SPORT IN THE FAMILY
Four sports people talk about having a famous parent
A Ben Givens
I must have been about six when I heard someone call Dad a champion. I didn’t understand it fully,
but it made me happy to know I was the son of someone special. Dad retired from motor racing
when I was eleven and started a business. He never encouraged me to do motor sports, but when I
ar
got into motorbikes and started to enter competitions, he didn’t stand in the way. At some point, the
newspapers found out I was John Givens’ son and published lots of stories about me. To be honest,
the publicity was useful. Teams invited me to race for them because of who I was rather than my
motorbike skills. I’ve been racing professionally for five years now and my results have been fine,
but I often hear racing fans make comments like: ‘He’s not like his father’. Dad tells me to ignore
m
them, which makes sense, but I do think it’s unfair. How many people achieve what he did?
B Yvonne Taylor
At school I loved doing gymnastics and swimming. Now that I’m a full-time long-distance runner,
O
however, I can’t do them, which is a great pity. I decided to focus on running when I was fifteen. My
mum, having been a top athlete herself, made it absolutely clear to me what I’d have to go through
to compete with the best. It was almost as if she was trying to stop me doing athletics, though I think
she just wanted me to understand how tough it would be. I appreciate what she did, but it only made
me more determined. I remember thinking: ‘Maybe you don’t believe I can be as good as you. I’ll
show you I can.’ I still have that attitude. Apart from that, my mum being an Olympic athlete hasn’t
m
made much difference to my own career. TV commentators sometimes mention I’m her daughter,
but that’s understandable. Right now, my focus is on the future: getting myself ready for next year’s
world championships.
C Charles Fournier
a
When I was growing up, my dad was always away from home, training or racing. He was a top-class
cyclist, which can be a tough life. He wanted me to do something different: study and do other sports
dh
like badminton and basketball – anything but cycling. Though once I’d decided I wanted to be a
cyclist, he couldn’t stop me. I may not be as good as he was, but I’m strong-minded. My dad’s fame
does sometimes put pressure on me, however. When my races are on television, reporters always
refer to my father and suggest that I get the best bikes because I’m a Fournier, which is untrue. I’ve
learned not to let it upset me, but I can’t avoid thinking about certain things. I’m still young enough to
continue cycling professionally for a few years, but my wife and I recently had a baby and the idea
A
that I might not spend much time with my little girl as she grows up makes me very uncomfortable.
D Heidi Schulz
My mum was a champion horse-jumper, and I grew up riding horses. I saw Mum win a gold medal
when I was about five, though I didn’t understand what it meant. She always pushed herself to
improve, but never pushed me into horse-jumping. She was very supportive when I played netball
and hockey seriously for a few years. But I came back to horses and started jumping. I hate losing
– it’s obvious to me where I got that from! This sport isn’t just about the rider, though. As Mum says,
you need a great horse to compete with the best, and I hope to find the right one before too long.
Horse-jumping isn’t like football or tennis, which are on TV a lot more. That’s good because I don’t
have to worry about privacy, even though my name is well-known. There’s no doubt, however, that
the sport would be more popular and I’d earn more if there were more opportunities for people to
watch it.
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5
10 For each question, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which person …
(a) mentions rebelling against their parent’s wishes? .......... [1]
(b) has mixed feelings about how much the media report on their sport? .......... [1]
(c) regrets having to give up certain sports? .......... [1]
(d) expresses concern about the future? .......... [1]
ar
(e) admits their family name was an advantage? .......... [1]
m
(f) aims to match their parent’s level of success? .......... [1]
(g) believes that they are similar in character to their parent?

O .......... [1]
(h) gets annoyed when people compare them with their parent? .......... [1]
(i) is grateful for a warning they were given? .......... [1]

m
(j) remembers feeling proud of their parent? .......... [1]
a
[Total: 10]
dh
A

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6
Exercise 3
Read the article about migrating birds, which fly between different parts of the world, and then complete
the notes.
Bird migration
With their green-brown backs and pale yellow chests, willow warblers are fairly ordinary-looking
birds. Yet every year they do something extraordinary. Between August and October, they leave
northern Europe and fly over 8000 kilometres to the central, tropical regions of Africa. Then,
between March and May they fly all the way back to where they came from in order to breed, and,
at the same time, to feed on the insects that are available during the summer months in northern
Europe.
ar
Like all birds which migrate over long distances, willow warblers are born knowing which route
they need to take, but the journeys they make are often extremely difficult. Getting from Europe to
central Africa, for example, involves flying across deserts, in particular the Sahara. Many other birds
that migrate face similar problems. They also have to deal with crossing seas: the Mediterranean,
m
in the case of the willow warbler.
Scientists estimate that about 40 per cent of all bird species in the world migrate annually. There
are many different migration routes in different parts of the world. In the Americas, for example,
many birds fly from Canada and the USA in the north to the tropical regions of Central and South
O
America. Other birds move between the southernmost part of South America and the warmer
countries further north like Colombia, Venezuela and Costa Rica. These birds in the Americas, like
birds in other parts of the world, often follow coastlines to help them reach their destinations.
In some ways, migrating birds are incredibly sophisticated. They are able to judge the direction
m
they should be travelling in from the position of the sun during daylight hours; at night, they use the
stars to do the same. They also have an amazing ability to save energy by making use of winds
which blow them along. However, migrating birds still have a lot of problems to overcome. One of
the most serious of these is that, on the routes they follow, many natural feeding places have been
destroyed because humans have built on them.
a
In northern Europe, when autumn comes and the days get shorter and temperatures drop, many
birds like the willow warbler move south to places where there is plenty of food for them. Food is
dh
available for birds in the tropical regions of Africa all year round. But if Africa is so good for birds,
wouldn’t it make sense for them to stay there all the time?
The fact is that fewer birds live in northern Europe generally. Therefore, in spring and summer, it
is easier for migrating birds to find good places for building nests for their babies. This is important
when birds have their young. Europe is also safer for young birds than it would be in Africa, where
A
there are lots of other animals that might attack them. The problem with northern Europe for many
birds like the willow warbler is that they can’t survive there in winter. The long days during the
summer are very good for them, however.
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7
You are going to give a talk about bird migration to your class at school. Prepare some notes to use as
the basis for your talk.
11 Reasons why some birds fly from Africa to northern Europe at certain times of the year:
Example: to breed
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
ar
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
12 How birds find their way when they are migrating:
m
• .............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
•
O
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
13 Challenges for birds when they are migrating:
•
m
.............................................................................................................................................
• .............................................................................................................................................
• ....................................................................................................................................... [3]
a
dh
[Total: 9]
A

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The Changing Face of Kitchens
Kitchens have become the heart within the family home, and nobody understands that
more than designer Tom Howley who set up his own luxury kitchen company in 2004.
His company now fits over a hundred kitchens a month, has 17 branches in Britain and
a number of high-profile clients. So just how did he come so far? If asked, he would
honestly say he doesn’t know.
Fifty-year-old Tom is a husband and a father who appreciates a simple life. He puts
his success down to difficult decisions he made in his early career, such as deciding to
remortgage his house, sell the car and risk everything for the business. It sounds as
though it’s been a remarkable journey for him. Tom recalls that everyone used to talk
about taking such risks but nobody he knew ever did, only him.
ar
When Tom looks back it was the maddest thing he has ever done, never to be repeated.
He was planning on opening a factory and employing people when he had no money,
no business, financial or marketing knowledge. All he could do was design and make
m
kitchens. I would have to agree that it was a brave move on his part.
Tom believes kitchens have a universal appeal in how ordinary they are as kitchens bring
normality to the home. While that may be true, not everyone wants the same thing. So
what is his secret to appealing to a wide audience?
O
Large companies produce cabinets in bulk, with 600 units at a time. However, Tom’s
company, like other small companies, makes one unique kitchen at a time and offers
great flexibility of choice to the customer. Tom says it is his company’s attention to detail
that really makes them stand out in the kitchen market, creating kitchens that are both
functional and uncomplicated.
am
Having grown up on a family-run farm in a little village in Ireland, Tom says, with some
surprise, that he has no idea where his talents came from. He always really liked the
practical side of school life and soon found himself a fantastic job as a kitchen designer
when he moved to England in his late teens.
He then worked for a small kitchen company before creating his own. He really should
dh
be very proud of every element of his business. The brand attempts to stay ahead of the
market, sticking to its trademark traditional furniture while keeping up with more subtle
changes in style.
Tradition may still be pulling in the clients, but technology has absolutely revolutionised
kitchens over the last few decades, and promises to continue to do so in the future.
A
When Tom used a computer for the first time, it seemed to have been a nightmare for
him and that was when it was a really primitive type of computer. Thirty years ago there
was no internet or mobile phones, and if people had told him how we would behave
with our smartphones now, he probably wouldn’t have believed them. In his first job
with a well-known company, he had to work hard seven days a week to understand this
new technology until eventually he did.
Tom has just returned from the launch of a new range of smart appliances that have
integrated Wi-Fi. One example is a bread oven; an app on your phone tells you when the
bread is ready. There’s even a smart oven that knows what food is being put into it and
cooks it correctly. Personally, I’m not convinced about that. How would that be possible?
3
347
However, an oven with Wi-Fi does mean people can log onto your oven, identify a
problem and then repair it remotely. That aspect is going to be a huge benefit to the
kitchen industry as smart appliances grow in popularity over the next decade.
With all these options to move the kitchen world forward and greatly change the most
important room in the house, who am I to say what is going to happen in the future with
the kitchen industry?
ar
m
O
am
dh
A
4
348
Questions 1–5
1 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about Tom Howley?
(1)
A He would like to grow his business.
B He has offices in several countries.
ar
C He is surprised at his own success.
D He works mainly for famous people.

2 How does Tom explain his decision to set up a business?
m
(1)
A His close friends went into business so he did the same.

O
B He risked everything he owned to set up the company.
C He would be happy to do it all again if he had the choice.
D He felt he knew enough about how to set up a company.

am
3 In Tom’s opinion, what makes his company different to all others?
(1)
A The kitchens it designs are made in large numbers.
B Customers do not have to wait long for their kitchens.

dh
C The kitchens are known to have complicated designs.
D The company prides itself on always being thorough.

4 Which of the following is true about Tom’s early life?
(1)
A
A He enjoyed his first job as a designer.
B His parents were both office workers.
C He spent his childhood in a busy town.
D He had a short break after his first job.
6
349
5 According to the text, which of the following is true about kitchen appliances?
(1)
A Appliances with integrated Wi-Fi are at the design stage.
B Smart ovens can be fixed without a visit to the home.
C People are going to struggle to accept smart appliances.
D All smart appliances come with mobile phone apps.
ar
m
O
am
dh
A
7
350
10
Exercise 5
15 You recently went on a school trip with your class.
ar
Write an email to a friend about the school trip.
m
• describe where you went
• say why you enjoyed the trip
•
O
explain what you did in your lesson to show what you learned on the trip.

m
used.
a
dh
A
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11
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
ar
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
O
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
a
..................................................................................................................................................................
dh
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 16]
352
12
Exercise 6
16 A new cinema has recently opened in your town. You have decided to write a review of the cinema
for your school magazine.
Here are two comments from other people who have been to the new cinema:
There’s a great range of films to see.
The staff aren’t very friendly.
ar
Write a review for the school magazine.
m
Your review should be between 150 and 200 words long.

O
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your review, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
a m
dh
A
© UCLES 2019 0510/21/O/N/19

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13
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
ar
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
O
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
m
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
a
..................................................................................................................................................................
dh
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
A
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2019 0510/21/O/N/19
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16
BLANK PAGE
ar
m
O
a m
dh
A
© UCLES 2019 0510/21/O/N/19

355
Cambridge IGCSE™
* 3 1 8 2 0 9 3 7 4 1 *
ar
2 hours
m
INSTRUCTIONS O
m
INFORMATION
a

dh
A
This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
DC (JC/JG) 186205/4
356
2
Exercise 1
Read the article about the Socotra dragon tree, and then answer the following questions.
The Socotra dragon tree

The Socotra dragon tree is an unusual tree, as it looks
rather like an open umbrella. It is found on the island
of Socotra, off the coast of Africa. Although the island
is nearer to Somalia than Yemen, it actually belongs to
the latter.
The island of Socotra has been separated from the
ar
mainland for 34 million years, and this has led to its
unique flora. Of the 825 different plant species found
there, 37% do not occur anywhere else in the world,
and the same is true of 90% of its reptiles. Because of
these factors, there is increased tourism to the area. While this is improving the island’s economy, it
m
has also resulted in more building work, which has had an impact on the areas where the trees live.
Reaching an average height of ten metres, the trees are commonly found in the Haggeher mountains
and the flat areas in the centre and east of the island. These regions experience frequent low clouds
at certain times of the year, which provide the trees with the moisture they need. However, because
O
of climate change, the amount of rain is decreasing, which scientists think will have an effect on the
trees.
The dragon tree has been important for centuries. The tree produces a sticky liquid called resin,
and this is taken as a medicine by people on the island, and in many parts of the world. As early as
m
60 CE, people referred to this resin as cinnabar, and in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it
was used to give a rich colour to the world-famous violins made by the Stradivarius family.
The design of the tree’s leaves is important. They measure up to sixty centimetres long and only
three centimetres wide. When rain falls on the surface of each leaf, the long narrow shape allows
a
the tiny drops of water to run down to the roots of the tree. The leaves are densely-packed, and
provide shade for young trees growing beneath the adult tree. Socotra dragon tree leaves have
traditionally been harvested and used to make ropes. If there is increased demand for ropes, the
dh
effect on the trees could be a concern.
Like the leaves, the flowers appear at the ends of the branches. They are small and greenish-white
in colour, and produce green berries which gradually turn black as they ripen. They become orange
when they are fully ripe. Farmers on the island feed the berries to their animals as they are thought
to be good for them. Eating too many though can cause sickness, which is why they are only given
A
in small quantities. If animals are allowed to feed in areas where there are Socotra trees, there is a
danger that any young trees could be eaten before they have the chance to develop.
The importance of the island of Socotra, and the smaller islands nearby, is recognised internationally
because of their unique plant and animal life. International commercial trade in the various species
found there is controlled and new nature zones have been created. Researchers are working on
projects to grow young trees, but widespread efforts are needed in order to ensure that the Socotra
dragon tree will survive for future generations.
© UCLES 2020 0510/21/M/J/20

357
3
1 Which country is the island of Socotra part of?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What percentage of Socotra’s plants can only be found on the island?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 How tall do Socotra dragon trees typically grow?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 What enables the Socotra dragon trees to grow well in particular locations on the island?
ar
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 How is the substance that the Socotra dragon trees produce used today?
m
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 How do the trees’ leaves benefit Socotra dragon trees? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
O
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
7 What colour are the Socotra dragon trees’ mature berries?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
m
8 What problem must people be aware of when feeding berries to their animals?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
a
9 What factors can negatively affect the future of the Socotra dragon trees? Give four details.
dh
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
A
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

358
4
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who are describing an activity they enjoy. Then answer
My favourite activity
A Tanya
I enjoy different sports, but skateboarding is my absolute favourite. To me, it’s my sport, my hobby,
and even my daily mode of transport! I don’t even own a bicycle any more! Skateboarding has
shaped me into the person I am today. It’s taught me to always get up after I fall, to never give up,
to stick with something until I get it right and to be proud of what I have achieved. When I was little,
I used to go to the skate park near my home and practise simple things like turns and small jumps.
ar
I was this little kid skating around and accidentally getting in the way of all the bigger kids. But they
never yelled at me to get out of the way or said anything rude to me at all. In fact, some of these kids
even gave me tips and showed me how to do certain tricks.
m
B Patricia
When I was five, my parents enrolled me in a gymnastics programme. I remember being really
nervous before the class, but my cousin decided to start with me, and that gave me confidence. I
O
began by learning the basics – like how to walk across the balance beam, and how to do forward
rolls for the floor exercise. After two years, I was good enough to join the team, and I had classes
with the older, more advanced gymnasts. They were good role models, as I could see how hard they
worked. Soon I was competing nationally, even winning some individual medals. As competitions
got harder, I had to learn new skills, including something called a back handspring. I had difficulty
getting it right, although I practised a lot. Then I fell and damaged my shoulder, so I didn’t enter
m
anything for a year. I considered quitting, but actually, having a break for that year was good, and I
decided to continue, which I know was the right move – I’m so happy I carried on.
C Danni
a
When I was about 11, I had no idea what sports I wanted to do. My sister did cross-country running
at school and didn’t like it because she always came last, but I decided to have a go. So I joined the
dh
school cross-country running club. Running in the heat was really hard, but I kept going, and got
picked for the team. This took a lot of commitment, as I had to get up very early to go on training runs.
Strange as it may seem, though, I’ve always liked early mornings! I remember my first competition.
I was anxious about finishing in last place. Once the race started, I felt better and managed to stay
in 8th place almost the whole time and I was able to move up to finish in 6th place. After that, I was
determined to keep improving, and even when I’m not training for a particular event, I still go running.
A
D Eleanor
Parkour, also known as Free Running, is my favourite activity. It’s the art of going over, under and
around objects and obstacles as fast as possible for fun. That means leaping from rail to rail, climbing
buildings, jumping over fences, and much more. Some people are worried that it’s dangerous, or only
for those who are extremely athletic. But when I do Parkour, I practise each part of a jump, checking
each landing point for safety before doing it for real. Anyone can do it, and everyone progresses at
a different rate and gets to different levels. Over time, it becomes easier and much more fun. A lot of
people will also include some gymnastics, mixing in flips and flashy moves. This makes it really fun
to watch – there are loads of videos online of people doing Parkour in incredible places. In Parkour,
the world is my playground.
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5
Which person …
(a) gives a reason for not participating in competitions? .......... [1]
(b) explains that people can combine skills from another sport in the activity? .......... [1]
(c) describes how she got advice from other people? .......... [1]
(d) explains that she wasn’t put off doing an activity by someone else’s bad experience? .......... [1]
ar
(e) mentions positive characteristics she’s developed through her interest? .......... [1]
m
(f) explains what she learned from watching other people? .......... [1]
(g) mentions having a lack of confidence before a competition?

O .......... [1]
(h) explains that the activity has a practical use in everyday life? .......... [1]
(i) says how people have to prepare well to avoid accidents? .......... [1]
m
(j) mentions that sharing a difficult experience was helpful? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
dh
A

360
6
Exercise 3
Read the article about a new method of farming called vertical farming, and then complete the notes.
Vertical farming
In some cities around the world, people are growing food in tall buildings,
in a process known as ‘vertical farming’. Vertical farms are tall city blocks
made of concrete and glass, and fitted with platforms where fruit and
vegetables can be grown in a closed environment. With an ever-increasing
world population, and water and land being limited resources, the question
of how we are going to feed and house everyone is a serious one. If we
need more land for housing, then farmlands and forests will shrink. But
ar
farmland is required to feed the population, and the forests are needed to
produce oxygen and to support the life forms that are part of the ecology.
Vertical farms are seen as one possible alternative to more traditional
farming methods.
m
Vertical farms are designed to be built in cities, with the result that food is
grown in the area where it will be eaten as cities are the places where most
people live. Land for building these farms is more expensive, which is a fact
that people who want to set up a vertical farm need to take into account.
And of course, growing the food is only the first stage. The next part is preparing and packaging the
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food, as in fact, much of what we eat is processed in some way. In order to have truly local food,
there also need to be processing factories nearby. This presents its own set of problems, such as
the pollution that these processing factories create.
Those people who support the idea of vertical farms point out that there are no insects to attack
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the plants. This is an increasingly important consideration for the many people nowadays who are
concerned about the substances that are often sprayed onto the plants in open-field farms to prevent
insect damage. In vertical farms, there is no need for chemicals, meaning the plants are organic. It is
true, however, that insects are vital to the process of crop pollination, which is needed if plants are to
produce fruit. This means that if vertical farms are completely insect-free environments, pollination
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needs to be done by hand, which takes time and labour.
The closed structure of a vertical farm means that the crops will be protected from extreme weather
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conditions. Global weather patterns are more and more unpredictable, and global warming is such a
recognised problem that vertical farming is becoming increasingly attractive. Furthermore, the plants
can grow all year round with the use of special lights. Of course, although the extra cost of this
lighting is passed on to consumers, this is balanced by the fact that during the year a larger number
of plants can be grown.
A
While we might not see vertical farms in every city for some years, there are a number of projects
already under construction around the world, and some completed vertical farms are already
producing food.
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7
You are going to give a talk about the advantages and disadvantages of vertical farming to your class
at school. Prepare some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
11 Advantages of vertical farming:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [6]
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12 Disadvantages of vertical farming:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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[Total: 9]
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Why You Should Swap the Beach for a Boat
I thought I knew Goa as I had been visiting for more than 20 years, initially as a
twenty-something backpacker and, more recently, as a forty-something dad. Over the years
I had come to associate the place with fantastic beaches. The markets are interesting, but those
beaches were the reason I would escape the British weather and head there every winter.
This family visit was different though: we had decided to swap the beach for a boat and take an
overnight river cruise. I must admit, I was really excited. After having spent a few days relaxing
by the side of the swimming pool and building sandcastles on the beach near the hotel, we
were collected and driven to the banks of a river.
A motorboat transported us to the oldest houseboat operating in the area that would be our
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temporary home for the night. There were only four wooden houseboats on this river, so a cruise
means having the river practically to yourself. The captain introduced us to his crew before
taking us on a tour of the boat, constructed from wood and bamboo. The three bedrooms each
came with a double bed, en-suite bathroom and a window with views of the river.
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With our luggage stored in the bedroom, we headed to the top deck to take advantage of
the afternoon sunshine as the boat set sail. For the first part of our journey the boat sailed
smoothly for eight kilometres, stopping only once we reached a beach. We got off the boat so
that Bridget, my wife, and my daughter, Laila, could have a swim while I played in the shallow
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water with my son, Ezra. Almost deserted, with no restaurants, bars or loud music being played,
the beach was the opposite of what you might find at a large hotel. It was perfect. We returned
to the boat to admire the sunset. The sun dropped, producing a beautiful sight.
The change in scale from hotel to houseboat took some getting used to, especially when it
came to our fellow shipmates. In a hotel it’s generally easy not to pay any attention to the other
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guests, but when there are only six adults on-board, interaction is less easily avoided. There
were two other couples on the boat, and to be totally honest, they weren’t necessarily people
I would have chosen to be trapped on a boat with.
Then again, they probably thought the same and wouldn’t have signed up for a trip
accompanied by a noisy two year old or an excited seven year old. I’d been worried about
taking Laila and Ezra on the boat – what if they spoilt everyone else’s holiday? Fortunately, the
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captain was utterly brilliant with the children, showing them how to take control of the steering
wheel and even allowing them to briefly take over as acting captains of the boat.
The boat sailed on for a few hours until the darkness drew in and we dropped anchor for
the night. The children had been put to bed early as they were exhausted and the other
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guests had retired to their rooms. Bridget and I were left to play cards on the top deck of the
boat, seated under a night sky full of stars. It was great to be surrounded by a silence only
interrupted by the arrival of bats and the sounds of fish leaping out of the water.
Next morning, after an early breakfast, we continued along the river absorbing the sights,
sounds and smells of an entirely different Goa from the one I knew. I was disappointed that
I had somehow missed this opportunity over the years. Here on the boat, we were a world away
from hectic markets and beeping rickshaws. Instead, we glided past villages and were lucky
enough to catch a glimpse of morning routines.
In the afternoon, as our time on the boat drew to a close, we said our goodbyes and
headed back to our hotel for a few beautiful days by the pool and beach. As this whole
new Goa was too fantastic to experience just the once, I felt absolutely sure we’d be back.
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Questions 1–5
(1)
A The houseboat had only recently been built.
B Alan stayed on the houseboat for two nights.
C The river tends to get busy with houseboats.
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D The captain had help from staff on the boat.
2 What did Alan enjoy about the beach they stopped at?
(1)
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A It reminded him of the beach at his hotel.
B He was able to go swimming with his son.

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C It was a quiet place with very few people.
D The weather was perfect for swimming.

3 How did Alan feel about being on the houseboat?
(1)
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A He was unhappy with his children’s behaviour on the boat.
B He was not totally comfortable with the other guests.

C He found it easy to adjust to the size of the houseboat.
D He would have preferred it if there had been other children.

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(1)
A The captain sailed the houseboat through the night.
B Alan and Bridget spent the evening in their room.

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C The children were not tired so they stayed up late.
D The night was quiet with only the sounds of wildlife.

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5 According to the text, which of the following statements is true about the last day of
the cruise?
(1)
A They had the opportunity to observe village life.
B Alan was looking forward to visiting a market.
C They arrived back at the hotel in the morning.
D Alan was unsure about returning to the hotel.
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A
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366
10
Exercise 5
14 You recently watched an interesting documentary which helped you to do a homework project.
Write an email to a friend about the documentary.
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• describe the documentary that you watched
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• tell your friend about the homework project
• explain how the documentary helped you with your homework project.
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used.
a m
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A
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11
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[Total: 16]
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12
Exercise 6
15 Your school is going to make some improvements to the school library.
Your teacher has asked you to write a report about the school library.
In your report, say what students think about the library now, and suggest how the library could be
improved.
Here are two comments from other students:
Sometimes I can’t concentrate there.
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The internet’s really fast there.
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Write a report for your teacher, giving your views.
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Your report should be between 150 and 200 words long.
You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your report, and up to 8 marks for the language
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used.
a
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A
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[Total: 16]
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16
BLANK PAGE
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Cambridge IGCSE™
* 4 7 1 2 5 5 8 8 4 8 *
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2 hours
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INSTRUCTIONS O
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INFORMATION
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This document has 16 pages. Blank pages are indicated.
DC (RCL/GO) 188492/3
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2
Exercise 1
Read the article about a dinosaur expert called Paul Kearney, and then answer the following questions.
A dinosaur expert
Journalist Dee Nicholson meets dinosaur expert Paul Kearney
According to Paul Kearney, he and other dinosaur experts tend to agree

that it’s about 65 million years since what is known as the Age of the
Dinosaurs ended. It started around 215 million years ago, which means
it lasted approximately 150 million years. The end came when a huge
asteroid crashed into Earth and caused a series of natural disasters, which
then led to massive environmental destruction and the disappearance of
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most dinosaur species.
Kearney is keen to tell people about the latest thinking on dinosaurs. ‘At
school, I was taught that they were all enormous. That was what everyone used to think. I was also
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told they were all stupid,’ he said. ‘But recent studies show something very different. Some were
giants, but many were very small, and lots had large brains.’
I arranged to meet Kearney in a valley in the countryside, where he and two colleagues were
searching for fossils – the remains of dinosaur bones. ‘Most days when we go fossil-hunting, we get
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really extreme weather. You’re lucky today,’ he smiled. ‘It’s beautiful.’ He was right, the sky was blue
and the sun warm. ‘Also, the ground here’s quite flat, but we normally go to very rocky locations,’ he
explained.
Kearney has discovered a total of 13 new dinosaur species in the last 20 years. ‘When I first started
fossil-hunting,’ he said, ‘only about 5 previously unknown dinosaur species were found per year, but it’s
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around 50 these days. The thing is, fossil-hunting has become much more popular around the world.’
I asked Kearney if he’d seen the Jurassic Park films. ‘Yes,’ he said. ‘I love them, though they’re
not always very accurate. The dinosaurs are all green or brown – and that’s actually what people
once assumed they were like. However, scientists have discovered that many dinosaurs had bright
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colours. Also, the Jurassic Park dinosaurs have scaly skin, like crocodiles, because experts used to
think all dinosaurs had skin like that. But the truth is that many were covered in feathers, like birds.
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Anyway, the films are excellent entertainment. And the best thing for me is that they inspire many
people to study dinosaurs.’
Kearney told me how scientists are using new technology to make significant advances in dinosaur
studies. ‘Scientists used to think that dinosaurs changed relatively quickly over time,’ he said.
‘However, data shows the opposite was true – dinosaur species changed very little over millions of
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years.’ Kearney himself was in charge of a team which used some new evidence to work out how
certain types of dinosaur interacted with each other. ‘That study finished last year,’ he said, ‘but we’re
beginning a new project next month looking at how dinosaurs moved. And before long, I’ll also be
joining a team which is studying the food that different species ate. There’s so much going on.’
Kearney thinks the future for dinosaur studies is very bright. ‘I give talks in schools and young people
are very interested in dinosaurs,’ Kearney told me. ‘Many of them learn a lot about dinosaurs by
visiting museums, though I always tell them to learn computer programming if they are serious about
developing their interest into a career as it’s so essential in research.’
A year ago, Kearney decided to write an up-to-date book about dinosaurs. ‘I didn’t want to write a
kids’ book – there are plenty of them already,’ he said. As a parent myself, I knew this to be true.
What I hadn’t expected him to tell me, though, is that hardly any are written for adults. Kearney’s
recently published book, The Story of the Dinosaurs, should help to fill the gap.
© UCLES 2020 0510/21/O/N/20
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3
1 When did the Age of the Dinosaurs begin?
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What conditions does Kearney generally work in when he’s looking for dinosaur remains?
Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3 How many new species of dinosaur are now discovered each year?
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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4 What does Kearney like most about the Jurassic Park films?
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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5 Which two areas of research will Kearney soon start working on? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
6
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..................................................................................................................................................... [2]
What advice does Kearney give to students who want to become dinosaur experts?
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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7 What was the writer surprised to find out about dinosaur books?
..................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What facts did people use to believe about dinosaurs that scientists now know are wrong?
a
Give four details.

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..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who studied journalism at university. Then answer
Studying journalism
A Ines
When I was considering what to study at university, my parents encouraged me to choose law. They
didn’t think journalism was a good idea, but the mix of practical and academic activities attracted
me. I admit that early in the course I missed a few classes. Some were first thing in the morning,
and some were in the evening, which I found strange because it was very different from school. My
attendance improved, however, and I loved being at university in general. During the course, I was
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able to visit parts of the city near the university to interview residents, take photos and write news
stories, and gradually I became an expert on the place – those are some of my best memories.
Since graduating, I’ve worked as a radio producer, a communications manager and now a marketing
manager for a software company. So, I’m not a journalist, but the excellent teachers we had helped
me develop skills that have been very relevant to what I’ve done since then.
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B Marta
Maybe I didn’t work as much as some other students during my journalism degree, but I did what was
necessary and I had some great lecturers. We were given projects which involved doing what real
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reporters do: investigating and writing about crime, sports and business. I remember one evening
in the university library watching other students writing long essays; I was writing questions to ask
the star player of the biggest football club in the town the following morning. I thought to myself: ‘It
almost seems unfair that I’m doing something so exciting while everyone else is having such a tough
time.’ One of my early plans was to become a sports reporter, then I thought about doing travel
writing. I struggled to make up my mind about what to do, but I eventually became a media officer for
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a company that makes sports equipment. I’m responsible for dealing with newspapers, magazines,
TV and radio – and social media of course. It’s challenging, but my degree gave me the confidence
to do it.
C Jess
a
Since I graduated from university, I’ve worked as a writer for three different magazines. So although
I’ve moved around, I’ve essentially been doing the same job. Much of my success is due to the degree
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course I did, which involved not only writing newspaper articles, but also producing, presenting
and editing high-quality film and radio broadcasts. I was lucky enough to study in a department
where many of the staff had experience of exactly this type of work, so they really knew what they
were talking about. The only thing I didn’t enjoy was media law. In fact, I often avoided going to
those classes. Looking back, I now wish I hadn’t, because it’s something I need to know about as a
journalist. But otherwise, I’d say that the course as a whole was really interesting. However, anyone
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who wants to study the media from an academic point of view – for example, looking at how the
media influences the way people think – should choose another subject, probably sociology.
D Riko
I remember how students taking more traditional degrees looked at me curiously when I said I was
studying journalism. ‘I imagine it’s not very demanding,’ was a common response. ‘Did you choose it
because you wanted to have a good social life?’ others asked. I must admit that I did enjoy my free
time at university, and I certainly don’t feel bad about that – I worked just as hard as anyone else.
Our classes started early in the morning, and in the evenings we often had to report on events in
the town for the student newspaper. Our teachers were good at showing us how to adapt our style
of writing for different genres, such as short news reports, longer investigations and opinion articles.
That was important in making me the newspaper journalist I am today. But we also did lots of other
things, including interviewing, filming and media law, so most people wanting to work in the media
would benefit from doing a similar course.
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5
Which person …
(a) regrets not working harder on one part of the course? .......... [1]
(b) is glad that they had the opportunity to get to know the local area well? .......... [1]
(c) suggests that some people considered journalism to be an easy subject? .......... [1]
(d) feels fortunate that their teachers had previously worked in the media? .......... [1]
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(e) says that the course timetable was hard to get used to at first? .......... [1]
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(f) mentions finding it difficult to decide what career to go into? .......... [1]
(g) refers to learning things that have been useful in a variety of professions?
O .......... [1]
(h) suggests that a journalism degree would not be suitable for everyone? .......... [1]
(i) suggests that they felt guilty at some point during their course? .......... [1]
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(j) mentions the value of learning how to write a range of text types? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
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6
Exercise 3
Read the article about a teacher who started keeping bees at her school, and then complete the notes.
Keeping bees at school

Three years ago, Maria Sterling set up what she named the Bee Project at Abbey High, the
secondary school in London where she teaches geography. Now, beekeeping is one of the most
popular activities at the school. ‘We’re very proud of our Bee Project,’ says Head Teacher Nadia
Malan. ‘It’s great tasting the honey!’ says 12-year-old student Luke Davies. ‘I really enjoy watching
the bees,’ agrees Sara, a student in Year 11. ‘But the Bee Project is not just about enjoyment,’ Maria
explains. ‘Keeping bees and getting honey from them helps to teach students what it means to be
responsible for something.’
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The bees are kept in hives – large wooden boxes – at one end of the school sports field. Each
one contains thousands of bees. ‘The hives are made by some of our students in their technology
classes,’ Maria says. ‘Knowing how to make things with wood is really useful, and it’s thanks to the
Bee Project that they can do this.’
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Maria admits that setting up the Bee Project wasn’t as straightforward as she’d hoped it would be.
‘Persuading parents that it’s safe wasn’t easy at first,’ she says, ‘which is understandable. But it
helped when I explained that I remembered being amazed at how gentle bees were when I put
my hand inside a hive for the first time.’ The other initial problem was the cost of the equipment,
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especially the protective clothing. ‘That’s often an issue,’ Maria says. ‘I didn’t have to pay anything
for the bees, though.’
Maria has been involved in beekeeping since she was 15, when her father acquired a hive and
some bees and asked her to help him. ‘Before Dad got the bees, I hadn’t realised that bees can do
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well in a big city. In our area of London, there are lots of trees and flowers. Something else I hadn’t
expected was that looking after bees can be really relaxing.’
Maria had considered introducing bees into the school where she worked before moving to Abbey
High. ‘But I was only there for a year and I never got round to setting up a project. It takes up a lot of
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time,’ she says. ‘Also, finding a suitable location for the hives can be challenging. I was lucky here
because there’s some land nearby that isn’t built on and there are lots of wild plants that I know bees
like.’
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The Bee Project has influenced what happens in classes at Abbey High. In science lessons, students
find out why bees are important for the environment. ‘In geography,’ Maria says, ‘my students do
research into the ways people around the world use bees. It’s more meaningful for the students
because they can relate the results of their research to our school bees.’ And the honey produced
at the school doesn’t go to waste. In cookery lessons, students discover how to use honey to make
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some delicious dishes.
Maria is convinced that more schools would benefit from setting up their own beekeeping projects.
‘There’s plenty of information available about how to do it,’ Maria points out. ‘And if someone’s really
interested, they should contact local beekeepers. My dad and I couldn’t believe how helpful other
beekeepers were when we were beginners.’
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7
You are going to give a talk about beekeeping to your class at school. Prepare some notes to use as
the basis for your talk.
10 What students at Abbey High school learn from keeping bees:
Example: what it means to be responsible for something
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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11 What can be difficult about introducing beekeeping in a school:
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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12 What surprised Maria when she first started beekeeping:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [3]
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[Total: 9]
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378
Read the article by Fiona Wright.
Getting Back to Camping

I don’t have happy memories of family camping holidays and I avoided school camping
trips whenever I could. We spent too many holidays travelling to a campsite that I
thought was terrible. We always used this site as a base to visit family living nearby. I
decided at an early age that any holiday where I was forced to collect my family’s water,
and go out in the cold night to visit the bathroom, wasn’t for me.
But now I have three sons, aged eight, seven and five. For them, nothing really beats the
thought of sleeping outside, so when they begged me to take them camping, I said yes. I
knew we wouldn’t get enough sleep and there would be lots of insects and mountains of
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dirty washing. Hopefully, it would all be worthwhile once we headed out of the city into
the countryside to breathe fresh air and enjoy nature.
Up to now, our family camping experiences haven’t been very adventurous. We’ve
camped in the garden in an old tent with duvets from the house and close to hot
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running water and fresh towels. We’ve always agreed that we really must attempt
camping for real. So why haven’t we? It’s largely because camping has a reputation
for being hard work – especially if you prefer holidays of the lazier variety. All that
equipment to carry around, the time spent putting everything up and taking everything
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down, the uncomfortable beds or the moment you remember you forgot to bring tea
bags.
People who genuinely love camping make it sound such fun, not to mention cheap. Now
I have children of my own, the cost of a family holiday is a consideration. So we decided
to try it, but with a few upgrades to make it as lazy and luxurious as possible. After
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conducting some research, I found the perfect tent for us: one that inflates in 60 seconds,
with two bedrooms and blackout material to prevent dawn wakeups. Also, embarrassed
though I am to admit it, I bought a few accessories to make camping easier. We were
finally on our way with everything we needed, including our duvets, pillows and even
our garden chairs.
We arrived at our campsite. It offered spacious sites to put your tent and one fire pit
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per family for cooking on or keeping you warm. The toilets and hot showers were in a
separate, beautifully decorated building. There was also a farm shop with everything you
need for making your own meals. But the real appeal, for a lazy camper like me, was the
on-site cafe for breakfasts, lunches and pizza nights on Fridays.
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We picked a spot next to the river, with no other campers in sight, and rolled out the
tent. While we didn’t quite manage to put the tent up in 60 seconds, it only took a few
minutes to inflate and peg it into the ground. We installed my sons’ inflatable beds and
rolled out our self-inflating mattress and double sleeping bag – topped with a blanket.
For me and my family the evening was a memorable experience: my sons ran around and
entertained each other; my husband built a fire and barbequed our dinner, while I set the
table. In the morning we woke up at our usual time but, with heavy rain outside, there
was no alternative but to snuggle into our sleeping bags and read books. As soon as the
rain stopped, we pulled on our boots to explore the river bank. By the time we headed
back, the cafe with its log-burning stove, hot coffee and huge breakfasts, was open. This
was as lazy as camping gets and it had me hooked.
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As far as most holidays go, if the children are happy, so are the parents. This explains why
camping holidays are so popular with families. So, for those of us who consider ourselves
to be too lazy to be regular campers, what’s the key to enjoying the outdoor life? Above
all, comfort. Not all campsites are the same; some may be little more than a field, while
others have pre-pitched tents and games rooms. Choose with care, depending on how
lazy you are feeling.
(Sourced from: The lazy person’s guide to camping: how to get back to nature with minimum
effort By Anna Tyzack, Jessica Salter & Fiona Wright © Telegraph Media Group)
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380
Questions 1–5
Identify which of the options (A−D) is correct for Questions 21−25 by marking a
cross in the box . If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the
box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 Which of the following is true about Fiona Wright’s childhood?
(1)
A She and her family visited friends when camping.
B She looked forward to camping trips with school.
C She stayed at the same campsite several times.
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D She enjoyed collecting water when camping.
2 Why had Fiona and her family not been camping before?
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(1)
A They did not know how to set a tent up.
B They knew camping required huge effort.
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C They did not want to buy new equipment.
D They never enjoyed going away on holiday.

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3 How did Fiona prepare for their camping trip?
(1)
A She set a budget for buying what the family needed.
B She worked on making the trip as much fun as possible.

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C She bought as many camping accessories as she could.
D She looked into buying the most practical tent for them.
4 Which of the following is true about the campsite?

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(1)
A It provides a large amount of space for tents.
B The family thought it was noisy near the river.
C It offers you the option to eat out every evening.
D The family struggled to find a spot they liked.

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5 Which of the following is true about the family on their camping trip?
(1)
A They woke up much earlier than they usually do.
B The children played with others they met there.
C They stayed in bed until the weather improved.
D Fiona cooked a meal for the family in the evening.
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10
Exercise 5
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14 Last week, you met someone who has recently moved to the area where you live. You get on well,
and you think your friend would like this person too.
Write an email to your friend about the person you met.
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• say how you met this person
•
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explain why you think your friend would like this person
suggest something you could all do together.
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used.
a
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A
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[Total: 16]
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Exercise 6
15 You recently visited a new shopping centre in your town. You have decided to write a review of the
new shopping centre for your school magazine.
Here are two comments from other young people about the new shopping centre:
It’s easy to get to. Everything seems

quite expensive.
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Write a review of the new shopping centre for your school magazine, giving your views.
Your review should be between 150 and 200 words long.
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You will receive up to 8 marks for the content of your review, and up to 8 marks for the language
used.
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[Total: 16]
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Exercise 1
Read the article about the Icehotel in Sweden, and then answer the following questions.
Sweden’s famous Icehotel

The idea of spending a night in a room built entirely of ice, where the temperature never rises above
−5 °C, isn’t everyone’s idea of comfort. But for the hundreds of people who visit the famous Icehotel
in northern Sweden each winter, doing exactly that is a dream come true!
Every November, artists from around the world arrive in Jukkasjärvi, a village 200 kilometres north
of the Arctic Circle, to create a hotel from ice, where guests sleep on a bed of ice surrounded by
spectacular ice sculptures. The Icehotel lasts for just one winter, melts each spring, and is rebuilt
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each November. Hundreds of artists want to be involved, but only those who submit an original idea
get to take part. The focus of the Icehotel is as much on beautiful art as it is on accommodation, and
guests are encouraged to find out about the artists’ work before they visit.
All the bedrooms in the Icehotel have thermal sleeping bags, but as the bedrooms don’t have
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electricity, visitors are reminded to fully charge their phones before they check in. During the day,
the bedrooms are open to the public, so overnight guests are warned to check out before 7.30 a.m.
This means they can avoid someone walking through their room while they’re still asleep! After a
hot breakfast, guests can join an ice sculpture class. Or, for those who are more adventurous, the
Icehotel can arrange a snowmobile safari.
O
So where did the idea for the Icehotel come from? Well, like many great ideas, it happened by
chance. The village of Jukkasjärvi had long been popular for activities like hiking and canoeing.
However, these only took place during the summer months. The owner of a company in the village
had just returned home from Japan and saw an opportunity to attract tourists in the long, dark
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winters. In Japan, he’d seen artists creating amazing sculptures out of ice. As ice is in plentiful
supply in Jukkasjärvi in winter, he realised that an ice sculpture workshop could be successful.
The village held its first ice sculpture workshop in 1989, and artists from all over northern Sweden
came to take part, staying in warm, wooden huts at night. That year was also when artists started
a
learning how to construct buildings out of ice. In 1992, they created a large exhibition hall made
entirely from ice. While they were doing that, some visitors to the village wanted to stay but there
was no accommodation available. Their only option was to sleep in the icy exhibition hall. Each
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person was given a thick blanket and advised to wear a warm hat in bed, a tip the Icehotel still
gives visitors today. The next morning, they couldn’t stop talking about their amazing experience of
sleeping in the ice, and the idea for the Icehotel was born!
Rebuilding the Icehotel each year isn’t easy. During winter, the river freezes into ice and people are
employed to sweep snow off the river so that the ice thickens and becomes as hard as possible. As
A
spring starts, huge blocks of ice are cut out and kept in cold storage throughout the summer, until
construction starts in November. Yet despite all the hard work that goes into creating the Icehotel,
and the fact that it recommends guests only stay one night, the Icehotel has become one of the most
successful tourist destinations in Sweden. And the tourist season in Jukkasjärvi now lasts all year
round.
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1 What do artists have to produce if they want to help build the Icehotel?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What equipment does the Icehotel provide for guests sleeping in an ice bedroom?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Which daytime activities can Icehotel visitors take part in? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
4 What was the aim of the local businessman when he set up an ice sculpture event in Jukkasjärvi?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 Where did the artists sleep during the village’s first ice sculpture event?
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6 In which year did visitors first experience sleeping in the ice?

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7 What do workers do to make sure that solid ice develops each year?
a
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8 When is the ice for building the Icehotel collected from the frozen river?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
A
9 What advice does the Icehotel give to guests staying there? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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4
Exercise 2
Read sections (A–E) of a magazine article by a student who decided to try different fitness classes.
Then answer Question 10(a)–(j).
Fitness classes, anyone?

When I started university, I decided to try as many different fitness classes at the student sports
centre as possible. Four months later, I’m proud to say I’ve been to quite a few! Here are some of
the classes I’ve tried and my experiences of each.
A Pilates
I know from following videos at home that Pilates involves controlled movements and stretching,
but this class wasn’t really what I’d expected. Admittedly, there was calming background music and
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a focus on breathing, but the instructor just wasn’t clear what she wanted us to do. So despite
her repeated attempts to explain, there was quite a lot of confusion in this particular class. And
although the class is meant to be for all levels, it is assumed you have basic knowledge and are not
completely inexperienced. I’ve heard that different instructors tend to have very different teaching
styles, although the basic exercises are similar, so I won’t give up yet – perhaps I’ll try a different one.
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B Bollywood Dance Beats
If you don’t know what happens in a Bollywood Dance Beats class, there’s a 15-minute warm-up
followed by 45 minutes learning a dance routine set to a Bollywood movie soundtrack. I’ve been to
O
one class so far and, although it was a mixed group of beginners and more experienced regulars,
we were all made to feel completely at ease. I felt a little foolish dancing at first but soon gained
confidence. The upbeat Indian music was new to me too. When the class finished, I was exhausted
but in high spirits, even though it had been a constant challenge to remember the routine!
C Capoeira Moves
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Capoeira is a Brazilian martial art which includes elements of dance, gymnastics and music, and
this class involved practising basic kicks and other movements in pairs. The teacher gave very few
instructions, as many of the students were regulars, instead using body language to demonstrate.
Other beginners found this approach slightly puzzling, but for me watching the teacher was all I
a
needed to be able to follow the routine. I found the pace of the movements too fast to begin with,
but when I thought about the class the next day, I realised I’d definitely learned something. Most
beginners can probably cope with this class. However, to make the most of it, you might consider
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one or two easier classes before going to this one.
D Flow Fit
This is the class I’ve attended most frequently. I never know what exercises to expect each week,
which keeps it interesting. It’s a good workout, mainly strengthening your leg and stomach muscles,
A
with some arm exercises too, and your body aches for days afterwards! Before the first class, I
was worried I wouldn’t be able to do it. However, the instructor explained everything clearly, from
beginner’s exercises up to more advanced options. In fact, it struck me at one point during the class
that I was already familiar with many of the movements, so now I often just do the advanced options.
E Body Pump
You can guess what this class is like from the name – basically lifting weights, with a few stretches in
between. The only time I went, I was late and missed the warm-up – this bothered me as it’s crucial
for exercising safely. In the main part of the class, we just repeated the same exercises again and
again. Although this helped me to get my technique right, I soon got bored. I also found the loud
music very distracting. Halfway through the class, the instructor suggested we all try using heavier
weights for one exercise to see if we could manage, which I thought was quite a good approach. If
you love lifting weights, this class might be for you. Otherwise, I’d advise you to try something else
instead.
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10 For each question, write the correct letter A, B, C, D or E on the line.
Which section includes the following information?
(a) a teacher who gave students a particular challenge to complete .......... [1]
(b) the use of music for relaxation .......... [1]
(c) a welcoming atmosphere for people of all levels .......... [1]
(d) the fact that each class is unpredictable .......... [1]
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(e) a positive feeling at the end of the class .......... [1]
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(f) the writer’s negative opinion of the teacher .......... [1]
(g) a concern about the risk of injuryO .......... [1]
(h) advice for getting maximum benefit from the class .......... [1]
(i) the writer realising in the class that she knew more than she thought .......... [1]
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(j) an initial struggle to keep up with the exercises .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
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A

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Exercise 3
Read the article about a teenager who decided to wear the same dress for a month, and then complete
the notes.
One month, one dress

When 17-year-old Sophia Aleman arrived to meet her friends wearing a plain, grey dress, they didn’t
take much notice. The next day she had the same dress on, and her friends still didn’t comment.
After a week of turning up in the same dress, Sophia revealed her ‘One month, one dress’ challenge
– to wear the same dress every day for a month. She worked out that she’d be able to wash her
dress before going to bed and still wear it the next day.
ar
Sophia’s aim was to get people, boys and girls, thinking about how their choice of clothes affects the
environment. Fashion is influenced by the latest trends and celebrities, and nowadays it’s produced
very quickly and cheaply. New styles replace old ones almost instantly, at a price that most can
afford. ‘My friends and I love fashion, but it comes at an environmental cost,’ says Sophia. ‘People
throw good clothes away. That means tons of clothing is buried as waste. Unbelievably only 15% is
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actually recycled – people should at least pass on their unwanted clothes to others. And, every year,
as a result of clothes production, 1.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide is added to our atmosphere. I
had to do something.’
Sophia chose the dress for her challenge carefully. She decided on a plain design as she could
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combine it with different scarves that she already owned. She now encourages people to use their
existing clothes more creatively. This means they’ll be less tempted to buy new clothes. She knew
that chemicals used in the production of clothes pollute the soil. That’s why she chose a dress
made from bamboo, a material free of chemicals. ‘My friends had never heard of clothes made from
bamboo before, so I used this dress as a way of persuading them to buy clothes made from natural
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materials. So many clothes these days include some man-made material. When they're washed,
tiny bits of plastic end up in the oceans, but that doesn’t happen with natural material.’
In week two of the challenge, Sophia accidentally ripped the sleeve of her dress. She thought she
might have to wear something different and her challenge might fail. Fortunately, she managed to
a
sew it back together herself.
To create publicity, Sophia posted on social media every day, attracting lots of attention. ‘One day, I
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wrote that mass production of clothes uses vast quantities of water. That’s hardly going to help the
environment, is it? The post really got all my friends talking. They began to understand the point I
was trying to make – it’s better to buy quality clothes that last longer.’
Sophia wore the dress for the whole month. ‘It made me think that appearance isn’t everything –
although the next day I did enjoy wearing my favourite red skirt, which I’d really missed!’ The teenager
A
intends to continue promoting environmentally friendly fashion. ‘I’m not saying that everyone should
do this particular challenge, but I am encouraging all my friends to use recycled materials to make
their own clothes.’ She has even thought about taking her grey dress apart to make a shirt from the
material. ‘For now though, I still enjoy wearing the dress occasionally.’
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You are going to give a talk about fashion to your class at school. Prepare some notes to use as the
basis for your talk.
11 What Sophia says are the negative impacts of fashion on the environment:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [4]
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12 What Sophia suggests people do to reduce the negative impacts of fashion on the environment:
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ......................................................................................................................................... [5]
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[Total: 9]
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394
Read the article by Hazel Sheffield.
Learning How to Drive Again

I passed my driving test aged 17 and then moved away to Plymouth University before
finally relocating to London. With the convenience of the underground train for my long
commute to work, and the ever-increasing congestion on the roads, I never thought it
necessary to get a car. Without realising it, I hadn’t been behind the wheel for over ten
years. I knew I was going to need refresher lessons if I ever wanted to drive again.
Eventually, I did decide to learn again after moving in with a friend. She didn’t have a
driving licence and I was annoyed that we couldn’t hire a van to get my belongings
across the city. Despite having a licence at the time, I had only attempted to drive
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once in central London and once on quieter roads, over a decade ago. On both
occasions, I struggled with the pedals. A friend who was with me in the car had to take
over the driving.
I originally took lessons in a rural location but I am now living in a busy suburb. There
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is so much more traffic, people drive quickly and erratically and there are hundreds of
pedestrians. I now have a much greater sense of having to drive safely, whereas I didn’t
think about that so much when I first learned to drive. It was this fact that concerned me
most about getting back behind the wheel again.
O
My new driving instructor picked me up for my first lesson near my flat in central London.
He drove me, most thankfully, to a quiet housing estate. Here, I could practise driving
in a square without encountering another vehicle. We started right from the beginning,
by going through when to check mirrors, then talking through the checks that drivers
perform without thinking: adjusting the rear-view mirror, the car seat headrest and the
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position of the seat. I could remember the pedals, despite my fears, and my driving
wasn’t as bad as it could have been; I was so relieved. I did, however, have to be reminded
about observation: how to use wing mirrors and where to look during manoeuvres.
Getting back on the road isn’t just about picking up where you left off; it isn’t like riding a
bike. I definitely needed that first lesson just to remember all the basics. I was tense and
anxious when I first started, but my driving instructor knew what to do. He talked non-
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stop to me during all my lessons and part of me wondered why he was doing that. After
all, I was trying to concentrate, but I soon realised he was helping me to relax. I found my
arms and legs did know what to do when I wasn’t thinking about it too much.
I never imagined how confident I would be after my six hours with an instructor. I was
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actually driving down the busy Euston Road, near King’s Cross in London. Cyclists were
coming from every angle and there were traffic lights every two minutes. I was officially
on the road again.
Relearning can be viewed as expensive; however, I would argue that you can’t put a price
on safety. All those who haven’t driven for a while should consider a refresher course to
be a necessity. Most driving schools offer refresher lessons and their driving instructors
are skilled at reintroducing lapsed drivers to the roads. The most popular package runs
for four hours and typically costs £100. Those who are getting back on the road after a
long break are faced with many significant costs, such as insurance or buying a car. The
cost of relearning may, therefore, seem like a lot of money, but I think it’s worth it.
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Surveys have indicated that many everyday drivers think they would benefit from
refresher training, as well as those who have not driven for a long time. This includes
older people who have previously relied on a partner to drive. For them, the experience
must be most challenging. Refresher training has also proved helpful for those who
move to Britain and have to apply for a British driving licence after two years of living
here. Surveys clearly show that the importance of refreshing driving skills should not be
underestimated. More people should consider these courses.
(Sourced from: Back behind the wheel: What’s it’s like to learn to drive – again By Hazel Sheffield
© Independent Digital News & Media Limited, February 2017)
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Questions 1–5
1 According to the text, why had Hazel Sheffield not driven for a while?
(1)
A She needed to save money to buy a car.
B She was happy to use public transport.
C She lived close to where she worked.
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D She was not aware of refresher lessons.
2 According to the text, what worried Hazel the most about learning to drive again?
(1)
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A She had only driven twice since her move to London.
B Her local area is busy with many cars and pedestrians.

C She was more aware of the importance of driving safely.
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D The way people drive now is different to ten years ago.
3 What did Hazel appreciate most about her first refresher driving lesson?
(1)
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A The instructor showed her how to adjust her seat.
B She did not have to set off driving from her home.
C The instructor helped her use her mirrors correctly.
D She quickly remembered all that she had forgotten.

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4 According to the text, which of the following is true about refresher courses?
(1)
A Hazel Sheffield thinks they are costly.
B The instructors need more training.

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C They entitle you to cheaper insurance.
D Refresher courses are readily available.

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5 According to the text, what have surveys shown about refresher courses?
(1)
A People who drive regularly see the value of refresher courses.
B They are most expensive for those who have not driven recently.
C The number of people taking refresher courses is increasing.
D They are not useful for drivers wanting a British driving licence.
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A
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Exercise 5
14 You are going to perform in a music festival in another town.
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Write an email to a friend about this.
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• explain how you found out about the festival
• describe what you are going to do in the festival
•
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invite your friend to come and see you perform.

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used.
a
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[Total: 16]
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Exercise 6
15 In class, you recently had a discussion about whether towns and cities should have more parks
and green spaces.
You have decided to write an article for your school magazine.
Here are some comments from other students in your class:
It’s a lot of hard work to look after a park.
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Seeing birds in the trees is lovely.
m
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used.
a m
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[Total: 16]
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Exercise 1
Read the article about the first trip to the deepest part of the world’s oceans, and then answer the
following questions.
The first trip to the deepest part of the ocean

On January 23, 1960, Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh successfully
descended to the deepest part of the world’s oceans in a very special
submarine called the Trieste.
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Content removed due to copyright restrictions.
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The former, who cared passionately about the marine

environment, later used this fame to establish the Foundation for the Study and Protection of Seas
and Lakes.
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1 Who designed the Trieste?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 Where was the Trieste built?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 What substance enabled the Trieste to rise to the surface?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 What is the Challenger Deep named after?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 What problems did the Trieste have on the way down? Give two details.
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..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
6 What creature did Piccard and Walsh see at the bottom of the ocean?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
7 How long did it take the Trieste to reach the surface after the dive?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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8 What depth did the Trieste reach?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
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9 What does the article tell us about Jacques Piccard’s character? Give four details.
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..........................................................................................................................................................
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.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who write a blog. Then answer Question 10(a)–(j).
Writing a blog
Four young people share their thoughts on writing a blog
A Francesca
I started writing my music blog two years ago. Recently, I had to stop writing it for a short time, just
because I was busy with other things, but apart from that, I’ve added a post every week. I’ve had
the aim of becoming a music journalist for a while. I’m sure that writing the blog helps me to develop
the specific skills I’ll need far more than the general writing we do at school. I try to make each post
really different, so I might write about a particular song one week, and then about the history of a
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whole genre of music the next. It can make thinking of new things to write about a bit of a challenge,
but I find blogs that focus on one particular type of music a bit dull, to be honest. If enough people
read what bloggers write, they can actually make a small profit each month. I’m lucky enough to be
in that position now.
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B Paulo
I love reading blogs, especially about fashion, so eighteen months ago I decided to start my own.
There weren’t many blogs on teenage fashion – they were mainly for adults and a lot of them were
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pretty boring. I guess I expected to get about a million hits per blog post within a few weeks, but
of course that hasn’t happened. It would be nice to have a few more than a thousand sometimes,
though. It’d help if more students at my school knew about it, I suppose, but I can just imagine some
of the comments they’d make, so I’ve been a bit careful with who knows about it. I occasionally look
back on what I wrote in the first few months after I started. I’m actually quite impressed with some of
it, and the entries which aren’t so good at least show me how much better my writing has become in
m
the time I’ve been doing it.
C Amy
a
I’ve been posting my book review blog for the last two years, and quite a few people now follow it.
Some of the things I wrote when I first started seem a bit boring compared to my reviews these days.
But that’s to be expected, as I had no idea how to write critically about someone else’s work back
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then. What’s interesting is how the grades I’m getting in several different subjects have got better
over the last two years. I really don’t think that can be a coincidence, and my teachers are really
pleased too, of course. I’ve never kept my blog a secret from anyone I know. In fact, I’m glad that so
many of my friends know about it, because I wouldn’t still be blogging today if they hadn’t convinced
me to continue after I got a few negative comments about my reviews. Knowing that I can learn from
other people’s opinions means I actually enjoy reading them these days.
A
D Rashid
After what I can only describe as a disappointing start, my football blog’s gaining popularity these
days. Although I’m still not quite at the point where I can make a bit of money out of it, I’m not that far
off, which I’m pretty happy with. When I think about the first few posts I made, I can see why the few
readers I had at that time wrote what they did about my blog, but that doesn’t make what they said
any easier to accept. Thankfully, I’m not the kind of person who just gives up when something like
that happens, and in a funny kind of way, it’s really helped me to develop as a writer. Given that I only
decided to have a go at blogging because I was stuck in the house with nothing to do one weekend,
I think it’s going pretty well, and I can imagine myself doing it for another few years at least.
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10 For each question write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.
Which person …
(a) started their blog because they were bored? .......... [1]
(b) earns a bit of money from their blog? .......... [1]
(c) finds value in reading their old blog posts? .......... [1]
(d) almost gave up writing their blog completely? .......... [1]
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(e) sometimes finds it hard to think of ideas for blog posts? .......... [1]
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(f) feels uncomfortable reading some of the comments on their posts? .......... [1]
(g) thinks that writing their blog has improved their performance at school?
O .......... [1]
(h) avoids telling certain people that they write a blog? .......... [1]
(i) believes that their blog will be useful for their future career? .......... [1]
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(j) suggests that they are disappointed by how many people read their blog? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
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A

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Exercise 3
Read the article about anime, which is the name for animation from Japan, and then complete the
notes.
The history of anime

Are you a fan of Japanese animation? If so, you may already know that anime, as Japanese
animation is commonly known, originally dates back to the birth of Japan’s film industry in the early
1900s. You might also be aware that anime has been one of Japan’s major international cultural
influences throughout the past century.
Much of the work done in the early years of anime used very basic film-making techniques, but
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as technology gradually improved, the popularity of anime slowly began to grow. The first modern
anime productions, which were created in the late 1940s, had some similarities with American
animation, but they also had their own uniquely Japanese style. And it is this style which has come
to define anime. At this time, however, few people outside Japan knew about anime, and this lack of
international success limited its development.
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One thing that really helped anime to expand and develop was the arrival of television in the 1950s,
which led to a sudden increase in the domestic market for animated shows. However, at that time,
TV stations in other countries showed little interest in anime, so only TV stations in Japan were
targeted by producers and filmmakers.
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In fact, it wasn’t until 1963 that anime achieved international success. This came in the form of
a series called Astro Boy, which opened up the door for other anime programmes and films
internationally. What also helped greatly was the fact that anime began to be adapted to suit
non-Japanese audiences. It would be quite a long time before international audiences demanded to
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be able to watch the original Japanese versions as a matter of principle.
The next development to transform the anime industry was video, which occurred in the 1980s. This
meant that viewers could watch their favourite anime shows whenever they wanted. This proved to
be hugely successful for anime. Yet few videos were distributed outside Japan, and therefore the
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money-earning potential that this presented was not fully realised.
It was towards the end of the 1990s that another major development helped anime to reach an even
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broader audience: the internet. This made watching and learning about an anime series or character
as easy as typing a name into a search engine.
However, a major threat to the success of anime was the fact that Japan’s economic growth slowed
considerably in the mid-1990s, in common with that in many other countries. The effects were felt
from around 1995 until well into the new millennium. The result of this was that less money was
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invested in anime during this time, which signalled a turn towards productions that were guaranteed
to sell. This also meant that experimental work largely died out.
Despite all of these difficulties, anime continues to survive both at home in Japan as well as
internationally. Its future may not look quite as bright as it once did, but the chances are that it will
still be a source of fascination to all kinds of people around the world for many years to come.
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You are going to give a talk about the history of anime to your class at school.
11 What caused the growth in popularity of anime?
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [5]
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12 What factors negatively affected the growth of anime?
• ...............................................................................................................................................
•
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• .......................................................................................................................................... [4]
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[Total: 9]
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A

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Is Snacking Good or Bad?
Many years ago, when I completed my first course in food nutrition, the idea was that
having three meals a day and snacks in between was the best approach to eating.
However, our understanding of eating habits has developed since then. Research into
fasting has shown how going for periods of time without food can be beneficial for
health when done in the right way. I now believe that the ‘little and often’ approach to
eating is unhealthy.
When there is a long time between two meals and you are genuinely hungry, having
a healthy snack is a good idea. For example, if your lunch break is at 1 pm but you won’t
get home in time to have dinner before 8 pm, consider a healthy snack around 4 or 5 pm.
Also, if you have planned a late meal with friends in a restaurant, have a small healthy
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snack beforehand to manage your appetite. Otherwise, due to a delayed mealtime, you
may be likely to overeat once you get there – something I am always guilty of. A recovery
snack after a workout or run is a good idea too.
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Snack culture is a relatively recent phenomenon. One explanation for this is that
protein-based breakfasts have been widely replaced with carbohydrate-based breakfast
foods like cereals or toast. These don’t tend to keep us full until lunch, leading to
the increased likelihood of hunger around mid-morning. Another explanation is the
explosion of snack foods on the market and our more active, work-focused lifestyles that
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lack set mealtimes and often require quick and easy on-the-go refuelling options.
Knowing when and how to snack healthily is important. Every time you reach for a
snack ask yourself whether or not you are actually hungry. There are many triggers for
snacking that have nothing to do with hunger. For example, snacking out of boredom is
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common. If you’re opening the fridge and looking for food just for something to do, think
about how you could change this unhealthy habit. Consider taking a quick walk or read
a magazine article. Find an activity that works for you and next time you’re tempted, do
that instead.
Constant snacking can become a habit, so keep snacks out of sight in a kitchen
cupboard. If you have unhealthy snacks lying around, such as a large bag of crisps open
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and in front of you, you’re likely to keep eating them until they’re finished. Alternatively,
do a little research and investigate which healthy snacks you could buy instead. I did,
and it’s simple. Then, if you really do need to eat because you’re hungry, you’ll have only
healthy snacks to choose from.
A snack is designed to be a small refuel between meals, not a meal in itself. Even when
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you’re snacking on something healthy, this is something to keep in mind. It’s easy to
forget this when snacking on foods like nuts, eating handfuls at a time. By doing this,
you can quickly end up getting through a meal’s worth of calories. Portion sizes still need
monitoring so take the amount you need and put them in a bowl, rather than eating
directly from a big packet.
When shopping for healthy snacks, you need to be aware that a lot of food labels use
descriptions like ‘natural’ or ‘whole food’ to make us think that they’re healthy options.
Some actually contain a surprisingly high amount of sugar. I am truly shocked that some
food producers would do this. For example, fruit bars might simply list fruits as their
ingredients, but their sugar content can be incredibly high.
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If you want to eat healthily, I advise you to plan each meal with the aim that it keeps you
full until your next mealtime. You can then have your snacks as a back-up if you really
need to – this is what I do anyway. Ensuring you have a healthy protein source as the
base of each meal and plenty of fibre-rich vegetables is a good start. Being tired can be
a trigger for snacking, so work on getting enough quality sleep so that you’re not
snacking from tiredness.
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Questions 1–5
1 According to the text, which of the following is true?
(1)
A Eating many times during the day is good for you.
B Research into fasting needs further development.
C Snacking between meals is sometimes acceptable.
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D A small snack before exercising is recommended.
2 Snacking is more common nowadays because
(1)
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A people are less likely to have breakfast.
B outlets offer a greater choice of snacks.

C people spend more time in their homes.
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D snacks have become cheaper over time.
3 People can reduce the number of snacks they eat by
(1)
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A putting only healthy food in the fridge.
B finding an activity to replace snacking.

C trying to forget the fact they are hungry.
D sharing large bags of snacks with others.

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4 According to the text, which of the following is true?

(1)
A A healthy snack should not replace a main meal.
B It is acceptable to eat small healthy snacks all day.

A
C Healthy snacks should be bought in small amounts.
D Nuts should be avoided when buying healthy snacks.

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5 Which of the following is advised to maintain healthy eating habits?

(1)
A Pick only natural or whole food snacks.
B Avoid choosing snacks that contain sugar.
C Plan your main meals for the week ahead.
D Make sure you get the sleep that you need.

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10
Exercise 5
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14 You recently bought something, but there has been a problem with it.
Write an email to a friend about it.
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• describe what you bought
• explain what the problem is with the thing that you bought
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• say what you are going to do about the problem.

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used.
a
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A
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11
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ar
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A
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[Total: 16]
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Exercise 6
15 Teenagers often copy the appearance and behaviour of famous people.
Here are two comments from students about this topic:
My favourite star is a Sometimes, famous people

do bad things to make
great actor – I really want
us notice them – they
to be like him. shouldn’t do that.
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used.
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13
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ar
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A
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[Total: 16]
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16
BLANK PAGE
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Cambridge IGCSE™
* 1 7 5 9 8 0 9 6 9 0 *
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2 hours
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INSTRUCTIONS O
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INFORMATION
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DC (MB/SW) 301669/3
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2
Exercise 1
Read the blog article written by a student about her project on zebras, and then answer the following
questions.
Zebras and their stripes

I’ve always wondered why zebras have stripes, so I decided to do a
school project to find out. Before I started it, I knew that zebras are
members of the horse family, which consists of seven different kinds
of animals including horses and donkeys. And the three species of
zebra, which live in Africa, are the only members of the horse family
with stripes. Horses and zebras have many things in common, like
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diet and family living. However, zebras are naturally more aggressive,
which means that humans tend to avoid them. And unlike horses, they
bark to warn other family members of danger. I already knew these things, but my project was an
opportunity to learn more.
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The first thing I discovered was that the striped pattern of each zebra is unique, which is amazing
if you consider the number of zebras in the world. And they’re actually born with brown and white
stripes, not black and white, something I hadn’t expected to learn. To understand more about the
stripes, I decided to read about two scientific experiments.
O
The first was in 2019, investigating why flies tend not to bite zebras. Zebra hair is short and thin, so
in theory flies can easily bite their skin, but don’t for some reason. Professor Caro from the University
of California, USA, wanted to find out why. Although he had studied zebras extensively in Tanzania,
he chose to study a group of zebras in the UK. You might think that he would prefer to study animals
in their natural environment, but these zebras were part of a wildlife conservation programme and
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so were used to humans approaching them. Professor Caro filmed close-up images of how flies
behaved around the zebras and whether they landed on the animals or flew past. He then dressed a
group of domestic horses in striped jackets and observed the flies’ behaviour in the same way, and
then repeated this with plain-coloured horses without any jackets.
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The results were clear. All three groups – the zebras, the horses in striped jackets, and the plain
horses with no jackets – experienced a similar number of flies around them. However, far fewer
flies landed on the zebras and on the horses with striped jackets. Instead, the insects approaching
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these animals just bounced off, whereas the flies around the plain horses managed to land. This
proved to Professor Caro that zebras’ stripes prevent them from being bitten by flies. Some farmers
paint stripes onto cows for the same reason – I’ve actually seen some in a field near my house. My
dad told me that it allows them to feed without interruption. He also told me that painting the cows
improves their welfare. I’m not sure how many farmers do this though!
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The second experiment I read about was carried out by a former biology technician called Alison
Cobb. She’d worked in Africa for many years and had been fascinated by zebras ever since reading
stories about African animals as a child. Cobb believed that the function of the stripes was to keep
zebras cool. I’d heard this before, but some of her detailed findings, such as the way the black
hairs move up and down in the heat, I found remarkable. In her experiment, Cobb measured the
temperature of zebras’ stripes every 15 minutes. She discovered that the black stripes get much
hotter than the white ones – something that had never occurred to me before – and, astonishingly,
zebras actually sweat through the ends of their hairs!
After doing my project, I definitely know a lot more about zebras than I did before!
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3
1 How many types of zebra are there?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 How is zebra behaviour different from horse behaviour? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
3 Where did Professor Caro’s experiment take place?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
4 Why were the zebras in the wildlife conservation programme suitable for Professor Caro’s study?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
5 What happened when the flies in Professor Caro’s study tried to land on the animals with stripes?
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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
6 What are the benefits of protecting cows from being bitten by flies? Give two details.
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.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
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7 What first inspired Alison Cobb’s interest in zebras?

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.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
8 What facts about zebras was the writer surprised to learn while doing her project? Give four
details.
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..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

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4
Exercise 2
Read the article about five unusual museums (A–E). Then answer Question 9(a)–(j).
WHO SAYS MUSEUMS ARE BORING?

Five young people describe an unusual museum they have visited
A Dinosaur Ridge, Colorado Natural Area, USA

My favourite museum is Dinosaur Ridge – one of the best places in the world to see real evidence
of dinosaurs. At this ‘outdoor museum’, you can get close to over 300 dinosaur footprints, left in the
sand as dinosaurs walked here 100 million years ago – just like being on a Hollywood movie set!
The best way to reach the site is to hike or cycle, but the sun can be hot and the route includes a
steep climb, so the guided bus tour might be a good alternative for some. Each year, the museum
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relies on lots of volunteers who assist with everything from answering visitors’ questions to picking
up rubbish. I think that would be a fantastic thing to do!
B Cancun Underwater Museum, Mexico

As its name suggests, this museum is in an unusual place – it’s underwater! I love diving, so I can’t
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think of anything better. The museum was the idea of the local national park director, and consists of
over 500 abstract sculptures fixed to the ocean floor. It can be explored by swimming, diving or from
a glass-bottom boat. All visitors are taken there by boat from their hotel, so poor weather conditions
do occasionally prevent the site from operating. The sculptures were designed by a team of Mexican
and British artists and the idea is certainly full of imagination. However, the museum’s main goal is
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actually the conservation of the underwater environment, which it tries to achieve by showing people
through art how we affect our oceans.
C Cup Noodles Museum, Japan

Instant noodles – or ‘cup noodles’ – are my favourite fast food. Just add boiling water and you have
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an immediate snack in a cup! The museum tells the story of Momofuku Ando, a man who spent
his life inventing food that everyone could afford. Hearing his amazing story of investigation and
discovery, visitors can’t help being reminded of what it is possible to achieve by thinking differently.
The circumstances leading to the invention of his noodles are explained through a short cartoon
video. The highlight for me was the opportunity to have my own souvenir noodles produced at the
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museum factory. You even choose the flavours and draw the picture to be printed on the cup! This
activity is popular though, so it might be better to book in advance.
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D Computer Games Museum, Germany

This is definitely the museum for computer games fans like me! It contains over 300 interactive
devices covering six decades of gaming history, from the 1972 ‘Magnavox Odyssey’ game to more
recent PlayStation devices. The museum started in 1997, although it shut soon afterwards, operating
online only. It wasn’t until 2011 that it opened in its current building, just five minutes by underground
train from central Berlin. As well as being a great place for visitors like me, it also has a slightly
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more serious side. The museum regularly participates in scientific projects, such as studying how
computer games influence the way people interact. If they ever wanted people to take part, I’d be
the first to volunteer!
E Derwent Pencil Museum, England

A pencil museum might sound boring, but the Derwent company produces some of the world’s finest
art materials. I love drawing, so enjoyed learning about their beautiful coloured pencils, which visitors
are given as a souvenir instead of a ticket. The museum is located on the site of their original factory,
which started manufacturing in the early 20th century and became famous recently as a setting in the
horror-comedy film Sightseers. The museum tells the story of pencil-making, from the discovery in the
surrounding countryside of graphite, the black substance used to make pencils, up to the present day.
The modern-day ‘secret agent’ pencils, designed to hide tiny maps inside, were really interesting. But
for me, the free art classes in which you can benefit from specialist teaching were the biggest attraction.
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5
9 For each question write the correct letter A, B, C, D or E on the line.
Which museum …
(a) allows visitors to design their own product to take home? .......... [1]
(b) was once featured in a movie? .......... [1]
(c) aims to protect a particular aspect of the natural world? .......... [1]
(d) is often involved in research? .......... [1]
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(e) provides opportunities for visitors to improve their skills? .......... [1]
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(f) needs people to help out? .......... [1]
(g) lacked a permanent physical location in its early years?

O .......... [1]
(h) has to sometimes close due to circumstances beyond its control? .......... [1]
(i) has different options for getting there? .......... [1]

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(j) makes people aware of the importance of creative ideas? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
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A

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6
Exercise 3
Read the article about two brothers who set up a sportswear company called Castore, and then
complete the notes.
Brothers in business
Tom and Phil Beahon, two brothers from Liverpool who founded the sportswear brand Castore,
originally knew nothing at all about making clothes and they didn’t know anyone in the fashion
industry. They did have a dream, however – to create their very own luxury sportswear company.
In 2013, they both moved to London, found good office jobs and spent their weekdays working
at their desks. However, at weekends they interviewed people in top gyms about their sportswear
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requirements. Tom and Phil both agree that this played a key role in making Castore such a popular
brand. Another factor that helped the brand to take off was that, at that time, although there was
high-quality sportswear available for women, no-one was making luxury sportswear for men.
In 2016, the brothers’ company Castore was born, taking its name from Castor and Pollux, who were
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famous twin brothers in ancient Greek myths. The business started to grow, helped by significant
investment from famous business people. Today, the company has a multi-million-pound income
and the brothers have an ambition to expand overseas, but they haven’t always known such a high
level of success. When they were younger, they both played sport: Tom was a professional football
player for a while and Phil played cricket semi-professionally. However, each of them knew they
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would never get to the top of their sport, so they decided to give up their sports careers. It was a
hard decision for both of them, but not one that they regret.
Usually, it’s the big sportswear brands that have to ask famous sportspeople to wear their clothes.
But in the case of Castore, it’s the other way round – a number of well-known sports professionals
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are keen to promote the brand. Tom and Phil aren’t satisfied with supplying individuals, however,
and are aiming to supply professional teams with official sports kits. They’re also looking to launch
new clothes collections for specific sports. Phil emphasises that Castore’s success is due to the
unique products it develops. One of these is the Fusion jacket. This high-tech item is silver in the
daytime to absorb sunlight; it becomes bright green at night to make the wearer visible enough to
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continue training after dark.
Like many companies, they operate online. When it comes to real shops, they made the business
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decision early on to sell their clothes only in the best stores. Tom and Phil believe that this decision
has really paid off. They’ve also tried other methods of selling, like opening a series of temporary
shops for a few weeks each, to see if these might be popular or not. In fact, they’re intending to open
more ‘pop-up’ stores overseas in the coming months. The Head Office is in Liverpool, where they
grew up, and the brothers want to increase the number of staff they employ. ‘It’s important for us to
do this,’ says Tom.
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So far, Castore has been a real success story. Who knows where they’ll go in the future?
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7
You are going to give a talk about the sportswear company Castore to your class at school. Prepare
some notes to use as the basis for your talk.
10 Reasons for the success of the brothers’ sportswear company:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
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• ......................................................................................................................................... [5]
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11 The brothers’ future plans for the sportswear company:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
•
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• ......................................................................................................................................... [4]
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[Total: 9]
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426
Read the article below on the Olympic Games and answer questions 1–5.
The Olympic Games

Next year the 2012 Summer Olympic Games will be held in London from 27 July to 12 August.
It will be the third time that they have been held in the capital, London having been host
previously in 1908 and 1948. It will be the thirtieth Olympiad going back to the first Games of
the modern era in 1896. However, the history of the Olympic Games goes back thousands of
years to ancient times.
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The Olympic Games took their name from the Greek city of Olympia and, though there were
important athletic competitions held in other Greek cities in ancient times, the Olympic Games
were regarded as the most prestigious. The Games were held every four years during August
and September and the word “Olympiad”, which referred to the four-year intervals between
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competitions, was commonly used to measure time. The first documented Olympic champion
was a man named Coroebus, a cook from Elis, who won the sprint race in 776 BC. Historians
believe that the Games had already existed for at least five hundred years prior to that date,
although there is no written historical evidence.
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The Olympic Games originally featured only one event: a race called the “stade”, equal to a
distance of about two hundred metres. By 728 BC two more races had been added, comparable
to the four hundred metre and fifteen hundred metre races of the modern Games. Later the
Olympics were to include wrestling, boxing and the pentathlon, as well as specialised events for
soldiers and messengers. It was only in 472 BC that the events were spread out over a period of
four to five days, as previously they had all taken place on a single day.
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Participation in the Olympic Games was originally limited to free-born Greeks, but as the Greek
Empire grew as a result of the conquests of Alexander the Great, the Games attracted entrants
from Antioch and Alexandria, in the Middle East. While the only official prize was a wreath or
garland, successful athletes were supported in their training by the governments of their cities.
Most of the competitors were, in fact, professionals. After the Roman conquest of Greece in the
second century BC, the Olympic Games suffered a decline in popularity and importance, but the
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Games persisted until AD 393, when the Roman Emperor Theodosius I ordered their abolition.
The idea of reviving the Olympic Games originated with French aristocrat Baron Pierre de
Coubertin, who first raised the issue in 1892. At a conference on international sport held in
Paris in 1894, Coubertin managed to convince delegates, representing nine countries, to vote in
favour of an Olympic revival. The organisers had planned the first modern Olympics for 1900 in
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Paris, but later decided to move the date forward to 1896 and to change the venue to Athens,
the original site of the Games. The first Olympic Games of the modern era were inaugurated by
the King of Greece in the first week of April 1896.
The idea of putting five interlocking rings (blue, yellow, black, green and red) on a white
background was conceived by Pierre de Coubertin. This Olympic symbol represents the meeting
of the union of five continents and athletes of the world at the Olympic Games.
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The Games of 1896, 1900 and 1904 were loosely organised and did not feature national teams
produced by rigorous selection. The 1908 Games, held in London in a newly-built sixty-six
thousand seater stadium, were the first where the events were organised by the relevant
authorities in each athletic discipline. More than two thousand athletes from twenty-two nations
competed in one hundred events. No Games were held in 1916 due to World War I, but the
Games enjoyed renewed growth after the war. At the 1928 Games in Amsterdam there were
more than two hundred women among the three thousand athletes, more than double the
number that took part in 1924. The Olympic Games were suspended again for twelve years
because of World War II, resuming in 1948 in London.
The post-war era saw gradual growth in the number of countries and athletes competing
with a dramatic increase in the number of women’s events. New sports were introduced and
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professional sportsmen and women were allowed to compete. Popularity for the Games spread
through all five continents and competition to hold the Games became intense, with countries
from each corner of the globe vying to be the next Olympic host.
Controversy has plagued the Olympic movement since the early 1970s with countries boycotting
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a number of Games for political reasons. However, over the last two decades, normality has
returned and the organisers of the 2012 London Olympics are looking forward to a successful
and memorable Olympic Games.
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428
Indicate your answers to the questions below by marking the box . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and indicate your new answer with a cross .
1 The Games were held for the first time in London in…
A 1896.
B 1908.
C 1948.
2 The first Olympic event was over approximately…
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A 200 metres.
B 400 metres.
C 1,500 metres.
3 The Games became popular outside Greece due to…
A Coroebus of Elis. m
O
B Alexander the Great.
C Emperor Theodosius.
4 The original Olympic Games came to an end as a result of…

am
A the conquests of Alexander the Great.

B the Roman occupation of Greece.
C World War I.
5 The Olympic movement has experienced difficulties in recent times due to…
dh
A intense competition.
B increasing costs.
C international politics.
A
TOTAL FOR READING = 40 MARKS

A
dh
am
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m
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429
430
10
Exercise 5
13 Your town has been chosen as the location for a large international event.
ar
Write an email to a friend telling them about this.
m
• explain why your town was chosen for the event
• describe what will happen at the event
•
O
suggest how you could both get tickets to watch the event.

m
used.
a
dh
A
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/M/J/22

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11
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a
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A
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[Total: 16]
432
12
Exercise 6
14 In class, you have been discussing whether the school day should start and finish later, because
many teenagers find it hard to get up early in the mornings.
I don’t want to have less free time after school.
I never go to bed before midnight, so I hate early mornings!
ar
m

O
used.
a m
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A
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13
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a
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A
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[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/M/J/22
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16
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Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/M/J/22

435
Cambridge IGCSE™
* 5 8 6 9 9 7 7 4 2 5 *
ar
2 hours
m
INSTRUCTIONS O
m
INFORMATION
a

dh
A
DC (LK/CB) 302973/2
436
2
Exercise 1
Read the article about deep natural holes in the ground containing water called ‘cenotes’, and then
answer the following questions.
Cenotes
Cenotes are deep water-filled holes, found in
places where the land consists of a soft rock called
limestone. They are formed when the surface rock
has collapsed to expose water underneath.
Cenotes are especially associated with the Yucatán,

a region of Central America mainly in Mexico. In
ar
fact, around 6000 of the estimated 12 000 cenotes
found worldwide are in the Yucatán. The 7000
cenotes located in Mexico as a whole mean it has
far more than any other country.
m
The word ‘cenote’ comes from a language spoken
by the Maya people, who have lived in the Yucatán for centuries, and can be translated as ‘location
with accessible groundwater’. Many Maya towns and villages were built near cenotes, because it
was possible to drink the water in them. Although there is still debate about the exact origin of the
region’s name, some think it may come from ‘land of the yucas’, after a local plant named the ‘yuca’.
O
Cenotes played a vital role in Maya culture. As well as providing life-giving water for their crops,
people sometimes threw valuable items into the water as they believed it was a way of communicating
with their ancestors.
Many cenotes in the Yucatán region are connected underground. Along the southern coast, they are
m
often linked via long, flooded cave systems. Those in the northern area tend not to fit this pattern:
most of them are completely separate from one another and are typically very deep.
Different types of cenote are named according to their shape. A ‘cylinder cenote’, for example, has
walls which go straight down into the water from the surface. Then there is a ‘jug cenote’, which has
a
a small hole in the ground leading to a much larger area of water below. A ‘basin cenote’, on the
other hand, is shallow and shaped rather like a pond.
dh
The Maya have always relied on the fish that live in cenotes for food. A typical sea or lake fish is
silver, a colour which helps it hide from bigger fish that may want to eat it. In cenotes, however, which
are often very dark, being silver is not an advantage, and transparent skin is common. In many
cenotes, most creatures have very poor eyesight, as excellent vision is of little use in the darkness.
In recent years, divers have explored many cenotes and the caves linked to them. They have found
evidence of wildlife that lived in the region thousands or even millions of years ago. While they are
A
hopeful of one day finding the remains of a dinosaur, the bones of a creature which look like those of
a modern-day elephant were recently discovered at a depth of 57 metres.
Cenotes were used by the Maya for bathing, but nowadays they are more popular for leisure
purposes, particularly with tourists. Cenotes also attract divers, both professional and amateur. As
a rule, divers who want to explore the open water areas of cenotes must ensure that natural light
is visible to them when they’re underwater. Those wishing to explore the cave systems that extend
from cenotes must use a safety line and make sure they always dive with a partner.
Although most cenotes are found in Mexico, there are also interesting examples in other countries
such as Belize and the USA. The former has one called the Great Blue Hole, which in contrast to the
majority of cenotes, is located in the sea rather than on land. In the latter, one named Lazy Lagoon is
notable for its huge size but is actually made up of three separate cenotes.
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

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3
1 How many cenotes are there in the Yucatán?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
2 What does ‘cenote’ mean in the language of the Maya people?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
3 Which part of the Yucatán contains cenotes which are generally not joined together?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
ar
4 What kind of cenote has a narrow opening above a wider pool of water?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
m
5 What are the typical features of the fish found in many cenotes? Give two details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
O
.................................................................................................................................................... [2]
6 Which animal’s skeleton is similar to the one found by cenote divers?

m
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
7 What equipment should divers have when diving in caves connected to cenotes?
a
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
dh
8 What is unusual about one cenote in Belize?
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
A
9 How was the water in cenotes important to the Maya people? Give four details.
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 13]

438
4
Exercise 2
Read the article about four people (A–D) who recently learned to drive. Then answer Question 10(a)–(j).
Learning to drive
Four young people share their experiences of learning to drive.
A Mohammed
I qualified to drive a month ago. To be honest, I had to be persuaded to start taking lessons. I live
in a big city where the public transport’s great, so I couldn’t see much point in being able to drive.
I’m glad my friends convinced me, though, as it’s given me more freedom. I booked twelve lessons
with the person who’d taught my older sister to drive. She was great, but even by the twelfth lesson,
ar
I still hadn’t got used to the size of her car. It wasn’t as if I had an accident: it just felt as though it
was designed for someone much shorter than me. My instructor noticed that one week I’d be full of
confidence while I was driving, and the next I’d be as nervous as I was in my first lesson. My college
course was pretty stressful at various points while I was learning, so maybe that showed in the way
I handled the car.
m
B Jing
I felt very nervous the first time I climbed into my driving instructor’s car. It looked so shiny and
expensive! I remember thinking, ‘please don’t let me damage it!’ It all worked out fine, thankfully.
O
My instructor couldn’t believe that I’d never driven before, because I seemed to pick up everything
he was teaching me straight away. I must admit, I was just as astonished as he was. My parents
were worried about how often I’d want to borrow their car after I got my full driving licence, so they
said they’d get me one of my own. It was incredibly kind of them, but it made me rush things and
take my driving test a bit too soon. I passed, but I should have developed my skills further by doing
a few additional sessions with my instructor. It would have been far more beneficial than trying to
m
understand my dad’s complicated explanations when I ask him about things I’m not sure of.
C Serge
a
There was no question about whether I’d learn to drive or not. You have to be seventeen where I
live, and I’d talk about it all the time before I was even old enough to start. I felt jealous when I saw
friends whose seventeenth birthdays were before mine out with a driving instructor. When my turn
dh
came, I felt like I knew what I was doing, even as I got into the instructor’s car for the first lesson.
I was expecting to be able to do everything perfectly within four or five lessons, but of course that
never happened. My dad reassured me that it takes time to be able to do things automatically, so I
should just relax and enjoy it, which really helped. I’d love to have got a car as soon as I qualified,
but my parents have promised that I can use theirs, more or less when I want, until I’ve saved up
enough for my own.
A
D Francesca
I was really keen to learn to drive, so started as soon as I possibly could. After an uncertain start,
I soon developed confidence, but my instructor couldn’t understand why I was so impatient during
lessons. Whenever I made a mistake, I’d get angry and blame her, even though I knew she hadn’t
actually done anything wrong, and it was me that was at fault. After narrowly missing another vehicle
when I was out with her one day, I finally had to admit what the problem was. I’ve always been
competitive, so it was the thought of being the first of my group of friends to have a full driving
licence that was the motivation behind me rushing so much. The instructor suggested having two
lessons per week instead of one, to finish the course in half the time. Although my mum and dad
were initially against taking her advice, they agreed once they realised it didn’t mean paying for
additional lessons, so I managed to achieve my ambition!
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

439
5
Which person …
(a) was unhappy with their driving instructor’s vehicle? .......... [1]
(b) was determined to pass the test more quickly than other people? .......... [1]
(c) received some useful advice from a family member? .......... [1]
(d) was promised a car when they qualified to drive? .......... [1]
ar
(e) almost had an accident during a driving lesson? .......... [1]
m
(f) wishes they’d had more lessons with their instructor? .......... [1]
(g) was initially unsure whether they wanted to learn to drive?

O .......... [1]
(h) was confident when they started learning to drive? .......... [1]
(i) suggests how well they drove during lessons depended on their mood? .......... [1]
m
(j) was surprised by how quickly they learned new skills? .......... [1]
[Total: 10]
a
dh
A

440
6
Exercise 3
Read the article about the famous American inventor, Thomas Edison, and then complete the notes.
Thomas Edison
Thomas Edison, the great American businessman and inventor, came from modest beginnings to
become one of the world’s best-known inventors.
Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Ohio, USA, the youngest of seven children. His father was
involved in politics, while his mother was a talented schoolteacher and a major influence in Edison’s
early life.
ar
In 1854, Edison’s family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. Thomas attended school for only 12 weeks.
He was unable to stay still for more than a few minutes in the classroom, and as a result of this was
described as ‘difficult’ by his schoolteacher.
His mother decided he should learn at home instead. Although he was easily distracted from
m
whatever he was doing, once he was free from the limitations of the school environment, Edison
developed his own way of learning independently that would help him throughout his life.
At the age of 12, Edison convinced his parents to let him sell magazines at stations along a
nearby railway line. Seeing his customers’ dissatisfaction with how out-of-date many of the stories
O
were, Edison began publishing his own small newspaper, which became a hit with passengers
because it was so up-to-date. This was the first of many business projects where Edison saw a need
and took advantage of the opportunity.
When he was 15, Edison started working as a telegrapher. This involved using an early electronic
m
device called a telegraph to send messages across long distances. However, his real love in life
was experimenting and inventing things, so he spent much of his free time doing this. Edison’s
first commercially successful invention came from working with people whose job involved buying
and selling things on international markets. They used machines which reported the prices on
international markets. Edison noticed how poorly they worked, so he developed an improved stock
a
ticker, as the devices were known, selling the design for $40 000. This enabled him to quit his job
and spend all of his time inventing.
dh
In 1877, after realising there was money to be made from it, Edison invented a machine for recording
sound: the phonograph. While not commercially successful for another decade, it brought him
worldwide fame.
Edison is famous for a range of inventions, although not all of them can be attributed to him. He was
aware of the potential that developments in science and engineering at that time had for transforming
A
people’s lives, so he designed the first reliable light bulb. However, Edison realised that they would
never sell in the quantities he hoped for if there were no businesses to provide power for people’s
homes. Therefore, in 1880, he set up a company to deliver electricity.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the motor car was in its early stages of development. As its
popularity began to grow, Edison spotted that cars would benefit from a way of starting that didn’t
involve having to push them or turn a heavy handle, as was the case with early designs. His solution
was a car battery, which was used to self-start the first mass-produced car, the Ford Model T. His
model was used extensively in vehicles for many years.
Edison died on October 18, 1931, leaving behind a long list of useful inventions for future generations.
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

441
7
You are going to give a talk about Thomas Edison to your class at school. Prepare some notes to use
as the basis for your talk.
11 Details of Edison’s education:
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [4]
ar
12 Examples of what Edison created:
m
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• ...............................................................................................................................................
O
• ...............................................................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................................................... [5]
m
[Total: 9]
a
dh
A

442
Leave
blank
ar
m
O
m a
dh
A
A
dh
a m
O
m
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443
444
Leave
blank
1-4
ar
3
m
4
O
m
Part 3
(Total 15 marks)
a
TOTAL FOR READING: 40 MARKS

dh
A
A
dh
a m
O
m
ar
445
446
10
Exercise 5
14 You have been attending an after-school club for several weeks.
ar
Write an email to a friend about the after-school club.
• explain how you found out about the club
m
• describe what you usually do in club meetings
• suggest improvements you would like to see at the club.

O
m
used.
a
dh
A
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

447
11
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ar
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A
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[Total: 16]
448
12
Exercise 6
15 In your class, you have been talking about whether being a professional athlete is an easy job.
Your teacher has asked you to write an article about it.
There’s a lot of pressure on They get to do a job

them to win. they love.
ar
m

O
used.
a m
dh
A
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

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13
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ar
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m
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a
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dh
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A
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..........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................
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..........................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22
450
16
BLANK PAGE
ar
m
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a m
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A
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2022 0510/21/O/N/22

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English As a second language

Reading and Writing

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/01

No additional materials are needed.

● The total mark for this paper is 60.

This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 [Turn over

All about living stone plants

depth, as most of the plant is located under the ground.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

What is each plant’s pair of leaves known as?

Give three details.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

For each statement, write the correct letter A, B, C or D on the line.

Which person gives the following information?

(b) a recommendation for a good source of inspiration .......... [1]

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

It creates a comfortable space to live in while maintaining a healthy environment.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

Make short notes under each heading.

Disadvantages of tiny homes:

Example: too small to suit everyone

Reasons why tiny homes are popular:

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

A They are unaware that such a career exists.

B They seem unsure that the occupation is worthwhile.

C They are keen to share their own experiences of city wildlife.

What does Josh say influenced his choice of career?

B his family’s love of the natural world

A they were happy to share knowledge with him.

B they helped him to gain some confidence.

C they worked together well as part of a group.

What does ‘it’ refer to in line 26?

A taking on the role of technician

B having a fairly low salary

C improving the techniques you’ve been taught

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

Josh suggests that his job suits

A people who have a lot of patience.

B people who enjoy being physically active.

C people who prefer working with technology.

What was Josh’s main reason for writing this blog?

B to offer an account of his personal experiences

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24 [Turn over

Write an email to a friend about the problem.

• explain why you bought the item

• say what you are going to do about it.

Write about 120 to 160 words. O

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

Here are some comments from students in your class:

It was a chance to meet

O I learned a lot about

We spent too much time

Write about 120 to 160 words.

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 0510/01/SP/24

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in dark blue or black pen.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

For Examiner's Use

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 0510/01

© Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2021 [Turn over

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