CHAPTER 1:

STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND TYPES OF CELLS

Lecture 3:
CELL THEORY,
STRUCTURES, & FUNCTIONS

“Discover the magic of the microscopic world…”

Prepared by:
SIR JAYSON L. LUMAGAS
 Are you
fascinated with
the wonders of
our Mother
Nature and life?
3
 Are you fond of studying plants
or animals?

4
 Do you enjoy watching shows about
different organisms?

5
 Have you ever wondered how our organ
systems interact with one another?

6
 Let us explore and unravel
the magnificent world of
Biology, the study of life.

7
 LECTURE 3:
CELL THEORY, STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners:
1. explain the postulates of the cell theory
(STEM-BIO11/12 -Ia-c-1); and
2. describe the structure and function of major
and subcellular organelles (STEM-BIO11/12 -
8
Ia-c-2).
 LECTURE 3:
CELL THEORY, STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to:
1. explain the postulates of the cell theory;
2. compare and contrast the structural components and
functions of bacterial, plant and animal cells;
3. recognize the importance of the perfect harmony and
coordination of the different cellular organelles in maintaining
life; and
4. construct a 3-D model of a plant/animal/bacterial cell using
9 recyclable materials
 1. Have you ever
wondered how cells
were discovered and
how they govern the
mechanisms of our
day-to-day
activities?
10
 THINK ABOUT IT!

One brick has no significant ...but bricks, when combined

11 purpose... together, become useful.
 THINK ABOUT IT!

Similar to bricks, cells, when combined together, perform

12
functions necessary for life.
 Different scientists
paved the way to
propose theories
about cells, the
structural and
functional unit of
life.
13
 PARAÑAQUE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL - MAIN
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2023 - 2024

CHAPTER 1:
STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND TYPES OF CELLS

Lecture 3.1:
CELL THEORY
Prepared by:
Sir Jayson L. Lumagas
 CELL SIZE
At 0.1 to 5.0 μm
in diameter,
prokaryotic
cells are
significantly
smaller than
eukaryotic
cells, which
have diameters
ranging from 10
to 100 μm.
15 RELATIVE SIZE OF ATOMS TO HUMANS
 2. Why are cells
so small? Does
their small size
have something
to do with their
function?
16
Geometric relationships between
surface area and volume In this diagram, cells are
represented as boxes.

Using arbitrary units of

length, we can calculate the
cell’s surface area (in square
units, or units2), volume (in
cubic units, or units3), and
ratio of
surface area to volume.

A high surface-to-volume ratio

facilitates the
exchange of materials
between a cell and its
environment.

17 Smaller size has higher surface area to volume ratio

 Geometric relationships between surface area
and volume
The formula for
the surface area
of a sphere is
4πr2, while the
formula for its
volume is
4πr3/3.

18 Smaller size has higher surface area to volume ratio

 Geometric relationships between surface area
and volume As the radius of a
cell increases, its
surface area
increases as the
square of its
radius, but its
volume increases
as the cube of its
radius (much more
rapidly).
19 Smaller size has higher surface area to volume ratio
1. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huKUJsqik2I&t=4s

20
 AS A CELL INCREASES IN SIZE
❑ Its volume increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
❑ Since the surface of the cell is what allows the entry of
oxygen, large cells cannot get as much oxygen as they would
need to support themselves.
❑ As animals increase in size they require specialized organs
that effectively increase the surface area available for
exchange processes.
❑ If the volume is getting very big, then the ratio of volume to
surface area will be getting very small.

21
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CELL THEORY (HIGHLIGHTS)

02

01 Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann

0
03
3
Rudolf Virchow
 THE INVENTION OF MICROSCOPE
(16TH CENTURY)

▸ The invention of microscope led to the discovery of

23 the cells.
 THE INVENTION OF
MICROSCOPE
(1597) Hans Janssen and
his son, Zacharias Janssen
❖ Two Dutch lens makers
who invented the first
compound microscope
when they put two of
their lenses together in
24 a tube.
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
(1665) Robert Hooke
❖ English scientist and
mechanical genius who
discovered and came up with
the name “cells” from Latin
term “cella” meaning “a small
room” while looking through a
very simple microscope at a
piece of cork.
❖ The English Father of
25 Microscopy.
 CELL HISTORY
(1665) Robert Hooke
❖ The cork (which was
made of dead oak tree
tissues) reminded him
of the small rooms that
the monks lived in at the
monasteries.
❖ Described in his book,
Dead plant cells
Microphagia
26
 CELL HISTORY
(1668) Francesco Redi
❖ Disproved the
spontaneous
generation theory.
❖ Demonstrating that
maggots come from
eggs of flies
❖ Known as the Father of
27
Modern Parasitology
 CELL HISTORY
(1683) Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
❖ Dutch maker of microscopes who
observed some of the first living
cells under a simple (1 lens)
microscope.
❖ He named these small or tiny
organisms “animalcules”
❖ He made pioneering discoveries on
protozoa, red blood cells, capillary
systems, and the life cycle of insects.
❖ Known as the Father of Microbiology
28
 CELL HISTORY
(1833) Robert Brown
❖ Scottish botanist
best known for his
descriptions of
cell nuclei

29
 CELL THEORY
(1838) Matthias Jakob
Schleiden
❖ German botanist,
cofounder (with
Theodor Schwann) of
the cell theory.
❖ Proposed that all
plants are composed
30 of cells.
 CELL THEORY
(1839) Theodor Schwann
❖ German physician and
physiologist.
❖ His most significant contribution
to biology is considered to be the
extension of cell theory to animals.
❖ Other contribution:
Discovery of Schwann cells in
the peripheral nervous system,
pepsin, organic nature of yeast, and
the invention of the term
"metabolism".
31
 CELL THEORY
(1855) Rudolf Virchow
❖ German pathologist and
statesman
❖ He pioneered the modern concept
of pathological processes by his
application of the cell theory to
explain the effects of disease in
the organs and tissues of the
body.
❖ He emphasized that diseases
arose, not in organs or tissues in
general, but primarily in their
32
individual cells.
 UNIFIED CELL THEORY
1. The cell is the fundamental
By the late 1830’s unit of structure and
botanist function in living things.
Matthias Schleiden
and zoologist 2. All living things are
Theodor Schwann composed of cells.
proposed the 3. Cells come only from pre-
Unified Cell Theory. existing cells.
33
 LIGHT MICROSCOPE
▸ The microscopes first used by
Renaissance scientists, as well as the
microscopes you are likely to use in the
laboratory.
▸ Visible light is passed through the
specimen and then through glass
lenses.
Magnification is the ability to make small
objects seem larger, such as making a
microscopic organism visible.
Resolution is the ability to distinguish two
objects from each other, a measure of the
clarity of the image; a measure of clarity
34
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
▸ Introduced in the 1950s
▸ Modern electron microscopes
which now have greater
magnifying power and
greater resolution
▸ Can magnify objects up to The scanning electron microscope
500 000 times their actual (SEM) is especially useful for detailed
study of the topography of a specimen
size
The transmission electron
▸ Focuses beam of electrons microscope (TEM) is used to study
through the specimen or the internal structure of cells

35
onto its surface.
 HUMAN CHEEK CELLS UNDER MICROSCOPE, 2020 (Low Power Objective and High Power Objective)
36
USES OF CELL THEORY
● Disease / Health Medical Research and
Cures (AIDS, Cancer, Vaccines, Cloning,
Stem Cell Research etc.)
● With the help of cell theory we will be
able know how cancer spreads, how
various diseases are managed and
cured.
● Able to understand how organisms are
created, grow, and die.
LECTURE 3.2:
CELL STRUCTURES
AND FUNCTIONS
ProkaryoticandEukaryoticCells
Distinguishing Features of ProkaryoticfromEukaryoticcells.

The discovery and development of

microscopes helped establish the idea that
all living organisms are made up of cells.
 IDENTIFY ME!

39
 LET’S CHECK IT! --- BACTERIAL CELL

40
 LET’S CHECK IT!
ANIMAL CELL

41
 LET’S CHECK IT! --- PLANT CELL

42
 CELL
The fundamental unit of
structure and function
in all living organisms.

Cell Biology or Cytology

is the study of cells.
43
 Differentiate
Prokaryotic cells
from
Eukaryotic cells.
44
 TYPES OF CELL
1. PROKARYOTES 2. EUKARYOTES

BACTERIAL CELLS ANIMAL CELL FUNGAL CELLS

PLANT CELL

Prokaryotes are single-celled

organisms and do not have a Eukaryotes can be either single-celled or
nucleus. multi-celled and contain a nucleus.
 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE
• Eukarya: Contain a membrane-bound nucleus
(includes plants, animals, protists and fungi)
• Eubacteria: Lack a nucleus and consist of the
traditional or 'true' bacteria (e.g. most pathogenic
forms, E.coli, S. aureus, etc.)
• Archaea: Lack a nucleus and consist of the
extremophiles or 'ancient' bacteria (e.g.
46
methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles)
 3 DOMAINS OF LIFE

47 http://www.old-ib.bioninja.com.au/options/option-f-microbes-and-biote/f1-diversity-of-microbes.html
 6 KINGDOMS OF LIFE

48
SCITRIVIA: Why are protists not considered plants?
❖ They perform photosynthesis to produce sugar by using carbon dioxide and water, and
the energy from sunlight, just like plants. Unlike plants, however, plant-like protists do
not have true stems, roots, or leaves.
❖ Protists can be unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular (many-celled).
❖ Protists all the eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants or fungi.

Examples of edible algae (seaweeds)

49
 Paramecium (animal-like protist) under microscope
50
MOLD VS. MILDEW (Examples of Fungi)

❖ Mold and mildew are types of fungi.

❖ Mold is black or green, and mildew is gray
or white.
❖ Mold tends to grows on food, whereas
mildew is an issue on damp surfaces, like
bathroom walls, basement walls, or
fabrics.
❖ Mold grows in the form of multicellular
filaments or hyphae, while mildew has
flat growth.
❖ Mildew is often referred to as a kind of
mold (or mold in its early stages), and is
classified as powdery and downy.

EXAMPLES OF FUNGI
51
MOLD VS. MILDEW (Examples of Fungi)

EXAMPLES OF FUNGI
52
MOLD VS. MILDEW (In Bathroom)

53
DOWNY MILDEW IN PLANTS

EXAMPLES OF FUNGI
54
 3 MAIN PARTS OF
THE CELL
▸ ALL CELLS have three
main cell parts in
common:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm (cytosol +
organelles)
3. DNA (Found in
55 Nucleus)
▸ Organisms are
composed of cells, and
these cells have
specific structures
within them to carry
out their functions.
▸ An organelle is a
subcellular structure
that has one or more
specific jobs to
perform in the cell.

PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

56
ORGA
ORGANELLES
ORGANELLES are macromolecules within the cells which are specialized to
perform specific functions.

MEMBRANE-BOUND NON MEMBRANE-

ORGANELLES BOUND ORGANELLES

• are surrounded by a permeable • do not have a membrane since

membrane which allows organelles
within the cells to control what
enters and leaves it
e.g. nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum,
Golgi bodies, vacuole, chloroplasts
these organelles do not need
to control what enters and
leaves it
e.g. ribosomes and centrioles
2. Bacteria Cell Structure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DYgGA9jdlE
 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A BACTERIAL CELL
59
 BACTERIAL CELL
1. Capsule – a sticky outer layer
that provides protection.
2. Cell wall – a structure that
confers rigidity and shape of
the cell.
3. Cell or Plasma Membrane – a
structure that serves as a
permeability barrier.
4. Plasmid – extra chromosomal
DNA
5. Nucleoid - a DNA-containing
60
region within the cytoplasm
 BACTERIAL CELL
6. Cytoplasm – the region where
chromosomes (DNA),
ribosomes, and various
inclusions are found
7. Ribosome – the site where
protein is synthesized
8. Pilus – a hair-like appendage
that functions in adhesion
9. Flagellum – facilitates
movement of bacteria
61
3. Biology: Cell Structure https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
 How do you know which one is animal cell
and which one is a plant cell?

What are the things that distinguished

them from each other?
ONION SKIN CELLS AND HUMAN CHEEK CELLS
63
64
WHAT STRUCTURE IS THIS?
 ANIMAL CELL
1. Cell membrane “Primary
barrier”
Description:
❖ Thin and flexible barrier
consists of double layer
(bilayer) of phospholipids
with various proteins
attached or embedded
in it.
65
 ANIMAL CELL
1. Cell membrane “Primary barrier”
Functions:
❖ It allows food to enter the cell
and wastes to exit it.
❖ It is semi-permeable ("semi"
means some or partial, and
"permeable" means to pass
through) which means certain
substances readily pass
through it such as water,
alcohol and small lipids while
66 some substances do not.
67
PHOSPHOLIPIDS ARE AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULES
68
AMPHIPATHIC MOLECULES HAVE BOTH HYDROPHILIC & HYDROPHOBIC GROUPS
 ANIMAL CELL
2. Nucleus “control center of the cell”
Description:
❖ A spherical –shaped double
membrane organelle that is
present in every eukaryotic cell.
❖ The structure includes:
A. Nuclear membrane
B. Chromosomes
C. Nucleoplasm
D. Nucleolus
E. Nuclear pore
69 ❖ Largest organelle in animal cell
 ANIMAL CELL
2.Nucleus “Control
center of the cell”
Functions:
❖ Contains the cell’s
genetic material and
control the cell’s
activities.

70
 ANIMAL CELL
2. Nucleus “control center
of the cell”
Nucleolus: small dense
region inside the nucleus
where assembly of
ribosomes begins.
Nuclear envelope: double-
membrane layer with
nuclear pores to allow
passage of materials in and
71
out of the nucleus.
 ANIMAL CELL
2. Nucleus “control center
of the cell”
Nucleoplasm: a suspending
substance for the
organelles within a
nucleus.

Additionally, it aids in
maintaining the structure
and shape of a nucleus.
72
 ANIMAL CELL
2. Nucleus “Control center of the cell”
DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid; the
genetic material that contains the
hereditary information of organisms.
Chromatin: VISIBLE granular material
within the nucleus with consists of
DNA bound to protein.
Chromatid: one of the two identical
halves of a chromosome that has been
replicated in preparation for cell
division.
Chromosomes: CONDENSED form of
73 chromatin during cellular division.
 THE NUCLEUS AND ITS ENVELOPE
74
 ANIMAL CELL
3. Cytoskeleton
“Support & Motility”
Description:
❖ A network of protein
filaments or fibres
that is present in
the cytoplasm of all
75
cells.
 ANIMAL CELL
3. Cytoskeleton “Support &
Motility”
❖ Made of 3 protein filaments
A. Microtubules
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microfilaments
❖ 3 main functions:
1. mechanical support
2. anchor organelles
76 3. help move substances
77
 ANIMAL CELL
4. Ribosomes “Protein factories”
❖ Description: Small particles
made of RNA (Ribonucleic
acid) and protein that
converts genetic code into
chains of amino acids.
❖ Known as a ribonucleoprotein
❖ It is composed of two
subunits – smaller and larger.
78
 ANIMAL CELL
4. Ribosomes “Protein factories”
Description:
❖ Small particles made of RNA
(Ribonucleic acid) and protein
that converts genetic code
into chains of amino acids.
❖ Known as a ribonucleoprotein
❖ It is composed of two
subunits – smaller and larger.
79
 ANIMAL CELL
4. Ribosomes “Protein
factories”
Description:
❖ It is located in two areas of
cytoplasm.
❖ Scattered in the cytoplasm.
❖ Prokaryotes have 70S
ribosomes while eukaryotes
have 80S ribosomes.
80
 ANIMAL CELL
4. Ribosomes “Protein
factories”
Description:
❖ Around 62% of ribosomes
are comprised of RNA, while
the rest is proteins.
❖ The structure of free and
bound ribosomes is similar
and is associated with
81 protein synthesis.
 ANIMAL CELL
4. Ribosomes “Protein
factories”
Functions:
❖ Site of protein synthesis.
❖ It assembles amino acids to form
proteins that are essential to carry
out cellular functions.
❖ The proteins synthesized in the
cytoplasm are utilized in the
cytoplasm itself, the proteins
synthesized by bound ribosomes are
82 transported outside the cell.
 ANIMAL CELL
5. Golgi Apparatus “Receiving
and shipping center of the
cell”
Description:
❖ Composed of stacks of
flattened structures that
contain numerous vesicles
containing secretory granules
❖ Appears as a complex array of
interconnecting tubules,
83
vesicles, and cisternae.
 ANIMAL CELL
5. Golgi Apparatus “Receiving and
shipping center of the cell”
❖ Stack of membrane-bound
sacs and are responsible for
the modification of proteins
received from the ER
❖ Attaches carbohydrates and
lipids to proteins
❖ From Camillo Golgi, Italian
physician and scientist, who
discovered it.
84
 ANIMAL CELL
5. Golgi Apparatus “Receiving and
shipping center of the cell”
❖ Discovered in the year 1898
by an Italian biologist Camillo
Golgi.
Functions:
❖ Responsible for transporting,
modifying, and packaging
proteins and lipids into
vesicles for delivery to
targeted destinations
85
 THE GOLGI APPARATUS
86
87
 ANIMAL CELL
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Biosynthetic factory”
Description:
❖ A continuous membrane-
bound organelle that
forms a network of
interconnected sacs
called cisterna (plural:
cisternae)
88
 ANIMAL CELL
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Biosynthetic factory”
Rough ER
❖ Part of the endoplasmic
reticulum where proteins are
synthesized.
❖ In the pancreas and digestive
tract, proteins in the form of
enzymes break down food.
Without these enzymes,
digestion is almost impossible.
89
 ANIMAL CELL
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Biosynthetic factory”
Smooth ER
❖ Produces lipids such as
phospholipids and cholesterol
❖ Phospholipids make up the bi-
lipid layer of cell membrane;
❖ Cholesterol regulates the cell
membrane’s fluidity
❖ SER also detoxifies harmful
substances in the cell.
90
91
RELATIOSHIPS AMONG ORGANELLES OF THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
 ANIMAL CELL
Endomembrane System
❖ Regulates protein traffic and
performs metabolic functions
in the cell such as:
A. synthesis of proteins,
B. transport of proteins into
membranes and organelles or
out of the cell,
C. metabolism and
D. movement of lipids, and
92 E. detoxification of poisons
 ANIMAL CELL
Endomembrane System
❖ Includes the nuclear
envelope, the
endoplasmic reticulum,
the Golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, various kinds
of vesicles and vacuoles,
and the plasma
membrane
93
 ANIMAL CELL
7. Lysosome “suicidal bag of the cell”
Descriptions:
❖ Membrane-bound subcellular
organelle, sphere-shaped sacs,
filled with hydrolytic enzymes that
have the capability to break down
many types of biomolecules
❖ Has a single membrane that
separates its internal environment
from the cytoplasm.
❖ The membrane is important for
maintaining the acidic pH required
for its enzymatic activity.
94
 ANIMAL CELL
7. Lysosome “suicidal bag of the cell”
❖ Coined by Christian de Duve,
a Belgian biologist, who
discovered it and ultimately
got a Nobel Prize in
Medicine or Physiology in
the year 1974.

95
 ANIMAL CELL
7. Lysosome “suicidal bag of the
cell”
Functions:
❖ Responsible for the digestion
of macromolecules, old cell
parts, and microorganisms by
engulfing it.
❖ Contain over 50 different
kinds of hydrolytic enzymes
including proteases, lipases,
nucleases, and
96
polysaccharidases.
 ANIMAL CELL
Why called as the suicidal bag of
the cell?
❖ Digestive enzymes may end
up damaging the lysosomes
themselves, and this can
cause the cell to die.
❖ This is termed as autolysis,
where “auto” means “self” and
“lysis” means “the
disintegration of the cell by
the destruction of its cell
97 membrane“.
 ANIMAL CELL
8. Lysosome “suicidal bag
of the cell”
❖ LYSOSOMES are actually
vesicles.
❖ Vesicles are membrane-
bound sacs that are
used to store or
transport substances
around the cell.
98
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Peroxisome
Description:
❖ Membrane-bound
organelle occurring in the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic
cells.
❖ Also called microbodies,
are about the size of
lysosomes (0.5–1.5 µm)
99 ❖ Contains catalase
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Peroxisome
Functions:
❖ Primarily involved in lipid
metabolism and the
conversion of reactive
oxygen species such as
hydrogen peroxide (H202)
into safer molecules like
water and oxygen.
100
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Peroxisome
Functions:
❖ In animal cells,
necessary for the
synthesis of bile salts.
❖ About 25% of the alcohol
we consume is oxidized
to acetaldehyde in these
organelles.
101
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Peroxisome
Functions:
❖ Their role in detoxifying
and oxidizing a number
of molecules, metabolic
byproducts and drugs
makes them a prominent
part of kidney and liver
cells.
102
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Vacuole
Descriptions:
❖ A membrane-bound
structure filled with a
watery fluid containing
various substances
found in the
cytoplasmic matrix of
103
a cell.
 ANIMAL CELL
9. Vacuole
Functions:
❖ Help in the storage and
disposal of various
substances.
❖ Can store food or other
nutrients required by a cell
to survive.
❖ Store waste products and
prevent the entire cell from
104 contamination.
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse of
the cell”
Descriptions:
❖ The term ‘mitochondrion’ is
derived from the Greek words
“mitos” and “chondrion” which
means “thread” and “granules-
like”, respectively.
❖ It was first described by a
German pathologist named
Richard Altmann in the year
105
1890.
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse of
the cell”
Descriptions:
❖ A double-membraned, rod-
shaped structure found in
both plant and animal cell.
❖ Its size ranges from 0.5 to 1.0
micrometre in diameter.
❖ Has an outer membrane, an
inner membrane, and a gel-like
material called the matrix.
106
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion
“Powerhouse of the cell”
Descriptions:
❖ Outer membrane serves
as covering;
❖ inner membrane is
folded many times to
create cristae (singular:
crista)
107
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse of
the cell”
Descriptions:
❖ The outer membrane and the
inner membrane are made of
proteins and phospholipid layers
separated by the intermembrane
space.
❖ The outer membrane covers the
surface of the mitochondrion and
has a large number of special
proteins known as porins.
108
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse
of the cell”
Main Function:
❖ The site of cellular
respiration, the metabolic
process that uses oxygen to
generate adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), by
extracting energy from
sugars, fats, and other fuels
109
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse of
the cell”
Functions:
❖ Regulates the metabolic activity
of the cell
❖ Promotes the growth of new cells
and cell multiplication
❖ Helps in detoxifying ammonia in
the liver cells
❖ Plays an important role
in apoptosis or programmed cell
110 death
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse
of the cell”
Functions:
❖ Responsible for building
certain parts of the blood and
various hormones like
testosterone and estrogen
❖ Helps in maintaining an
adequate concentration of
calcium ions within the
111 compartments of the cell
 ANIMAL CELL
10. Mitochondrion “Powerhouse
of the cell”
Functions:
❖ It is also involved in various
cellular activities like
cellular differentiation, cell
signaling, cell senescence,
controlling the cell cycle and
also in cell growth.
112
 ANIMAL CELL
11. Centrioles
Descriptions:
❖ An organelle, cylindrical in
shape, that is composed of a
protein called tubulin.
❖ All animal cells have two
centrioles.
❖ All the centrioles are formed
of 9 groups of microtubule
triplets organized in a
113
cylindrical shape.
 ANIMAL CELL

Centrioles
11.
Descriptions:
❖ Centrioles were
discovered by Boveri
and Edouard Van
Beneden in the animal
cells.
114
 ANIMAL CELL
11. Centrioles
Descriptions:
❖ The centrosome is made
up of two centrioles.
❖ Centrioles are the
microtubules that make
the centrosome.
❖ Centrosome produces
spindle fibres during cell
115 division.
 ANIMAL CELL
11. Centrioles
Descriptions:
❖ The centriole is only
found in animal cells and
in a few lower plants
such as Chlamydomonas.
❖ They are however absent
in all the higher plants.
116
 ANIMAL CELL
11. Centrioles
Functions:
❖ In spite of being devoid of
DNA, the centrioles are
capable of forming new
centrioles.
❖ They can be transformed
into basal bodies that give
rise to flagella and cilia.
117
 ANIMAL CELL

11. Centrioles
Functions:
❖ They help in cell division
by forming microtubule-
organizing centers
(MTOCs).
❖ Out of the two centrioles,
the distal centriole forms
118 the tail or axial filament.
 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL
119
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN PLANT CELLS
1. Cell wall
Descriptions:
❖ Outermost, rigid covering of
plant cells
❖ Non-living component,
covering the outmost layer of
a cell.
❖ Its composition varies
according to the organism
120 and is permeable in nature.
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN PLANT CELLS
1. Cell wall
Descriptions:
❖ Cell wall of plants contain
cellulose that gives the
cell its shape
❖ Cell wall of fungi contain
chitin
❖ Cell wall of bacteria
121 contain peptidoglycan
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN PLANT CELLS
1. Cell wall
Descriptions:
❖ The plant cell wall is generally
arranged in 3 layers and
composed of carbohydrates,
like pectin, cellulose,
hemicellulose
❖ The three major layers are:
1. Primary Cell Wall
2. The Middle Lamella
122 3. The Secondary Cell Wall
123
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN BACTERIAL CELLS
1. Cell wall
Descriptions & Functions:
❖ Prokaryotic organisms such as
bacteria also contain cell walls.
❖ Composed of large polymers
known as peptidoglycans
❖ Cell walls in prokaryotes serve
as a form of protection and
prevent lysis (bursting of the cell
and expulsion of cellular
124 contents).
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN BACTERIAL CELLS
1. Cell wall
Descriptions:
Structurally, prokaryotic cell
walls consist of two layers:
❖ An inner layer that is made
up of peptidoglycans
❖ An outer layer that is
composed of lipoproteins
and lipopolysaccharides
125
 PLANT CELL
2. Vacuole
Descriptions:
❖ “vacuole” means “empty
space”
❖ The membrane
surrounding the vacuole is
known as tonoplast.
❖ The components of the
vacuole, known as the cell
sap, differ from that of the
126 surrounding cytoplasm.
 PLANT CELL
Tonoplast
❖ The membrane enclosing
the large central vacuole,
also known as the vacuolar
membrane.
❖ It maintains the turgor
pressure of the cell.
❖ It controls the movement of
molecules between the
cytosol and sap.
127
 Turgor
pressure is
simply water
pressure
pushing on a
cell wall.
128
 PLANT CELL

Tonoplast
❖ It also stores useful
materials and digests
waste proteins and
organelles.
❖ Unique to plant cells
since animal cells do not
contain a central
vacuole.
129
 PLANT CELL
2. Vacuole
Descriptions:
❖ The vacuoles in plant
cells are larger than
those in the animal cells.
❖ The plant vacuoles
occupy more than 80% of
the volume of the cell.
❖ The vacuoles may be one
130 or more in number.
 Plant cells
HAVE NO
lysosomes.
They have
LYTIC
VACUOLES
instead.
131 PLANT CELLS
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN PLANT CELLS
3. Plastids
❖ They carry out the photosynthetic function
in plants.
❖ Include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and
leucoplasts

Chloroplasts: found in plants and algae, are

the sites of photosynthesis. These
organelles convert solar energy to chemical
energy by absorbing sunlight and using it to
drive the synthesis of organic compounds
such as sugars from carbon dioxide and
water.
132
 STRUCTURES FOUND
IN PLANT CELLS
3. Plastids
Description:
❖ Double-membrane organelles
which are found in the cells of
plants and algae.
Chloroplasts: found in plants and algae,
Functions: are the sites of photosynthesis.
These organelles convert solar
❖ Often contain pigments that are energy to chemical energy by absorbing
used in photosynthesis and sunlight and using it to drive the
different types of pigments that synthesis of organic compounds such as
sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
can change the color of the cell.
133
134 Chloroplast – the site for photosynthesis
 STRUCTURES FOUND IN
PLANT CELLS
4. Plasmodesmata “The Bridge
Between Plant Cells”
Description:
❖ Intercellular thin channel

organelles found only in

plant and algal cells that
allows them to
communicate.
135 Plasmodesma (Pl. Plasmodesmata) in plant cell
 STRUCTURES FOUND IN
PLANT CELLS
4. Plasmodesmata “The Bridge
Between Plant Cells”
Functions:
❖ play roles in both cellular
communication and in
molecule translocation for
tissue growth and
development
136 Plasmodesma (Pl. Plasmodesmata) in plant cell
 PARTS IN ANIMAL CELLS NOT IN PLANT CELLS; PARTS IN PLANT CELLS NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS
137
4. Plant vs. Animal Cells https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApvxVtBJxd0
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL
Plant and animal cells share common features but each also exhibits unique
characteristics.
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
• comparatively smaller in size • usually large in size
• often changes its shape (irregular shape) • cannot change its shape (fixed shape)
• does not have cell wall and chloroplasts • has cell wall and chloroplasts
• often contains many small vacuoles • mature plant cell contains large central
vacuole
• centrioles are practically present • centrioles are normally absent except for
lower plant forms
• lysosomes are always present in animal • Lysosomes are absent. They have lytic
cells vacuoles.
 LEGEND

always present in both

cells

always present in
plant cell

always present in
animal cell
 SCITRIVIA ABOUT CELLS
1. Cells are too small to be seen without
magnification.
2. Prokaryotic single-celled organisms are the
earliest and most primitive forms of life on
Earth.
3. Cells contains genetic material.
4. Cell contains structures called organelles
which carry out specific functions.
141
 SCITRIVIA ABOUT CELLS
5. There are more bacterial cells in the body
than human cells.
6. Different types of cells reproduce through
different methods.
7. Group of similar cells forms tissues.
8. Cells have varying life spans.
9. Cells commit suicide.
142
143 SCITRIVIA ABOUT CELLS
 Is a virus such as COVID-19 a living or non-living
thing?
❖ A virus is an infectious agent
that can only replicate within
a host organism.

❖ Viruses can infect a variety

of living organisms, including
bacteria, plants, and
animals.

❖ Viruses are so small that a

microscope is necessary to
visualize them, and they
have a very simple structure.

144
5. What is a Virus? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI
 THANK YOU
FOR ANY
LISTENING! QUESTIONS?

- END -
146
 Biology is the most powerful
technology ever created.
DNA is software, protein are
hardware, cells are factories.
- Arvind Gupta
Read more at https://www.brainyquote.com/topics/cells-quotes

147
 LECTURE 3 - SUPPLEMENTAL VIDEOS

1. Surface Area to Volume Ratio Explained

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huKUJsqik2I&t=4s
2. Bacteria Cell Structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DYgGA9jdlE
3. Biology: Cell Structure
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8
4. Plant vs. Animal Cells
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApvxVtBJxd0
5. What is a Virus?
148 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YS7vsBgWszI
 REFERENCES

❖ Evangelista, L.T. (2018). General Biology 1 for Senior High School. Quezon: C & E Publishing, Inc.
❖ Ayuste, T.D., & Oliva, M.D.G., (2017). General Biology 1. Makati: Diwa Learning Systems Inc.
❖ Fearnley, M.A., (2018). Biology 1 Senior High School. Quezon: Golden Cronica Publishing, Inc.
❖ Faltado, R.E., Paz de Leon, R.B., & Lopez, M.B., (2017). General Biology 1 for Senior High School. Quezon:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
❖ Avissar et al., (2016). General Biology (Philippine edition). Vibal Group
❖ General Biology 1 Revised Edition (2017). Valenzuela: Joes Publishing House, Inc.
❖ Evangelista E.V., Evangelista L.T., & Evangelista L.A. V., (2013). Worktext in General Zoology (Frog and
Human Bodies Compared). Quezon: C & E Publishing, Inc.
❖ Reece, J.B., et al, (2011). Campbell Biology Ninth Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
❖ Young, B., et. al., Wheater’s Functional Histology A Text and Colour Atlas, Fifth edition, Churchill
Livingstone.

149
 QUIZ TIME!
150