Pazhayarai Temples, Thanjavur

Pazhayarai or Pazhaiyarai was an ancient capital of the medieval Chola

dynasty in Tamil Nadu. Presently it is located in Kumbakonam Taluk of
Thanjavur District of Tamilnadu. Today there are a number of villages within
the area of historic Pazhaiyarai. It is located at a distance of 4.2 kms from
Darasuram. This town also has various villages like the Nandipura
Vinnagaram, Patteeswaram, Harishchandrapuram and the Thirusatti Mutram.
The place is believed to be the home to four ancient temples like Metrali,
Vadathali, Keelthali and Thenthali.

Pazhayarai Someswarar Temple is the prime attraction of this town, which is

around 3 km away from Darasuram. This temple is situated in the center of
the famous Pazhayarai Village, surrounded by Pazhayarai Vadathali in the
north, Arai Metrali in the west and Keezhttali in east and Thenthali in the
south. The place can be reached easily by availing regular buses and mini
buses from Darasuram. This place was the first Chola Dynasty’s Head
Quarter. Then it was transferred to Thanjavur.
There is lot of small villages inside the historical town of Pazhayarai –
Nandipura Vinnagaram, Thiru Sakthi Mutram, Patteeswaram, and
Harishchandrapuram. The battle camps of the warriors namely Arya padai
Veedu, Pudhu padai Veedu, Manapadai Veedu and Pambai padai Veedu are
located within Pazhayarai Limits. It is believed that during Dakshinayana
period one who visits the five temples around this place viz. Nallur,
Thiruvalamchuli, Thirusakthimutram, Patteeswaram and Avoor is considered
being a great deed in one’s life.
Pazhayarai, one of the Capitals of Chola Empire is about 5 km from
Kumbakonam. During that period, the town was spread to over 15 sq. miles.
Pettai Naanayakkaaran street on the outskirts of Kumbakonam was bordering
the then Pazhayarai Town. Mudikondan River was on the southern end of the
Town. This vast town is now broken into several small divisions like
Pazhayarai, Patteeswaram, Sakthimutram, Arichandram, Parkulam,
Muzhaiyur, Ramanathan Koil, Darasuram, Konapperumal Koil,
Ariyapadaiyur, Pambappadayur, Puthupadayur, Manappadayur, Rajendran
Pettai are those divisions which we see now.

The palace of Cholas in Chola Maligai (Maligai meaning palace) village near
Patteeswaram is in ruins and there is only a mud mound now. Also, the
Samadhi of Raja Raja Chola is said to be in Udayalur nearby in a private
property without any big monument but there is also a controversy about the
authenticity of it.

Pazhayarai Facts
Pazhayarai had limits starting from Pettai Nanayakara Theru
of Kumbakonam to Mudikondan River and was a big city. Old Pazhayarai
includes current day – Pazhayarai, Patteeswaram, Thirusakthimutram,
Arichandram, Parkulam, Muzhaiyur, Ramanathan Koil, and Konapperumal
koil, Ariyapadaiyur, Pambai Padaiyur, Puthupadayur, Manappadaiyur and
Rajendran Pettai.

Pazhayarai has long history of habitation as identified from the excavation

done at Nandhan medu and Cholan Maligai. There were proof that till 12th
and 13th century, these places were occupied. There were temples here
during the period of Mahendravarman and Narasimhavarman which was sung
by Thirunavukarasar and Thirugnana Sambandar and also by Sundarar.

During Nandivarman II, this city gets into History records and got
it’s another name Nandipuram. Mangayarkarasi, wife of Pandiyan was
believed to be the daughter of “Manimudi Chozhan” was believed to be
operating from Pazhayarai.

Various Inscriptions found show connections to Paranthaka chola,

Sundara chola, Uthama Chola, Rajaraja, Rajendra and until Rajaraja III.
Maravarman Sundarapandiyan did Virabhisheka at Pazhayarai. After
this period, Pazhayarai should have slipped into obscurity. Vikrama Chola
had a second capital at Pazhayarai.

During Rajendra Chola period, this place is known by his one of the names –
Mudi konda Cholapuram. All the Chola kings have in one way or another had
some of their operations from Pazhayarai - Kulothunga I has given official
orders from Pazhayarai sitting from “Vanadhirayan” seat.
History
There are lots of small villages inside the historical town of Pazhayarai
- Thiru Nandipura Vinnagaram, Sathi Mutram, Patteeswaram with all their
temples. There were four legendary temples, Vadathali, Keelthali, Metrali and
Thenthali across four sides of the city. The Battle camps (Padai Veedu) of the
warriors namely Arya padai Veedu, Pudhu padai Veedu, Manapadai Veedu
and Pambai Padai Veedu are located within Pazhayarai limits.

There was only one palace for Vijayalaya Chola, but later individual palaces
were built for all the princes. The great Chola king Rajaraja I, who built
the Big Temple of Thanjavur is said to have spent his last days here, the
capital of his predecessors. Rajaraja Chola's final resting place is in the
present-day village of Udayalur (also known as Sri Kangeyapuram), within a
few kilometers from Pazhayarai.
Excavations made in Nandhan medu and Cholan Maligai has revealed that
lives were existing at this place since Stone Age. It also remained as a Temple
city right from the Pallava period. Nandivarman Pallava II (710-715 A.D.)
built a fort and lived here till it was attacked by a Pandyan King. Manimudi
Chola ruled from here during 650 A.D. His daughter, Mangayarkarasi was
married to Pandian Maravarman Arikesari (also known as Koon Pandiyan
and Nelveli venra Nedumaran).
Nandivarman III conquered Cholas and Pandyas and captured Pazhayarai
from Cholas. Paranthaka II alias Sundara Chola (957- 970 A.D) lived here
and renovated many Temples. The Town attained special attention during the
regime of Raja Raja Chola I (985-1014 A.D) Rajendra Chola (1012-1044)
spent his childhood here and passed many orders.
It was at this time Pazhayarai was also called as "Mudikonda Cholapuram".
Kundavai, the sister of Rajaraja I was living here in the palace, specially
allotted to her. Rajaraja II (1146- 1168 A.D.) made Pazhayarai as his capital
and built a great shrine at Darasuram.

Inscriptions describe the place as Rajarajapuram and Darasuram. Darasuram

attained new heights during the period of Kulothunga Chola III. Mara
Varman Sundara Pandian invaded Chola kingdom, ruled by Rajaraja III and
destroyed the palaces and downfall began for this historic town and it got
divided into small villages within two centuries.

Temples
Pazhayarai Vadathali is in Muzhayur, now known as Dharmapureeswarar
Temple. The elevated shrine faces east and the whole Temple, which faced
extinction has been renovated fully and presents a new look. Saint Appar has
sung Thevaram Hymn on this Deity after observing fast to free it from the
clutches of Jains who kept it closed.

Pazhayarai Metrali is on the way from Thiruvalanchuzhi to Patteeswaram.

Sundarar has referred it in Thevaram though the complete "Padhigam” on this
Temple is not available. It is said to belong to the Pallava period and a part of
it has been renovated recently. The shrine is located at an elevated place.
Outer wall is yet to be constructed and a board giving details of other
Temples of Pazhayarai has to be kept at Patteeswaram Temple where people
come in large numbers.
Brahmmapuriswarar Temple at Keezhkorkai can also be considered as a part
of Pazhayarai as the distance from Patteeswaram is not more than 3 km. This
Historic Temple was left uncared till recently. People turned blind eye over
the wild growth of plants all around.
The Temple would have faced ruin but for the timely assistance of some good
souls. The renovation work has started and the granite structure is carefully
handled to remove the deep rooted plants. Work on front mandapam is
nearing completion. The entire work may be completed before the end of the
year. Murthis at Devakoshtam are outstanding examples of Chola Art.

The Temples located in and around Pazhayarai are briefed below in detail;