Cours Proba Stat L1 MI مدخل الى الإحتمالات والإحصاء الوصفي

lKA ¨lw Tbys TÀ
¨f}w ºAO³ ¤ ¯Amt³ Y d
: d
¨rJ dm •
A A¡ •
¨ ®¤ AyRA§C Y¤ Tns TblV Y ¢w

xrhf
5 ¨f}w ºAO³ 1
5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ºAO³ whf -1
6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¨¶AO³ rytm -2
7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T§C rkt ¤ d -3
12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AAyb |r -4
17 T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq 2

17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Äs XFw -1
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :¨Fdnh XFw -2
19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :¨q wt XFw -3
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :XyFw -4
21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : wnm -5
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Ay`r -6
24 tKt Hy§Aq 3
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :«dm -1
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :¨`yr «dm -2
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt -3
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ®t³ A` -4
27 ¨qywt ylt 4
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :d`l ¨FAF± dbm -1
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :¶ wq -2
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Aby rt -3
29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Aqywt -4
31 ¯Amt³ 5
31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : Ty¶ wK` Trt -1
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :©dylqt §r`t -2
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Amt² ¨bsn §r`t -3
35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amt² ¨h§db §r`t -4
35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Amt³ Amls ¶At {` -5
6- : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Tlqtsm w -7
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :z§A wA ¤ ¨lk Amt³ -8
2
xrhf
42 1 C Thwm Am± TlslF 6
77 2013/2014 Ä ¨F ds At 16
79 2014/2015 Ä ¨F ds At 17
3
Tdq
,Tywwyb ,Ty¶A§zyf r¡ w\ lt ¨mk ryb`tl Tysy¶r ± ºAO³ rbt`§
.TyAmt¯ ¤ T§ AOt¯
H§Cd b} ,T§d Aywwnktl F w CAKt¯ bs AAyb ¶Ah kl r\¤
¨ zym TAk t§ ¨RA§r ¤ ¨¯dtF¯ ,¨qybWt ,¨f}w :¢¤r ltm ºAO³
TÀt ºAO³ Ayn ¨ kt ©C¤rS A¤ .§wkt r lt
, AOt¯ ,Aywwyb ,ºA§zyf ,AyRA§r ¯A ¨ b ¤ TF Cd Ayl` C wV±
... TyFAys wl` ,Amt¯ l ,CAt
AyRA§C Y¤ Tns TblW ¯Amt³ ¤ ¨f}w ºAO³ Y ®d TwbWm £@¡ dq
AW dAs §CAm ¤ Tl x¤Cd yd .d§d Arbl Aq¤ ¨ ®¤
.xAyqm hf Tnyt dA Ast Yl
4
¨f}w ºAO³
ºAO³ whf
m ºAO³ l th§ .T`F w AqybWt Ð TAh AyRA§r ¤r d w¡ (La Statistique) ºAO³
d AK Yl lt ¯¤A ,rwtm AAyb Twm AAtntF A§ ¤ ym ¤ Pyl ¤
Y ºA§zyf wl` ¯A YtJ ¨ T`F ¤ TyqybW Tym¡ Ð ¢l`§ @¡ .A¡dAb ¤ AAyb HA
.1 Am± ¤ TFAys ¨ C¤ `l§ Am ,TyAs³ Yt¤ TyAmt¯ wl`
T§ d` AAyb ¨¡¤ ºAO³ l ¨ dts ¨t Ty¤± Am (Les Statistiques) Ay¶AO³ rbt`
®m ,T¤d ¨ y` AW ¤ ªAK w ( TyAy wFC ¤ ¤ d ¨ ) Tm\nm ¤ A wRwm Tql`tm
.Ä` yl`t Ay¶AO ,TyCA CAt Ay¶AO , Aks Ay¶AO :wq
(Statistique Inférentielle) ¨¯dtF¯ ºAO³ (Statistique Descriptive) ¨f}w ºAO³ kK§
.ºAO³ l ¨ms
dtFA ¾Aym AAy Twmm Tysy¶r P¶AO }w ¶ rV Twm w¡ ¨f}w ºAO³
AhfynO ¤ Ahmy\n ¤ AAyb Twm }¤ Y dh§ ¨f}w ºAO³ .TyAyb AWWm ¤ ¤ d
Ty¶AO³ Hy§Aqm As¤ TyAy AkJ ¤ ¤ d Cw} ¨ TR ¤ Tq§rW AhRr¤ AhOyl ¤
.2 A mt ¨ (r ¤) A ryt }w Tfltm
¤ ¨¶AO³ mtm Tny @ ® AAyb m ¨¡ Ty¶AO Tylm © ¨ Y¤± wW
TlslF) z Crkt Tylm T\® §rV ¤ ,Tr ¨ A TA`m AAtF¯ ys ®
.¨f}w ºAO³ dtFA Tylym ¤ TymC A}® R¤ ,(TynE
§r`
¢yl ©r ©@ ¨¶AO³ mtm §wkt ¨FAF± rOn` ¨¡ :(Unité statistique)Ty¶AO³ dw
A§ A A·yJ wk dw... ,Zw , AV ,Tl¶A ,PJ A§wy A·yJ wk d ¨h ,Tn§A`m ¤ TF Cd
d , @¡ Y TAR³A ...Tysfn TA A§wn` A·yJ wk d¤ Amk...,Tbl ,CAyF ,TsF¥
.r ¤ y·yJ t Tbr wk d¤ d ¤ º¨J wkt TWys dw wk
§r`
¤ Ty¶AO³ AhO¶AO r` d§r ¨t r}An` Twm w¡ :(Population)¨¶AO³ mtm

TfO ¨ Ahny Amy rtK ¨t ¤ Tn§A`m ¤ TF Cd Ahyl C¤d ¨t Ty¶AO³ dw wm
.AsF¥m mt ,rF± mt ,TblW mt : ,Ab Amt¡ TyFAF±
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/ºAO1
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/¨f}wþºAO2
5
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
l§ @ ,Tlyts AAy¤ Tb`} TF Cd wk A AbA A mt Yl Ty¶AO Ts TF C dn
Y w}wl AhtF C ¤ d¡AKm yst wq§ y x¤Cdm mtm Tny CAyt Y ¨¶AO³
.¢lAk mtm P§ C r
Tny` Ty¶AO rW Ah rtF t§ ¨¶AO³ mtm ºz ¨¡ :(Échantillon) Ty¶AO³ Tny`
AbF° mtm d TF Cd ¨ Ahyl Amt¯ t§¤ ,ym s ¨¶AO³ mtml Tlm wk Yt
:TyAt
.mtm rb •
.Am ¤ dh ¤ wl AC •
. dwl Aflt ¤ A§Ð¥ wk§ d Pf •
:A
Annkm§ ¯ ,AbOm rm XFwt Tr` Y }wl A`m d ¨ Ttnm yAOm CAytA wq Adn
d§ ©@ C rq Y w}wl yAOm Tny §rt ¨ftk k¤ Ttnm yAOm TA §r
.tnm AbOm rm XFwt
mtml TF Cd Tw`} ¤ TAtF¯ mtm ¯d Tny` TF Cd wq A AbA An ^® bF Am
mtm @h l`t§ C r Y w}w ¤ ,mtm A ¥bnt Y Tny` TF C © ¥ y ¢lAk
:Ahn r@ w Any` ¤ .dy kK Tny` CAyt § Aqy C rq @¡ wk§ ¨k¤ .¨¶AO³
Hf ¢ rm mtm rf ym Ahy ¨W` ¨t Tny` ¨¡ :TWysb Ty¶ wK` Tny` •
Qrf TA ¤ rµ {`b r rfm {`b Amt¡¯ d ¨n`§ @¡¤ ,CAyt¯ ¨ T}rf
AAWb d rS Ð q km§¤ ,Tny` ¨ Cwh\l rf A T·Aktm
rf rf m§ AmC TAW Yl tk§w(º¨J ¤ ¤ Ew ¤ wl ¨) ThAKtm
dn ( dy AhWl d`) AAWb £@¡ wlWm dþþþþþþþ` s¤ þþþþþþþþþþþmtm
.Ty¶ wK Tq§rW A¡CAyt ¨t rfm An ¨W` Ahyl Tlsm AC±
HAtA Ot rfm Awm wkt§ mtm A Ð :TyqbW Tny` •
mtm @h Ak³ Cdq Tlm wk Tny @ r§¤ ,Tfltm Awmm y §AbtA¤ Twm
,AqbWA r` As Y mtm ysqt Ð¤ ,Tny` ¨ Tlm Awmm £@¡ wk d®
.mtm AqbV k Tny` ym mS @¤ TqbV Ty¶ wK Tny @¥
As± £@¡ {` CAytA db TsAt As wkt§ mtm A Ð : rm d`t Tny` •
A¡CAyt ¨t As± s TWys Ty¶ wK Tny CAt (Y¤ Tlrm) Ay¶ wK
¨t As± s TWys Ty¶ wK Tny CAyt Y r± At§ d¤ (TyA Tlrm)
d`t TnyÀ r` Tq§rW £@h A¡CAyt ¨t Tny` ¤ ,... @k¡¤ TyA Tlrm ¨ A¡CAyt
. rm
¨¶AO³ rytm
§r`
kK ¨t Ty¶AO³ dw k rtKm rOn` w¡ (Variable statistique) ¨¶AO³ rytm
..... ,At³ ,¨ml` y¡t «wts ,s ,wW : ,¨¶AO³ mtm
6
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
:yms Y Ty¶AO³ rytm sqn

sqn ¨t ¤ ,AhFAy km§ ¯ ¨t rytm l ¨¡ :(Variables qualitatives) Tyfy ryt .1
:yms Y A¡C¤d
....,¨ml` y¡t «wts :(Variables ordinales) y rtl TlA Tyfy ryt •
TA ,Hn ,Tysn : (Variables nominales) TymF , y rtl TlA ry Tyfy ryt •
...., wl ,Tyl¶A`
r ¨¡¤ ,AhFAy km§ ¨t rytm l ¨¡ :(Variables quantitatives) Tym ryt .2
Y A¡C¤d sqn Tymk rytm ¤ ,AC± T ¨¡ ºAO³ T ± ¯Am`tF ¤ CAKt rytm
:yms
¯ Ty} Amy @ ¨t rytm l ¨¡ : (Variables discrètes) T`Wqn Tym ryt •
.....Ttnm CAy W d ,d w rF± ¨ AfV± d ,Aht¶z km§
yq @ ¨t rytm l ¨¡ : (Variables continues) rmts Tym ryt •
¯A Y TF Cd A sq yq £@h ¨¡Antm ry d`l r\¤ ,TF Cd Am Tnkmm
....., Ew ,s ,wW A ,A·f Yms Ty¶z
‫املتغير اإلحصائي‬
‫كمي‬ ‫كيفي‬
‫منفصل‬ ‫متصل‬ ‫اسمي‬ ‫ترتيبي‬
‫الوزن‬ ‫اللون‬
‫ األطفال‬ ‫عدد‬
‫املساحة‬ ‫املهنة‬ ‫التقدير‬
‫ السيارات‬ ‫عدد‬
‫العمر‬ ‫اجلنس‬ ‫املؤهل العلمي‬
Ty¶AO³ rytm : 1 kJ
T§C rkt ¤ d

An¡ @ .Tb r ry wk A AbA T`mm Ty¶AO³ AyW`m ^® Tny` r¡AZ TF C dn
S kK r¡A\ l TF C Annkm§ d§d kK AhRr¤ AAyb £@¡ y rt wq Tny` rV
.Ahlyl ¤ AAyb l º rqtF ® TwlWm ¶Atnl w}w ¤
7
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
AFAyq £@¡ y r Annkm§ @¶dn ,Tny` r¡A\ (AAybA- d¡AKm ) AFAyq Twm An§d ky
.TF¤Cdm r¡A\ TR ¤ rk ºAW³ ¤d @¡ Y T`§rF r\ ¨fk y ¤d mR AhRr¤
: rfnm yq TA

:TyAt r}An` Yl TWysb ¢ Cw} ¨ ©wt§ ¤d CAb w¡
x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm A¡@§ km§ ¨t yq lt ¨ mt ¤ :¨¶AO³ rytm y •
¤d ¨ rWs Y ryK§ i ¤ xi zrA Ah zr¤ ¤± wm` ¨ rh\ ¤ A§dAO Aby r Tb r
.i = 1, 2, . . . , p y
.ni zrA ¢ zr¤ Tmyq Hf Ahy Crkt ¨t rm d m§ w¡¤ :lWm C rkt •
yq C rkt
x1 n1
x1 n2
.. ..
. .
xp np
wmm N
(Wqtm ) Ofnm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 1 ¤d
:¨bsn C rkt
§r`
Yl Wqtm ¨¶AO³ rytm y Tmy k lWm C rkt Tms }A w¡ ¨bsn C rkt
ni
fi = : C rkt wm
N
: T\®
p
X
. ni = N Tny` xAq ©¤As§ Am¶ ni C rkt wm •
i=1
p
X
. fi = 1 ©¤As§ Am¶ fi C rkt wm •
i=1
:A·f TA
T· Y ¨mtn ¨t yq d d§ ¤ A· Yl AhEwy Ty¤± AAyb Pl§ ¤d CAb wþ¡
.T·f C rk d` @¡ Yms§ ¤
8
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
A·f xi ni fi
[ e0 , e1 [ x1 n1 f1
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
[ ei−1 , ei [ xi ni fi
.. .. .. ..
. . . .
[ ek−1 , ek [ xk nk fk
wmm N 1
(rmtsm ) Otm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 2 ¤d
:A
:rtmtnsA Cdq ,wW s TblW Twm §Ew m§ Ät ¨¶AO³ ¤d
A·f xi ni fi
[ 150, 160 [ 155 4 0.04
[ 160, 170 [ 165 21 0.21
[ 170, 180 [ 175 39 0.39
[ 180, 190 [ 185 28 0.28
[ 190, 200 [ 195 8 0.08
wmm 100 1
TblW wV : 3 ¤d
§Ewt ¤d¤ dAO ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d Am¡¤ T§C rkt §Ewt ¤ d r Aw An¡
.Tm rtm ¤ T`mm T§C rkt A`§Ewt ¤ d AS§ Yd ¨t ¤ EAn ©C rkt
:dAO mtm C rkt

A·f ¤ yq C rk wm ¢y AS T· ¤ Tmy T§ C rk CAb w¡¤ Nj ↑ zrA ¢ zr§
mtm C rkt , n1 C rkt CAb w¡ Y¤± T·f ¤ Tmyql dAO mtm C rkt y .TqAs
.N ©¤As§ ry± T·f ¤ Tmyql dAO mtm C rkt n1 + n2 w¡ TyA T·f ¤ Tmyql dAO
:As AnA ¨ Tnybm AAybl dAO mm ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d ¨l§ Amy
A·f ni Nj ↑
[ 150, 160 [ 4 4
[ 160, 170 [ 21 25
[ 170, 180 [ 39 64
[ 180, 190 [ 28 92
[ 190, 200 [ 8 100
wmm 100
dAO mtm ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d : 4 ¤d
:EAn mtm C rkt

.TqAs A·f ¤ yq C rk wm ¢n ¤rW ¨lk C rkt CAb w¡¤ Nj ↓ zrA ¢ zr§
EAn mtm C rkt , N ¨lk C rkt CAb w¡ Y¤± T·f ¤ Tmyql EAn mtm C rkt y
9
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
¤ Tmyq C rk ©¤As§ ry± T·f ¤ Tmyql EAn mtm C rkt N − n1 w¡ TyA T·f ¤ Tmyql
.ry± T·f
A·f ni Nj ↓
[ 150, 160 [ 4 100
[ 160, 170 [ 21 96
[ 170, 180 [ 39 75
[ 180, 190 [ 28 36
[ 190, 200 [ 8 8
wmm 100
: T\®
:T·f wV •
A r d¯ k¤ ©C rkt ¤d ¨ A·f d ¤ T·f wV yy`t d dA dw ¯
ry} A·f d ÄtA¤ ryb T·f wV wk§ ¯ .1
ryb A·f d ÄtA¤ ry} T·f wV wk§ ¯ .2
:TyAt T®` s A·f d` Tyb§rq Tmy ¨W`§ Sturges wA
k ' 1 + 3.222 × log10 N
:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAytA Ð d` wq

Y ± d
e0 := xmin − 0.025 (xmax − xmin )
Yl± d
ek := xmax + 0.025 (xmax − xmin )
:A·f wV
ek − e0
a := .
k
N ≤ 10 10 < N < 35 35 ≤ N < 70 70 ≤ N < 90 90 ≤ N < 150 150 ≤ N < 300 300 ≤ N < 620
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
.N T¯d A·f d : 5 ¤d

:TyAt T®` s A·f d` Tyb§rq Tmy ¨W`§ Yule wA
√
4
k ' 2.5 × N
:A
:w§ 15 ® C r AC Rw TyAt AAyb
12, 22, 16, 18, 18, 19, 14, 21, 19, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21, 12
.¨bsn C rkt s ¤ ©C rk ¤d kJ ¨ AAyb |r
10
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
Règle de Sturges
10
8
6
k
4
2
0 200 400 600 800 1000
y k A·f d d :Y¤± wW •

k ' 1 + 3.222 × log10 N = 1 + 3.222 × log10 15 = 4.789 ' 5.
:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAt :TyA wW •

Y ± d
e0 := xmin − 0.025 (xmax − xmin ) = 12 − 0.025(22 − 12) = 11.75
Yl± d
ek := xmax + 0.025 (xmax − xmin ) = 22 + 0.025(22 − 10) = 22.25
y T·f wV s : TA wW •

ek − e0 22.25 − 11.75
a := = = 2.1
k 5
¤d wk : T` r wW •

A·f ni fi
[ 11.75, 13.85 [ 3 0.2
[ 13.85, 15.95 [ 2 0.13
[ 15.95, 18.05 [ 5 0.33
[ 18.05, 20.15 [ 2 0.13
[ 20.15, 22.25 [ 3 0.2
wmm 15 1
: T\®
d dA dw ¯ ¨l§ Am C rkt §d`t wq T§¤Ast ry A·f wV A Ð
( amplitude de référence) r zrA ¢ zr ¨`r T· wV CAt .1
©¤As§ wk§ A •
1
Tlsls ¨ T· wV r} ¤ •
.A·f wV y (PGCD) rb± rtKm FAq ¤ •
11
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
r T¯d T· wV rb` .2

ai
ai = ra0i ⇐⇒ a0i = .
r
:TyAt T®` s ¢O ¤ C rkt d` .3
ni ni
n0i = 0 = × r.
ai ai
. wnm As¤ Ty wnm T·f d§d dn ¤ ©C rkt Cdm FC dn Xq C rkt §d`t wq
AAyb |r
A¡zymt Ð¤ ,AAyb Pyl ¤ }¤ ¨ ¾A dtF Ty¶AO³ rW r TyAyb AwFr rbt`
Am Tysy¶r P¶AO CAhZ T§C rkt A`§Ewt Äyb ymt dyf§ .wRw ¤ Twhs ¤ TVAsbA
y r@ .«r Y rt A §Ew Ah ryt§ ¨t Tq§rW ¤ r¡A\ ¨ ryyt TÀt dAs§
: ®ymt £@¡
Tybsn r¶ d
r¶ d TAsm Ð ym kmy º z d Y sq wm CAb wwm AAyb A Ð
:¨ ± wn Yl ltm º z± Ahn TAs FAnt AAW d Y r¶ d ysq ty
y` rW On r¶ Fr :¾±¤ •
:T A`m dtFA AW T§¤ E d :¾AyA •
ni
αi = × 360 = fi × 360 = AWq T§¤ E .
N
:A
:¨l§ Am ¶Atn Ak ,T§¯w AkF Tny` T§wd rz ºAO T§r¶ z A§¯w «d ¨
T§wd rz A B AB O
QAJ± d 219 123 78 240
αi 119 43 67 131
12
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
AB
Tybsn r¶ d : 2 kJ
:TyAyb dm±
rytml d¡AKm m Ah AAf C ¤ ©¤Ast FAn mF Ð Ah dA TyFC ®yWts CAb
.TF Cd ¨¶AO³
200
150
100
50
0
A AB B O
dm± XW : 3 kJ
©C rkt Cdm
§Ewt ¢yRw ¤ ¢tVAsb AAyb yl ¨ ryhK ¤ ± w¡ (Histogramme ) ©C rkt Cdm
¨qyq AAyb §Ew w Tr`m ©C rkt Cdm Fr db Ty¶AO³ yAt ryk ¤ .AAyb
.(Distribution Normale ) ¨`ybW §Ewt T¤r`m A`§Ewt {`
®yWtsm wm ©w§ Äy kJ CAb w¡ ©C rkt Cdm , T§¤Astm A·f TA ¨
: ¨l§ Am ¢mFC t§ ¤ ,A·f C rk Ahts FAnt
,C rkt m§ ¨FC Ä ¤ A·f m§ ¨q Am¡d §dA`t §Cw Yl ©C rkt Cdm Fr
Am A·f £@¡ C rk CAb Ah AAf C ¤ ,T·f wV Ah dA A·f Yl Tq}®t ®yWts Fr¤
13
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
.3 ¤d ¨ Tnybm AAybl ©C rkt Cdm m§ ©@ ¤ Ät kK ¨
Histogramme
40
30
20
10
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
Classes
©C rkt Cdm : 4 kJ
:©C rkt lSm

¨ ¢rJ C¤ A ,C rkt m§ ¨Fr ¤ A·f m§ ¨q± ,§Cw Yl « C rkt lSm Fr§
Yl Xq d ¤ TWq S C rkt m§ ¢Af C yWts FC ¯d¤ ,©C rkt Cdm FC Tq§rV
wk y C rkt Äb ªAqn FC Crk§¤ . T·f Otn dn Ð¤ T·f £@h C rkt m§ Af C
ytWq yqts X O Ð d`¤ .Ah AfOtn Ð¤ A·f l C rkt Tlm Ah AAf C
.©C rkt lSm Yl On y C¤At
Histogramme
40
30
20
10
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
Classes
©C rkt lSm : 5 kJ
:dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

Rw ¤ dAO T`mtm C rkt m§ ¨Fr ¤ A·f m§ ¨q± §dA`t §Cw Yl Fr§
.dAO mtm C rktl ¾®m Af C¯ wk§ y A·fl Ayd ¤d Yl ªAqn
14
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
100
80
60
40
20
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
Classes
dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 6 kJ
:EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

¨Fr ¤ A·f m§ ¨q± ,dAO mtm Ynnml TbsnA A §dA`t §Cw Yl Fr§
¾®m Af C¯ wk§ y A·fl Ayd ¤d Yl ªAqn Rw ¤ TEAn T`mtm C rkt m§
.EAn mtm C rktl
100
80
60
40
20
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 7 kJ
: T\®
.XyFw Yms TWq ¨ EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm ¤ dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm VAqt§
15
¨f}w ºAO³ .1
100
80
60
40
20
0
150 160 170 180 190 200
Classes
EAn ¤ dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm VAq : 8 kJ
16
T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq
¢y Ewt ©@ «dm ¨ y w mt ¯A ryb d T§C rkt A`§Ewt \` ¨ d
. T§zrm Tzn r¡A\ £@¡ Yms .Tny` y w @n ¯A ryb d © ,AAyb
.AAyb Twmm ,§Ewt zrm Rw rb`§ © d xAy © w¡ T§zrm Tzn xAyq
Äs XFw
Ahmysq ¤ d¡AKm wmm XFwtm ¤ (Moyenne arithmétique) Äs XFw Yl O
.N Yl
C rk ¤d rfm yq TA .1
N
x1 + x2 + · · · + xN 1 X
x := = xi .
N N
i=1
C rkt rfm yq TA ¨ .2

p
n1 x1 + n2 x2 + ... + np xp 1 X
x= = ni xi .
n1 + n2 + ... + np N
i=1
A·f TA ¨ .3
k
n1 × x1 + n2 × x2 + · · · + nk × xk 1 X
x := = ni xi .
N N
i=1
.A·f z r m x1 , . . . , xk y
:A
:©¤As§ 6, 9, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql Äs XFw •
2+7+3+9+6 27
x := = = 5.4
5 5
:©¤As§ 100, 9, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql Äs XFw •

2 + 7 + 3 + 9 + 100 121
x := = = 24.2
5 5
Tyq dy` Tmyq £@¡ rbt` ¤ d ¤ Tmy ry bs Äs XFw ¨ rybk ryt ^®
.ÐAK TmyqA r Äs XFw © Ahn ÐAJ © yq
17
T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq .2
:3 ¤d ¨ Äs XFw As •
A·f xi ni fi ni xi
[ 150, 160 [ 155 4 0.04 620
[ 160, 170 [ 165 21 0.21 3465
[ 170, 180 [ 175 39 0.39 6825
[ 180, 190 [ 185 28 0.28 5180
[ 190, 200 [ 195 8 0.08 1560
wmm 100 1 17650
:©¤As§ Äs XFw

k
1 X 4 × 155 + 21 × 165 + 39 × 175 + 28 × 185 + 8 × 195 17650
x := ni xi = = = 176.5.
N 100 100
i=1
Äs XFw Q w
.A dtF A¡r ¤ T§zrm Tzn H§Aq ¡ Äs XFw rbt`§
£@¡ ¨ ¢yl dmt`§ ® ¤ AhAO EAn§ ¤ rbk ¤ rO ¨ TrWtm yqA rt§ .1
¯A
T§ db ¤ T§Ahn ¨ Twtf rt Ð T§C rkt ¤ d TA ¨ £ A§ km§ ¯ .2
AW`m yq ym ¢As ¨ d§ ¤ T§rb Aylm`l A .3
T¤d` AhWFwt dn yq A r wm .4
N
X
(xi − x) = 0.
i=1
© A r¯ A`r wm r} Äs XFw AAyb A r A`r wm .5
. c «r TWq
N
X N
X
(xi − x)2 < (xi − c)2 .
i=1 i=1
.Tyl}¯ Tmyql TtA Tmy (Tms rR rV) TAR TA ¨ Ahsf yqA Äs XFw rt§ .6
ax + b = ax + b.
:¨Fdnh XFw
Tbwm yq Twmm (Moyenne géométrique) ¨Fdnh XFw
" p
#1
Y N
xG = xni i .
i=1
18
t§CAw kJ Yl wAq §w km§¤

"
p
#1
Y N
ln xG = ln  xni i 
i=1
p
!
1 Y
= ln xni i
N
i=1
p
1 X
= ln (xni i )
N
i=1
p
1 X
= ni ln xi .
N
i=1
¢n¤
p
( )
1 X
xG = exp ni ln xi
N
i=1
.xG = 0 ¤d` ¨Fdnh XFw T¤d` rytm y «d A Ð
:¨q wt XFw

:Ät kKA (Moyenne harmonique) ¨q wt XFw §r` km§
§r`
.¨¶AO³ rytm y wlqm Äs XFw CAb w¡ ¨q wt XFw wlq
N
xH = p .
X ni
xi
i=1
.TA £@¡ ¨ r` ry ¨q wt XFw T¤d` rytm y «d A Ð
: T\®
x > xG > xH
:A
.x, xG , xH s .2, 4, 6, 8 :TyAt yq rbt`
2+4+6+8
x= = 5.
√ 4
xG = 4 2 × 4 × 6 × 8 = 4.42
4
xH = = 3.84.
1 1 1 1
+ + +
2 4 6 8
19
:XyFw
. ¾AyEAn ¤ ¾A§dAO Ahby r d` §¤Ast yms Y yq §Ew sq ¨t Tmyq ¨¡ (Médiane) XyFw
: rfnm yq TA ¨ XyFw As

A¾Ìy¤E AAyb d A Ð ¤ Otnm ¨ ¨t d¡AKm w¡ XyFw wk§ A¾Ì§ r AAyb d A Ð
.Otnm ¨ ytl y d¡AKm XFwt w¡ XyFw
þ XyFw CAb YW` @¶dn © r N .1
Me := x( N +1 )
2
þ XyFw CAb YW` @¶dn ¨¤E N .2

x( N ) + x( N +1)
2 2
Me :=
2
:A
:¨l§ Am wq 6, 9, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql XyFw As •
.2, 3, 6, 7, 9 : y rt À
N +1 5+1
. = =3 ¨¡ XyFw Tb C ¢n¤ © r N ,N = 5 ,XyFw Tb C Á
2 2
XyFw Â
Me := x( N +1 ) = x( 5+1 ) = x(3) = 6.
2 2
©¤As§ 6, 100, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql XyFw •

Me := x( N +1 ) = x( 5+1 ) = x(3) = 6.
2 2
.100 ÐAK TmyqA rt§ XyFw ^®
:A·f TA ¨ XyFw As

wW bt XyFw As .A· kK ¤d kJ Yl Ty¶AO³ Tlsls wk TA £@¡ ¨
: TyAt
dAO T`mtm C rkt ¤d wk .1
N
© r ¤ ¨¤E N A Ð Am r\n { ¨¡ ¤ XyFw Tb C s .2
2
N
TyWFw T·f Yms ¤ r ¤ dAO mtm A¡C rk ¨t T·f y` .3
2
TyWFw T·f b dAO mtm C rk @ ¤ TyWFw T·f wV ¤ C rk d .4
Ät wAq m`ts .5
N
− Ni−1
Me := ei−1 + 2 × ai
ni
y
TyWFw T·fl Y ± d ei−1
TyWFw b T·fl dAO mtm C rkt Ni−1
TyWFw T·f C rk ni
TyWFw T·f wV ai
20
:A
:4 ¤d ¨ Am dAO mtm ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d kK 3 ¤d ¨ XyFw As
A·f ni Nj ↑
[ 150, 160 [ 4 4
[ 160, 170 [ 21 25
[ 170, 180 [ 39 64
[ 180, 190 [ 28 92
[ 190, 200 [ 8 100
wmm 100
N
Am XyFw s .[ 170, 180 [ T·f ¨¡ TyWyFw T·f Ð ,50 = = XyFw Tb C ,N = 100 An§d
2
:¨l§
N
− Ni−1 50 − 25
Me := ei−1 + 2 × ai = 170 + × 10 = 176.41.
ni 39
: wnm
rytm TA ¨ Yt ¢ dtF km§¤ AwyJ r± ¤ C rk r± Tmyq ¢ (Mode) wnm r`§
. ¨fyk ¨¶AO³
: rfnm yq TA ¨ wnm As

.C rk r¯ Tmyq w¡ wnm rfn y An§d A Ð
:A·f TA ¨ wnm As

: wnm As TyAt wW bt An T§¤Ast A·f wV A Ð
C rk rb Aq ¨t T·f ¨¡ ¤ :Ty wnm T·f d§d •
: wnm As •
∆1
Mo := ei−1 + × ai
∆1 + ∆ 2
y
ei−1 := Ty wnm T·fl Y ± d
∆1 := ni − ni−1
∆2 := ni − ni+1
ni := Ty wnm T·f C rk
ni−1 := TqAs T·f C rk
ni+1 := Tq® T·f C rk
ai := Ty wnm T·f wV
21
:A
:3 ¤d ¨ wnm As
A·f ni
[ 150, 160 [ 4
[ 160, 170 [ 21
[ 170, 180 [ 39
[ 180, 190 [ 28
[ 190, 200 [ 8
wmm 100
.[ 170, 180 [ :© Tlsls ¨ C rk r± T·f ¨¡ :Ty wnm T·f

: wnm
∆1 (39 − 21)
Mo := ei−1 + × ai = 170 + × 10 = 176.21.
∆1 + ∆2 (39 − 21) + (39 − 28)
: T\®
TAs wk Yt TqlWm C rkt yO d ¯ T§¤Ast ry A·f wV A Ð •
.Ah wm C rkt FAnt ©C rkt Cdm ¨ ®yWtsm
.Xq ©C rkt Cdm FC ¤ wnm As ¨ TOm C rkt dts •
.AAybl wn dw§ ¯ ¢ T§¤Ast TqlWm C rkt A Ð •
.r ¤ y wn AAybl wk§ d •
:Ay`r
Twm A Ð .T§¤Ast As T`C Y AAyb sq ¨t AFAyq ¨¡¤ (Les quartiles) Ay`r
C dn (¢by r ) ¢lsls wk§ ©@ xAyq Y ± yrA wd @¶dn ,A§dAO Tb rm AFAyq
¢lsls wk§ ©@ xAyq Ð Yl± yrA wd Am ,AAyb 25% ¢lb q§ ©@ © AFAyq
wk§ ©@ xAyq wh Ä yr A .AAyb 75% ¢lb q§ ©@ © AFAyq AC T® dn
Ä yr d As §r`t .AAyb 50% ¢lb q§ ©@ © ,AAyb Otn dn ¢lsls
, Q1 EwrA Yl± ¤ Ä ¤ Y ± ® AC° A zr§ .Me AhWyF¤ ©¤As§ AAyb Twmm
:Ät kKA Ð yRw km§¤ , y rt Yl Q3 , Q2
x(1) , . . . . . . , Q1 , . . . . . . , Q2 , . . . . . . , Q3 , . . . . . . , x(N )
| {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
25% 25% 25% 25%
| {z }
50%
| {z }
75%
3n + 1 n+1
Yl± yr Tb C wk Amny wk Y ± yr Tb C ,A§ r AFAyq d A Ð
4 4
2n + 1
bq§¤ Ay¤E AFAyq d Ahy wk§ ¨t TA ¨¤ . ¢tb C wkt Ä yr ¤ XyFw A
4
.yC y rt yq wm § d` XFwt As Yl± ¤ Y ± A`yr As t§ 4 Yl Tmsq
22
:TyAt A®` A·f TA ¨ Q3 ¤ Q1 As t§

N
− Ni−1 ↑
Q1 := ei−1 + 4 × ai .
ni
3N
− Ni−1 ↑
Q3 := ei−1 + 4 × ai .
ni
.AhwV ¤ A¡C rk ,yr T·f Y ± d m ai ¤ ni ,ei−1 y
:T` r T·f ¨¡ Yl± yr T· ¤ TyA T·f ¨¡ Y ± yr T· ^® 4 ¤d
A·f ni Nj ↑
[ 150, 160 [ 4 4
[ 160, 170 [ 21 25
[ 170, 180 [ 39 64
[ 180, 190 [ 28 92
[ 190, 200 [ 8 100
wmm 100
: ÄtA¤
25 − 4
Q1 = 160 + × 10 = 170.
21
¤
75 − 64
Q3 = 180 + × 10 = 183.93.
28
23
tKt Hy§Aq
A`§Ewt y ACAqm º r ¤ AAyb }w A¡dw ¨fk ¯ T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq
y r¡AZ y TCAq º r dn` , AAyb HA d ¤ HA «d rk AnyW` ¯ Ah± , T§C rkt
± ry lt y r¡A\ ¨ AAyb CAKt d Ð C ¤ , Äs AmhWF¤ «¤Ast§ km§
, {`b AhS` AAyb dAb «d rk AnyW` «r Hy§Aq d¤ @h .TsAt ry AAyb
. tKt Hy§Aqm Hy§Aqm £@¡ Yms
:«dm
§r`
(Tlslsl) Tmy r}-Tmy rb : (Étendu) «dm

E := xmax − xmin .
:A
.E = 40 − 12 = 28 w¡ 23, 34, 33, 12, 40 yq Twmm «dm
:¨`yr «dm
§r`
rk AnyW`§¤ ,¤± yr ¤ A yr y rf w¡ (Intervalle interquartile) ¨`yr «dm
.Xq Tmyq TWFwt AAyb d O ¢y rKtn ©@ Am
IQ := Q3 − Q1 .
Tbl` XW
Me
◦ ◦ ◦
Q1 Q3
IQ
24
tKt Hy§Aq .3
:©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt

XFwt wd .ºAO³ A ¨ Am`tF¯ ry w¡¤ tKt Hy§Aq ¡ (La Variance) §Abt rbt`§
.§AbtA x Äs XFw d¡AKm yql T`rm A r¯
p p
2 n1 (x1 − x)2 + n2 (x2 − x)2 + ... + np (xp − x)2 1 X 2 1 X
VX := σX = = ni (xi − x) = ni xi 2 − x2 .
n1 + n2 + ... + np N N
i=1 i=1
:© §Abtl ¨`yrt C@ ©¤As§ (Écart-type) ©CAy`m r¯

p
σX = VX
d ®m .Äs XFwtm Tmy ¤ Ay d` XFwt ¢ ¢f}¤ km§ ©CAy`m r¯
.rµ rb wk§ Am¡d± ©CAy`m r¯ k¤ yq ytwmm Äs XFw «¤Ast§
.Y¤± r Äs XFw yq Ahy d`tb TyA Twmm ¨n`§ @¡
: T\®
.TqAs ¯ A`m ¨ A·f z rm |w` An rmts ¨¶AO³ rytm A Ð •
: An§d (b ∈ R ¤ a ∈ R∗ ) y yi = axi + b •
.σX 0 = |a|σX ¤ VX 0 = a2 VX
:A
:rtmtnsA Cdq ,wW s TblW Twm §Ew m§ Ät ¨¶AO³ ¤d
A·f ni xi fi ni x2i
[ 150, 160 [ 4 155 0.04 96100
[ 160, 170 [ 21 165 0.21 571725
[ 170, 180 [ 39 175 0.39 1194375
[ 180, 190 [ 28 185 0.28 958300
[ 190, 200 [ 8 195 0.08 304200
wmm 100 1 3124700
¨l§ Am §Abt s

k
2 1 X 3124700
VX := σX = ni xi 2 − x2 = − (176.5)2 = 94.75.
N 100
i=1
√ ©CAy`m r³
σX = 94.75 = 9.73.
®t³ A`
yb ©CAy`m r¯ y y TCAqm Äs XFw ¨ AtCAqt AtA An§d wk§ Adn
XFw ryk rb ytA «d³ Äs XFw A Ð ÐA k¤ . ry r ytA © An
.ryt «d rb` wk ¯ ©CAy`m r¯ TCAq TA £@¡ ¨ ?«r± TAl Äs
25
tKt Hy§Aq .3
XFwl ©CAy`m r¯ Tbs r w¡¤ (Coefficient de variation) ®t¯ A` dts @
.Äs
σX
CV := × 100.
x
Tlsls HA Yl ry} A Ð¤ Ty¶AO³ Tlsls §Ab Yl ryb ®t¯ A` A Ð
.Ty¶AO³
.TsAt ÂÄd Ty¶AO³ Tlsls ,CV < 5% A Ð À
.TsAt Ty¶AO³ Tlsls ,20% ¤ 5% y ®t¯ A` A Ð Á
?k km§ ¯ ,60% ¤ 20% y ®t¯ A` A Ð Â
.TsAt ry Ty¶AO³ Tlsls , CV > 80% A Ð Ã
: T\®
¨ ytflt ytwmm ¢ dtF km§ ÄtA¤ ¨l}± rytm d¤ Yl dmt`§ ¯ ®t³ A`
. dw
26
¨qywt ylt
As Y TA rh\ rm d Yl ©wt ¨t ¤ TyAmt¯ Ty¶ wK` CAt ry ¨
.AkA Trt ºAS As «r CAb` ¤ Trt w TA d` ¤
TlA Twm Ah wq¤ ,¨htn A¡r}An d A Ð Tyhtn Twm Ah Twm wq
Twm r}An A¡r}An TlAq km§ ©) A¡r}An Äd Ak³A¤ Tyhtn ry Twm A Ð d`l
ry Twm Ah wq An d`l TlA ry¤ Tyhtn ry Twm A Ð A .(Ty`ybW d±
.Tyhtn
£@¡ dh .«r± ¨¡ Tyhtn TlykK Ahn kK d§r ¤ Tyhtn Twm An§d dw ¢rbt`
S ¨t y wq ¤ TlykKt £@¡ T`ybV Tr` Anyl § @ ¤ ®ykKt £@¡ d As w¡ TF Cd
.Ah
:A
Am 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 :TyAt T¤r`m AC± m`ts An wh AC ykK A C Ð
r lt§ 027720033 :¨f Ah r ± y rt A r w¤ CAtm r C rk Annkm§
.C rkt Hfn ¤ AC± Hf ylkK yyf Ah ymr C 027723300 :¨f Ah
:d`l ¨FAF± dbm

n2 þ A¡¦ r km§ «r Tylm Tylm` £@¡ l Ð¤ ,Tflt Tq§rV n1 þ A Tylm º r k Ð
l Ð¤ ... @k¡¤ ,Tflt Tq§rV n3 þ A¡¦ r km§ TA Tylm TyA Tylm` l Ð¤ ,Tflt Tq§rV
Aylm` £@¡ º r km§ ¨t rW d ,Tflt Tq§rV nk þ A¡¦ r km§ «r Tylm Tylm`
: rS }A w¡ y rt Yl Ah
n1 × · · · × nk
:¶ wq
.rOn n Ð Twm An§d dw ¢ rbt`
§r`
rOn k Ð (Disposition) TlykK ,rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð (Liste) Tm¶A ¨ms

.Ahby r ªrtK§ ¤ r}An` C rkt Ahy ms§ rOn n Ð Twm Ðw
27
¨qywt ylt .4
:T\®
.¾Awms C rkt A Tm¶Aq r}An d rb Twmm r}An d wk§ ªrtK§ ¯
.nk :w¡ rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð ¶ wq d
: Ð rOn k Ð Tm¶A Ahn kK d§r ,rOn n Ð Twm An§d dw ¢ rbt`
:An§d
.1 C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n •
.2 C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n ¤ •
..
.
.k C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n ¤ •
.|n × n{z× . . . n} = nk :w¡ ¶ wq d Ð
Ak
:Aby rt
.Tfltm r}An` Ðwm ¤ r}An` Twmm y rt d As w¡ wlWm A Ð
Yl QAJ± y r wm ¤ rm Yl Tfltm r}An` y r «r CAb`¤
.¨F rk
§r`
Ðw rOn k Ð TlykK ,rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð (Arrangement) Tby r ¨ms

.Ahby r ªrtK§ k r}An` C rkt Ahy ms§ ¯ rOn n Ð Twm
n!
.Akn = d` w¡ rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð Aby rt d
(n − k)!
.0! = 1 ¤ n! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × · · · × 2 × 1 y
: Ð rOn k Ð Tby r Ahn kK d§r ,rOn n Ð Twm An§d dw ¢ rbt`
:An§d
.1 C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n •
.2 C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n − 1 ¤ •
..
.
.k C rOn` CAyt³ TyAk n − k + 1 ¤ •
n!
.Akn = = n × (n − 1) · · · (n − k + 1) :w¡ Aby rt d Ð
(n − k)!
28
¨qywt ylt .4
:A
Ahn§wk km§ ¨t Aby rt d . Ω = {a, b, c, d} r}An T`C Twkm TyAt Twmm kt
4! 4 × 3 × 2!
¨¡ ¤ A24 = = = 4 × 3 = 12 ¨¡ yn §rOn
(4 − 2)! 2!
(a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, a), (b, c), (b, d), (c, a), (c, b), (c, d), (d, a), (d, b), (d, c)
:T\®
.wms ry C rkt ± Tby rt r}An d ©¤As§ ¤ rb Twmm r}An d wk§ ªrtK§
§r`
n Ð Twm rOn n Ð Tby r rOn n Ð C rk ¤d (Permutation) Tl§db ¨ms

.Pn = n! zrA Ah zrnF .rOn
:A
Tnkmm ®§dbt d ¢n ¤ n = 3 An§d ,Ω = {a, b, c} r}An T® Twkm TyAt Twmm kt
¨¡ ¤ n! = 3! = 6 ©¤As§
(a, b, c), (a, c, b), (b, a, c), (b, c, a), (c, a, b)
rOn n1 , n2 , . . . , nk y rt Yl mK Ty¶z TlykK k Twkt rOn n Ð C rkt ®§dbt d
:¨l§ Am r`m Pnn1 , n2 ,...,nk : d` w¡ ,n1 + n2 + · · · + nk = n y ¢AKt
n!
Pnn1 , n2 ,...,nk
=
n1 ! · · · nk !
:Aqywt
r d§r An © .r}An` rOn CAyt¯ Tnkmm rW d A§ w¡ wlWm A Ð
.r}An` £@¡ y y rt r\n { rOn CAyt
§r`
d¤ k Ð TlykK rOn n Ð Twm Twk rOn k Ð (Combinaison) Tqyw ¨ms

. y rt Ahy ªrtK§ ¯ ¤ dw C rkt Ahy ms§ ¯ rOn n Ð Twm Ðw
n!
Cnk = : d` w¡ rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð Aqywt d
k!(n − k)!
:A
Ahn§wk km§ ¨t Aqywt d . Ω = {a, b, c, d} r}An T`C Twkm TyAt Twmm kt
4! 4 × 3 × 2! 4×3
¨¡ ¤ C42 = = = = 6 ¨¡ yn §rOn
(4 − 2)!2! 2! × 2! 2
(a, b), (a, c), (a, d), (b, c), (b, d), (c, d)
29
¨qywt ylt .4
:Aqywt P¶AO
Aqywt wA rZAn •
n! n!
Cnn−k = = = Cnk
(n − k)!(n − n + k)! (n − k)!k!
(Triangle de Pascal) AkFA l •

k−1
Cnk = k
Cn−1 + Cn−1
C00
C10 C11
C20 C21 C22
C30 C31 C32 C33
C40 C41 C42 C43 C44
n = 0: 1
n = 1: 1 1
n = 2: 1 2 1
n = 3: 1 3 3 1
n = 4: 1 4 6 4 1
30
¯Amt³
.Ahlyl ¤ A¡rys ¨t y wq ,Ty¶ wK` r¡ w\ TF Cd th§ ©@ l` ¨¡ ¯Amt³ T§r\
: Ty¶ wK` Trt
:TyAt ª¤rK q Tylm ¤ Tr ¨¡ Ty¶ wK` Trt
.Ah¶ r b Aqbs Twl` wk Trtl Tnkmm ¶Atn ym .1
.Ah¶ r b d¥¤ ¨`W kK Trt Tytn ¥bnt km§ ¯ .2
.Trt º r b Trt ¶At Tyt CwhZ T}r xAy ¤ Tr` km§ .3
§r`
.Ω ¢ zrnF¤ Trtl Tnkmm ¶Atn Twm w¡ Tny` ºAS
:A
¤ ¢w CwhZ Yl d§ F y Ω = {P, F } w¡ d ¤ r wq T`W ºAq Tr ¨ Tny` ºAS .1
. CA`K CwhZ Yl d§ P
.Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} w¡ d ¤ r r r ºAq Tr ¨ Tny` ºAS .2
.Ω = {(1, 1), (1, 2), . . . , (6, 6)} w¡ y r r r ºAq Tr ¨ Tny` ºAS .3
§r`
«d Xq mSt Twm ¨ms .Tny` ºAS Ty¶z Twm w¡ ¨¶ wK` d
.Ay¤ Ad Trtl Tnkmm ¶Atn
Tnkmm ¶Atn ¨¡ A¡r}An Twm © Tny` ºAS Ty¶z Twm ¢ Yl d Anr
¢r` A ÄtA¤ Awmm T`ybV Ah Ty¶ wK` d± ^® @k¡¤ Ty¶ wK Trt
sn§ Aylm` £@h Tfltm Q w ¤ Awmm T§r\ ¨ rf ¤ VAqt ¤ Amt¯ Aylm
. d± Yl AAm
ºAq Tr ¨ {1} d ¤ rOn wkm d w¡¤ :(Évènement simple) Xysb d .1
. rn r
31
¯Amt³ .5
d` d {2, 4, 6} rOn r wkm d :(Évènement composé) rm d .2
. rn r ºAq Tr ¨ ¨¤E
7 r CwhZ d rOn © ©w§ ¯ ©@ d :(Évènement impossible) ytsm d .3
∅ ¢ zrnF¤ . rn r ºAq Tr ¨
d CwhZ d ºASf r}An TA S§ ©@ d :(Évènement certain) dy± d .4
Ω ¢ zrnF¤ . rn r ºAq Tr ¨ 7
Tny` ºAS ©¤As§ ¡ A @l Ad :(Évènement complémentaire )mtm ¤ mkm d .5
.A ∪ A = Ω y mkm d A d A Yn`m
Ð Xq¤ Ð AyAnt B ¤ A yd wq : (Évènements incompatibles) AyAntm Ad .6
.A ∩ B = ∅ A
. AyAnt Ad A ¤ A :A
¯ ¡d ¤) rµA hn © rt§ ¯ @l :(Évènements indépendants) ®qtsm Ad .7
.(rµ w¤ d ¤ ww rt§ ¤ r¥§
:Ty¶ wK` d± ryb`tl Awmm T§r\ dts
.Tny` ºAS ¤ Tylk Twmm Yms ¤ ,Ω A Trt Tnkmm ¶Atn rb` •
.Trtl Tnkmm ¶Atn Twm ¨¡ A y ,Tny` ºAS A Ty¶z Twm d rb` •
.q d A d wq A rOn m Tytn Trt ht Ð •
§r`
Tny` T A w¤ T}rf ¨m xAyq w¡¤ .A d w¤ ¨ \ TC ¢ A Amt¯ r`§
.1 ¤ 0 y CwO wk§
:©dylqt §r`t
T§¤Ast Ty¤± d± |rfn .Ty¶ wK Trt l`tm ¤ ¨htnm Tny` ºAS Ω = {ω1 , . . . , ωn } ky
Am P(A) ¢ zr¤ d w¤ Amt r` .Trt £@h ¾Aql`t ¾Ad A ky¤ ww ¨ Qrf
: ¨l§
Tm¶®m ¯A d Card(A)
P(A) = = .
Tnkmm ¯A d Card(Ω)
Tylk AyAk³ d Card(Ω) ¤ A d w¤ AyAk d ¤ Twmm r}An d Card(A) y
.Trtl
:A
.A = {F } © , ¢w CwhZ A d ky .Ω = {P, F } An§d ,d ¤ r wq T`W ºAq Tr .1
Ð ©¤As§ A ¤d Amt
Card(A) 1
P(A) := = .
Card(Ω) 2
32
¯Amt³ .5
.Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} An§d ,d ¤ r r r ºAq Tr .2

Ð ©¤As§ A ¤d Amt .A = {2} © , 2 r CwhZ A d ky •
Card(A) 1
P(A) := = .
Card(Ω) 6
Ð ©¤As§ B ¤d Amt .B = {1, 3, 5} © , © r d CwhZ B d ky •

Card(B) 3 1
P(B) := = = .
Card(Ω) 6 2
Tq§rW yt§r s wq .(º wF A§r 10 ¤ ºASy T§r 20) T§r 30 Yl ¤dn} ©wt§ .3
.AC ¤ ¤ Ty¶ wK
An§d .ºASy yt§r Yl wO Amt As •
Tm¶®m ¯A d Card(A)
P(A) = = .
Tnkmm ¯A d Card(Ω)
:Tnkmm ¯A d
2 30! 30 × 29
Card(Ω) = C30 = = = 435.
28!2! 2
:Tm¶®m ¯A d .AC ¤ s ¤ h ry y rt ±
2 0 20! 20 × 19
Card(A) = C20 × C10 = ×1= = 190.
18!2! 2
¢n¤
Card(A) 190
P(A) := = = 0.44.
Card(Ω) 435
:Tm¶®m ¯A d An§d .º wF T§r ¤ ºASy T§r Yl wO Amt As •
1 1
Card(B) = C20 × C10 = 20 × 10 = 200.
Card(B) 200
P(B) := = = 0.46.
Card(Ω) 435
Twm Tny` ºAS wk§ Am¡d AVrJ r wt§ § ©dylqt §r`tl Aq¤ Amt³ As
®m ,Tyhtnm ry AAk³ Twm Ð CAt TF C rOq§ ©dylqt §r`t @ ,Tyhtn
[a, b] ºz ¨ TWqn w¤ Amt As Any lV¤ x TWqn ¢yl @ yqts An§d A w
yqtsm ªAq d As TyAk d` Amt² ©dylqt §r`t ybW Ò ¢ d ,yqtsm
.Tm¶®m ¯A d m ¨t [a, b] ºz ªAq wm ¤ Tnkmm ¯A d m ¨t
a x b
• • •
@h ,ww ¨ Qrf T§¤Ast Trt AAk wk wh r wt§ § ©@ rµ ªrK A
r ¨¡¤ ªrK @¡ Ahy r wt§ ¯ ¨t CAt TF C z`§ Amt² ©dylqt §r`t
.TE wt ry wq T`W @ Tr ¨ F ¢w CwhZ Amt As Ð Yl Am¤ ¢qq ¨t l
.¯Amt³ T§r\ ºAnb ¨¶Ahn xAF± wk§ lO§ ¯ Amt² ©dylqt §r`t d @k¡¤
33
¯Amt³ .5
:Amt² ¨bsn §r`t

yb TtA ¤rZ ¨ A¡C rk dn Tny` Trt Xb r§ A d CwhZ d ¤ Cwh\ Tl§wW Tb rm
A d CwhZ r d` rn (A) þ AzC Ð ,y` A\t¯ S§ A d Cwh\ ¨bsn C rkt
rn (A)
TbsnA ¢n rb` ©@ ¤ A d Cwh\ ¨bsn C rkt ^® An r n Trt C rk dn
n
¨bsn C rkt T§Ah ¢ Yl d w¤ Amt r` @ y` d rqA C rqtF® ym§
: © ,T§Ah® Y d¡AKm d Y`s§ Adn d Cwh\
rn (A)
P(A) = lim
n→∞ n
:A
rn(A)
n
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
r 10000 T§dq T`W ¨C Tr : 1 kJ

rn
Tbsn £@¡ . ©¤As§ F Th d Tbs rn w¡ F CwhZ r d A¤ r n T§dq T`W AnyC Ð
n
1 rn 1
y Tbsn rt Aml n E Aml ¢ A k¤ ry} n A Ð lt d
2 n 2
1
: © d Tb§r Tbsn bO d ryb n wk Adn ¢
2
rn 1
lim = .
n→∞ n 2
:¢ ¨b§rt Amt² ¨bsn §r`t wy ¤ A§ z
Tr ©± As hF •
Amt² Tmy ¨W` Trt C rk r d A§E •
Tflt Tyt ¨W`§ Trtl C rk •
T A w¤ Amt³ T§Ah dw ¯ d •
34
¯Amt³ .5
Trt C rkt d ryb d CAyt •

@¡¤ rm ¢tn ry d Trt º r lWt§ ¨bsn §r`t ¤ Amt³ As ^®
r (A)
.n → ∞ Adn n Tbsn T§Ah Y O §C A ry Aylm An Y TAR³A km ry r±
n
.Amt² TyRA§r T§r\n ºAnb A ry Amt² ¨bsn §r`t d§d d @k¡¤
Amt² ¨h§db §r`t

yf§r`t ¨ A¡An§C ¨t Amt² TyFAF± Q w lWn§ ¯Amt³ T§r\ HF± ¨h§db ºAnb
.¨bsn ¤ ©dylqt
Yl lt§¤ yt}A ytA yqAs yf§r`t mSt§ Amt² ¨h§db §r`t @¤
.Amhn wy
ª¤rK qq Ð Amt T P : P(Ω) −→ [0, 1] T d wd Ty¶ wK Trt Tny` ºAS Ω ky
:TyAt
.d ¤ ©¤As§ dy± A w¤ Amt (1 Tyh§d)
P(Ω) = 1.
: Ω Tny` ºAS Ty¶z Twm A A A Ð (2 Tyh§d)

0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1.
: ∅ ©¤As§ Amh`VAq © ylOfn y A B ¤ A A Ð (3 Tyh§d)

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B).
:Amt³ Amls ¶At {`

P(A) = 1 − P(A) •
An§d
A ∩ A = ∅ ⇒ P(A ∪ A) = P(A) + P(A) (3Tyh§db Am`tFA)
A ∪ A = Ω ⇒ P(A ∪ A) = P(Ω) = 1 (1 Tyh§db Am`tFA)
⇒ P(A) + P(A) = 1
⇒ P(A) = 1 − P(A)
P(∅) = 0 rf} ©¤As§ ytsm d w¤ Amt •

P(A) ≤ P(B) A ⊆ B A Ð •
An§d
B = (B \ A) ∪ (B ∩ A)
y
(B \ A) ∩ () = ∅
35
¯Amt³ .5
d 3 Tyh§db Am`tFA .B ∩ A = A A ⊆ B Am¤

P(B) = P(B \ A) + P(B ∩ A)
= P(B \ A) + P(A)
⇒ P(B) − P(A) = P(B \ A) ≥ 0 (2 Tyh§db Am`tFA)
⇒ P(B) ≥ P(A)
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) •
A\B B
A∪B
An§d
A ∪ B = (A \ B) ∪ B
y
(A \ B) ∩ B = ∅
3 Tyh§db Am`tFA ¢n¤
(1) P(A ∪ B) = P((A \ B) ∪ B) = P(A \ B) + P(B)
.(A \ B) ∩ (A ∩ B) = ∅ y ,A = (A \ B) ∪ (A ∩ B) «r Th

¢n¤
P(A) = P ((A \ B) ∩ (A ∩ B)) = P(A \ B) + P(A ∩ B)
©
P(A \ B) = P(A) − P(A ∩ B)
d (1) ¨ {§w`tA
P(A ∪ B) = P(A \ B) + P(B)
= P(A) − P(A ∩ B) + P(B)
= P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
:TyAnt ry d T® A, B, C kt •
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) − P(A ∩ B) − P(A ∩ C) − P(B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
: wky D = B ∪ C |rf
36
¯Amt³ .5
A C
(2) P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A ∪ D) = P(A) + P(D) − P(A ∩ D)
: wk§ TqAs Tn¡rbm s¤ ¢n¤ A ∩ D = A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C) k
(3) P(A ∩ D) = P(A ∩ B) + P(A ∩ C) − P(A ∩ B ∩ C)
@¤
(4) P(D) = P(B ∪ C) = P(B) + P(C) − P(B ∩ C)
. wlWm Yl O (2) ¨ (4) ¤ (3) §dbt
:T}®
T r TAy} Yl wO km§ ¯Amt³ A ¨ zyrtl xAF Awmm T§r\ dtFA
:dts Tq§rW £@h .Tfltm y¡Afml
(et) ¤ CAb ¯d ∩ VAqt zC •
(ou) ¤ CAb ¯d ∩ A ³ zC •
A Hk CAb ¯d A ¤ Ac mtm zC •
:A
Ew Amt ©¤As§ A HAntm Ew Amt A Ð TAbsl AbF ¨ A, B, C ysAnt ® rtJ
? B ¤ A Ew Amt Am . C Ew Amt `R A, B Ew Amt¤ B HAntm
An§d
P(A) = P(B) = 2P(C)
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1

1
2x + 2x + x = 1 ⇒ 5x = 1 ⇒ x = 5 = 0.2 ¢n¤ x = P(C) |rf
©
37
¯Amt³ .5
¤ P(A) = 0.4 ;P(C) = 15 = 0.2

P(B) = 0.4
⇐ (¾A` Ewf§ yn yqAstm km§ ¯¤ d ¤ Ast z¶Af ±) TyAnt dA, B, C l`¤
(5) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)

: dn (5) ¨ |w`
P(A ∪ B) = 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.8
:¨VrK Amt³
Tqbs Tr` TÌ§ ¤ Ty¶ wK` Trt Yl ¾ Amt ¾rJAb ¯Amt As Anm Ty¶ wK` d± ¨
¤ d ¾Any` ¾Ad l` Trt Tyt w ¾Ay¶z ¾A® Anl}¤ A ¨ .Trt Tyt w
Pqn d ¤ d± {` ¯Amt z d .Trt £@h Tql`tm d± ¯Amt ¨ r¥yF Ð
. ¢yl A A Yl Yqb ¤ Ah ¯Amt ryt ¯ d d An¡ ¤ rµ AhS` ¯Amt
Ω
.B TbsnA Hy k Ω TbsnA”ry}“ A : 2 kJ
:A
HmK A H w§ Aml wy @¡ rWm wW¡ Amt •
AW ¤ w§ 150 dm } wt kK m ¢ Aml TyAR w§ 100 dm EAh m Amt •
|rm @¡ dR Aql @ A |rm TA}¯ Amt •
¨VrK Aþmt³ .P(B) 6= 0 y Ω Tþny` ºASþ Hf Yl ytr` yt A B ¤ A kt
:¨l§ Am r`§¤ P(A|B) zrA ¢ zr§ B T A ww (AV¤rK ¤) Aml A T Al
P(A ∩ B)
P(A|B) = , P(B) 6= 0
P(B)
. PB (A) zrA AS§ ¢ zr§ P(A|B) ¨VrK Amt³
:Q w
0 ≤ P(A|B) ≤ 1 .1
P(A|A) = 1 .2
: ylOfn y A A2 ¤ A1 A Ð .3
P(A1 ∪ A2 |B) = P(A1 |B) + P(A2 |B).
38
¯Amt³ .5
P(A ∩ B)
P(B|A) = .4
P(A)
P(B|A) 6= P(A|B) .5
P(A|B) = 1 − P(A|B) .6
P(A ∩ B) = P(A|B) × P(B) = P(B|A) × P(A) .7
Yl Awsq A Amt A¤rS A Aml B Amt ©¤As§ B d Aml A dl ¨VrK Amt³
.B Amt
P(B|A) × P(A)
P(A|B) = , P(B) 6= 0
P(B)
:Tlqtsm w
© B A ¤d d ¤ ¤d AqlW rt§ ¯ A Tny` T A ¤d wk§ ¯A {` ¨
.A T A Amt ¤ ¨VrK Amt³ y r ¯ © .P(A|B) = P(A)
d q Ð ®qts B ¤ A y A wq .Ω Tny` ºAS Hf Yl Ar` A A B ¤ A ky
:TyAt T·Aktm ª¤rK
P(A|B) = P(A) •
P(B|A) = P(B) •
P(A ∩ B) = P(A)P(B) •
:Q w
T·Akt TyAt ¶Atn
®qts B ¤ A ⇔ ®qts B ¤ A
39
¯Amt³ .5
:z§A wA ¤ ¨lk Amt³
Ω Tny` ºAS T¶z : 3 kJ

§r`
T¶z kK Ah d± £@¡ wq .Ω Tny` ºAS B1 , B2 , B3 , . . . , Bn d± An§d kt
:TyAt ª¤rK qq Ð Xq ¤ Ð Ω Tny` ºASf ¤ dy± dl
∀i = 1, 2, 3, ...., n; P(Bi ) > 0 •
n
[
Ω= Bi •
i=1
∀i, j = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n, i 6= j; Bi ∩ Bj = ∅ •
:¶At
: Ω Tny` ºASf T¶z kK B1 , B2 , · · · , Bn A Ð .1
n
X
P (Bi ) = P (Ω) = 1
i=1
.ºASf @¡ d ©± T¶z Y © ¥ Ω ºASfl T¶z T§ .2

: A ⊆ Ω A Ð ¢ ^¯
A = A ∩ Ω = A ∩ (B1 ∪ B2 ∪ · · · ∪ Bn ) = (A ∩ B1 ) ∪ · · · ∪ (A ∩ Bn )
tn§¤ Yn Yn TyAnt ¨h Ω dy± dl T¶z kK B1 , B2 , · · · , Bn d± Am
. A dl T¶z kK ¤ A¾ S§ Yn Yn TyAnt A ∩ B1 , . . . , A ∩ Bn d±
40
¯Amt³ .5
:¨lk Amt³ Tn¡rb

P(Bi ) 6= 0 y ¤ Ω Tny` ºASf T¶z kK ¨t ¤ B1 , B2 , · · · , Bn d± An§d kt
. ∀i = 1, 2, · · · , n
: A ⊆ Ω d © @¶dn
n
X
P(A) = P(A|Bi )P(Bi )
i=1
:A
l` . y rt Yl ¨¶Ahn tnm 30% , 45% ,25% : tn B3 ,B2 ,B1 ¯ 3 An§d ymtl nO ¨
A} ry tn Yl wO Amt A . TA} ry y rt Yl ® ¯µ Atn 2% ,3% ,2%
. ¾Ay¶ wK nOm @¡ Atn d CAyt A ¨
: TyAt d± An§d kt
.A} ry Ay¶ wK wsm tnm : A
P(B1 ) = 0.3 : y B1 Tµ wsm tnm : B1
P(B2 ) = 0.45 : y B2 Tµ wsm tnm : B2
P(B3 ) = 0.25 : y B3 Tµ wsm tnm : B3
: d ¨lk Amt³ Tn¡rb ybWt .T¶z kK B3 ,B2 ,B1 d± ^¯
3
X
P(A) = P(A|Bi )P(Bi )
i=1
P(A) = P(A|B1 )P(B1 ) + P(A|B2 )P(B2 ) + P(A|B3 )P(B3 )
P(A) = (0.3)(0.02) + (0.45)(0.03) + (0.25)(0.02) = 0.0245
:z§A Tn¡rb
P(Bi ) 6= 0 y ¤ Ω Tny` ºASf T¶z kK ¨t ¤ B1 , B2 , ...., Bn d± An§d kt
. ∀i = 1, 2, · · · , n
: P(A) 6= 0 y A ⊆ Ω d © @¶dn
P(A|Bi )P(Bi )
P(Bi |A) = n
X
P(A|Bi )P(Bi )
i=1
z§A wA Yms§ A w¡¤
:A
.A} ry ¢ ¾Aml TA Tµ At wsm tnm wk§ Amt w¡ A As Am ¨
B1 , B2 , B3 ¤ Tqq TqAs Tn¡rbm ª¤rJ ^¯ . P(B3 |A) w¡ ¢As wlWm Amt³
: wk§¤ z§A wA ybW yWts An © P(A) 6= 0 ¤ T¶z kK
P(A|B3 )P(B3 ) 0.005 10
P(B3 |A) = = = .
P(A) 0.0245 49
41
1 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
fOt s TfnO ,rhJ ® rt¯ w d (Nombre de visites ) CA§E d m§ Ät ¤d
: (Navigateur) m`tsm rt¯
Navigateur Nombre de visites
Chrome 880 491
Firefox 2 022 764
Internet Explorer 576 655
Opera 160 303
Safari 315 613
Autres 41 367
.x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ bW w A .1

.Tny` xAq w¡ A .2
.TqlWm ¤ Tybsn C rkt ¤d kJ .3
.EAn ¤ dAO mtm C rkt ¤d X .4
.Ty¶AO³ Tlsls £@¡ ytq§rW .5
:Ä §rmt
:AfV± d s ®¶A` Tny §Ew m§ Ät ¤d
AfV± d 0 1 2 3 4 5
®¶A` d 38 15 11 6 3 2
.x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm w A .1

.Tny` xAq w¡ A .2
.TqlWm ¤ Tybsn C rkt ¤d kJ .3
.EAn ¤ dAO mtm C rkt ¤d X .4
.Ty¶AO³ Tlsls £@¡ AyAy .5
42
1 C Thwm Am± TlslF .6
:A §rmt
A· ¨ rytm y ym .QAJ± Tny` ¨¶AO rytm ©C rkt Cdm m§ Ät kK
.63 ©¤As§ 120 zrm Ð T·f C rk .10 wW Hfn
.T· C rk tntF ,A·f d¤ .1
.Tny` xAq w¡ A .2
.Tybsn C rkt ¤d kJ .3
: r §rmt
:Ayl` xC dm «d At® TqAs ¨ TblWl Ahyl Otm A®` m§ Ät ¤d
T®` [0 ; 5[ [5 ; 8[ [8 ; 10[ [10 ; 12[ [12 ; 16[ [16 ; 20]
C rkt 17 16 26 30 24 11

.Tny` xAq w¡ A .2
.Tybsn C rkt ¤d kJ .3
.dAO mtm ©C rkt lSm FC .4
wb T® As Fr ® d¤ ,TqAsml ydqtm 25% wb ¢ ml Ð .5
.TFCdm
:HA §rmt
:AAsA Cdq ,yAOm Twm AtJ¯ Tynz dm m TyAt AyW`m
91.6; 35.7; 251.3; 24.3; 5.4; 67.3; 170.9; 9.5; 118.4; 57.1
.Sturges Tq§rV Am`tFA ¨¶AO ¤d ¨ AyW`m £@¡ R .1

.TEAn ¤ dAO T`mtm Tybsn C rkt ¤d kJ .2
.©C rkt Cdm FC .3
43
2 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
Ahn d ¤ wV Tny 75 ¨ wwm wy` d s ,d§d T §rt MAmq ¨À} d A
:Ät ¤d ¨ TOl Ahyl Otm ¶Atn .CAt 10
wy` d 0 1 2 3 4 5
Any` d 38 15 11 6 3 2

. wnm d¤ .3
.AyAy¤ AyAs XyFw d¤ .4
.Äs XFw d¤ .5
:Ä §rmt
:r 100 Tylm` £@¡ C rk ¤ Tny` TynE d ® d§rb Ak d Yl ¶Az d w T\®
§d w d 1 2 3 4 5 6
C rkt 15 25 26 20 7 7

. wnm d¤ .2
.XyFw d¤ .3
.Äs XFw d¤ .4
.AyAy XyFw ¤ wnm d¤ Ty¶AO³ Tlsls £@¡ AyAy .5
44
xi 0 1 2 3 4 5
ni 10 43 39 28 43 7
:A §rmt
:Wqt ¨m rytm Ty¶AO TF C m§ Ät ¤d
.AyAs XFw ¤ wnm d¤ .2
.¨q wt ¤ ¨Fdnh ¤ Äs XFw s .3
.AyAy XyFw ¤ wnm d¤ .5
: r §rmt
:AfV± d s ®¶A` Tny` Ty¶AO TF C m§ Ät ¤d
xi ni fi Nj ↑ Nj ↓ Fj ↑
0 12 0.12
1 25
2
3 51 0.74
4 0.16
5

.¨lk C rkt tntF .2
.¤d m .3
.AyAy TqlWm C rkt .4
.Ay`r ¤ XyFw , wnm d¤ .5
.¨q wt ¤ ¨Fdnh ¤ As XFw s .6
.©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt s .7
y Ay¶AO ryt Y ky .8
xi + 2
yi =
3
.σY2 ¤ y tntF
45
:HA §rmt
:¨l§ Am ¶Atn A¤ y 10 Twk Ty¶AO Tlsls §Abt ¤ Äs XFw As Anm
x10 = 5.9 ¤ σX2 = 4.83.
Tdtsm Tmyq ,¸VA kK bt yq «d y : As ¨ W d ¢ An yb Ð d`
.6.5 A w ¨ TyO Tmyq ry ,8.5 A As ¨
.yyO §Abt ¤ Äs XFw s .1
46
3 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
41 w¡ C r TC XFwt ny TyAmK Ak§r d «d C r TC ryt Ty¶AO TF C
.(◦ C) T§w·m ACdl ¶Atn £@¡ w .27◦ F £Cd ©CAy` rA (◦ F) §Ahr¡A TC
.212◦ F Ð Aq§¤ 100◦ C dn ºAm ¨l§¤ 32◦ F Ð Aq§¤ 0◦ C dn dyl ¤@§
:Ä §rmt
:lt w 19 dn Tls AAyA rh £Ay ¨ ¤Eµ zyr m TyAt Ty¶AO³ Tlsls
0.85; 1.35; 1.13; 0.48; 1.17; 1.55; 1.04; 1.37; 1.29; 0.87; 2.14; 1.10; 1.12; 2.43; 1.01; 0.60; 2.02; 0.93; 1.98
.Sturges Tq§rV Am`tFA ¨¶AO ¤d ¨ AyW`m £@¡ R .1

.©C rkt Cdm FC .2
. wnm d¤¤ Ty wnm T·f X .3
.XyFw s .4
.Äs XFw s .5
.©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt s .6
.®t¯ A` d¤ .7
:A §rmt
.rm` s Aks Tny §Ew m§ Ät ¤d
A·f [ 0, 10 [ [ 10, 20 [ [ 20, 30 [ [ 30, 40 [ [ 40, 50 [ [ 50, 60 [ [ 60, 70 [ [ 70, 80 [
C rkt 18 44 68 54 42 36 16 10
.©C rkt Cdm FC .1

.Äs XFw s .2
.®t¯ A` d¤ ,©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt s .3
Ay`r ¤ XyFw s .4
47
: r §rmt
:CAn§dA Cdq ,©rhK r s AsF¥m «d Am §Ew m§ Ät ¨¶AO³ ¤d
.¨lk C rkt tntF .2
A·f ni fi Nj ↑ Nj ↓ Fj ↑
.¤d m .3
[ 15 000, 20 000 [ 8 0.08
[ 20 000, 25 000 [ 25 .©C rkt Cdm FC .4
[ 25 000, 30 000 [
[ 30 000, 35 000 [ 48 0.84 . wnm d¤¤ Ty wnm T·f X .5
[ 35 000, 40 000 [ 0.1 .AyAy¤ AyAs XyFw d¤ .6
[ 40 000, 45 000 [
.Äs XFw s .7
.®t¯ A` d¤ ©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt s .8
48
4 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
:TyAt ¯ A`m Ty`ybW d± Twm ¨
A3n − 20n = 0 (n ≥ 3) .1
Cn1 + Cn2 + Cn3 = 5n (n ≥ 3) .2

1
Cn(n+1) 0
+ 8Cn(n+2) = Cnn−1 + 2Cn+2
n .3
:Ä §rmt
.m ≤ n y Cnm rbt` , Ay`ybV d n ¤ m ky
Cnm = Cnn−m : b .1
m+1
(m + 1)Cn+1 = (n + 1)Cnm : b .2
m−1 m + C m+1 = C m+1 tntF , C m = C m−1 + C m :
.Cn−1 + 2Cn−1 n−1 n+1 n n−1 n−1 b .3
N
X
m+1
.( A m ∈ N∗ ) Cnm = CN +1 An§d m ≤ N © ¢ , N Yl rtA ¡r .4
n=m
n
X
. n
Ca+b = Cak Cbn−k : y , n ≤ min(a, b) y Ty`ybV d T® n ¤ a, b kt .5
k=0
:A §rmt
.f (x) = (1 + x)n S .n ∈ N∗ ky
.(1 + x)n rK .1
:TyAt yAm y tntF .2
A= Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ··· + Cnn
B = Cn0 + 2Cn1 + 4Cn2 + · · · + 2n Cnn
C = Cn0 − Cn1 + Cn2 − · · · + (−1)n Cnn
.ytq§rW f 0 (x) tKm s .3

:wmm Tmy tntF .4
D = Cn1 + 2Cn2 + 3Cn3 + · · · + nCnn
49
: r §rmt
.lR (N ≥ 3) N ¢ ,A`lS rbt`
(¢y yyAtt ry yFC y O Tmyqts T`W w¡ lSm rW) ?lSm CAW d w¡ A .1
?lSm x¤¦C Am`tFA ¢lykK km§ l .2
?lSm VAq TWq CAW° dw§ .3
:HA §rmt
Pour coder les) Ewr ryfK (Le système binaire) ¨¶An A\n m`ts ¨µ ®³ ¨
.1 ¤ 0 Tmyq @§ rOn w¡ (un bit: chiffre binaire, binary digit) yb .(caractères
?£ryfK km§ zC ,(¢yt¤ 1) y 8 Am`tFA .1
?Tnkm Tml dw§ , y 32 Twk TlslF CAb ¨¡ Tmlk .2
:x As §rmt
?P(E) Twmm º z Twm r}An d w¡ A .rOn n Twk Twm rbt`
:As §rmt
.r ≤ n ,CardF = n ,CardE = r y Atwm F ¤ E kt
.F ¨ E AqybW d w¡ A .1
.F ¨ E Tn§Abtm AqybWt d w¡ A .2
:A §rmt
.¤dn} n ¨ r r S km§ Tq§rV k
:FAt §rmt
.(r ≤ n) r r ¢n s .r n Yl ©wt§ ¤dn}
.AC³ s TA ¨ AyAk³ d w¡ A .1
? y rt A r¤ AC³ d TA ¨ AyAk³ d w¡ A .2
? y rt A r d¤ AC³ d TA ¨ AyAk³ d w¡ A .3
:rJA` §rmt
.Ab¯ 20 y CAyt¯ Annkm§ ,dq r §r ykK
?¢lykK km§ §r ,zr © ¨ `l ¢nkm§ ¯ AnRrt Ð .1
?¢lykK km§ §r ,Yr x r T® Ab¯ §rK` y A Ð .2
50
5 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
.10 ¤ 5 ©¤As§ wm Yl wO Amt w¡ A .d ¤ r r ¨t`W @q wq
:Ä §rmt
y A T A rbt` .Ω = {ω1 , ω2 , . . . , ω8 } y A Ty¶ wK Trt AyAk³ Twm Ω kt
Hf Ah Ty¤± w l` , C = {ω1 , ω5 } ¤ B = {ω3 , ω4 , ω5 , ω7 } T A ¤ A = {ω3 , ω7 , ω8 }
.Amt³
.P(B) ,P(A) ,P(A ∪ B) ,P(A ∩ B) ,P(C) ,P(B) ,P(A) s
:A §rmt
¨ rh\§ ©@ d` ,y r 6 Y 1 Tmr zt r r¡E ¨r .x2 + bx + c = 0 T A`m rbt`
. c m§ TyA Tyr ¨ rh\§ ©@ d` ¤ ,b m§ Y¤± Tyr
?yflt yl bq AW`m T A`m Amt w¡ A .1
?AfAS ® bq T A`m £@¡ Amt w¡ A .2
?¨qyq © bq ¯ T A`m £@¡ Amt w¡ A .3
: r §rmt
wFC Amt .Tflt z r ¨ TqAsm «r .TqAs Y d ¤ w§ ¨ TblV T® dq
:¨l§ Am Cd hn d ¤
P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.5, P(C) = 0.3
?T® TblW A Amt w¡ A .1

?± Yl AV A Amt w¡ A .2
?r± Yl ybAV wFC Amt w¡ A .3
:HA §rmt
.AhWy Y ¢n r¶ d zr Y r TWqn wk Amt d¤ .r¶ d TWq Ay¶ wK CAt
51
1 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
TtF @§ ¨mF ¨fy ,CA§z ® m`tsm rt± fOt :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ bW .1
.Autres ¤ Firefox, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Safari, Opera : d¡AK
:© ,(¨lk C rkt ) C rkt wm ©¤As§ Tny` xAq .2
X
N= ni = 880491 + 2022764 + 576655 + 160303 + 315613 + 41367 = 3997193.
:EAn ¤ dAO mtm C rkt ¤ TqlWm ¤ Tybsn C rkt ¤d .3

Navigateur ni fi Nj ↑ Fj ↑ Nj ↓ Fj ↓ αi
Chrome 880491 0.220 880491 0.220 3997193 1 79.300
Firefox 2022764 0.506 2903255 0.726 3116702 0.780 182.177
Internet Explorer 576655 0.144 3479910 0.871 1093938 0.274 51.935
Opera 160303 0.040 3640213 0.911 517283 0.129 14.437
Safari 315613 0.079 3955826 0.990 356980 0.089 28.425
Autres 41367 0.010 3997193 1 41367 0.010 3.726
wmm 3997193 1 360
:Ty¶AO³ Tlsls £@¡ ytq§rW .4

2000000
Autres
Chrome
Firefox Chrome
Internet Explorer
1500000
Opera
Safari
Firefox
1000000
Autres
Safari
500000
Opera
Internet Explorer
0
Autres Chrome Firefox Opera Safari
Navigateur
®yWtsm XW Tybsn r¶ d
ni
αi = × 360 = fi × 360.
N
52
:Ä §rmt
Wqt ¨m ,AfV± d :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm .1
:© ,(¨lk C rkt ) C rkt wm ©¤As§ Tny` xAq .2
X
N= ni = 38 + 15 + 11 + 6 + 3 + 2 = 75.
:EAn ¤ dAO mtm C rkt ¤ TqlWm ¤ Tybsn C rkt ¤d .3

AfV± d ni fi Nj ↑ Nj ↓
0 38 0.507 38 75
1 15 0.200 53 37
2 11 0.147 64 22
3 6 0.080 70 11
4 3 0.040 73 5
5 2 0.027 75 2
wmm 75 1
:Ty¶AO³ Tlslsl Äyb ymt .4
Diagramme en bâtons
35
30
25
Effectifs
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
dm± XW : 1 kJ
:A §rmt
¤) d¤ 9 wk T·f £@¡ m§ ©@ yWtsm Am¤ 63 ©¤As§ 120 zrm Ð T·f C rk
.7 ©¤As§ (AV ¤) d¤ C rk tnts ,( wV
:Tny` xAq .1
N = 2 × 7 + 4 × 7 + 9 × 7 + 5 × 7 + 3 × 7 = 161
:¨l§ Am ¤d mk .2
53
A·f xi ni fi
[ 95; 105 [ 100 14 0.09
[ 105; 115 [ 110 28 0.17
[ 115; 125 [ 120 63 0.39
[ 125; 135 [ 130 35 0.22
[ 135; 145 [ 140 21 0.13
wmm 161 1
: r §rmt
.rmts ¨m ,Ahyl Otm T®` :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm .1
X :Tny` xAq .2
N= ni = 17 + 16 + 26 + 30 + 24 + 11 = 124.
:Tybsn C rkt ¤d .3

A·f ni fi Nj ↑ Fj ↑
[ 0, 5 [ 17 0.137 17 0.1371
[ 5, 8 [ 16 0.129 33 0.2661
[ 8, 10 [ 26 0.210 59 0.4758
[ 10, 12 [ 30 0.242 89 0.7177
[ 12, 16 [ 24 0.194 113 0.9113
[ 16, 20 [ 11 0.089 124 1
wmm 124 1
:dAO mtm ©C rkt lSm .4

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
Classes
dAO mtm ©C rkt lSm : 2 kJ
12.67 :©¤As TFCdmA wbq T® ,As Fr ® .5
:HA §rmt
:TyAt T®` s A·f d` Tyb§rq Tmy ¨W`§ Sturges wA .1
k ' 1 + 3.222 × log10 N
54
:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAbtA Ð d` wq ,k ' 5 Ð N = 10 An§d .2

Y ± d
e0 := xmin − 0.025 (xmax − xmin ) = −0.747
.( w Am¶ z ±) 0 Y Tmyq £@¡ §rq km§
Yl± d
ek := xmax + 0.025 (xmax − xmin ) = 257.4
.(Tl}A ¤d A· wV Yl wO ) 260 Y Tmyq £@¡ §rq km§
:A·f wV .3
ek − e0 260
a := = = 52.
k 5
:Ät ¤d Yl Ð Ot .4
A·f ni xi fi Fj ↑ Fj ↓
[ 0, 52 [ 4 26 0.4 0.4 1
[ 52, 104 [ 3 78 0.3 0.7 0.6
[ 104, 156 [ 1 130 0.1 0.8 0.3
[ 156, 208 [ 1 182 0.1 0.9 0.2
[ 208, 260 [ 1 234 0.1 1 0.1
wmm 10 1
:©C rkt Cdm .5
Histogramme
4
3
2
1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Classes
©C rkt Cdm : 3 kJ
55
2 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
.Wqt ¨m , wy` d :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ bW .1
:TEAn ¤ dAO T`mtm Tybsn C rkt ¤d .2
wy` d ni fi Fj ↑ Fj ↓
0 38 0.507 0.507 1
1 15 0.200 0.707 0.493
2 11 0.147 0.853 0.293
3 6 0.080 0.933 0.147
4 3 0.040 0.973 0.067
5 2 0.027 1 0.027
.Mo = 0 :Ty¶AO³ Tlsls ¨ C rk r± Tmyq : wnm .3

: Ð ,© r N ,N = 75 An§d :XyFw .4

N +1
Me := Tb r Ð Tmyq = x(38) = 0.
2
:Äs XFw .5
k
1 X 38 × 0 + 15 × 1 + 11 × 2 + 6 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 2 × 5
x := ni xi = = 1.026 ' 1.
N 75
i=1
Ty¶AO³ Tlslsl Äyb ymt .6
:Ä §rmt
§d w d ni fi Fj ↑ Fj ↓
1 15 0.150 0.150 1
2 25 0.250 0.400 0.850
3 26 0.260 0.660 0.600
4 20 0.200 0.860 0.340
5 7 0.070 0.930 0.140
6 7 0.070 1 0.070
56
35
30
25
Effectifs
20
15
10
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
dm± XW : 1 kJ

: Ð ,¨¤E N ,N = 100 An§d :XyFw .3
N N

2 Tb r Ð Tmyq + 2 +1 Tb r Ð Tmyq x(50) + x(51) 3+3
Me := = = = 3.
2 2 2
:Äs XFw .4
k
1 X 15 × 1 + 25 × 2 + 26 × 3 + 20 × 4 + 7 × 5 + 7 × 6
x := ni xi = = 3.
N 100
i=1
25
20
Effectifs
15
10
1 2 3 4 5 6
dm± XW : 2 kJ
57
xi ni fi Fj ↑
0 10 0.059 0.059
1 43 0.253 0.312
2 39 0.229 0.541
3 28 0.165 0.706
4 43 0.253 0.959
5 7 0.041 1
:A §rmt
¯ wn dw§ TA £@¡ ¨ :Ty¶AO³ Tlsls ¨ C rk r± Tmyq : wnm .2
Mo = 1 ¤ Mo = 4.
: Ð ,¨¤E N ,N = 170 An§d :XyFw .3

x( N ) + x( N +1)
2 2
Me := .
2
N N 170
: tnts , + 1 = 86 ¤ = = 85 Am
2 2 2
x(85) + x(86) 2+2
Me := = = 2.
2 2
:Äs XFw .4
6
1 X 10 × 0 + 43 × 1 + 39 × 2 + 28 × 3 + 43 × 4 + 7 × 5
x := ni xi = = 2.424.
N 170
i=1
" 6
#1
Y N
.x G = xni i =0 :¨Fdnh XFw .5
i=1
N
.x1 = 0 ± TA £@¡ ¨ r` ry w¡¤ ,xH = P6 ni :¨q wt XFw
i=1
xi
: r §rmt
.Wqt ¨m ,AfV± d :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm .1
ni 12 ni
.N = = = 100 :©¤As§ N ¨lk C rkt tnts ¢n¤ ,fi = An§d .2
fi 0.12 N
:¨l§ Am ¤d mk .3
:TqlWm C rktl Äyb ymt .4
58
40
35
30
Effectifs
25
20
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
dm± XW : 3 kJ

xi ni fi Nj ↑ Nj ↓ Fj ↑
0 12 0.12 12 100 0.12
1 13 0.13 25 88 0.25
2 24 0.24 49 75 0.49
3 25 0.25 74 51 0.74
4 16 0.16 90 26 0.9
5 10 0.1 100 10 1
25
20
Effectifs
15
10
0 1 2 3 4 5
Äyb ymt : 4 kJ
: Ð ,¨¤E N ,N = 100 An§d :XyFw .6

N N

2 Tb r Ð Tmyq + 2 +1 Tb r Ð Tmyq x(50) + x(51) 3+3
Me := = = = 3.
2 2 2
:Ay`r
N
Q1 = Tb r Ð Tmyq = x(25) = 1.
4
Q2 = Me = 3.
59

3N
Q3 = Tb r Ð Tmyq = x(75) = 4.
4
:Äs XFw .7
6
1 X 12 × 0 + 13 × 1 + 24 × 2 + 25 × 3 + 16 × 4 + 10 × 5
x := ni xi = = 2.5.
N 100
i=1
" 6
#1
Y N
.x G = xni i =0 :¨Fdnh XFw
i=1
N
.x1 = 0 ± TA £@¡ ¨ r` ry w¡ ¤ ,xH = P6 ni ¨q wt XFw
i=1
xi
:§Abt .8
6
1 X
2
σX := ni (xi − x)2 = 2.15.
N
i=1
q
:©CAy`m r¯
σX 2 = 1.47.
:= σX
: d §Abt ¤ Äs XFw Q w Am`tFA .9

x+2
y= = 1.5.
3
2
σX
σY2 = = 0.24.
9
:HA §rmt
: Ð An§d .x010 : yO Äs XFw Y zr .x10 ¨¡ T·VA Tmyq |rf Annkm§
10 9 9
!
1 X 1 X X
x10 = xi = xi + 8.5 = 5.9 ⇔ xi = 50.5
10 10
i=1 i=1 i=1
X9
⇔ xi + 6.5 = 57
i=1
⇔ x010 = 5.7.
:(Formule de Koeing) §Abtl TyAt T®` m`ts ,zrA ¢ zr ©@ yO §Abt As
N
2 1 X 2
σX := xi − x2N .
N
i=1
60
:¨l§ A Yl Ot

10 9 9
! !
2 1 X 2 1 X 1 X
σX := xi − x210 = x2i 2
+ 8.5 2
− 5.9 = 4.83 ⇔ x2i + 8.5 2
= 39.64
10 10 10
i=1 i=1 i=1
9
X
⇔ x2i = 324.15
i=1
X9
⇔ x2i + 6.52 = 366.4
i=1
9
!
1 X
⇔ x2i + 6.52 = 36.64
10
i=1
9
!
1 X
⇔ x2i + 6.5 2
− 5.72 = 4.15
10
i=1
20
⇔ σX = 4.15.
61
3 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
: d AyW`m ® ,(y = ax + b) Tyf T d Ahtmr km§ r¡A\ bq
TF − 32
TC =
1.8
: d (y = ax + b = ax + b) :Äs XFw Q w Am`tFA
xF − 32 41 − 32
xC = = = 5◦ C.
1.8 1.8
: tnts ¢n¤ ,(σY = |a|σX ) :TyAt Ty}A An§d ©CAy`m r® TbsnA ¢ r@
σF 27
σC = = = 15◦ C.
1.8 1.8
:Ä §rmt
:TyAt T®` s A·f d` Tyb§rq Tmy ¨W`§ Sturges wA .1
k ' 1 + 3.222 × log10 N
:¨l§ Am ¤ ¤d CAbtA Ð d` wq ,k ' 5 Ð N = 19 An§d

Y ± d
e0 := xmin − 0.025 × (xmax − xmin ) = 0.48 − 0.025 × (2.43 − 0.48) = 0.43
Yl± d
ek := xmax + 0.025 × (xmax − xmin ) = 2.43 + 0.025 × (2.43 − 0.48) = 2.48
:A·f wV
ek − e0 2.48 − 0.43
a := = = 0.41
k 5
:Ät ¤d Yl Ð Ot
:©C rkt Cdm .2
.[ 0.84, 1.25 [ :© Ty¶AO³ Tlsls ¨ C rk r± T·f ¨¡ :Ty wnm T·f .3
: wnm
∆1 9−2
Mo := ei−1 + × ai = 0.84 + × 0.41 = 1.12
∆1 + ∆ 2 (9 − 2) + (9 − 4)
62
A·f ni ci fi Nj ↑
[ 0.43, 0.84 [ 2 0.64 0.11 2
[ 0.84, 1.25 [ 9 1.04 0.47 11
[ 1.25, 1.66 [ 4 1.46 0.21 15
[ 1.66, 2.07 [ 2 1.86 0.11 17
[ 2.07, 2.48 [ 2 2.27 0.11 19
wmm 10 1
Histogramme
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Classes
©C rkt Cdm : 1 kJ
N
As wq .[ 0.84, 1.25 [ T·f ¨¡ TyWyFw T·f Ð ,9.5 = = XyFw Tb C ,N = 19 An§d .4
2
:¨l§ Am XyFw
N
− Ni−1 9.5 − 2
Me := ei−1 + 2 × ai = 0.84 + × 0.41 = 1.18.
ni 9
:Äs XFw .5
5
1 X
x := ni xi = 1.3.
N
i=1
:§Abt .6
5
1 X
2
σX := ni (xi − x)2 = 0.22.
N
i=1
q
:©CAy`m r¯
σX 2 = 0.46.
:= σX
:®t¯ A` .7
σX
CV := × 100% = 35.38%.
x
:A §rmt
:©C rkt Cdm .1
63
A·f ni fi Nj ↑
[ 0, 10 [ 18 0.062 18
[ 10, 20 [ 44 0.153 62
[ 20, 30 [ 68 0.236 130
[ 30, 40 [ 54 0.188 184
[ 40, 50 [ 42 0.146 226
[ 50, 60 [ 36 0.125 262
[ 60, 70 [ 16 0.056 278
[ 70, 80 [ 10 0.035 288
wmm 288 1 /
Histogramme
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80
Classes
©C rkt Cdm : 2 kJ
k
1 X
.x := ni xi = 34.722 :Äs XFw .2
N
i=1
k
1 X
.σX = 17.636 :©CAy`m r¯ , 2
σX := ni (xi − x)2 = 311.034 :§Abt .3
N
i=1
:®t¯ A`
σX
CV := × 100% = 50.792%
x
N
XyFw s .[ 30, 40 [ T·f ¨¡ TyWyFw T·f Ð ,144 = = XyFw Tb C ,N = 288 An§d .4
2
:¨l§ Am
N
− Ni−1 144 − 130
Me := ei−1 + 2 × ai = 30 + × 10 = 32.59.
ni 54
:Ay`r As
N
:¢n¤ ,[ 20, 30 [ ¨¡ Q1 ¤± ¨`r T· Ð ,72 = An§d
4
N
− Ni−1 72 − 62
Q1 := ei−1 + 4 × ai = 20 + × 10 = 21.47.
ni 68
64
.Me = Q2 :XyFw ¢sf w¡ Ä ¨`r

3N
:¢n¤ ,[ 40, 50 [ ¨¡ Q3 A ¨`r T· Ð ,216 = An§d
4
3N
− Ni−1 216 − 184
Q3 := ei−1 + 4 × ai = 40 + × 10 = 47.62.
ni 42
: r §rmt
.rmts ¨m ,©rhK r :x¤Cdm ¨¶AO³ rytm .1
ni
©¤As§ ¨lk C rkt tnts ¢n¤ ,fi = :An§d .2
N
ni 8
N= = = 100.
fi 0.08
:¨l§ Am ¤d mk .3

A·f C rkt fi Nj ↑ Nj ↓ Fj ↑
ni (P..) (..) (P...)
[ 15 000, 20 000 [ 8 0.08 8 100 0.08
[ 20 000, 25 000 [ 17 0.17 25 92 0.25
[ 25 000, 30 000 [ 27 0.27 52 75 0.52
[ 30 000, 35 000 [ 32 0.32 84 48 0.84
[ 35 000, 40 000 [ 10 0.1 94 16 0.94
[ 40 000, 45 000 [ 6 0.06 100 6 1
:©C rkt Cdm .4
Histogramme
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Classes
©C rkt Cdm : 3 kJ
.[ 30 000, 35 000 [ :© Tlsls ¨ C rk r± T·f ¨¡ :Ty wnm T·f .5

: wnm
∆1 (32 − 27)
Mo := ei−1 + × ai = 30000 + × 5000 = 30925.93.
∆1 + ∆2 (32 − 27) + (32 − 10)
65
N
.[ 25 000, 30 000 [ T·f ¨¡ TyWyFw T·f Ð ,50 = = XyFw Tb C ,N = 100 An§d .6
2
:AyAs XyFw (
N
− Ni−1 50 − 25
Me := ei−1 + 2 × ai = 25 000 + × 5000 = 29629.63.
ni 27
66
:ytq§rW «d Am`tF km§ :AyAy XyFw (
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000
Classes Classes
AyAy XyFw : 4 kJ
6
1 X
.x := ni xi = 29350 :Äs XFw .7
100
i=1
6
1 X
ni (xi − x)2 = 40327500 §Abt .8
p 2
.σX := V(X) = 6350.39 ©CAy`m r¯ , σX = V(X) :=
100
i=1
:®t¯ A`
σX
CV := × 100% = 21.64%.
x
67
4 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
:§r`tA An§d
n!
Apn =
(n − p)!
¤
n!
Cnp =
(n − p)!p!
A3n − 20n = 0 (n ≥ 3) .1
:d XysbtA
n!
− 20n = 0
(n − 3)!
=⇒ n(n − 1)(n − 2) − 20n = 0
=⇒ n(n2 − 3n − 18) = 0
(n ≥ 3)|wr


 n=0

 ¤

=⇒ n = −3 ¨`ybV d n |wr



 ¤

n=6
Cn1 + Cn2 + Cn3 = 5n (n ≥ 3) .2

:d XysbtA
n! n! n!
+ + = 5n
(n − 1)!1! (n − 2)!2! (n − 3)!3!
n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)
=⇒ n + + = 5n
2 6
=⇒ 6n + 3n2 − 3n + n(n2 − 3n + 2) = 30n
=⇒ n(n2 + 5) = 30n
(n ≥ 3)|wr


 n=0

 ¤

=⇒ n = −5 ¨`ybV d n |wr



 ¤

n=5
1
Cn(n+1) 0
+ 8Cn(n+2) = Cnn−1 + 2Cn+2
n .3
An§d
Cnn−1 = Cn1 = n ¤ Cn0 = 1.
68
:¢n¤
1 0
Cn(n+1) + 8Cn(n+2) = Cnn−1 + 2Cn+2
n
(n + 2)(n + 1)
=⇒ n(n + 1) + 8 = n +
2
=⇒ 3n = 6
=⇒ n=2
:Ä §rmt
.m ≤ n y Cnm rbt` , Ay`ybV d n ¤ m ky
: Aqywt wA rZAnt r\ .1
n!
Cnm = Cnn−m = .
(n − m)!m!
:An§d .2
m+1 (n + 1)!
(m + 1)Cn+1 = (m + 1)
(n − m)!(m + 1)!
(n + 1)! n!
= = (n + 1) = (n + 1)Cnm .
(n − m)!m! (n − m)!m!
:An§d .3
m−1 m (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
Cn−1 + Cn−1 = +
(n − m)!(m − 1)! (n − m − 1)!m!
(n − 1)! n(n − 1)!
= (m + n − m) =
(n − m)!m! (n − m)!m!
n!
= := Cnm .
(n − m)!m!
m−1
Cnm = Cn−1 m
+ Cn−1
.(Triangle de Pascal) AkFA l T®` £@¡ ¨ms
: ^® .4
m−1 m m+1 m−1 m m m+1
Cn−1 + 2Cn−1 + Cn−1 = Cn−1 + Cn−1 + Cn−1 + Cn−1 :d AkFA l T® Am`tFA ¢n¤
| {z } | {z }
m
Cn m+1
Cn
= Cnm + Cnm+1 :d «r r T®` Am`tFA¤

m+1
= Cn+1
N =m : An§d .5
m m+1
Cm =1= Cm+1
: N Ty} T®` |rf .N = m Ty} T®` ¢n¤
N
X
m+1
(1) Cnm = CN +1
n=m
69
:© N + 1 T®` b

N
X +1
m+1
Cnm = CN +2
n=m
:An§d
N
X +1 N
X
Cnm = Cnm + CN
m
+1
n=m n=m
:d (1) Am`tFA

N
X +1
m+1
Cnm = CN m
+1 + CN +1
n=m | {z }
m+1
CN +2
:d AkFA l T® Am`tFA ¢n¤

N
X +1
m+1
Cnm = CN +2
n=m
: yb .6
n
X
n
Ca+b = Cak Cbn−k , n ≤ min(a, b).
k=0
.Vandermonde T® ,T®` £@¡ Yms

:An§d
(1 + x)a+b = (1 + x)a (1 + x)b
d ¨¶An CwtF Am`tFA AS§ An§d¤
a+b
X
(1 + x)a+b = k
Ca+b xk
k=0
Xa
(1 + x)a = Cak xk
k=0
b
X
(1 + x)b = Cbk xk
k=0
:¢n¤
a+b
X
a+b k
(1 + x) = Ca+b xk (2 )
k=0
= (1 + x)a (1 + x)b
a
! b 
X X j
= Cai xi  C xj  b
i=0 j=0
a+b X
X k
= Cai Cbk−i xk , (k = i + j : y) (3 )
k=0 i=0
70
k
X
k
Ca+b
:¢n¤ . = Cai Cbk−i w¡ xk A` d (3) ¤ (2) y TqAWm Am`tFA
i=0
n
X
n
Ca+b = Cak Cbn−k .
k=0
:A §rmt
d ¨¶An CwtF Am`tFA .1
n
X
(1 + x)n = Cnk xk
k=0
: ^® .2
A = f (1) = 2n
B = f (2) = (1 + 2)n = 3n
C = f (−1) = (1 − 1)n = 0, (n ∈ N∗ y)
:An§d .3
0 n−1
f (x) = n(1 + x)
«r Th
f (x) = Cn0 + Cn1 x + . . . + Cnn xn
¢n¤
0
f (x) = Cn1 + 2Cn2 x + ... + nCnn xn−1
: ^® ,As ¥s Am`tFA .4

D = f 0 (1) = n2n−1
: r §rmt
. rW Hy¤ A`lR ®kK§ Amh yyAtt ry yFC y O Tmyqts T`W w¡ lSm rW
,lSm @¡ ¨ lR N dw§ ¢ Am¤ lSm x¤¦C yFC CAyt Tq§rV CN2 An¡ .1
:lSm CAW d d
2 N (N − 1) N (N − 3)
D = CN −N = −N = , N ≥ 3.
2 2
:dw§ Ð .lSm x¤¦C x¤¦C T® CAyt w¡ :lm .2
3 N (N − 1)(N − 2)
CN = , N ≥3
6
.lSm x¤¦C Am`tFA ¢lykK km§ l
4
CN :© lSm x¤¦C x¤¦C T`C CAyt ¨fk§ ,lSm CAW± VAq ªAq d A§³ .3
.VAq TWq
.CAW Tsm ¢ ¨FAm :A
.¨FAm x¤¦C Am`tFA Al 10 rK ykK km§
.¨FAm CAW° VAq ªAq 5 Tsm dw§
71
.CAW Tsm ¢ ¨FAm :A : 1 kJ
:HA §rmt
.zC 28 = 256 ryfK km§ y 8 Am`tFA .1
.Tnkm Tml 232 dw§ .2
:x As §rmt
Twmm º z Twm r}An d ¢n¤ rOn k Twk Ty¶z Twm CAyt¯ Tq§rV Cnk An¡
:P(E)
n
X
Card(P(E)) = Cnk = (1 + 1)n = 2n .
k=0
.A §rmt ¨ Ä ¥s Am`tFA
:As §rmt
.r ≤ n ,CardF = n ,CardE = r y Atwm F ¤ E kt
.nr w¡ F ¨ E AqybW d .1
:w¡ F ¨ E Tn§Abtm AqybWt d .2
n!
Arn =
(n − r)!
:A §rmt
. nr w¡ ¤dn} ¨ r R¤ rV d
:FAt §rmt
.(r ≤ n) r r ¢n s .r n Yl ©wt§ ¤dn}
.nr w¡ AC³ s TA ¨ AyAk³ d .1
.Arn w¡ y rt A r¤ AC³ d TA ¨ AyAk³ d .2
.Cnr w¡ y rt A r d¤ AC³ d TA ¨ AyAk³ d .3
72
:rJA` §rmt
.Ab¯ 20 y CAyt¯ Annkm§ ,dq r §r ykK
:ykK km§ Ð C ¤ ry C rkt ¤ h y rt .1
20!
A11
20 = = 20 × 19 × . . . × 10.
(20 − 11)!
17! 3!
.§r × :ykK km§ .2
(17 − 10)! (3 − 1)!
73
5 C Thwm Am± TlslF
:¤± §rmt
:w¡ Tny` ºAS ^® .1
Ω = {(1, 1), (1, 2) . . . , (6, 6)}
:y
2
Card(Ω) = 6 = 36.
.10 rK` ©¤As§ wmm B A ¤ 5 Tsm ©¤Asm wmm m§ A A |rfn
,TWys w T`C wkt§ A A ^®
A = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
TWys w T® wkt§ B A A

B = {(4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)}
:¢yl¤
Tm¶®m ¯A d Card(A) 4 1
P(A) = = = = .
Tnkmm ¯A d Card(Ω) 36 9
¤
Card(B) 3 1
P(B) = = = .
Card(Ω) 36 12
¨ 10 ¤ 5 ©¤As§ Awm yhw Yl rq km§ ¯ , AtyAnt B ¤ A yt A Am¤
:d @ ,(A ∩ B = ∅) d ¤
4 3 7
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(A) = + = .
36 36 36
:Ä §rmt
: Amt³ Hf Ah Ty¤± w m
1
P(ωi ) = , 1 ≤ i ≤ 8.
8
:¢n¤
3
P(A) = P(ω3 ) + P(ω7 ) + P(ω8 ) = .
8
4 1
P(B) = = .
8 2
2 1
P(C) = = .
8 4
74
2
.P(A ∩ B) = :¢n¤ A ∩ B = {ω3 , ω7 } :An§d
8
:An§d
3 4 2 5
P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B) = + − = .
8 8 8 8
:A §rmt
,b ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 6} ¤ Card Ω = 62 = 36 :Tnkmm ¯A d y ,Ω = {(1, 1), (1, 2), . . . , (6, 6)} :An§d
.c ∈ {1, 2, 3, . . . , 6}
:Ät ¤d ¨ TRw ¨¡ Am (b, c) Ay¶An CAb ¨¡ Tnkmm ¶Atn
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
.''wl Ah Hy T A`mA'' C ¤ ''AS Ah T A`mA'' B ¤ '' ® Ah T A`mA'' T A ¨¡ A ¨ms
√
b k b > 2 c £An` b2 > 4c ,b2 − 4c > 0 :© rfO rb zymm £An` ® Ah T A`m .1
.¨`ybV d w¡
:¨¡ TA £@¡ ¨ (b, c) Ay¶An ¢n¤ b > 2 c = 1 A Ð •
(3, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1), (6, 1)
.Ay¶An C dw ¢n¤ b ∈ {3, 4, 5, 6} c = 2 A Ð •

.Ay¶An ® dw ¢n¤ b ∈ {4, 5, 6} c = 3 A Ð •
. Aty¶An dw ¢n¤ b ∈ {5, 6} c = 4 A Ð •
. Aty¶An dw ¢n¤ b ∈ {5, 6} c = 5 A Ð •
. Aty¶An dw ¢n¤ b ∈ {5, 6} c = 6 A Ð •
£@¡ Amt ÄtA¤ Tm¶® TA ,4 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 17 dw yl T A`m bq ¨k Ð
:w¡ T A
Tm¶®m ¯A d Card(A) 17
P(A) = = = .
Tnkmm ¯A d Card(Ω) 36
¢n¤ A r 4c A rb2 Am b2 = 4c © b2 − 4c = 0 £An` @¡ AS Ah T A`m .2
w¡ T A £@¡ Amt ÄtA¤ (4, 4) ¤ (1, 2) Aty¶An dw ÄtA¤ c = 4 ¤ c = 1 tnts
2
P(B) = .
36
d @ ,Ahny Amy TyAnt C ¤ B ,A w Am .3
P(Ω) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) = 1
:w¡ C Amt ¢n¤

17 2 17
P(C) = 1 − [P(A) + P(B)] = 1 − − = .
36 36 36
75
: r §rmt
:T® TblW A Amt .1
P(A ∩ B ∩ C) = P(A)P(B)P(C) Tlqts w ±
= (1 − P(A))(1 − P(B))(1 − P(C))
= (1 − 0.2)(1 − 0.5)(1 − 0.3) = 0.28.
± Yl d ¤ AV A Amt .2

P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C)
− P(A ∩ B) − P(A ∩ C) − P(B ∩ C)
+ P(A ∩ B ∩ C).
:¢n¤
P(A ∪ B ∪ C) = 0.8 + 0.5 + 0.7
− (0.8 × 0.5) − (0.8 × 0.7) − (0.5 × 0.7)
+ 0.8 × 0.5 × 0.7
= 0.97.
.r± Yl ybAV wFC Amt .3

(Ä ¥s Yl TA³ Hf) ± Yl d ¤ AV A ⇐⇒ r± Yl ybAV wFC
:HA §rmt
A¡rW ¨t Tyl d r¶ d Y ¨mtn A Ð ,AhWy Y ¢n r¶ d zr Y r TWqn wk
.d @¡ w¤ Amt r` TA £@¡ ¨ :TyCA r¶ d rW O w¡
(A)TAs
P(A) =
TyAm³ TAsm
TyCA r¶ d TAs Yl Tyl d r¶ d TAs ©¤As§ Amt³ ¢n¤
π(R/2)2 1
P(A) = 2
= = 0.25.
πR 4
76
C AOm
[1] (1999) TyÀ AwbWm w§ : r¶ z . Twl ¶As¤ §CAm ºAO³ .wV® , ¨®y
[2] (2005)AwbWm w§ : r¶ z . Ämt³ As ¹ Ab ¯Amt³ T§r\ . AC ,©d`s
TyÀ
[3] T§ AOt¯ AF Cd ¤ A± TkbJ ,¨f}w ºAO³ .yl ,§d rJ
[4] Ph. Barbe et M. Ledoux. Probabilité, Les Ulis, EDP sciences, (2007).
[5] G. Calot. Cours de statistique descriptive. Dunod (1973).
[6] P. Dagnelie. Statistique théorique et appliquée. Tome 1 : Statistique descriptive et base de l’inférence
statistique – DeBoeck & Larcier s.a., (1998).
[7] M. Lejeune. Statistique, la théorie et ses applications, Springer, (2004).
[8] G. Saporta. Probabilités, analyse des données et statistiques. Éditions Technip (2006).
[9] B. Ycart. Cours de statistique descriptive, Projet SMEL sur http ://www.math-info.univ-
paris5.fr/smel/cours/sd/sd.html.
77

Cours Proba Stat L1 MI مدخل الى الإحتمالات والإحصاء الوصفي

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cours Proba Stat L1 MI مدخل الى الإحتمالات والإحصاء الوصفي

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lKA ¨lw  Tbys T`A

¨f}w ºAO³ ¤ ¯Amt³ Y d

¨ ®¤ AyRA§C   Y¤ Tns TblV Y ¢w

17 T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq 2

42 1 C Thwm Am± TlslF 6

44 2 C Thwm Am± TlslF 7

47 3 C Thwm Am± TlslF 8

49 4 C Thwm Am± TlslF 9

51 5 C Thwm Am± TlslF 10

52 1 C Thwm Am± TlslF  11

56 2 C Thwm Am± TlslF  12

62 3 C Thwm Am± TlslF  13

68 4 C Thwm Am± TlslF  14

74 5 C Thwm Am± TlslF  15

77 2013/2014 ¨A ¨F ds At 16

79 2014/2015 ¨A ¨F ds At 17

¤ Ty¶AO³ AhO¶AO r` d§r ¨t r}An` Twm w¡ :(Population)¨¶AO³ mtm

:yms Y Ty¶AO³  rytm sqn

‫منفصل‬ ‫متصل‬ ‫اسمي‬ ‫ترتيبي‬

Ty¶AO³  rytm : 1 kJ

T§C rkt ¤ d

:­ rfnm yq TA

(Wqtm ) Ofnm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 1 ¤d

(rmtsm ) Otm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 2 ¤d

TblW  wV : 3 ¤d

:dAO mtm C rkt

dAO mtm ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d : 4 ¤d

:EAn mtm C rkt

:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAytA Ð d` wq

.N T¯d A·f d : 5 ¤d

.¨bsn C rkt s ¤ ©C rk ¤d kJ ¨ AAyb |r

0 200 400 600 800 1000

y k A·f d d :Y¤± ­wW •

:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAt :TyA ­wW •

y T·f wV s : TA ­wW •

¤d wk : T` r ­wW •

r T¯d T·  wV  rb` .2

Tybsn ­r¶ d : 2 kJ

­dm± XW : 3 kJ

.3 ¤d ¨ Tnybm AAybl ©C rkt Cdm m§ ©@ ¤ ¨At kK ¨

150 160 170 180 190 200

©C rkt Cdm : 4 kJ

:©C rkt lSm

150 160 170 180 190 200

©C rkt lSm : 5 kJ

:dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

150 160 170 180 190 200

dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 6 kJ

:EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

150 160 170 180 190 200

EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 7 kJ

150 160 170 180 190 200

EAn ¤ dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm VAq : 8 kJ

C rkt ­ rfm yq TA ¨ .2

.A·f z r m x1 , . . . , xk y

:©¤As§ 100, 9, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql ¨As XFw •

:3 ¤d ¨ ¨As XFw As •

:©¤As§ ¨As XFw

t§CAw kJ Yl wAq §w km§¤

.xG = 0 ¤d` ¨Fdnh XFw  T¤d` rytm y «d A Ð

:¨q wt XFw

:­ rfnm yq TA ¨ XyFw As

þ XyFw ­CAb YW` @¶dn ¨¤E N .2

©¤As§ 6, 100, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql XyFw •

lKA ¨lw Tbys T`A

¨f}w ºAO³ ¤ ¯Amt³ Y d

¨ ®¤ AyRA§C Y¤ Tns TblV Y ¢w

17 T§zrm Tzn Hy§Aq 2

42 1 C Thwm Am± TlslF 6

44 2 C Thwm Am± TlslF 7

47 3 C Thwm Am± TlslF 8

49 4 C Thwm Am± TlslF 9

51 5 C Thwm Am± TlslF 10

52 1 C Thwm Am± TlslF 11

56 2 C Thwm Am± TlslF 12

62 3 C Thwm Am± TlslF 13

68 4 C Thwm Am± TlslF 14

74 5 C Thwm Am± TlslF 15

77 2013/2014 ¨A ¨F ds At 16

79 2014/2015 ¨A ¨F ds At 17

¤ Ty¶AO³ AhO¶AO r` d§r ¨t r}An` Twm w¡ :(Population)¨¶AO³ mtm

:yms Y Ty¶AO³ rytm sqn

Ty¶AO³ rytm : 1 kJ

T§C rkt ¤ d

: rfnm yq TA

(Wqtm ) Ofnm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 1 ¤d

(rmtsm ) Otm ¨¶AO³ rytml ©C rkt §Ewt : 2 ¤d

TblW wV : 3 ¤d

:dAO mtm C rkt

dAO mtm ©C rkt §Ewt ¤d : 4 ¤d

:EAn mtm C rkt

:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAytA Ð d` wq

.N T¯d A·f d : 5 ¤d

.¨bsn C rkt s ¤ ©C rk ¤d kJ ¨ AAyb |r

y k A·f d d :Y¤± wW •

:¨l§ Am ek ¤ e0 ¤d CAt :TyA wW •

y T·f wV s : TA wW •

¤d wk : T` r wW •

r T¯d T· wV rb` .2

Tybsn r¶ d : 2 kJ

dm± XW : 3 kJ

.3 ¤d ¨ Tnybm AAybl ©C rkt Cdm m§ ©@ ¤ ¨At kK ¨

©C rkt Cdm : 4 kJ

:©C rkt lSm

©C rkt lSm : 5 kJ

:dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 6 kJ

:EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm

EAn mtm ©C rkt Ynnm : 7 kJ

EAn ¤ dAO mtm ©C rkt Ynnm VAq : 8 kJ

C rkt rfm yq TA ¨ .2

.A·f z r m x1 , . . . , xk y

:©¤As§ 100, 9, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql ¨As XFw •

:3 ¤d ¨ ¨As XFw As •

:©¤As§ ¨As XFw

t§CAw kJ Yl wAq §w km§¤

.xG = 0 ¤d` ¨Fdnh XFw T¤d` rytm y «d A Ð

:¨q wt XFw

: rfnm yq TA ¨ XyFw As

þ XyFw CAb YW` @¶dn ¨¤E N .2

©¤As§ 6, 100, 3, 7, 2 TyAt yql XyFw •

.100 ÐAK TmyqA rt§ XyFw ^®

:A·f TA ¨ XyFw As

: rfnm yq TA ¨ wnm As

:A·f TA ¨ wnm As

.[ 170, 180 [ :© Tlsls ¨ C rk r± T·f ¨¡ :Ty wnm T·f

:TyAt A®` A·f TA ¨ Q3 ¤ Q1 As t§

(Tlslsl) Tmy r}-Tmy rb : (Étendu) «dm

:©CAy`m r¯ ¤ §Abt

:© §Abtl ¨`yrt C@ ©¤As§ (Écart-type) ©CAy`m r¯

¨l§ Am §Abt s

:d`l ¨FAF± dbm

rOn k Ð (Disposition) TlykK ,rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð (Liste) Tm¶A ¨ms

.nk :w¡ rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð ¶ wq d

Ðw rOn k Ð TlykK ,rOn n Ð Twm rOn k Ð (Arrangement) Tby r ¨ms

n Ð Twm rOn n Ð Tby r rOn n Ð C rk ¤d (Permutation) Tl§db ¨ms

d¤ k Ð TlykK rOn n Ð Twm Twk rOn k Ð (Combinaison) Tqyw ¨ms

(Triangle de Pascal) AkFA l •

.Ω = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} An§d ,d ¤ r r r ºAq Tr .2

Ð ©¤As§ B ¤d Amt .B = {1, 3, 5} © , © r d CwhZ B d ky •

:Amt² ¨bsn §r`t

r 10000 T§dq T`W ¨C Tr : 1 kJ

Trt C rkt d ryb d CAyt •

Amt² ¨h§db §r`t