J. Pseudo-Differ. Oper. Appl.

DOI 10.1007/s11868-017-0212-1

Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral

on elliptic curve

Mukhiddin I. Muminov1 · A. H. M. Murid1,2

Received: 7 February 2017 / Revised: 19 May 2017 / Accepted: 20 June 2017

© Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Abstract In this paper we consider a Cauchy integral on elliptic curve  parameterized

by equation η(t) = a cos t + ib sin t, a, b > 0. We drive a formula for the boundary
values of the Cauchy integral when integral function is Hölder continuous on . Hence
we extend Hilbert transform to elliptic curves.

Keywords Cauchy integral · Boundary value · Hilbert transform

Mathematics Subject Classification Primary 30E25 · 30C75; Secondary 45E05

1 Statement of the main results

Let  be an elliptic curve in the complex plane C parameterized by a 2π -periodic

complex function η(t) = a cos t + ib sin t, a, b > 0. Let α be fixed number with
0 < α ≤ 1. In what follows Hölder continuity always means Hölder continuity with
fixed Hölder exponent α. We denote by  ⊂ C the region bounded by . Let f be a
Hölder continuous function on . Let H (ζ ) be a function defined by principal value

This work was supported by the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) through the Research
Management Center (RMC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Q.J130000.2626.14J7).

B Mukhiddin I. Muminov
mukhiddin@utm.my
A. H. M. Murid
alihassan@utm.my

1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
2 UTM Centre for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (UTM-CIAM), Institute for Scientific and
Industrial Research (ISIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

integral with Cauchy kernel


1 f (w)dw
H (ζ ) = p.v. , ζ ∈ . (1.1)
πi  w−ζ

Note that if the function f is analytic in , then (see Sect. 4 in [1])


1 f (w)dw
p.v. = f (ζ ), ζ ∈ . (1.2)
πi  w − ζ

Remark that well known 2π -periodic Hilbert transform is defined by classical

function

1 f (w)dw
H (z) = p.v. , ζ ∈ D ∪ ∂D,
πi ∂D w − z

where ∂D is the unit circle. The importance of the Hilbert transform is due to its prop-
erty to extend real functions into analytic functions. This property certainly induces
a vast number of applications, and obviously the Hilbert transform is not merely of
interest for mathematicians. The Hilbert transform in several dimensions have been
developed in many references (see, e.g., [2–4]).
The set of all complex-valued functions f on the unit circle of the complex plane
C with absolutely convergent Fourier series
∞

f (t) = ck eikt
k=−∞

is called the Wiener algebra, see more general case in [5]. In paper [6], using several
variable Cauchy integral, the boundary values of functions, holomorphic in poly-
domains, are classified in the Wiener algebra. The general integral representation
formulas for these functions, the solvability conditions and the solutions of the corre-
sponding Schwarz problems are given explicitly.
In this paper, we focus our attention to drive a presentation for the principal value
integral (1.1) via Fourier series coefficients, in the case when the Hölder continuous
function f (η(s)) belongs to Wiener algebra. Note that according by the Bernstein
theorem (see, e.g., [7], p. 234), the Hölder continuous function f belongs to the
Wiener algebra for α > 1/2. Further, using this presentation we obtain a formula for
the boundary values of Cauchy integral and describe some applications.
We write the integral (1.1) as

1 2π η̇(t) f (η(t))dt
H (η(s)) = p.v. , s ∈ [0, 2π ]. (1.3)
πi 0 η(t) − η(s)

The Cauchy kernel can be split into its real and imaginary parts

1 η̇(t)
= N (s, t) − i M(s, t),
iπ η(t) − η(s)
Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

where
   
1 η̇(t) 1 η̇(t)
M(s, t) = Re , N (s, t) = I m .
π η(t) − η(s) π η(t) − η(s)

Direct calculations show that

1 1 a 2 sin t sin t+s 2 + b cos t cos 2

2 t+s
M(s, t) = , s = t,
π sin t−s
2
a 2 + b2 + (b2 − a 2 ) cos(s + t)
1 ab
N (s, t) = .
π a 2 + b2 + (b2 − a 2 ) cos(s + t)

Integral equations with kernel N (·, ·) were first studied by Carl Neumann in 1877
long before Fredholm theory was known. Therefore, N (·, ·) is called Neumann kernel
formed with η. Note that the function N (·, ·) is continuous in [0, 2π ] × [0, 2π ].
Let L 2 [0, 2π ] be the Hilbert space of 2π -periodic functions, square-integrable over
the interval [0, 2π ]. We denote by H α the space of Hölder continuous 2π -periodic
functions. Define the Fredholm integral operator N with kernel N (·, ·) as

2π
(Nγ )(s) = N (s, t)γ (t)dt, γ ∈ H α
0

and the singular operator M with kernel M(·, ·) as

2π
(Mγ )(s) = p.v. M(s, t)γ (t)dt, γ ∈ H α .
0

In terms of the operators N and M the integral (1.3) can be written


1 2π η̇(t)ϕ(t)dt
p.v. = (Nϕ)(s) − i(Mϕ)(s), (1.4)
πi 0 η(t) − η(s)

where ϕ ∈ L 2 [0, 2π ] is a Hölder continuous function on [0, 2π ].

We remark that for any Hölder continuous function ϕ on , the Poincare–Bertrand
formula holds [8], i.e.,
 
1 1  1 ϕ(ξ )dξ 
p.v. p.v. dw = ϕ(z), z ∈ .
πi  w−z πi  ξ −w

Taking into account (1.4) the Poincare–Bertrand formula in terms of the operators N
and M can be written as

[N − iM]2 ϕ = ϕ,
 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

where ϕ(s) := ϕ(η(s)), η(s) = z ∈ .

The main results of this paper are based on the following lemmas:

Lemma 1.1 The nonzero eigenvalues of N are

a−b
λ0 = 1, λk = λk , μk = −λk , k = 1, 2, . . . , λ =
a+b

and corresponding eigenfunctions have the form, respectively,

ϕ0 = 1, ϕk (s) = cos ks, ψk (s) = sin ks, k = 1, 2, . . . .

Moreover,

Nϕ0 = ϕ0 , Nϕk = λk ϕk , Nψk = μk ψk , k = 1, 2, . . . . (1.5)

Lemma 1.2 The following identities

Mϕn = −(1 + μn )ψn , Mψn = (1 + λn )φn , n = 1, 2, . . . (1.6)

hold.

It is known that if 2π -periodical function ϕ(s) is a Hölder continuous with exponent

α > 21 , then its Fourier series of ϕ(s), s ∈ [0, 2π ] converges uniformly on [0, 2π ]
(see, e.g., [7], p. 234). Let a Hölder continuous function ϕ(s), with exponent α > 21 ,
on [0, 2π ] be represented by a (real or complex) Fourier series

∞

ϕ(s) = [ck cos ks + dk sin ks] . (1.7)
k=0

Then by Lemma 1.2

∞

(Mϕ)(s) = [dk (1 + λk ) cos ks − ck (1 + μk ) sin ks] . (1.8)
k=0

The convergence of the series in the right-hand side of (1.8) follows from the Plessner’s
theorem [9] which says: When the series (1.7) converges everywhere on a measurable
subset E of [0, 2π ], then the series

∞

[−dk cos ks + ck sin ks]
k=0

converges almost everywhere on E.

Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

Remark 1.3 In the case when a = b = 1 the Eq. (1.8) has the form

∞

(Mϕ)(s) := [dk cos ks − ck sin ks]. (1.9)
k=0

The operator K := −M ( as a = b ) is called operator of conjugation (see, [9]) or

sometimes Hilbert transform (see, e.g., Henrici [8], p. 103). Therefore the presentation
(1.8) for M is a generalization of the presentation (1.9) for the operator K.
Now using Lemmas 1.1, 1.2 and Eq. (1.4), we can represent the value of the Cauchy
principal value integral as follows.

Theorem 1.4 Let a 2π -periodical Hölder continuous function ϕ(s) with α > 1
2 be
represented by a (real or complex) Fourier series (1.7). Then
  ∞
1 2π η̇(t)ϕ(t)dt
p.v. = [λk ck − idk (1 + λk )] cos ks
πi 0 η(t) − η(s)
k=0
∞
+ [μk dk + ick (1 + μk )] sin ks. (1.10)
k=1

Remark 1.5 1. Let  be unit disc, i.e. a = b = 1. If ϕ is analytic in , its Taylor

series
∞

ϕ(z) = fk zk (1.11)
k=0

converges uniformly on the closed disc . In this case, by (1.2), the r.h.s. of (1.10)
should coincide with ϕ(z) on . In that case the Fourier coefficients ck and dk of
the boundary function ϕ(eis ) coincide with the Taylor coefficients of ϕ(z), and hence
λk = μk = 0 and dk = ick . This shows that the r.h.s of (1.10) coincides with (1.11).
2. If the function ϕ is analytic in , and (1.10) its Fourier series, then the Fourier
coefficients of ϕ(η(s)) are satisfy

ck = λk ck + idk (1 + λk ), dk = μk dk − ick (1 + μk ), k = 0, 2, . . . . (1.12)

For example, if

ϕ(z) = a0 + a1 z + a2 z 2 + a3 z 3

then the Fourier coefficients of ϕ(η(s)) are

c0 = a0 + 2 AB, c1 = (A + B)(1 + 3AB), c2 = A2 + B 2 , c3 = A3 + B 3 ,

d1 = i(A − B)(1 + 3AB), d2 = i(A2 − B 2 ), d3 = i(A3 − B 3 ),
 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

where A = 2 ,
a+b
B = a−b
2 . One can check that these coefficients satisfy equations
(1.12).

With Hölder continuous function ϕ(s) := ϕ(η(s)) on [0, 2π ], we define a function


1 ϕdw
(z) = , z ∈ . (1.13)
2πi  w−z

Now, from Theorem (1.10) and Sokhotckyi formulas, we can provide presentation
formula for boundary values of the Cauchy integral.

Theorem 1.6 Let a 2π -periodical Hölder continuous function ϕ(s) with α > 21 be
represented by a Fourier series (1.7). Then the boundary values + of  from inside
can be calculated by

∞ ∞
1 1
+ (η(s)) = (1 + λk )(ck − idk ) cos ks + (1 + μk )(dk + ick ) sin ks.
2 2
k=0 k=1
(1.14)

2 Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of N

Proof of Lemma 1.1 To calculate an eigenvalues of N we first represent the kernel

N (s, t) as

ab 1
N (s, t) = .
π(a 2 + b2 ) 1 + b2 −a 2
cos(s + t)
a 2 +b2

We apply the well known identity (see, e.g., [10], p. 85)

 ∞
1 − λ2
=1+2 λk cos kθ, |λ| < 1
1 − 2λ cos θ + λ 2
k=1

or
 ∞
1 1 + λ2 
= 1 + 2 λk cos kθ .
1− 2λ
cos θ 1 − λ2
1+λ2 k=1

Setting λ = a−b
a+b we have

2λ a 2 − b2 1 + λ2 a 2 + b2
= , = .
1 + λ2 a 2 + b2 1 − λ2 2ab
Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

Hence N (s, t) has the form

∞
1 1 k
N (s, t) = + λ cos k(s + t). (2.1)
2π π
k=1

Hence the value N at ϕ ∈ L 2 [0, 2π ] has a form

∞  π
1 1 k
(Nϕ)(s) = + λ cos ks cos ktϕ(t)dt
2π π 0
k=1
∞  2π
1 k
− λ sin ks sin ktϕ(t)dt.
π 0
k=1

Then

(Nϕ0 )(s) = 1,
 2π
1
(Nϕn )(s) = λn cos ns cos2 ntdt = λn cos ns, n = 1, 2, . . . ,
π 0
 2π
1 n
(Nψn )(s) = − λ sin ns sin2 ntdt = −λn sin ns, n = 1, 2, . . . .
π 0

So, the numbers λ0 = 1, λk = λk , μk = −λk , k = 1, 2, . . . are eigenvalues of N and

corresponding eigenfunctions have the form

ϕ0 = 1, ϕk (s) = cos ks, ψk (s) = sin ks, k = 1, 2, . . . ,

respectively. Since the system of functions ϕ0 = 1, ϕk (s) = cos ks, ψk (s) =

sin ks, k = 1, 2, . . . is a basis on L 2 [0, 2π ], the operator has no other eigenvalue.
Lemma is proved.

3 Singular integral identities

In this section we define the values of the singular integral operator M at

ϕ0 , ϕk , ψk , k = 1, 2, . . . .
We set f (z) = z n , where n = 0, 1, . . . . Then from (1.2) and

2π
1 f (w) 1 f (η(t))
p.v. dw = p.v. η̇(t)dt = ([N − iM] f )(η(s)),
πi w − η(s) πi η(t) − η(s)
 0

we have

[N − iM]ηn = ηn , where ηn (s) = (η(s))n . (3.1)

 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

a−b −is
Since η(s) = a+b is
2 e + 2 e , (η(s))n can be written as

n(n − 1) n−2 2 i(n−2)s −i2s

(η(s))n = An eins + n An−1 Bei(n−1)s e−is + A B e e
2!
+ · · · + B n e−ins ,

where

a+b a−b
A= , B= .
2 2

We separate the real and imaginary parts of to obtain (η(s))n

Re(η(s))n = (An + B n ) cos ns + n AB(An−2 + B n−2 ) cos(n − 2)s

n(n − 1) 2 2 n−4
+ A B (A + B n−4 ) cos(n − 4)s
2!
n(n − 1) · · · (n − [n/2] [n/2] [n/2]
+··· + A B
[n/2]!
×(An−[n/2] + B n−[n/2] ) cos(n − 2[n/2])s,
I m(η(s))n = (An − B n ) sin ns + n AB(An−2 − B n−2 ) sin(n − 2)s
n(n − 1) 2 2 n−4
+ A B (A − B n−4 ) sin(n − 4)s
2!
n(n − 1) · · · (n − [n/2] [n/2] [n/2]
+··· + A B
[n/2]!
×(An−[n/2] − B n−[n/2] ) sin(n − 2[n/2])s,

where [n/2] is an integer part of n/2.

Proof of Lemma 1.2. By Eq. (3.1)

(N − iM)η0 = η0 .

Since Nη0 = η0 , we have Mη0 = 0.

We consider

(N − iM)η = η.

From here we have

N Reη + M I mη = Reη, −M Reη + N I mη = I mη

or

aNϕ1 + bMψ1 = aϕ1 , −aMϕ1 + bNψ1 = ψ1 .

Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

Since Nϕ1 = λ1 ϕ1 and Nψ1 = μ1 λ1 ψ1 , from the last equation we get

a A+B
Mψ1 = (1 − λ1 )ϕ1 = (1 − λ1 )ϕ1 ,
b A−B
b A−B
Mϕ1 = (μ1 − 1)ψ1 = (μ1 − 1)ψ1 .
a A+B

Taking into account the equalities

A A
λ1 = , μ1 = −
B B

we have

Mψ1 = (1 + λ1 )ϕ1 , Mϕ1 = −(1 + μ1 )ψ1 .

We shall prove the equalities (1.6) by induction on n = k. Let us perform the

induction step. Assume that the equations

Mϕn = −(1 + μn )ψn , Mψn = (1 + λn )φn (3.2)

hold as n ≤ k − 1. From the equality

(N − iM)ηk = ηk

we have

N Re ηk + M I m ηk = Re ηk , (3.3)
−M Re η + N I m η = I m η
k k k
(3.4)

Then using the Eq. (1.5) we present (N Re ηk )(s) as

(N Re ηk )(s) = λk (Ak + B k )ϕk + λk−2 k AB(Ak−2 + B k−2 )ϕk−2

k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+λk−4 A B (A + B k−4 )ϕk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+ · · · + λk−[k/2] A B
k/2]!
×(Ak−[k/2] + B k−[k/2] )ϕk−2[k/2] .

Using (3.2) and

Ak + B k
1 + λk = (1 − λk )
Ak − B k
 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

we present M I m ηk as

Ak−2 + B k−2
M I m ηk = (Ak − B k )Mψk (s) + k AB(Ak−2 − B k−2 ) (1 − λk−2 )ϕk−2
Ak−2 − B k−2
k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4 Ak−4 + B k−4
+ A B (A − B k−4 ) k−4 (1 − λk−4 )ϕk−4
2! A − B k−4
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2] k−[k/2]
+··· + A B (A − B k−[k/2] )
[k/2]!
Ak−[k/2] + B k−[k/2]
× k−[k/2] (1 − λk−[k/2] )ϕk−2[k/2]
A − B k−[k/2]

or

(M I m ηk )(s) = (Ak − B k )Mψk (s) + k AB(Ak−2 + B k−2 )(1 − λk−2 )ϕk−2

k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+ A B (A + B k−4 )(1 − λk−4 )ϕk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+··· + A B
[k/2]!
×(Ak+[k/2] − B k−[k/2] )(1 − λk−[k/2] )ϕk−2[k/2] .

Hence we have

(N Re ηk +M I m) ηk = λk (Ak + B k )ϕk +(Ak − B k )Mψk +k AB(Ak−2 + B k−2 )ϕk−2

k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+ A B (A + B k−4 )ϕk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+··· + A B
[k/2]!
×(Ak+[k/2] − B k−[k/2] )ϕk−2[k/2] .

Now, equaling the r.h.s. of the last equation to Reηk we get

(Ak − B k )Mψk = (Ak + B k )(1 − λk )ϕk

or

Mψk (s) = (1 + λk )ϕk .

Similarly, using the Eq. (3.2) and

Ak − B k
1 + μk = (1 − μk )
Ak + B k
Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

we present (M Re ηk )(s) as

M Re ηk = (Ak + B k )Mϕk + k AB(Ak−2 − B k−2 )(μk−2 − 1)ψk−2

k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+ A B (A − B k−4 )(μk−4 − 1)ψk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+··· + A B
[k/2]!
×(Ak−[k/2] − B k−[k/2] )(μk−[k/2] − 1)ψk−2[k/2] .

Using (1.5) we present N I m ηk as

N I m ηk = μk (Ak − B k )ψk + μk−2 k AB(Ak−2 − B k−2 )ψk−2

k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+μk−4 A B (A − B k−4 )ψk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+ · · · + μk−2[k/2] A B
[k/2]!
×(Ak−[k/2] − B k−[k/2] )ψk−2[k/2] .

Hence we have

(−M Re ηk + N I m) ηk = μk (Ak − B k )ψk − (Ak + B k )Mϕk (s)

+k AB(Ak−2 − B k−2 )ψk−2
k(k − 1) 2 2 k−4
+ A B (A − B k−4 )ψk−4
2!
k(k − 1) · · · (k − [k/2] [k/2] [k/2]
+··· + A B
[k/2]!
×(Ak+[k/2] − B k−[k/2] )ψk−2[k/2] .

Now, equaling the r.h.s. of the last equation to Reηk we get

−(Ak + B k )Mϕk = (Ak − B k )(1 − μk )ψk .

or

Mϕk = −(1 + μk )ψk .

Lemma is proved.
Proof of the Theorem 1.6. For a Hölder continuous function ϕ on , the boundary
value + of the function , defined by (1.13), from inside can be calculated by
Sokhotcky formulas

+ 1 1 ϕ(w)
 (ζ ) = ϕ(ζ ) + p.v. dw.
2 2πi w−ζ

 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

The boundary function + (·) is Holder continuous on . By Eq. (1.4) the last equality
has the form

1 1 1
+ (η(s)) = ϕ(s) + (Nϕ)(s) − i (Mϕ)(s), s ∈ [0, 2π ]. (3.5)
2 2 2

From here and Corollary 1.4 we conclude the proof of theorem.

4 Applications

x2 y2
1. Dirichlet problem Let D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : a2
+ b2
< 1, a, b > 0} and g be a
x2 y2
given real valued Hölder continuous function on ∂ D = {(x, y) ∈ R2 : a2
+ b2
=
1, a, b > 0}. The Dirichlet problem is to find a function u satisfying

u = 0 in D,
u=g on ∂ D.

Note that any function g on ∂ D is a function of cos s, sin s. Let the boundary function
on ∂ D have the form
∞

g(s) = [αk cos ks + βk sin ks].
k=0

To solve Dirichlet problem we use Theorem 1.6. Let we consider the Cauchy integral

1 2π ϕ(η(s))η̇(s)ds
(z) = , η(s) = a cos s + ib sin s, z ∈ .
2πi 0 η(s) − z

In this equation we choose the function ϕ on  as

∞

ϕ(η(s)) = [ck cos ks + dk sin ks],
k=0

2αk 2βk
where ck = 1+λk , dk = 1+μk . Then by Theorem 1.6

∞ ∞
1 1
+ (η(s)) = (1 + λk )(ck − idk ) cos ks + (1 + μk )(dk + ick ) sin ks.
2 2
k=0 k=1

A simple calculation shows

∞

Re+ (η(s)) = [ck cos ks + dk sin ks] = g(s).
k=0
Boundary value formula for the Cauchy integral on...

Since (z) is analytic in , the function

u(x, y) := Re(z), z = x + i y ∈ 

is Harmonic function, i.e. u = 0 in D. Hence u is the solution of Dirichlet problem,

since g(s) = Re+ (z), z = η(s), s ∈ [0, 2π ].
2. Conformal mappings We shall construct a simple conformal mappings from the
elliptic domain  to the another elliptic domain 1 . To construct conformal mappings
we need the following theorem which was proven in [11], p. 37.
Theorem 4.1 Suppose G and R are bounded simply connected domains enclosed by
piecewise smooth, analytic closed curves  and L, respectively, and w = f (z) is a
function satisfying the following conditions:
(1) w = f (z) is analytic inside G and continuous on G = G ∪ ,
(2) w = f (z) maps bijectively onto L.
Then w = f (z) is univalent in G and conformally maps G onto R.
We set

1 ϕ(ζ )dζ
F(z) = , z ∈ , (4.1)
2πi  ζ −z

where the function ϕ is defined on  as

ϕ(eis ) = c1 cos s + d1 sin s,

and c1 , d1 ∈ C with c12 + d12 = 0. The function F(·) is analytic in  and continuous
on .
Let 1 be a domain enclosed by curve 1 parameterized by equation

a b
γ (t) = (c1 − id1 ) cos t + i (c1 − id1 ) sin t.
a+b a+b

a c12 +d12 b c12 +d12 −c1

Then 1 is ellipse with axes a+b and a+b rotated by an angle α = arctan d1 .
By Theorem 1.6

1 1
F(z) = (1 + λ1 )(c1 − id1 ) cos s + (1 + μ1 )(d1 + ic1 ) sin s = γ (s).
z=η(s) 2 2

Hence F :  → 1 is bijective. Then the image of F(·) on  is 1 . Therefore by

Theorem 4.1 F :  → 1 is a conformal mapping on .
3. On presentation of Cauchy type integral Let an ellipse  be parameterized by
equation

1
η(s) = (ρeis + ρ −1 e−is ), ρ > 0.
2
 M. I. Muminov, A. H. M. Murid

If
∞

h(η(s)) = h k eiks ,
k=−∞

it is given in [8], p. 118. that

 ∞  ∞ 
1 h(ζ )dζ
v.p. = h k eikt + 2h k ρ −2k − h −n e−ikt , η(t) ∈ . (4.2)
πi  ζ − η(t)
k=0 k=1

We show that (4.2) is a special case of (1.10) with ϕ(t) = h(t) and

1 1 a−b
a= (ρ + ρ −1 ), b = (ρ − ρ −1 ), λ = = ρ −2 .
2 2 a+b

The Fourier coefficients ck , dk of ϕ(t) can be represented as

c0 = h 0 , ck = h k + h −k , dk = i(h k − h −k ), k = 1, 2, . . . .

Then the right-hand side of (1.10) can be calculated as

  ∞
1 2π η̇(t)ϕ(t)dt
p.v. = h 0 + [ρ −2k (h k +h −k )+(h k −h −k )(1+ρ −2k )] cos ks
πi 0 η(t) − η(s)
k=1
∞

+i [−ρ −2k (h k −h −k )+(h k +h −k )(1−ρ −2k )] sin ks
k=1
∞
 ∞ 
 
= h k eiks + 2h k ρ −2k − h −k e−iks ,
k=0 k=1

which is the same result as (4.2).

Acknowledgements We thank unknown referee for a careful reading of the first manuscript and useful
comments.

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