Vol. 1 No. 1 Jan.

2018 Global Energy Interconnection

DOI：10.14171/j.2096-5117.gei.2018.01.009 www.geidco.org

Full-length article

A review of key strategies in realizing power system

resilience
Yanling Lin1, Zhaohong Bie1, Aici Qiu1
1. State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Smart Grid Key Laboratory of Shaanxi
Province, Department of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract: The world is witnessing increasing frequency of extreme events. The power system is the backbone critical
infrastructure of our economy and is under treat of such events. The resilient power system is intended to cope with low
probability, high risk extreme events including extreme natural disasters and man-made attacks. Realizing resilience in
the power system has been an unprecedented mission. Equipped with today’s smart grid technologies, power system can
be rendered more resilient by the strategies taken before, during and after a disruptive event erupts. Based on a thorough
review of existing works, we present the most-investigated problems and solving measures according to their application
stage. In the preparation stage, innovative planning frameworks considering disaster scenarios are discussed; after the
event, the system can alter the topology and integrate resource allocation to alleviate load shedding. The characteristics
of different disasters are investigated to facilitate enhancing resilience. The review provides a summary of resilience
strategies in the power system and can shed light to future research and application.

Keywords: Power system, Resilience, Critical infrastructure, Extreme event, Natural disaster.

1 Introduction in 2011, over 4 million households suffered from power

Energy lies at the backbone of any advanced society.
The world depends on reliable and affordable distribution
of energy[1], [2]. The power systems are designed to
resist stochastic component outage under the N-1 security
principle. However, recently many natural disasters have
brought unprecedented challenges to the power system,
highlighting the situation that the power system is ill-
prepared for extreme events of large scale and severity
level, e.g., in 2008, a snow storm hit Southern China and
caused over 129 line faults, leading to power loss for 14.66
million households; in the Great East Japan Earthquake
Received: 14 November 2017 / Accepted: 19 December 2017 / Published:
25 January 2018
Zhaohong Bie
zhbie@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
Yanling Lin
linyanling@stu.xjtu.edu.cn
Aici Qiu
qiuac@cae.cn
Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
outage for over seven to nine days; in 2012, Hurricane
Sandy landed on the east coast of the United States and
caused power outage for millions of people; in 2016, a
tornado hit Jiangsu Province, China, which tripped over
two 500kV transmission lines, four 220kV transmission
lines, eight 110kV transmission lines, and caused power
outage for 135000 households[3]. It has been noted that
the power system is reliable but not necessarily resilient[4].
It has become more apparent that further considerations
beyond the traditional system reliability analysis are needed
for keeping the lights on at all times.
The increasing frequency of these disruptions has
made the research of power system resilience urgent. In
2009, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) claimed that
resilience should be a characteristic of the smart grid. Two
U.S. Presidential Policy Directives, PPD-8 and PPD-21,
specifically addressed the national preparedness for critical
infrastructure, and emphasized that the power system is
uniquely critical due to its enabling functions across all
other critical infrastructures.
Since its advent, resilience of critical infrastructure, in

70

particular the power system, becomes the focus of utilities
and researchers. There are abundant review papers on
the concept, evaluation, and realization of resilience[5]–
[7], and the application of smart grid technologies for
better preparation against these disruptions has been
investigated[8]–[11]. These papers lay solid foundations
for future development. However, many of these papers
are published when the concept of resilience was first
introduced to the critical infrastructure. As there lacks
a consensus of what resilience stands for, the focus of
most of the early reviews is the appropriate definition of
the concept. Readers can refer to [12] [13] for a review
of resilience theory in general, and [3] [5] for a thorough
examination of resilience theory and evaluation in the
power system.
In recent years, the number of resilience application
researches is steadily growing. As many aspects of the
power system resilience are being realized with new
technology, such as distributed energy resources (DER)
integration, intentional islanding, microgrids, etc., it is
Original
operation Disruption
System
mode
function
F(t)
Resist & absorb
Anticipate
& prepare
Response & adapt
t0 t1 t2
Fig. 1 Illustrative process of a resilient power system through disruptions
For researchers and utility grids, it is becoming clear
that it is not possible to resist all events at all time, and
strategies beyond traditional reliability study is needed
for keeping the lights on under extreme events. To realize
resilience calls for various different capabilities and various
subsystems. From the perspective of critical infrastructure,
four domains, which emphasize situational awareness and
Table 1 Capability and domain of resilience
Capability
Plan
Domain
State and capability of
Physical equipment and personnel,
network structure
Yanling Lin et al. A review of key strategies in realizing power system resilience
urgent to carry out a systematic review of these new re-
search efforts and directions. This paper summarizes the
recent major research efforts and presents their contribu-
tion accordingly. The most-investigated problems are
categorized according to their problem category, stage,
hierarchy and model.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section 2
introduces the concept and aspects of resilience; section 3
summarizes the research that realizes resilience in different
stages; and section 4 concludes the paper.
2 Understanding resilience
Though consensus on resilience definition is lacking, the
essence of resilience definitions is generally the same, that
is, it is an overarching concept that encompasses the system
performance before, during and after disastrous events.
Resilience therefore can be defined as “the ability of an
entity to anticipate, resist, absorb, respond to, adapt to and
recover from a disturbance” [12], as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Restoration
strategy
Final operation mode
Recover
Targeted
Resilient
Traditional
t3 t4 Time
decentralized decision-making, contribute to enhancing
resilience. The overarching concept of resilience can best
be understood through a scoring matrix proposed by [14]
and shown in Table 1, where each cell within the matrix
can be used to examine a limited aspect of capabilities and
posture while the comprehensive overall structure provides
for holistic treatment of inter-related systems.
Absorb Recover Adapt
Event recognition and
System changes to recover Changes to improve
system performance to
previous functionality system resilience
maintain function
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Global Energy Interconnection Vol. 1 No. 1 Jan. 2018

Continue

Capability
Plan Absorb Recover Adapt
Domain
Data preparation, Data use to track recovery Creation and
Real time assessment of
Information presentation, analysis and progress and anticipate improvement of data
functionality, anticipation
storage recovery scenarios storage and use protocols
System design and
Contingency protocols Design of new system
operation decision, with Recovery decisions-making
Cognitive and proactive event configuration, objectives,
anticipation of adverse and communication
management and decision criteria
events
Social network, social Resourceful and Addition of or changes
Teamwork and knowledge
capital, institutional accessible personnel and to institutions, policies,
Social sharing to enhance system
and cultural norms, and social institutions for training programs, and
recovery
training event response culture

Our previous work has dealt with the resilience evalu-

ation[3]. The approaches to evaluate resilience can be Qualitative Quantitative
generally classified as two different categories: qualita- method method

tive and quantitative methods. These approaches are

summarized in Fig. 2. In the qualitative evaluation, the
Matrix
different aspects and different resilience capabilities can Checklist scoring
Analytic
Simulation-
Statistical
hierarchy Analytical analysis
be considered simultaneously. It can be seen that the & question different
process
based
method of historic
ares aspects method
quantitative resilience evaluation contains three categories: (AHP) outage date
of system
the simulation-based method, the analytic method, and
the statistical analysis. Among them, the simulation- Fig. 2 Evaluation methods of resilience
based method is most widely used because it can be
easily combined with disaster scenarios and the disaster technologies. These can be classified as planning measures and
consequence can be readily calculated. The analytical operational measures, as shown in Table 2. The planning can
method, on the other hand, exploits the probability of be carried out by hardening the system to a higher standard.
system failure in a certain situation. For systems that have Operational measures, especially smart grid technology,
accumulated past natural disaster event data, historic outage allow the operators of the system to access outage information
and restoration records can be used for data analysis. within minutes of the disruption and take operative measures.
The evaluation of resilience is the basis to the researches Sometimes, due the limit of budget, the system planners
of resilience enhancement. These days, the power system should draw a balance between such two different types of
can achieve resilience with the aid of many edge-cutting measures. In the following sections, the specific techniques

Table 2 Planning an operational measures towards energy system resilience

Hardening measures Operational resilience strategies

Accurate estimation of the weather location and severity

Reserve planning
Demand side management
Black-start capabilities installed
Short term
Fast topology reconfiguration
Repair crew member mobilization
Microgrid island operation
Installation of DER or other onsite generation units
 Automated protection and control actions: load and generation
Coordination with adjacent networks, and repair crews
rejection, system separation, etc.
 Monitoring: development of situation awareness; advanced
Tree trimming/vegetation management visualization and information systems
Undergrounding the distribution/ transmission lines;
Ensure communications functionality
Upgrading poles and structures with stronger, more
robust materials
Microgrids
Long term Advanced control and protection schemes, such as system integrity
Elevating substations and relocating facilities to areas protection schemes (SIPS)
less prone to flooding
Disaster assessment and priority setting
Redundant transmission routes Redundant transmission
routes by building additional transmission facilities
risk assessment and management for evaluating and preparing for the
risk introduced by such events

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 Yanling Lin et al. A review of key strategies in realizing power system resilience

the researchers develop to harden the system or to efficient-
ly restore from faults will be discusses.
3 Resilience
 improvement research overview
In this paper, reference [16]-[53] are selected and
reviewed. They can be classified according to the following
criteria, see Fig. 3. A detailed list of the paper is presented
in Table 3.
Problem category: the problems addressed in these
researches are generally falling into two categories, evalu-
ation or decision-making. In the evaluation category,
resilience is defined, analyzed and evaluated. The latter two
categories deal with decision making problem throughout
disruptions, which can be further classified as planning
decisions and operational decisions.
Hierarchy: the power system is a hierarchical system
that contains the generation, transmission and distribution.
Since disasters mostly affect the transmission system and
distribution system, the researches have been carried out
in these two levels, but the emphasis is leaning on the
distribution system.
Model: modeling and simulation of energy infrastruc-
tures is constrained by physical constraints and topology
constraints. The mathematical models used in the power
system analysis are usually a) optimal power flow models
and b) complex network models. A detailed comparison is
in [15]. A multi-agent model can also be used to model the
interaction between components in the power system.
Stage: bearing in mind the definition of resilience, it
can be seen that the resilience usually encompasses three
stages, which corresponds to the definition: before the
disruption, during the disruption, and after the disruption.
Most of the resilience researches are carried out in the
corresponding stage, which is shown in Fig. 4.

Problem category Stage

● resilience evaluation ● before
Prepare for Absorb shocks Bring back service as
● hardening decisions ● during and sustain fast and efficiently as
disruptions
functionality possible
● operational decisions ● after
Plan Absorb Recover
Model Hierarchy
● power-flow model ● transmission

● complex system model ● distribution Adapt

● multi-agent system Plan, harden, redesign the
system to a higher standard

Fig. 3 Research criteria Fig. 4 Resilience research at different stage

Table 3 Detailed list of the selected reference

Reference Herarcny Model
Stage Problem category
number Transmission Distribution Power flow Complex network Multi-agent
[16-19,23] √ √
Before Planning
[20-22] √ √

[24] Evaluation √ √
[25] Evaluation √ √
During
[26,27,29] Planning √ √
[28] Planning √ √
[30] Operational √ √

[31] Operational √ √

After-optimal [32] Evaluation √ √

topology [33-36] Operational √ √
reconfiguration
[37] Operational √ √
and islanding
[38] Evaluation √ √
[39,40] Operational √ √
[41] Planning √ √

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Global Energy Interconnection
Reference
Stage Problem category
number Transmission
After-optimal [42-45,47-48]
Operational
EMS
[46]
Planning
After-resource [49-52]
Operational
allocation
[53]
4 Power system resilience research analysis
In section, we review the researches according to their
corresponding stage. We will see the problem formulation
and application.
4.1 Before the disruption
In this stage, the system planners will envision damage
scenarios and try to prepare the system for such scenarios.
The problem is usually formulated as a two-stage problem.
The first stage selects from a set of potential upgrades
to the network. The second stage evaluates the network
performance benefit of the upgrades with a set of damage
scenarios. The second-stage uses different fault scenarios,
e.g. in [16] the transmission system is hardened against
stochastic fault scenarios. When the worst case attack
scenario is considered for the second stage, the defender-
attacker-defender (DAD) model can be used. In a tri-level
defender-attacker-defender model, the defender (hardening
planner) selects a network hardening plan in the first
stage, the attacker (terrorist or natural disaster) disrupts the
system with an interdiction budget, and the defender (system
operator) responds by microgrid islanding operation or
reconfiguration in order to minimize the shedded load.
In this case, the third level is also considered, where the
system operation can be corrected under attack. In [17]
and [18] the optimal protection plan for the transmission
system is proposed, while DC-optimal power flow model
is used to model the corrective actions from the system
operator. Distribution system can be hardened by similar
methods. The DAD model is applied in the distribution
system in [19]–[21]. [19] considered the maximum attack
model and proposed optimal reconfiguration & DER-
islanding as a defender strategy. [20] and [21] considered
the occurrence of natural disasters and in the hardening
phase, not only line hardening, but also DER placement,
pole undergrounding and vegetation management are taken
as resilience-improvement strategy.
Another direction of research enforces planning con-
sidering resilience requirement. [22] formulate an optimal
electrical distribution grid design problem as a two-stage,
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Vol. 1 No. 1 Jan. 2018
Continue
Hierarcny Model
Distribution Power flow Complex network Multi-agent
√ √
√ √
√ √
stochastic mixed-integer program with damage scenarios
from natural disasters modeled as a set of stochastic events.
A two-stage stochastic program and heuristic solution of
hardening strategy were proposed in [23], specifically for
earthquake hazards, under the assumption that the repair
times for similar types of components follow a uniform
distribution, which simplifies the problem to a certain
extent.
4.2 During the disruption
During the disruption, the research focus has shifted
to the attacker’s side. While system planner and operators
have resources to restore the system before and after the
extreme events, there are researches that tackle the optimal
attack problem. It is vital to learn the frequency and pattern
of the disruptions, such as natural disasters or man-made
attacks, because by studying how to attack, researchers can
explore new defending measures of a power system. In
the reliability evaluation, stochastic failures of the power
system has been sampled by Monte-Carlo simulation in the
power system. But most of the fault scenario considered
in the reliability evaluation is N-1 fault. When considering
resilience, the focus is those low probability events, which
can cause serious damage to the power system. knowing
the severity and characteristics of the attack is key to
implement effective resilient preparation.
One branch of such research is to investigate the
unique characteristics of the natural disaster, such as the
influence of disasters on component failure, e.g. hurricane,
earthquake, flood. [24] provides probabilistic models for
hurricane occurrence and component failures and evaluate
the power system risk in North America considering
hurricanes. [25] proposed a simulation based resilience
evaluation framework where hurricane occurrence is taken
into consideration, component failures are sampled with
using Monte Carlo simulation, and then the DC power flow
model is used to simulate the system function.
Another branch is to find the worst-case fault scenario
for the power system. Such research is meaningful for
system planner to identify the most vulnerable components
under attack. In addition, it is vital to have knowledge of

such attacks if the planner is solving a robust planning or
hardening problem. Some researchers have studied the
power grid security problems under deliberate attacks by
terrorists. [26] firstly formulized the terrorism attack prob-
lem in power systems, in which terrorists try to maximize
the load shed. [27] proposed a two-level model to find
the worst-case N-K failures in the power system. In the
abovementioned DAD models, a similar attack scenario is
assumed. According to complex network theory, [28] pro-
posed different types of attacks to take down the most criti-
cal nodes. [29] proposed a new attack scenario, called the
sequential attack, which assumes that substations/transmis-
sion lines can be removed sequentially, not synchronously.
The sequential attack can identify more combinations of
substation whose failures can cause large blackout size.
4.3 After the disruption
Fast restoration is the most salient feature of resilient
power system, thus the majority of the research is in the
field of post-disruption restoration stage. With the rapid
spread of smart grid technology, the system operators are
empowered with diverse strategies to deal with faults. We
divide the current researches into three major subcategories
as below. They are concerned with reconfiguration and
DG islanding, optimal energy management algorithm, and
resource allocation, respectively.
4.3.1 Optimal reconfiguration and DG islanding
One significant benefits of the smart active system is its
capability to detect outages and remotely reroute electricity
to undamaged circuits and feeders. In the transmission
system, intentional islands can form to isolate fault and
avoid cascading failure. [30] develops a new transmission
network reconfiguration algorithm for restorative self-
healing based on the concept of “electrical betweeness”,
considering the relative importance and restoration
priority of non-black-start generators and important loads.
Moreover, [31] proposed a splitting strategy by opening the
transmission lines with minimum power exchanged, while
guaranteeing that at least one black start unit within each
island and assures sufficient generation capability to match
the load consumption within each island. This strategy is
incorporated into a Sequential Monte-Carlo risk assessment
framework in [32], where the defensive islanding splits
the system into stable and self-adequate islands in order to
isolate vulnerable components, whose failure would trigger
cascading events.
In the distribution system, power system reconfiguration
has been widely adopted to reduce power loss, increase
renewable energy integration, and improve power
quality. In addition, combined with reconfiguration, DER
islands also improve the resilience through mitigating the
Yanling Lin et al. A review of key strategies in realizing power system resilience
possible interruptions during natural disasters by forming
microgrids. [33] provided the second-order-cone based
distribution reconfiguration model for load restoration.
[34] gave a framework where the DERs form connected
DER islands when the main transformer of the distribution
system is at fault. [35] established the post-disruption
DER island formation algorithm based on a linearized
DistFlow model for the distribution system and proposed
a single-commodity flow method to guarantee the radial
topology. [36] proposed a resilient microgrid formation
method based on master-slave control algorithm. In
[37] a distributed multi-agent coordination scheme was
designed to achieve global information discovery via
only local communications, which is suitable for resilient
communication requirements after a natural disaster. [38]
proposed an evaluation method based on complex system
theory to compare and validate reconfiguration scheme for
a system with multiple microgrids.
Noticing that most distribution networks are unbalanced,
and single-phase network models may not represent them
in enough detail, [39] proposed a three-phase microgrid
formation scheme, with a quadratic objective function and
mixed-integer linear constraints. [40] takes one step further
by considering a consequential restoration problem, which
can generate optimal restoration sequence step by step. To
investigate the distribution resilience as a planning decision
making problem, [41] proposed to install Soft Open Points
considering it as a tool to reconfigure the distribution
system during fault.
4.3.2 Optimal EMS
In this branch of study, the topology is not changed,
but the system can use advanced energy management
system (EMS) to optimize the operation of the system in
the aftermath of disasters. The EMS can coordinate the
multiple resilience resource, such as microgrids, storage,
demand response, and electrical vehicles, to reach an
optimal operation point.
The EMS algorithms are usually classified as central-
ized and decentralized. The centralized control scheme can
collect global information and dispatch all the controllable
resources in the grid. This kind of control is performed
by a single central controller, which requires an extensive
communication system between the central controller and
controlled units. With the centralized EMS, [42] proposed
a centralized control algorithm for microgrid, where the
normal operation of the microgrid is coordinated with
emergency operation to enable a feasible islanding, in the
case of any disturbance event. In [43] a EMS based on
model predictive control (MPC) approach is introduced
for coordinated outage management of multi-microgrid
systems by optimally minimizes load curtailments in
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Global Energy Interconnection
emergency conditions, and addresses the uncertainties of
outage duration. Concerning the restoration sequence, [44]
proposed a multi-time step service restoration methodology
to optimally generate a sequence of control actions for
controllable switches, storage, and dispatchable DER to
assist the system operator with decision making.
In the decentralized control scheme, each entity (e.g.
a microgrid, a DER,) optimizes the operation on their
own, while each entity only exchanges information with
local entities. [45] proposed a decentralized EMS for a
system with multiple microgrids. In order to implement
decentralized control functions, intelligent agent
technologies can be a good solution. An intelligent agent
can exchange information with nearby agents and act
autonomously. In [46] a multi-agent framework has been
proposed to facilitate self-healing for a power system that
incorporates microgrids.
Nowadays distribution system containing networked
microgrids has drawn the attention of researchers. If
the distribution system contains multiple microgrids, in
the islanded mode, although microgrids cannot receive
power from distribution network, sharing power through
coordination with other microgrids allows them to sustain
in an emergency situation. Therefore the coordinated EMS
of networked microgrids is significant to increase resilience.
An average consensus algorithm is used by [47] to allocate
the required power amount among the normally-operating
microgrids to support the on-emergency microgrids.[48]
proposed nested EMS for a distribution system that contain
multi-layer of microgrids, which uses the surplus/deficit
information of lower level microgrids during optimizing
its local resources and it reduces the operation cost of the
network.
4.3.3 Repair resource allocation and dispatch
In the reliability evaluation, the faulted component is
assumed to restore after a certain repair duration. When
the fault is stochastic, the restoration resource is usually
unlimited by assumption. However, if the disruptions are
extreme and the outage area is wide, the limited restoration
resource, such as mobile generators, spare components, and
repair crew should be optimally dispatched.
Mobile emergency generators can be dispatched after
the disaster to restore the loads. Among the lessons learned
after the severe ice storm that affected eastern Canada
and the northeastern US from 20 to 23 December 2013,
the use of large-scale portable diesel generators comes
out as recommended in the preparedness process[49]. In
[49] the mobile emergency generator dispatch problem
is formulated for a radial distribution system, while
[50] account for both fixed and mobile DGs that can be
optimally placed in the system, suitable for both radial and
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Vol. 1 No. 1 Jan. 2018
meshed topology.
The repair crew and vehicles are also resilience resources.
Repair crews’ attributes are taken into consideration by
resource, traveling time, repair time, and skill set constraints.
In [51], to reduce the computational complexity of the model,
the damaged components are clustered by an integer program
considering their distances to depots and required repair
resources. [52] established a dynamic resource allocation
method considering wildfire, which is also applicable to
other situations involving coupled dynamics of disaster
and response. [53] provides an approach to deal with the
trade-off between allocating limited resources to protect
components and to construct redundant components, in
order to decrease system destruction probability over a
fixed time horizon.
5 Conclusion
Resilience of the Critical Infrastructure is no longer
a new topic. Facing the complex operating environment,
power system as the backbone of the modern world is also
aiming at resilience enhancement. The concept of resil-
ience encompass the three stages before, during and after
external extreme event. This paper carried out an extensive
review of existing researches regarding the strategies to
achieve resilience, considering their problem category,
stage, hierarchy and model. We hope this review can help
governments, utilities, and researchers around the world
to grasp the latest research directions of power system
resilience.
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by Science and Technology Project
of State Grid, China (5202011600UG) and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (51577147).
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Biographies
Yanling Lin received the B.S. degree in
electrical engineering from Shandong Uni-
versity, Jinan, China, in 2013. Currently,
she is working toward the Ph.D. degree at
Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China.
Her research interests include power system
resilience, microgrid, and renewable energy
integration.
Zhaohong Bie received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in electric power from Shandong
University, Jinan, China, in 1992 and 1994,
respectively, and the Ph.D.degree from Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China, in 1998.
Currently, she is a Professor with the State
Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and
Power Equipment and the School of Electrical
Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University. Her research interests
include power system planning and reliability evaluation, as well as
the integration of the renewable energy.
Aici Qiu received her B.S. degree in Electrical
Machine Department from Xi’an Jiaotong
University, Xi’an, China, in 1964. She is
a professor with School of Electrical
Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University.
She is Academician of ChineseAcademy of
Engineering(CAE). Her research interests
include high power pulse and intense current
pulse electron beam accelerators.
(Editor Xiangru Chen)