Physics 1 Chapter 2

Department Name Civil Engineering
Aeronautical Engineering
Course Name Physics I
Week: 2nd week

Instructor’s Name: Assist. Prof. Dr. Kenan ŞENTÜRK
E-Mail: ksenturk@gelisim.edu.tr
gelisimedu igugelisim
COURSE INFORMATION
Lecture Day and Hour

7th October 2021 , Thursday 11:30-13:50
12th October 2021, Tuesday 14:50-16:20
Local Credits 4 Credits
GBS Link https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-3-347-7386-1

https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-3-106-7386-1
Student Hours 12th October 2021 Tuesday, 11:00-12:00
14th October 2021 Thursday, 10:00-11:00
Instructor' location Block D, Room number 313
Course Content
 Physics and Measurement,
 Motion in One Dimension,
 Vectors,
 Motion in Two Dimensions,
 The Laws of Motion,
 Circular Motion and other Applications of Newton’s Laws,
 Work and Kinetic Energy,
 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy,
 Linear Momentum and Collisions,
 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis,
 Rolling Motion and Angular Momentum,
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
Objectives of the Course
To introduce the fundamental principles and concepts of physics
especially in mechanics in detail at the freshmen level. To build a strong
background for physics as well as showing the necessity and importance
of physics for other branches of natural sciences and engineering
through applications in industry and technology.
Course Catalogue
Course Catalogue
Course Content
 Physics and Measurement,
 Motion in One Dimension,
 Vectors,
 Motion in Two Dimensions,
 The Laws of Motion,
 Circular Motion and other Applications of Newton’s Laws,
 Work and Kinetic Energy,
 Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy,
 Linear Momentum and Collisions,
 Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis,
 Rolling Motion and Angular Momentum,
 Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
Objective of the Course
To introduce the fundamental principles and concepts of physics
especially in mechanics in detail at the freshmen level. To build a strong
background for physics as well as showing the necessity and importance
of physics for other branches of natural sciences and engineering
through applications in industry and technology.
Reference Books
 Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday-Robert Resnick

 Sears & Zemansky’nin Üniversite Fiziği, Hugh D. Young, Roger A. Freedman, 14. Baskı,
Pearson Publisihing
 Üniversiteler için Fizik , Karaoğlu, B.,2012, Seçkin Yayıncılık,
Assessment Criteria
Midterm Exam %30
Homeworks %10
Quizzes %5
Laboratory Work %5
Final Exam %50
Subjects covered in the last chapter
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

1.2 Matter and Model Building
1.3 Density and Atomic Mass
1.4 Dimensional Analysis
1.5 Conversion of Units
1.6 Estimates and Order-of Magnitude Calculations
1.7 Significant Figures
CHAPTER 2: Motion in One Dimension
CHAPTER OUTLINES
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.3 Acceleration
2.4 Motion Diagrams
2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.6 Freely Falling Objects
2.7 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
This week
This week we will focus on the following topics:
 The concepts for displacement and average velocity,
 The meaning of average and instantaneous velocities
 The average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration
 Motion in one dimension with constant acceleration
 Free fall
Weekly Learning Outcomes

Students,
define "displacement, velocity and acceleration", which are

fundamental in kinematics,
describe one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration by using

the definitions given above.
What is Kinematics?
Kinematics, describes motion in terms of space and time while ignoring

the agents that caused that motion.
The motion represents a continuous change in the position of an object.
Motion can be divided into three types: translational, rotational, and
vibrational.
A car moving down a highway is an example of translational motion.

The Earth’s spin on its axis is an example of rotational motion.
The back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an example of

vibrational motion.
What is Kinematics?
A car moving down a highway is an example of translational motion.
The Earth’s spin on its axis is an example of rotational motion.
Ref:https://www.quora.com/What-is-an-example-of-where-both-translatory-and-rotational-motion-occur
What is Kinematics?
The back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an example of

vibrational motion.
Ref:https://www.dreamstime.com/visual-vector-illustration-demonstrates-concept-vibrational-motion-nature-technology-there-lot-repetitive-image177028586
What is Kinematics?
Let's consider an object moving along the x-axis. At any time t, the
position of the object with respect to the origin is defined by x(t).
Depending on which side of the x-axis it is located, the coordinate of the
object can be either negative or positive.
What is a particle model ?
In translational motion the particle model in which the moving

object is regarded as a particle regardless of its size will be used.
In general, a particle is a point-like object, that is, an object that has

mass but is of infinitesimal size.
Position: Determining the location of an object according to a chosen

reference (mostly the origin).
The "position vector" of an object is the vector drawn from the origin of
the coordinate system in which it is located to the point where the
object is located.
The displacement of a particle is defined as its change in position in some time interval.
As the particle moves from an initial position xi to a final position xf its displacement is given
by
if .
Displacement is an example of a vector quantity.

Distance is the length of a path followed by a particle.
The average velocity vx,avg of a particle is defined as the particle’s displacement divided by the
time interval during which that displacement occurs:
For example, an object with an initial position x1  7 m and final position x2  15 m will
have a displacement Δx  15–7  8 m . A positive Δx indicates that the displacement is in
the + x direction.
For example, an object with an initial position x1  12 m and final position x2  5 m will
have a displacement Δx  5–12  -7 m . A negative Δx indicates that the displacement is
in the -x direction.

Note: The total distance traveled and displacement are different concepts.
Displacement is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
Example: Consider an object that moves from x1  5 m position in positive direction

to x2  200 m position and returns from there to its original position.
Although the object travels 390 m in total, its displacement is Δx  0 .
The average velocity of a particle moving in one dimension can be positive or negative,
depending on the sign of the displacement. (The time interval is always positive.)
If so vx,avg is also positive
If so vx,avg is also negative
Start Finish
Reference point
Consider a car moving back and forth along the x axis.

The reference position is x=0.
There are pictorial representation, graphical representation,
and tabular representation of the same information about
the car movement.
Because we are interested only in the car’s translational
motion, we can model it as a particle
Such a plot is called a position–time graph

The average velocity between point A and point B is

Example:
The average velocity is:
In everyday usage, the terms speed and velocity are interchangeable. In physics, however, there is a
clear distinction between these two quantities.
The average speed vavg of a particle, a scalar quantity, is defined as the total distance d traveled
divided by the total time interval required to travel that distance:
The SI unit of average speed is the same as the unit of average velocity: meters per second. Unlike
average velocity, however, average speed has no direction and is always expressed as a positive
number. Notice the clear distinction between the definitions of average velocity and average
speed: average velocity is the displacement divided by the time interval, whereas average speed is
the distance divided by the time interval.

Example:
The average speed is:
Often we need to know the velocity of a particle at a particular instant in time t rather than
the average velocity over a finite time interval . In other words, you would like to be able to
specify your velocity just as precisely as you can specify your position by noting what is
happening at a specific clock reading, that is, at some specific instant.
The slope of this tangent line represents the velocity of the car at point A. What we have done
is determine the instantaneous velocity at that moment.
In other words, the instantaneous velocity, vx , equals the limiting value of the ratio
In calculus notation, this limit is called the derivative of x with respect to t, written
The instantaneous velocity can be positive, negative, or zero. When the slope of the
position–time graph is positive, such as at any time during the first 10 s in figure below, vx
is positive and the car is moving toward larger values of x. After point B, vx is negative
because the slope is negative and the car is moving toward smaller values of x. At point B,
the slope and the instantaneous velocity are zero and the car is momentarily at rest.
From here on, we use the word velocity to designate instantaneous velocity. When we are
interested in average velocity, we shall always use the adjective average. The instantaneous
speed of a particle is defined as the magnitude of its instantaneous velocity.
Motion and position-time graph

x
The object is not moving. Position-time graph for the object which
is not moving.
Motion and position-time graph x (m)
x B
A x
t t
vavg =  x/ t=2.0/6.0=1/3 m/s

vavg  x / t
Motion and position-time graph

x
t
The object is traveling with a constant
velocity in the + x direction.
Position-time graph of a creature

moving with a changing velocity

t1 = 1 s and t2 = 4 s.
x1 =  4 m and x2 = 2 m
x2  x1
vavg 
t 2  t1
Example: a)The position-time graph of an object moving

along the x-axis is given on the right. Find the average
velocities for 0  2 s ; 0  4 s ; 0  7 s ; 0  8 s time
intervals.
b) Draw the velocity time graph for the same object.
10  0 50
v avg(0-2)   5 m/s ; v avg(0-4)   1.25 m/s
20 40
5  0 00
vavg(0-7)   0.714 m/s ; vavg(0-8)  0
70 80
v
dx 10  0 5 10
 v(0-2)   5 m/s ; v (2-4)   2.5 m/s
dt 20 42
5 5 5 5
v(4-5)  0 ; v(5-7)   5 m/s
54 75
0  (5)
v(7-8)   5m/s
87

Example: The position of an object moving along the x-axis is given as
x(t)  4t+2t 2
where (t is in seconds, x is in meters)
a) Find the average velocities between 0 -1 s and 1- 3 s intervals.
b) Find the velocity at t 2.5 s.
a) vavg(0-1)  4 2 0  2 m/s

dx
b) v(t)   4+ 4t m/s
1 0 dt
vavg(1-3) 
1218 4  2  4 m/s v(2.5)  4+ 4(2.5)  6 m/s
31
2.3 Acceleration
When the velocity of a particle changes with time, the particle is said to be accelerating.
For example, the magnitude of a car’s velocity increases when you step on the gas and
decreases when you apply the brakes.
Suppose an object that can be modeled as a particle moving along the x axis has an initial
velocity vxi at time ti at position A and a final velocity vxf at time tf at position B.
2.3 Acceleration
The average acceleration ax,avg of the particle is defined as the change in velocity divided by
the time interval during which that change occurs:
In some situations, the value of the average acceleration may be different over different time
intervals. It is therefore useful to define the instantaneous acceleration as the limit of the
average acceleration as approaches zero.
That is, the instantaneous acceleration equals the derivative of the velocity with respect to time,
which by definition is the slope of the velocity–time graph.
2.3 Acceleration
The acceleration at any time is the slope of the velocity–time

graph at that time. Positive values of acceleration correspond
to those points in the figure given where the velocity is
increasing in the positive x direction. The acceleration reaches
a maximum at time tA, when the slope of the velocity–time
graph is a maximum. The acceleration then goes to zero at time
tB, when the velocity is a maximum (that is, when the slope of
the vx–t graph is zero). The acceleration is negative when the
velocity is decreasing in the positive x direction, and it reaches
its most negative value at time tC.
When the object’s velocity and acceleration are in the same
direction, the object is speeding up. On the other hand, when
the object’s velocity and acceleration are in opposite
directions, the object is slowing down.
2.3 Acceleration
The force on an object is proportional to the acceleration of the object:
This proportionality indicates that acceleration is caused by force. Furthermore, force and
acceleration are both vectors, and the vectors are in the same direction.
Let us assume the velocity and acceleration are in the same direction. This situation corresponds
to an object that experiences a force acting in the same direction as its velocity. In this case, the
object speeds up! Now suppose the velocity and acceleration are in opposite directions. In this
situation, the object moves in some direction and experiences a force acting in the opposite
direction. Therefore, the object slows down!
From now on, we shall use the term acceleration to mean instantaneous acceleration. When
we mean average acceleration, we shall always use the adjective average.
2.3 Acceleration
Because , the acceleration can also be written as
That is, in one-dimensional motion, the acceleration equals the second derivative of x with
respect to time.
2.4 Motion Diagrams

In forming a mental representation of a moving object, a pictorial representation called a
motion diagram is sometimes useful to describe the velocity and acceleration while an object is
in motion. A motion diagram can be formed by imagining a stroboscopic photograph of a
moving object, which shows several images of the object taken as the strobe light flashes at a
constant rate. The time intervals between flashes of the stroboscope are equal in each part of
the diagram.

In the case in which the acceleration is constant, the average acceleration ax,avg over any time
interval is numerically equal to the instantaneous acceleration ax at any instant within the
interval, and the velocity changes at the same rate throughout the motion.
If we replace ax,avg by ax and take ti =0 and tf to be any later time t

This powerful expression enables us to determine an object’s
velocity at any time t if we know the object’s initial velocity vxi
and its (constant) acceleration ax.
Because velocity at constant acceleration varies linearly in time we can express the average
velocity in any time interval as the arithmetic mean of the initial velocity vxi and the final velocity
vxf:
Notice that this expression for average velocity applies only in situations in which the
acceleration is constant.
This equation provides the final position of the particle at time t in terms of the initial and
final velocities.
Since then let’s substitude this expression in the last
equation above.
This equation provides the final position of the particle at time t in terms of the initial position,
the initial velocity, and the constant acceleration.
Notice that the curve is a parabola. The slope of the tangent line to
this curve at t=0 equals the initial velocity vxi , and the slope of the
tangent line at any later time t equals the velocity vxf at that time.
If this expression is substituted in the following equation
This equation provides the final velocity in terms of the initial velocity, the constant acceleration,
and the position of the particle.

For motion at zero acceleration,
these equations become as
That is, when the acceleration of a particle is zero, its velocity is constant and its position changes
linearly with time.
Remember that these equations of kinematics cannot be used
in a situation in which the acceleration varies with time. They
can be used only when the acceleration is constant.
Remember that these equations of kinematics cannot be used in a situation in

which the acceleration varies with time. They can be used only when the
acceleration is constant.

Example: A car traveling along the x-axis increases its speed uniformly from 10 m/s to 30 m/s
within t = 10 s.
a) Find the average acceleration of the car.

b) How far will the car travel in the first half of this acceleration process (in first 5s) ?
c) How far does the car travel in whole acceleration process?
30 10
a) a avg   2 m/s2
10  0
1 2 1
b) x  xs  xi  vi t  at  10 (5)  (2) (5) 2  75 m
2 2
1 2 1
c) x  xs  xi  vti  at  10  10   (2)  (10)2  200 m
2 2

The position-time graph is a parabola that cuts the vertical at
x= x0.
1 2
x  x0  v0t  at
2
Velocity-time graph, cutting the vertical at v = v0 and

its slope is equal to the acceleration (a).
v  v0  at
Acceleration (a) is constant.
The Italian Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) originated our present-

day ideas concerning falling objects. There is a legend that he
demonstrated the behavior of falling objects by observing that
two different weights dropped simultaneously from the
Leaning Tower of Pisa hit the ground at approximately the
same time.
Simultaneously drop a coin and a crumpled-up piece of paper
from the same height. If the effects of air resistance are
negligible, both will have the same motion and will hit the floor
at the same time. In the idealized case, in which air resistance
is absent, such motion is referred to as free-fall motion. If this
same experiment could be conducted in a vacuum, in which air
resistance is truly negligible, the paper and the coin would fall
with the same acceleration even when the paper is not
crumpled.

When we use the expression freely falling object, we do not necessarily refer to an object dropped
from rest. A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone,
regardless of its initial motion. Objects thrown upward or downward and those released from rest
are all falling freely once they are released. Any freely falling object experiences an acceleration
directed downward, regardless of its initial motion. The magnitude of the free-fall acceleration,
also called the acceleration due to gravity, by the symbol g. The value of g decreases with
increasing altitude above the Earth’s surface. Furthermore, slight variations in g occur with changes
in latitude. At the Earth’s surface, the value of g is approximately 9.80 m/s2.
If we neglect air resistance and assume the free-fall acceleration does not vary with altitude over
short vertical distances, the motion of a freely falling object moving vertically is equivalent to the
motion of a particle under constant acceleration in one dimension.
The only modification for freely falling objects that we need to make in these equations is to
note that the motion is in the vertical direction (the y direction) rather than in the horizontal
direction (x) and that the acceleration is downward and has a magnitude of 9.80 m/s2.
Therefore, we choose where the negative sign means that the
acceleration of a freely falling object is downward.
If the y-axis is taken positive upwards,

in free fall, the acceleration of the object becomes a =- g.

Example: For a ball at 80 m height released from rest in a frictionless environment.
a)What is the time taken by the ball to fall to the ground?

b)What is its speed after 3s?
c)What is the distance taken by the ball in 3s?
d)What is the speed of the ball when it is 35m above the ground?
e) What is the distance taken by the ball between the 1- 2s?
f)What distance taken by the ball in the last two seconds?
Note: You can take gravitational acceleration for simplicity.
a)What is the time taken by the ball to fall to the ground?

b)What is its speed after 3s?
c)What is the distance taken by the ball in 3s?
d)What is the speed of the ball when it is 35m above the ground?
Since the ball is 35m above the ground it means that the ball covered 45m distance.
e)What is the distance taken by the ball between the 1- 2s?
f)What distance taken by the ball in the last two seconds?

Since the total flight time is 4s , the distance traveled in last 2s
can be found by subtracting the distance taken in first 2s from The
the total distance distance taken
in last 2s is
In first two seconds the
distance taken is
Example : A stone is thrown from the top of a 50 m high building at

20 m/s vertically upward.
a) How long does it take the stone reach its maximum height?
b) How high is this point from the ground?
c) How long does it take the stone reach the level where it was
thrown? What is the velocity at this point?
d) What is the velocity and position of the stone at time t=5 s?
Note: You can take gravitational acceleration for
simplicity.

a) How long does it take the stone to reach its maximum height?
The velocity of the object at maximum height is zero:
b) How high is this point from the ground?
c) How long does it take the stone reach the level where it was thrown?
What is the velocity at this point?
d) What is the velocity and position of the stone at time t=5 s?

The velocity of a particle moving in a straight line can be obtained if its position as a
function of time is known. Mathematically, the velocity equals the derivative of the position
with respect to time. It is also possible to find the position of a particle if its velocity is
known as a function of time. In calculus, the procedure used to perform this task is referred
to either as integration or as finding the antiderivative.
Suppose the vx–t graph for a particle moving along the x axis is as shown
Let us divide the time interval tf-ti into many small intervals, each of duration
From the definition of average velocity,
the displacement during this small interval is simply the area of the shaded rectangle given
above. The total displacement for the interval tf -ti is the sum of the areas of all the rectangles
from ti to tf:

When the intervals are made smaller and smaller, the number of terms in the sum increases
and the sum approaches a value equal to the area under the curve in the velocity–time graph.
The limit of the sum shown above equation is called a definite integral and is written as below.
where vx(t) denotes the velocity at any time t.
If an object is described with the particle under constant velocity model. In this case, the
vx–t graph is a horizontal line as in figure given below

The defining equation for acceleration
may be written as dvx= ax dt or, in terms of an integral (or antiderivative), as given as below.
If the acceleration is constant, the equation can be rearranged as below.

The defining equation for velocity
From here dx=vx dt
By using vx=vxf =vxi +axt, this expression becomes
Graphics of a stationary object: Position-Time, Velocity-Time, Acceleration-Time:
x v a
t t t
Position-Time Velocity-Time Acceleration-Time
Position-Time, Velocity-Time, Acceleration-Time graphs of an object

moving with a constant velocity:
x v a
t t t

Position-Time, Velocity-Time, Acceleration-Time graphs of an object

moving with a constant acceleration:
x v a
t t t

Relationship between x(t), v(t) ve a(t) :

Derivative Derivative
x(t) v(t ) a(t)
Integral Integral
 dx   t
v x(t)  x0  0 v(t)dt
dt
 dv   t
a v(t)  v 0  0 a (t )dt
dt gelisimedu igugelisim
Summary of the week

This week, our course was focused on the following topics.
Position, Velocity, and Speed

Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Acceleration
Motion Diagrams
One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
Freely Falling Objects
Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
Next Week

References
• Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Ninth Edition Raymond A. Serway and John W.
Jewett, Jr
• Fen ve Mühendislik İçin Fizik 2 (Ders Kitabı)
(Raymond A. SERWAYve Robert J. BEICHNER)
• Üniversite Fiziği Cilt 2
(Hugh D. YOUNG ve Roger A.FREEDMAN)
• Fiziğin Temelleri
(David HALLIDAY, Robert RESNICK, Jearl WALKER)
• Üniversiteler için Fizik
(Bekir KARAOĞLU)
• http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~polat
• https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/PT.3.2448
• http://80.251.40.59/science.ankara.edu.tr/aozansoy/olcme_son.pdf
• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fimage1.slideserve.com%2F2345491%2Fsignificant-
figures-practice-problems-n.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideserve.com%2Flloyd%2Fsignificant-
figures-practice-problems&tbnid=fpvyTudD5AGOlM&vet=12ahUKEwj-
3vO2i53sAhWZgM4BHb8HCJcQMygJegUIARCuAQ..i&docid=h3uC4M7EgZRLyM&w=720&h=540&q=significant&v
ed=2ahUKEwj-3vO2i53sAhWZgM4BHb8HCJcQMygJegUIARCuAQ

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Department Name Civil Engineering

Course Name Physics I

Week: 2nd week

Lecture Day and Hour

GBS Link https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-3-347-7386-1

 Fundamentals of Physics, David Halliday-Robert Resnick

Midterm Exam %30

Final Exam %50

1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

This week we will focus on the following topics:

 The concepts for displacement and average velocity,

 The meaning of average and instantaneous velocities

 The average acceleration and instantaneous acceleration

 Motion in one dimension with constant acceleration

Weekly Learning Outcomes

define "displacement, velocity and acceleration", which are

describe one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration by using

Kinematics, describes motion in terms of space and time while ignoring

A car moving down a highway is an example of translational motion.

The back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an example of

A car moving down a highway is an example of translational motion.

The Earth’s spin on its axis is an example of rotational motion.

The back-and-forth movement of a pendulum is an example of

What is a particle model ?

In translational motion the particle model in which the moving

In general, a particle is a point-like object, that is, an object that has

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Position: Determining the location of an object according to a chosen

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Displacement is an example of a vector quantity.

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Displacement is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Example: Consider an object that moves from x1  5 m position in positive direction

Although the object travels 390 m in total, its displacement is Δx  0 .

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

If so vx,avg is also positive

If so vx,avg is also negative

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

Consider a car moving back and forth along the x axis.

Such a plot is called a position–time graph

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

The average velocity between point A and point B is

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

The average velocity is:

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed

The average speed is:

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

Motion and position-time graph

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed

Motion and position-time graph x (m)

vavg =  x/ t=2.0/6.0=1/3 m/s

2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed