Q3 Compendium Statistics and Probability

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION III – CENTRAL LUZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF TARLAC PROVINCE
Quarter 3 Lessons (MELC-BASED)
1
Address: Macabulos Drive, San Roque, Tarlac City
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037
Email Address: tarlac @deped.gov.ph
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson Content Performance Most Essential Duration Code Page

No. Standards Standards Learning No.
Competencies
The learner … The learner…
demonstrates Is able to Illustrates a M11/12SP-
understanding apply an random IIIa-1
of key appropriate variable
concepts of random (discrete and
random variable for a continuous).
variables and given real-life Distinguishes
probability problem(such between a
1 distributions. as in decision discrete and
making and M11/12SP-
continuous IIIa-2
games of random
chance).
variable.
Week 1 5
Finds the
possible values M11/12SP-
of a random IIIa-3
variable.
Illustrates a M11/12SP-
probability IIIa-4
distribution for
a discrete
random
variable and its
properties.
2 computes
probabilities
corresponding M11/12SP-
to a given IIIa-6
random
variable.
Illustrates the M11/12SP-
mean and IIIb-1
Week 2 9
variance of a
discrete random
variable.
Calculates the
mean and the
M11/12SP-
variance of a
IIIb-2
discrete random
variable.
3 Interprets the
mean and the
M11/12SP-
variance of a
IIIb-3
discrete random Week 3 14
variable.
Solves problems M11/12SP-
involving mean IIIb-4
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and variance of
probability
distributions.
The learner The learner is illustrates a
demonstrates able to normal random M11/12SP-
understanding accurately variable and its IIIc-1
of key formulate and characteristics.
4 concepts of solve real-life Identifies
normal problems in regions under
probability different the normal
distribution. disciplines. curve M11/12SP-
corresponding IIIc-3
to different
standard
normal values.
converts a
normal random
Week 4 20
variable to M11/12SP-
standard IIIc-4
normal variable
and vice versa.
computes
probability and
percentiles M11/12SP-
using the IIId-1
standard
normal table.
5 The learner The learner is Illustrates
M11/12SP-
demonstrates able to apply random
IIId-2
understanding suitable sampling.
of key sampling and distinguishes
concepts of sampling between M11/12SP-
sampling and distributions parameter and IIId-3
Week 5 28
sampling of the sample statistic.
distributions mean to solve Identifies
of sample real-life sampling
mean. problems in M11/12SP-
distributions of
IIId-4
different statistic(sample
disciplines. mean).
6 finds the mean
and variance of
the sampling M11/12SP-
distribution of IIId-5
the sample
mean.
Defines the Week 6 35
sampling
distribution of
M11/12SP-
the sample
IIIe-1
mean for
normal
population
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when the
variance is: (a)
known; (b)
unknown
Illustrates the
M11/12SP-
Central limit
IIIe-2
Theorem.
defines the
sampling
distribution of
M11/12SP-
7 the sample
IIIe-3 44
mean using the Week 7
Central Limit to 8
8 Theorem.
52
Solves problems
involving
sampling M11/12SP-
distributions of IIIf-1
the sample
means.
9 The learner The learner is illustrates the t- M11/12SP-
demonstrates able to distribution. IIIg-2
understanding estimate the Identifies
Week 9 57
of key population percentiles M11/12SP-
concepts of mean and using the t- IIIg-5
estimation of population table.
10 population proportion to Identifies the
mean and make sound length of M11/12SP-
population inferences in confidence IIIj-1
proportion. real-life interval.
problems in Computes for
different the length of M11/12SP-
disciplines. confidence IIIj-2
interval.
Computes for an Week 10 63
appropriate
M11/12SP-
sample size
IIIj-3
using the length
of the interval.
Solves problems
involving M11/12SP-
sample size IIIj-4
determination.
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Most Essential Learning Competencies

At the end of this lesson, you are able to:
illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).

(M11/12SP-IIIa-1)
distinguishes between a discrete and a continuous random
variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-2)
find the possible values of a random variable. (M11/12SP-
IIIa-3)
REVIEW
You have learned in the past lessons the concept of variables. A

variable is a characteristic or attribute that is measurable and values or answers may vary.
Variables can be broadly classified as either quantitative or qualitative, with the latter further
classified into discrete and continuous types. We use capital letters to denote or represent a
variable.
Figure 1. Classification of Variables
Qualitative Variables are characteristics that do not strictly take numerical values.
They are expressed in categorical attributes such as, gender, provincial address, favorite
color, preferred internet provider, etc.
Quantitative Variable are also called numerical data. These data answer the questions
“how many” and “how much”. Examples of quantitative variables are height, weight, shoe
size, etc.
LESSON PROPER
Suppose that there are three laptops and we want to test them randomly. We
want to identify the number of defectives that may occur from these laptops. Hence, to each
outcome in the sample space, we will assign the following values:
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0 = no defective laptop
1 = there is 1 defective laptop
2 = there are 2 defective laptops
3 = there are 3 defective laptops
The number of defective laptops is a random variable. The possible values of this
random variable are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Illustration:
Let D represent the defective laptop and N represent non-defective laptop. Then, we
let X to represent the random variable of the number of defective laptops. Then the possible
outcomes and the values of the random variable X.
(Hint: Just count the “D” in the possible outcomes to identify the values of the random
variable X.)
Value of Random Variable X

Possible Outcomes
(Number of Defective Laptops)
DDD 3
DDN 2
DND 2
NDD 2
DNN 1
NDN 1
NND 1
NNN 0
Therefore, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.
Definition of Term
RANDOM VARIABLE – is a function that associates a real number to each element in the
sample space. It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.
Example 1
Four coins are tossed. Let A be the random variable representing the number of heads
that occur. Find the values of the random variable A.
Let: H = Heads
T = Tails
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Value of Random Variable A

Possible Outcomes
(Number of Heads)
HHHH 4
HHHT 3
HHTH 3
HTHH 3
THHH 3
HHTT 2
HTHT 2
HTTH 2
THTH 2
TTHH 2
HTTT 1
THTT 1
TTHT 1
TTTH 1
TTTT 0
So, the possible values of the random variable A are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
DISCRETE VS CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
Definition of Terms
✓ A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible outcomes is
countable. Mostly, these data represent “count” data.
✓ A random variable is a continuous random variable if it takes on values on a continuous
scale. Mostly, these data represent “measured” data.
Example 1:
Discrete Continuous
Number of chairs Height
Number of enrolled subjects Weight
Age as of last birthday temperature
Example 2:
Classify the following random variables as discrete or continuous.
Random Variables Answers

1. The number of siblings in a family of a barangay. Discrete
2. The time to finish the test. Continuous
3. The number of voters favoring a candidate. Discrete
4. The number of deaths each week attributed to COVID-19. Discrete
5. The average amount of electricity consumed per month. Continuous
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REMEMBER!
If you obtain the data through “counting”, the random variables are Concrete
Random Variable. But if the data will be obtained through “measuring”, then, the data is
Continuous Random Variable.
References
Albert, Jose Ramon G. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Statistics and
Probability. Commission of Higher Education. pp. 108 – 116
Belecina, R.R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store. pp. 2 – 8.
Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability. Phoenix

Publishing House. pp. 2 – 18 (Unit 1).
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illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete
random variable and its properties. (M11/12SP-IIIa-4)
compute probabilities corresponding to a given random
variable. (M11/12SP-IIIa-6)
REVIEW
In the previous lessons in Grade 10, you have learned how to find the probability of
events. These knowledges will help you learn in this lesson how to compute probabilities
corresponding to a given variable. To find out if you are ready, we recall the following:
Finding Probabilities
Examples:
1. Find the probability of getting an even number in a single roll of die.
There are 3 possible outcomes (2, 4, and 6) in the event with a sample space of 6.
3 1
Therefore, the probability of getting an even number in a single roll of die is or
6 2
2. Find the probability that all children are boys if a couple has three children.
(Let B = Boys and G = Girls)
S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, BGG, GBG, GGB, GGG}
There is only 1 possible outcome (BBB) in the event with a sample space of 8.
1
Therefore, the probability that all children are boys if a couple has three children is .
8
LESSON PROPER
Try this. Find the probability of the following events.
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1. Getting a face card (jack, queen and king) in a deck of cards.

2. Getting a sum of 5 when two dice are rolled.
Definition of Terms
Discrete Probability Distribution consists of the values a random variable and can
assume the corresponding probabilities of the values. It is also known as probability mass
function.
Example 1:
Number of Heads
Suppose we toss three coins. Let C be the random variable representing the number
of heads that will occur. Find the probability of each of the values of the random variable C.
Solution:
Step 1: Determine the sample space. Then, we assign letters to represent heads and tails. (Let
H = represent heads and T = represents tails).
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
Step 2: Count the number of Heads in each outcome in the sample space and assign the number
of outcomes.
Value of the Random Variable C
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Heads)
HHH 3
HHT 2
HTH 2
THH 2
HTT 1
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0
Step 3: There are four possible values of the random variable C representing the number of
heads. They are 0, 1, 2, and 3. However, there are 8 possible outcomes which becomes the
denominator of each probability. Assign the probability values P(C) to each value of the random
variable.
Number of
Explanation Probability P(C)
Heads
• Since the event “no head” occur once, the
1
0 numerator becomes 1 and the
denominator is 8. 8
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• Since the event “1 head” occur 3 times,

3
1 the numerator then is 3 and the
denominator is 8. 8
• Since the event “2 heads” occur 3 times,
3
2 the numerator then is 3 and the
denominator is 8. 8
• Since the event “3 heads” occur once, the
1
3 numerator then is 1 and the denominator
is 8. 8
So, the probability distribution of the discrete random variable is:
Number of Heads 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
Probability P(C)
8 8 8 8
Example 2:
The daily demand for copies of a movie magazine at a variety store has the probability
distribution as follows.
Number of Copies
Probability P(X) a. What is the probability that three or
X
0 0.06 more copies will be demanded in a
1 0.14 particular day?
2 0.16 Solution:
3 0.14
4 0.12 P(X ≥ 3) = P(3) + P(4) + P(5) + P(6) +
5 0.10 P(7) + P(8) + P(9) + P(10)
6 0.08 P(X ≥ 3) = 0.14 + 0.12 + 0.10 + 0.08 +
7 0.07 0.07 + 0.06 + 0.04 + 0.03
8 0.06
9 0.04 Therefore, P(X ≥ 3) = 0.64
10 0.03
b. What is the probability that the demand will be at least two but not more than six?
Solution:
P(2 ≤ X < 6) = P(2) + P(3) + P(4) + P(5)
P(2 ≤ X < 6) = 0.16 + 0.14 + 0.12 + 0.10
Therefore, P(2 ≤ X < 6) = 0.52
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REMEMBER!
Properties of a Probability Distribution

1. The probability of each value of the random variable must be between or equal to 0
and 1. In symbol, we write it as 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values of the random variable must be equal to 1. In
symbol, we write it as ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1.
Example: Let us determine whether the following distribution represents a probability

distribution.
1.
X 0 2 4 6 8
1 1 1 1 1
P(X) 6
6 6 3 6
Note: To say whether the distribution is a probability distribution, we must satisfy

∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 1.
Solution: ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑃(0) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(4) + 𝑃(6) + 𝑃(8)

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + +
6 6 3 6 6
1 1 2 1 1
= + + + +
6 6 6 6 6
6
= or 1
6
Therefore, the distribution is a probability distribution because the sum of the
probabilities is 1.
2.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12
Solution: ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(3) + 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(7)

= 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.22 + 0.12
= 0.94
Since the sum of the probabilities of the distribution is 0.94 which is not equal
to 1, therefore the distribution is NOT a probability distribution.
Try This!
Determine whether the given values can serve as the values of a probability
distribution of the random variable X that can take only the values 1, 2 and 3. Justify.
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1. P(1) = 0.06, P(2) = 0.23 , P(3) = 0.71

8 4 3
2. P(1) = , P(2) = , P(3) =
13 13 13
References
Probability. Commission of Higher Education. pp. 117 - 130
Belecina, R.R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store. pp. 9 – 20

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illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random

variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-1)
calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete
random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-2)
interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete
random variable. (M11/12SP-IIIb-3)
solve problems involving mean and variance of
probability distributions. (M11/12SP-IIIb-4)
REVIEW
In the previous lessons in Mathematics of the Junior High School, you have learned
how to compute and describe for mean and variance.
The following are the scores of 30 students in a test. Compute the mean score.
Score Number of Students

30 4
34 8
38 10
45 5
48 3
Total 30
Solution:
1. Multiply the scores to the corresponding number of students. Then, add.
Score (X) Number of Students (f) fX
30 4 120
34 8 272
38 10 380
45 5 225
48 3 144
Total N = 30 ∑ 𝑓𝑥 = 1141
2. Divide the sum of the products of the score(X) and the number of students(f) to the
total number of students.
∑ 𝑓𝑥 1141
Mean (X̄) = = = 38.03
𝑁 30
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LESSON PROPER
Mean of Discrete Probability Distributions
REMEMBER!
Steps in Finding the Mean
1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X.
2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
3. Add the results obtained in Step 2. And the result in step 3 will be the mean when
simplified.
Example 1:
Complete the table below and find the mean of the following probability distribution.
Solution:
X P(X) X * P(X)
1 1
1
7 7
1 6
6
7 7
3 33
11
7 7
1 16
16
7 7
1 21
21
7 7
7 77
Total ∑P(X) = = 1 µ = or 11
7 7
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 11.
Formula
Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

µ = ∑ X * P(X)
where: µ = mean;
X = values of the random variable X; and
P(X) = the corresponding probabilities.
Example 2:
The probabilities that a customer will buy
1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a convenient store
3 1 1 2 1
are , , , , and respectively. What
10 5 10 5 10
is the average number of items that a
customer will buy?
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Solution:
X P(X) X * P(X)
3 3
1
10 10
1 2 4
2 𝑜𝑟
5 5 10
1 3
3
10 10
2 8 16
4 𝑜𝑟
5 5 10
1 5
5
10 10
10 31
Total ∑P(X) = =1 µ= or 3.10
10 10
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.10. This suggests that the average
number of items that the customer buys in the convenient store is 3.10 or approximately 3
items.
Definition
Given a discrete random variable X, the mean, denoted by μ, is the sum of the
products formed from multiplying the possible values of X with their corresponding
probabilities.
Variance of Discrete Probability Distributions
The Variance and Standard Deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or
variability of the items in a distribution.
REMEMBER!
Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4 to get the variance.
6. Get the square root of the result in Step 5 to get the standard deviation.
Example 1: Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution of the
10 1
random variable X, which can take only the values 1, 2, and 3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = ,
33 3
12
and P(3) = .
33
Solutions: Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.
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X P(X) X*P(X)
10 10
1
33 33
1 2
2
3 3
12 36
3
33 33
68
µ = ∑X * P(X) = = 2.06
33
Step 2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
X P(X) X*P(X) X-µ
10 10 1 – 2.06 = -1.06
1
33 33
1 2 2 – 2.06 = -0.06
2
3 3
12 36 3 – 2.06 = 0.94
3
33 33
Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.

X P(X) X*P(X) X-µ (𝑋 − 𝜇)2
10 10 (−1.06)2
1 -1.06
33 33 = 1.1236
1 2 (−0.06)2
2 -0.06
3 3 = 0.0036
12 36
3 0.94 (0.94)2 = 0.8836
33 33
Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.

X P(X) X*P(X) X-µ (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 *P(X)
10 10
1 -1.06 1.1236 0.3405
33 33
1 2
2 -0.06 0.0036 0.0012
3 3
12 36
3 0.94 0.8836 0.3213
33 33
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Step 5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. The result is the value of the
variance.
X P(X) X*P(X) X-µ (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 *P(X)
10 10
1 -1.06 1.1236 0.3405
33 33
1 2
2 -0.06 0.0036 0.0012
3 3
12 36
3 0.94 0.8836 0.3213
33 33
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0.663
Step 6. Get the square root of the variance to get the standard deviation.
𝜎 = √∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = √0.663 = 0.814
So, the variance of the probability distribution is 0.663 and the standard deviation is 0.814.
Formula
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of the Probability Distribution
For the variance of a discrete probability distribution, the formula is given by:
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 * P(X)
For the standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution is given by the
formula:
𝜎 =√∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ P(X)
where: µ = mean of the probability distribution;
X = values of the random variable X; and
P(X) = the corresponding probabilities.
Example 2: The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in

one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005, respectively. Find the variance and
standard deviation of the probability distribution.
Solutions:
X P(X) X*P(X) X-µ (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 (𝑋 − 𝜇)2 *P(X)
0 0.75 0 -0.3675 0.135 0.101
1 0.17 0.17 0.6325 0.400 0.068
2 0.04 0.08 1.6325 2.665 0.107
3 0.025 0.075 2.6325 6.930 0.173
4 0.01 0.04 3.6325 13.195 0.132
5 0.005 0.0025 4.6325 21.460 0.107
µ = 0.3675 0.688
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𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0.688

𝜎 = √∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = √0.663 = 0.814
References
Probability. Commission of Higher Education. pp. 131 – 155

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illustrate a normal random variable and its

characteristics. (M11/12SP-IIIc-1)
identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding
to different standard normal values. (M11/12SP-IIIc-3)
convert a normal random variable to a standard normal
variable and vice versa. (M11/12SP-IIIc-4)
compute probabilities and percentiles using the standard
normal table. (M11/12SP-IIIc-d-1)
REVIEW
In the previous lesson, you have learned discrete probability. In this lesson, it
is essential to understand continuous probability distribution which are used in inferential
statistics.
A frequency distribution table of the scores is shown below. Tell your observations
after.
X (Score) f 14
21 2 12
20 5 10
19 7 8
18 12 6
17 7 4
16 5 2
15 2 0
21 20 19 18 17 16 15
N 40
It is notable that the bar graph above shows the shape of a bell. There are many occurrences
in real life that we generate random variables that have the natural tendency of following the
shape of a bell.
In the figure, most of the figures are found in between the two extreme scores. This
shows a distribution that is symmetrical and has a skewness of 0. In statistics, this distribution
is called normal distribution or simply normal curve.
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LESSON PROPER
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

The normal probability distribution has the following properties:
1. The distribution curve is bell shaped.

2. The normal distribution has
symmetrical sides.
3. The mean, median and mode are
equal. These measures of central tendency
coincide at the center.
4. The standard deviation of the
distribution tells the width of the curve.
5. The area under the curve is 1.
6. The tails of the curve flatten out
indefinitely along the horizontal axis, approaching the axis but never touch it. This condition
is called asymptotic.
Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve
Definitions
The Standard Normal Curve is a normal probability distribution that has a mean µ =
0 and a standard deviation 𝜎 = 1.
The Table of Areas under the Normal Curve is also known as the z-Table. It provides
the matrix of the probabilities or areas under a given z-score.
Four Steps in Finding the Areas Under the Normal Curve Given a z-Value
1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit

form
2. Using the z-table, find the first two digits on the
left column.
3. Match the third digit with the appropriate
column on the right.
4. Read the area (or probability) at the
intersection of the row and the column.
Examples:
1. The area of the z-score 1.67 is 0.9525.
2. The area of the z-score 0.53 is 0.7019.
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Definition and Formula

The z-score represents the distance between a given measurement X and the mean,
expressed in standard deviations.
𝑋−µ
The formula is: 𝑧= (z-score for population data)
𝜎
𝑋−X̄
𝑧= (z-score for sample data)
𝑠
where:
X = given measurement
µ = population mean
𝜎 = population standard deviation
X̄ = sample mean
S = sample standard deviation
Importance of z-Scores
When raw scores are composed of large values, it will not be

accommodating to plot them on the base line of the normal curve.
These large scores need to be transformed into another values for
convenience without sacrificing the real meanings and
interpretations of the raw scores.
For any population, the mean and the standard deviation are
fixed. Thus, the z formula matches the z-values one-to-one with the
X values (raw scores). That is, for every X value there always
corresponds a z-score and vice versa.
Example 1:
Scores in Research Test
Given the mean, µ = 38 and the standard deviation, 𝜎 = 4 of a population of Research
Test scores. Find the z-value that corresponds to a score X = 45.
Solution:
Since the data used were data from a population, the formula to be used is:
𝑋−µ
𝑧=
𝜎
Given: µ = 38 𝜎=4 X = 45
45 − 38
𝑧=
4
z = 1.75
Therefore, the z-score that corresponds to the raw score 45 is 1.75 in a population
distribution.
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The raw score 45 is located here.
Example 2:
Scores in Araling Panlipunan Test
Given that a student got a score of 50 from a sample mean ( X̄) of 62 and a sample
standard deviation (s) of 8. Find the z-score value that corresponds to the score of the student.
Given:
X̄ = 62 s = 8 X = 50
Solution:
Average
𝑋 − X̄
𝑧=
𝑠 Below Average Above Average
50 − 62
𝑧=
8 Needs Improvement
z = -1.5 Outstanding
The corresponding z-score of 50 is -1.5. It is located on the left of the mean and it has
a descriptive rating of “Below Average”.
The x-table provides the

proportion of the area (or probability or
percentage) between any two specific
values under the curve, regions under the
curve can be described in terms of area.
The figure on the right shows the

areas and its proportional distribution
under the normal curves between z-
scores.
Examples:
1. 50% of the region under the curve is below the mean and 50% is above the mean.
2. The area or probability or percentage between -1 and 1 z-scores is 68.26%.
3. The area or probability or percentage between 2 and 3 z-scores is 2.14%.
4. The area or probability or percentage between -1 and 2 z-scores is 81.85%.
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Computing Probabilities and Percentiles
The following notations for a random variable are used for the various solutions
concerning the normal curve:
P(a < z < b) denotes the probability that the z-score is between a and b.
P(z > a) denotes the probability that the z-score is greater than a.
P(z < a) denotes the probability that the z-score is less than a.
Where, a and b are z-score values.
Example 1:
Determine the area below z = -1.34 and show graphically. Use probability notation in
the final answer.
1. Draw the normal curve then use the z-table
to determine the area needed to answer the question.
2. The graph suggests that the value we will get
from the z-table will be automatically be the answer
since the z-table we provide are areas from left to the
z-scores.
3. The required area is equal to 0.09012
That is, P(z < -1.34) = 0.09012
Therefore, the proportion of the area to the left of z = -1.34 is 0.09012.
Example 2:
Determine the area above z = 0.73 and show graphically. Use probability notation in
the final answer.
to determine the area needed to answer the
question.
from the z-table will be subtracted from the whole
area which is 1.
3. The required area is equal to 1 minus 0.76730
That is, P(z > 0.73) = 1 – 0.76730 = 0.2327
Therefore, the proportion of the area to the right of z = 0.73 is 0.2327.
Example 3:
Determine the area between z = 0.76 and z = 1.85 and show graphically. Use
percentage notation in the final answer.
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to determine the area needed to answer the
question.
from the z-table for the right most z-score will be
subtracted to the z-score on the left to get the
area of the shaded region.
3. The required area for z = 0.76 is 0.77637 and
for z = 1.85 is 0.96784.
That is, P(0.76 < z < 1.85) = 0.96784 – 0.77637 = 0.19147
Note: In converting probabilities to percentile ranks, just multiply the computed

probability by 100.
Percentile Rank = P(0.76 < z < 1.85) x 100

= 0.19147 x 100
= 19.147%
Therefore, the proportion of the area between z = 0.76 and z = 1.85 is 0.19147. This is
19.147% of the total are under the normal curve which represents the whole sample or
population. This also means that the percentile rank of the scores between z = 0.76 and z =
1.85 is 19.147%.
References
Probability. Commission of Higher Education. pp. 164 - 194
Belecina, R.R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store. pp. 50 – 89.

https://www.math.arizona.edu/~rsims/ma464/standardnormaltable.pdf
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STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: Table Values Represent AREA to the LEFT of the Z score.
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
-3.9 .00005 .00005 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00004 .00003 .00003
-3.8 .00007 .00007 .00007 .00006 .00006 .00006 .00006 .00005 .00005 .00005
-3.7 .00011 .00010 .00010 .00010 .00009 .00009 .00008 .00008 .00008 .00008
-3.6 .00016 .00015 .00015 .00014 .00014 .00013 .00013 .00012 .00012 .00011
-3.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
-3.4 .00034 .00032 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
-3.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
-3.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
-3.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00084 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
-3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100
-2.9 .00187 .00181 .00175 .00169 .00164 .00159 .00154 .00149 .00144 .00139
-2.8 .00256 .00248 .00240 .00233 .00226 .00219 .00212 .00205 .00199 .00193
-2.7 .00347 .00336 .00326 .00317 .00307 .00298 .00289 .00280 .00272 .00264
-2.6 .00466 .00453 .00440 .00427 .00415 .00402 .00391 .00379 .00368 .00357
-2.5 .00621 .00604 .00587 .00570 .00554 .00539 .00523 .00508 .00494 .00480
-2.4 .00820 .00798 .00776 .00755 .00734 .00714 .00695 .00676 .00657 .00639
-2.3 .01072 .01044 .01017 .00990 .00964 .00939 .00914 .00889 .00866 .00842
-2.2 .01390 .01355 .01321 .01287 .01255 .01222 .01191 .01160 .01130 .01101
-2.1 .01786 .01743 .01700 .01659 .01618 .01578 .01539 .01500 .01463 .01426
-2.0 .02275 .02222 .02169 .02118 .02068 .02018 .01970 .01923 .01876 .01831
-1.9 .02872 .02807 .02743 .02680 .02619 .02559 .02500 .02442 .02385 .02330
-1.8 .03593 .03515 .03438 .03362 .03288 .03216 .03144 .03074 .03005 .02938
-1.7 .04457 .04363 .04272 .04182 .04093 .04006 .03920 .03836 .03754 .03673
-1.6 .05480 .05370 .05262 .05155 .05050 .04947 .04846 .04746 .04648 .04551
-1.5 .06681 .06552 .06426 .06301 .06178 .06057 .05938 .05821 .05705 .05592
-1.4 .08076 .07927 .07780 .07636 .07493 .07353 .07215 .07078 .06944 .06811
-1.3 .09680 .09510 .09342 .09176 .09012 .08851 .08691 .08534 .08379 .08226
-1.2 .11507 .11314 .11123 .10935 .10749 .10565 .10383 .10204 .10027 .09853
-1.1 .13567 .13350 .13136 .12924 .12714 .12507 .12302 .12100 .11900 .11702
-1.0 .15866 .15625 .15386 .15151 .14917 .14686 .14457 .14231 .14007 .13786
-0.9 .18406 .18141 .17879 .17619 .17361 .17106 .16853 .16602 .16354 .16109
-0.8 .21186 .20897 .20611 .20327 .20045 .19766 .19489 .19215 .18943 .18673
-0.7 .24196 .23885 .23576 .23270 .22965 .22663 .22363 .22065 .21770 .21476
-0.6 .27425 .27093 .26763 .26435 .26109 .25785 .25463 .25143 .24825 .24510
-0.5 .30854 .30503 .30153 .29806 .29460 .29116 .28774 .28434 .28096 .27760
-0.4 .34458 .34090 .33724 .33360 .32997 .32636 .32276 .31918 .31561 .31207
-0.3 .38209 .37828 .37448 .37070 .36693 .36317 .35942 .35569 .35197 .34827
-0.2 .42074 .41683 .41294 .40905 .40517 .40129 .39743 .39358 .38974 .38591
-0.1 .46017 .45620 .45224 .44828 .44433 .44038 .43644 .43251 .42858 .42465
-0.0 .50000 .49601 .49202 .48803 .48405 .48006 .47608 .47210 .46812 .46414
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STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION: Table Values Represent AREA to the LEFT of the Z score.
Z .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
0.0 .50000 .50399 .50798 .51197 .51595 .51994 .52392 .52790 .53188 .53586
0.1 .53983 .54380 .54776 .55172 .55567 .55962 .56356 .56749 .57142 .57535
0.2 .57926 .58317 .58706 .59095 .59483 .59871 .60257 .60642 .61026 .61409
0.3 .61791 .62172 .62552 .62930 .63307 .63683 .64058 .64431 .64803 .65173
0.4 .65542 .65910 .66276 .66640 .67003 .67364 .67724 .68082 .68439 .68793
0.5 .69146 .69497 .69847 .70194 .70540 .70884 .71226 .71566 .71904 .72240
0.6 .72575 .72907 .73237 .73565 .73891 .74215 .74537 .74857 .75175 .75490
0.7 .75804 .76115 .76424 .76730 .77035 .77337 .77637 .77935 .78230 .78524
0.8 .78814 .79103 .79389 .79673 .79955 .80234 .80511 .80785 .81057 .81327
0.9 .81594 .81859 .82121 .82381 .82639 .82894 .83147 .83398 .83646 .83891
1.0 .84134 .84375 .84614 .84849 .85083 .85314 .85543 .85769 .85993 .86214
1.1 .86433 .86650 .86864 .87076 .87286 .87493 .87698 .87900 .88100 .88298
1.2 .88493 .88686 .88877 .89065 .89251 .89435 .89617 .89796 .89973 .90147
1.3 .90320 .90490 .90658 .90824 .90988 .91149 .91309 .91466 .91621 .91774
1.4 .91924 .92073 .92220 .92364 .92507 .92647 .92785 .92922 .93056 .93189
1.5 .93319 .93448 .93574 .93699 .93822 .93943 .94062 .94179 .94295 .94408
1.6 .94520 .94630 .94738 .94845 .94950 .95053 .95154 .95254 .95352 .95449
1.7 .95543 .95637 .95728 .95818 .95907 .95994 .96080 .96164 .96246 .96327
1.8 .96407 .96485 .96562 .96638 .96712 .96784 .96856 .96926 .96995 .97062
1.9 .97128 .97193 .97257 .97320 .97381 .97441 .97500 .97558 .97615 .97670
2.0 .97725 .97778 .97831 .97882 .97932 .97982 .98030 .98077 .98124 .98169
2.1 .98214 .98257 .98300 .98341 .98382 .98422 .98461 .98500 .98537 .98574
2.2 .98610 .98645 .98679 .98713 .98745 .98778 .98809 .98840 .98870 .98899
2.3 .98928 .98956 .98983 .99010 .99036 .99061 .99086 .99111 .99134 .99158
2.4 .99180 .99202 .99224 .99245 .99266 .99286 .99305 .99324 .99343 .99361
2.5 .99379 .99396 .99413 .99430 .99446 .99461 .99477 .99492 .99506 .99520
2.6 .99534 .99547 .99560 .99573 .99585 .99598 .99609 .99621 .99632 .99643
2.7 .99653 .99664 .99674 .99683 .99693 .99702 .99711 .99720 .99728 .99736
2.8 .99744 .99752 .99760 .99767 .99774 .99781 .99788 .99795 .99801 .99807
2.9 .99813 .99819 .99825 .99831 .99836 .99841 .99846 .99851 .99856 .99861
3.0 .99865 .99869 .99874 .99878 .99882 .99886 .99889 .99893 .99896 .99900
3.1 .99903 .99906 .99910 .99913 .99916 .99918 .99921 .99924 .99926 .99929
3.2 .99931 .99934 .99936 .99938 .99940 .99942 .99944 .99946 .99948 .99950
3.3 .99952 .99953 .99955 .99957 .99958 .99960 .99961 .99962 .99964 .99965
3.4 .99966 .99968 .99969 .99970 .99971 .99972 .99973 .99974 .99975 .99976
3.5 .99977 .99978 .99978 .99979 .99980 .99981 .99981 .99982 .99983 .99983
3.6 .99984 .99985 .99985 .99986 .99986 .99987 .99987 .99988 .99988 .99989
3.7 .99989 .99990 .99990 .99990 .99991 .99991 .99992 .99992 .99992 .99992
3.8 .99993 .99993 .99993 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99994 .99995 .99995 .99995
3.9 .99995 .99995 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99996 .99997 .99997
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Telephone No.: (045) 982-037

Illustrate random sampling (M11/12SP-IIId-2)

Distinguish between parameter and statistics
(M11/12SP-IIId-3)
Identify sampling distribution of statistics (sample mean)
(M11/12SP-IIId-4)
EXPLORE AND LEARN

Supposed that you are asked to conduct a study on the
modality of learning preferred of the incoming Senior High School
student, is it enough to just get one sample and make conclusions
about the population? Why? Why not? In this lesson, you will learn
how taking more random samples provides better data on the actual
characteristic of the population.
Sampling
Sampling means selecting a particular group or sample to represent the entire

population. In research it is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined
number of observations (sample) are taken from a larger population.
Population
Population
Sample
Sample
A B
Definitions
A population refers to the entire group that is under study or investigation.
A sample is a subset taken from a population, either by random or nonrandom

sampling techniques. A sample is a representation of the population where one hopes to
draw valid conclusion from about the population.
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Sampling Techniques
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
RANDOM SAMPLING NONRANDOM SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling Purposive Sampling
Systematic sampling Incidental/Accidental Sampling
Stratified sampling Quota Sampling
Cluster sampling
Multi-stage sampling
Type Random Sampling Technique
Random Sampling Technique gives every member of the population equal chance to
be selected as part of the study. Five Sampling Schemes of this type:
a. Simple random sampling is made when all the members of the population are given
a chance to be selected. Selection is done by draw lot or the use of the table of
random numbers.
b. Systematic sampling is choosing the nth name in a population as the sample. It

entails using a list of the population and deciding how the nth name is chosen. For
example, the population of students in one school is listed alphabetically and
numbered consecutively. From the list, the sample to be taken is the name that
falls every nth in the list until the desired number of sample is completed. So with
a population of 500 and 250 as the desired sample, the individual sample may be
the name that falls in every count of two or all those that are in the odd number
or the even number.
Example:
If the total population is 5000 and the desired sample is 100,
Sampling Interval = 5000 = 50

100
Get the No. 50 as the first sample and every 50th person in the list or 100, 150, etc.
until 100 respondents are completed.
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c. Stratified random sampling is dividing the population into strata and drawing the
sample at random from each division. For example, the population to be sampled
are the elementary school teachers in one district. These are stratified by their
ranks as teacher 1, 2, 3. Samples of equal number are drawn from each rank
This method is used when there is a ready list of the population whose members are
categorized as students, farmers, fishermen. The steps to follow are:
Get the list of the total population.

Decide on the sampling size or the actual percentage of the population to be
considered as sample.
Get an equal proportion of sample from each group.
Example:
500 pupils x .20 = 100

200 teachers’ x .20 = 40
150 parents x .20 = 30
Total Sample 170
Get the 170 respondents by simple random or systematic sampling.
d. Cluster sampling is a design that uses a group as sample rather than an individual.
For example, the population may be the parents in one school district. The parents
may be grouped by barangay within the district or by those in the east, west, north
and south of the district. From these groupings, the sample cluster is chosen
randomly or systematically. This differs from stratified sampling that includes all
the strata in the sampling process.
e. Multi-stage sampling is done by stages: two, three, four as the case may be
depending on the number of stages sampling is made. Here the population is
grouped by hierarchy from which sampling is done in each stage. For example,
the population to be studied consists of the personnel in the public elementary
schools in the country. So samples have to be taken from the national, regional,
provincial, district, and school levels
Example:
1st level, 3 municipalities/province
2nd level, 2 districts/municipality
3rd level, 4 barangays/districts
4th level, 100 respondents/barangay
Use any of the sampling techniques given earlier in arriving at the desired sample
number.
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Nonrandom Sampling Technique

Nonrandom Sampling Technique is the opposite of probability. Here the researcher’s
judgment determines the choice of the sample.
Three kinds commonly used:
a. Purposive Sampling- In this design, the samples are chosen based on the
judgment of the researcher who determines an individual as sample for
possessing special characteristics of some sort.
b. Incidental/Accidental Sampling – As the term implies, this design is used to take
samples who may be the most available or the nearest at the time of data
gathering.
c. Quota Sampling- A design popular for opinion research, this sampling is made by
looking for individuals that possess the required characteristics or prescribed
criteria of the research.
Determining the Sample Size
For a population of more than 100, sampling is a must. Following is a formula for scientific
sampling, illustrations and examples (Calmorin and Calmorin, 1995):
• Ss = NV + [Se (1 - p)]____
Nse + [V x p(1 - p)]

Where Ss = Sample size
N = Total number of population
V = The standard value (2.58) of 1 percent level of probability with
0.99 reliability
Se = Sampling error
P = The largest possible proportion (0.50)
To illustrate the above formula, these steps have to be followed:

1. Determine the total population (N) assumed to be studied.
2. Get the value of V (2.58), Se (.01) and p (0.50).
3. Compute the sample size using the above formula
Example: The total population is 500 has a standard value of 2.58 at 1 percent level of
probability and 99 percent reliability. The sampling error is 1 percent (0.01) and the
proportion of a target population is 50 percent (0.50).
The sample size is computed as follows:

N = 500
V = 2.58
Se = 0.01
P = 0.50
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Solution:
Ss = NV + (Se)2 x (1-P) = 500(2.58) + (0.01)2 x (1-0.50)
Nse + (V)2 x P(1-P) 500(0.01) + (2.58)2 x 0.50(1-0.50)
= 1290 + 0.0001 x 0.50 = 1290 + 0.00005

5 + 6.6564 x 0.50(0.50) 6.6641
= 1290.00005
6.6641
Ss = 193.57 or 194
This sample size of 194 represents the 500 subjects of study.
Another formula in finding the sample size is Slovin’s Formula:

𝑁
𝑛=
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
Where:
N is the population size
n if the sample size and
e is the margin of error
Example: A researcher wants to study the academic performance in Mathematics of students

in a certain school. The school has a population of 12,000 students. If the researcher allows a
margin of error of 5%, how many students must he include in his sample?
Solution:
𝑁 1200 1200
𝑛= 𝑛= 𝑛=
1+𝑁𝑒 2 1+(1200)(0.05)2 1+𝑁(1200)(0.0025)
1200 1200
𝑛= 𝑛= 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟎𝟗𝟔
1+30 31
Thus, the researcher must take 387 students as his sample.
Parameter and Statistics

A statistic is a number which describe a sample. It can be directly computed and
observed. An example of statistic is the sample mean, which serves as an estimator for the
population mean. Examples of statistics are sample mean, sample standard deviation and
sample median
A parameter is a descriptive measure of a population. While a statistic can be directly
computed and observed, the value if a parameter can be approximated and is not necessarily
equal to the statistic of a sample. Population mean, population standard deviation and
population median are the few examples of parameter.
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Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

The sampling distribution of a statistic is the distribution of values of the statistics for
all possible samples of the same size from the same population.
Example: Construct a sampling distribution of the mean and a histogram from the set of data
below.
86 89 92 95 98
Solution:
Step 1: Solve for the population mean.
∑𝑋 86+89+92+95+98
𝜇= = = 92
𝑁 5
Step 2: Construct all random sample consisting of three observations (n=3) from the
given date set. Arrange the observations in ascending order without replacement and
repetition. Then get the sample mean of each random sample. See the table below.
Random Sample (n=3) Sample Mean (𝒙)
86, 89, 92 89
86, 89, 95 90
86, 89, 98 91
86, 92, 95 91
86, 92, 98 92
86, 95, 98 93
89, 92, 95 92
89, 92, 98 93
89, 95, 98 94
92, 95, 98 95
Observe that 89, 90, 94, and 95 appeared only once; thus, their probability is
1 2
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑜𝑟 0.1. since 91, 92, and 93 appeared twice, their probability is 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑜𝑟 0.2.
10 10
Step 3: Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Sample mean (x) Probability

89 0.1
90 0.1
91 0.2
92 0.2
93 0.2
94 0.1
95 0.1
Observe that the total probability of all the sample means must be equal to 1.
Step 4: Construct the histogram for the sample means
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Histogram of Sample Mean

Probability (x) 0.2
0.1
0
89 90 91 92 93 94 95
Sample Mean (x)
References
Banigon Jr, R.B. (2016). Statistics and Probabilities for Senior High School. Educational
Resources Corporation, pp 38 – 42
De Guzman, Danilo (2016). Statistics & Probability, C& E Publishing, Inc. pp 62-70
Nuqui, Roger L., Sampling Design presentation retrieved from
http://www.carinadizonmaellt.com/statweb/pdf/SAMP.pdf
Quipper Learn Philippines. Sampling Distribution retrieved from
https://learn.quipper.com/en/topics/5719a5182dadcd00110070be/lessons/1/cha
pters/1
Obdin, Hadassah Grace G, Sampling and Sampling Distribution
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finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the

sample mean. (M11/12SP-IIId-5)
defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for
normal population when the variance is: (a) known; (b)
unknown. (M11/12SP-IIIe-1)
REVIEW
You have learned how to construct the sampling distribution of the

sample means of size n drawn from a population. A sampling distribution of sample means is a
frequency distribution using the means computed from all possible random samples of a
specific size taken from a population. The number of samples of size n that can be drawn from
a population of size N is given by NCn. Sample mean is a random variable, which depends on a
particular sample. Being a random variable, it has a probability distribution. The probability
distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the sample means.
How to Construct a Sampling Distribution of Sample Means from a Given

Population
Step 1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from
the population using the formula:
NCn
where: N = size of the population
n = size of the sample
Step 2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
Step 3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in

Step 2.
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LESSON PROPER
Suppose that a population consists of the five (5) employees in a small
business. The random variable of interest 𝐗, is the number of years the employee has been
with the business. The values of the variable are as follows:
Employees Years in the Business

Cyn 1
Gee 2
Haze 3
Juan 4
Lu 5
• What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
• What is the sampling distribution of the sample means for a sample of size 2?
• Compare these values to the mean and variance of the population.
• Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the population mean.
STEPS SOLUTION
1. Compute the mean of the ∑X 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 15
population (𝜇). μ= = = = 3.00
N 5 5
2. Compute the variance of the
population (𝜎). Years in the
Employees Business X−μ (X − μ)2
(X)
Cyn 1 −2 4
Gee 2 −1 1
Hazel 3 0 0
Juan 4 1 1
Lu 5 2 4
∑(𝐗 − 𝛍)𝟐 =10
∑(X − μ)2
σ2 =
N
10
= =2
5
The population variance is 2.
The population standard deviation is 1.41.
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3. Determine the number of

Use the formula NCn. Note: N = 5 and n = 2.
possible samples of size
n = 2. 5C2 = 10
There are 10 possible samples of size 2 that can be
drawn.
4. List all possible samples and
their corresponding means. Years in
the
Observation Employees Mean
Business
(Samples)
1 Cyn, Gee 1, 2 1.50
2 Cyn, Hazel 1, 3 2.00
3 Cyn, Juan 1, 4 2.50
4 Cyn, Lu 1, 5 3.00
5 Gee, Hazel 2, 3 2.50
6 Gee, Juan 2, 4 3.00
7 Gee, Lu 2, 5 3.50
8 Hazel, Juan 3, 4 3.50
9 Hazel, Lu 3, 5 4.00
10 Juan, Lu 4, 5 4.50
5. Construct the sampling
distribution of the sample
Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean
means.
Sample Mean Probability
̅ Frequency ̅)
X P(X
1
1.50 1
10
1
2.00 1
10
2 1
2.50 2 =
10 5
2 1
3.00 2 =
10 5
2 1
3.50 2 =
10 5
1
4.00 1
10
37
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1
4.50 1
10
Total 10 1.00
Definitions & Formula

A frequency is the number of times a data value occurs.
Probability is the measure of the likelihood that an event will occur in a Random
Experiment.
̅) = number of frequency
Formula for Probability P(X
total number of frequency
6. Compute the mean of the

Sample Mean Probability ̅
sampling distribution of the ̅ ̅) X  P(̅
X)
X P(X
sample means (μX̅ ). Follow
1
these steps: 1.50 0.15
10
Step 1. Multiply the sample
mean by the corresponding 1
2.00 0.20
probability 10
Step 2. Add the results. 1
2.50 0.50
5
1
3.00 0.60
5
1
3.50 0.70
5
1
4.00 0.40
10
1
4.50 0.45
10
Total 10 3.00
μX̅ = X̅  P(X̅ ) = 3.00

The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
means is 3.00
38
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7. Compute the variance (𝜎 2 𝑥 )

̅
X P(̅
X) ̅
X−μ (̅
X − μ)2 P(̅
X )  (̅
X − μ)2
of the sampling distribution
of the sample means. Follow 1
1.50 −1.50 2.25 0.225
these steps: 10
Step 1. 1
2.00 −1.00 1.00 0.100
Subtract the population 10
mean (μ) from each sample 1
2.50 −0.50 0.25 0.050
mean (X ̅). 5
Label this as ̅X − μ. 1
3.00 0.00 0.00 0.000
Step 2. 5
Square the difference. 1
̅ − μ)2 .
Label this as (X 3.50 0.50 0.25 0.050
5
Step 3. 1
Multiply the results by the 4.00 1.00 1.00 0.100
10
corresponding probability.
̅)  (X
̅ − μ)2 .
1
Label this as P(X 4.50 1.50 2.25 0.225
10
Step 4.
Add the results. Total 1.00 0.750
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = ∑ P(X̅ )  (X̅ − μ)2
= 0.75
The variance of the sampling distribution is 0.75.
The standard deviation is 0.87.
8. Construct the histogram for 0.25

the sampling distribution of
0.2
the sample means.
̅)
Probability (X
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Sample Mean (̅
X)
Example 2
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 6, 7, and 9. Suppose samples of size 4 are drawn from
this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means. What is the mean and
variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare these values to the mean
and variance of the population.
39
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STEPS SOLUTION
1. Compute the mean of the ∑X 1 + 2 + 6 + 7 + 9 25
population (𝜇). μ= = = = 5.00
N 5 5
2. Compute the variance of the

population (𝜎). X X−μ (X − μ)2
1 −4 16
2 −3 9
6 1 1
7 2 4
9 4 16
∑(𝐗 − 𝛍)𝟐 = 46
∑(X − μ)2 46
σ2 = = = 9.20
N 5
∑(X − μ)2 46
𝜎= √ = √ = √9.20 = 3.03
N 5
The population variance is 9.20.

The population standard deviation is 3.03.
3. Determine the number of
Use the formula NCn. Note: N = 5 and n = 4.
possible samples of size
n = 4. 5C4 =5
There are 5 possible samples of size 4.
4. List all possible samples and

their corresponding means. Observation Sample of Size 4 Mean
16
1 1, 2, 6, 7 = 4.00
4
1, 2, 6, 9 18
2 = 4.50
4
19
1 + 2 + 6 + 7 16 3 1, 2, 7, 9 = 4.75
4
= = 4.00
4 4 23
4 1, 6, 7, 9 = 5.75
4
24
5 2, 6, 7, 9 = 6.00
4
40
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5. Construct the sampling

distribution of the sample
means. Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean
Sample Mean Probability
̅ Frequency ̅)
X P(X
16 1
= 4.00 1
4 5
18 1
= 4.50 1
4 5
19 1
= 4.75 1
4 5
23 1
= 5.75 1
4 5
24 1
= 6.00 1
4 5
Total 5 1.00
6. Compute the mean of the

sampling distribution of the Sample Mean Probability
sample means (μX̅ ). Follow ̅ ̅)
X  P(X
̅
X ̅)
P(X
these steps:
16 1 4
Step 1. Multiply the sample = 4.00
4 5 5
mean by the corresponding
probability 18 1 9
= 4.50
Step 2. Add the results. 4 5 10
19 1 19
= 4.75
4 5 20
23 1 23
= 5.75
4 5 20
24 1 6
= 6.00
4 5 5
Total 1.00 5.00
μX̅ = ̅ ̅) = 5.00
X  P(X
The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample

means is 5.00
41
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7. Compute the variance (𝜎 2 𝑥 )

of the sampling distribution ̅
X P(̅
X) ̅
X−μ (̅
X − μ)2 P(̅
X )  (̅
X − μ)2
of the sample means. Follow 1 1
these steps: 4.00 −1 1
5 5
Step 1.
18 1 1 1 1
Subtract the population −
4 5 2 4 20
mean (μ) from each sample
mean (X ̅). 19 1 1 1 1
−
Label this as X̅ − μ. 4 5 4 16 80
Step 2. 23 1 3 9 9
Square the difference. 4 5 4 16 80
Label this as (̅
X − μ)2 .
1 1
Step 3. 6.00 1 1
5 5
Multiply the results by the
corresponding probability. 23
̅)  (X
Label this as P(X ̅ − μ)2 . Total 1.00 = 0.575
40
Step 4.
Add the results.
̅)  (X
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = ∑ P(X ̅ − μ)2 = 0.58
̅)  (X
𝜎𝑥̅ = √∑ P(X ̅ − μ)2 = √0.58 = 0.76
The variance of the sampling distribution is 0.58.
The standard deviation is 0.76.
Alternative solution for variance and standard deviation of

the sampling distribution.
𝜎 2 = 9.20 𝜎 = 3.03 𝑁=5 𝑛=4
𝜎2 𝑁 − 𝑛 9.20 5 − 4
𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =  =( )( )
𝑛 𝑁−1 4 5−1
1
= 2.30 ( ) = 0.58
4
𝜎 𝑁 − 𝑛 3.03 5 − 4
𝜎𝑥̅ = √ = √
√𝑛 𝑁−1 √4 5−1
= (1.515)(0.50) = 0.76
NOTE!
The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the
population mean μ. That is μX̅ = μ.
42
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The variance of the sampling distribution is obtained by using the formula, 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =

𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
( ). This formula holds when the population is finite.
𝑛 𝑁−1
Definition of Terms
A finite population is one that consists of a finite or fixed number of elements,
measurements, or observations while an infinite population consists of an infinite number
of observations
References
Belecina, Rene R., et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store, pp 101 – 135
Sirug, Winston S. (2017). Statistics and Probability for Senior High School – Core Subject: A
Comprehensive Approach K to 12 Curriculum Compliant. A WSS Senior High School
Book Series. pp. 76 - 83
43
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illustrates the Central Limit Theorem. M11/12SP-IIIe-2

defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean using
the Central Limit Theorem. M11/12SP-III-3
REVIEW
In the previous lesson you have learned how to illustrate random
sampling, distinguish between parameter and statistic, identify sampling
distributions of statistics (sample mean), find the mean and variance of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean and define the sampling distribution
of the sample mean for normal population when the variance is known and
unknown.
Let us recall the previous lesson by answering this problem.
A population consisting 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9. Suppose sample of size 2 are drawn from this
population.
• Compute the following
1. mean, variance, and standard deviation of the population
2. mean, variance and standard deviation of the sampling distribution
of means
• Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the population mean.
Step 1. Computing the Population Mean (μ)

Population mean (μ) can be obtained using the formula
Σ𝑋
𝜇=
𝑁
Where: Σ𝑋 = 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2+3+5+6+9
𝜇=
5
25
𝜇=
5
𝜇=4
Therefore, the population mean is 4
Step 2. Computing the variance of the population
Population Variance (𝜎 2 ) can be obtained using the formula
Σ(𝑋 − 𝜇)2
𝜎2 =
𝑁
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𝑿 𝑿−𝝁 (𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐
2 -2 4
3 -1 1
5 1 1
6 2 4
9 5 25
𝚺(𝑿 − 𝝁)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓
35
𝜎2 = 𝜎2 = 7
5
The population variance is 7
Step 3. Computing the standard deviation of the population
The population standard deviation (𝜎) is obtained by getting the square root of the variance
√𝜎 2 = √7
𝜎 = 2.64
The population standard deviation is 2.64
Step 4. Determine the number of possible of size 𝒏 = 𝟐
Let us use the formula for Combination N C n. Since N = 5 and n = 2
5 C 2 = 10
Thus, there are 10 possible sample of size 2 that can be drawn
Step 5. List the possible samples and their corresponding means
Samples Mean
2, 3 2.5
2, 5 3.5
2, 6 4
2, 9 5.5
3, 5 4
3, 6 4.5
3, 9 6
5, 6 5.5
5, 9 7
6, 9 7.5
Step 6. Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means and Compute the mean of
sampling distribution of sample means 𝝁𝑿̅
1. Multiply the sample mean to its corresponding probability.
2. Then add the results
Sample Mean 𝑿 ̅ Frequency ̅)
Probability 𝑷(𝑿 ̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
𝑿 ̅)
2.5 1 1/10 0.25

3.5 1 1/10 0.35
4 2 2/10 0.8
4.5 1 1/10 0.45
5.5 2 2/10 1.1
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6 1 1/10 0.6
7 1 1/10 0.7
7.5 1 1/10 0.75
Total 10 1.0 5
𝜇𝑥 = 𝑿 ̅ ∙ 𝑷(𝑿
̅)
𝜇𝑥 = 𝟓
Therefore, the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 5
Step 7. Computing the variance (𝝈𝟐𝑿̅ ) of the sampling distribution of the sample means
1. Subtract each sample mean (𝑋̅) to the population mean (𝜇𝑥 )
2. Square the difference
3. Multiply the result by the corresponding probability
4. Add the results
̅
𝑿 𝑷(𝑿̅) ̅ − 𝝁𝒙
𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁𝒙 ) 𝟐
(𝑿 𝑷(𝑿 ̅)
̅ − 𝝁𝒙 ) 𝟐
∙ (𝑿
2.5 1/10 -2.5 6.25 0.625
3.5 1/10 -1.5 2.25 0.225
4 2/10 -1 1 0.2
4.5 1/10 -0.5 0.25 0.025
5.5 2/10 0.5 0.25 0.05
6 1/10 1 1 0.1
7 1/10 2 4 0.4
7.5 1/10 2.5 6.25 0.625
Total 1 2.25
𝝈𝟐𝑿̅ = 𝚺𝑷(𝑿
̅ ) ∙ (𝑿
̅ − 𝝁𝒙 ) 𝟐
Thus, the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is 2.25
Step 8. Computing the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means
The standard deviation (𝜎𝑥 ) is obtained by getting the square root of the variance 𝜎𝑥2
√ 𝜎𝑥2 = √2.25
𝜎𝑥 = 1.5
The standard deviation of sampling distribution of means is 1.5
Step 7. Construct the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means
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LESSON PROPER
The man on the picture below is the first person to prove the Central
Limit Theorem. He is Abraham de Moivre, a French Hugenot refugeein London.
ABRAHAM DE MOIVRE
Photo Credit: University of York: Portraits of
Statisticians
Definition of Term
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
The Central Limit Theorem states that as sample size becomes larger, the sampling
distribution of the sample means approaches to normal distribution regardless of that
variable’s distribution in the population. This fact holds especially true for sample sizes is
greater or equal to 30. The more samples you have the more it will likely to be a normal
distribution. This theorem can be applied automatically to sampling from infinite population.
In statistics, Central Limit Theorem justifies the use of the methods of normal curve
for a wide range of problems.
Photo credit:cmglee|Wikimedia Commons
The histogram above are the results of a simple test which is rolling a die. Notice that
the more times you roll a die (the sample size), the more likely the shape of the distribution of
the means approaches to normal distribution.
To further understand the concept of Central Limit Theorem, let us consider a
population consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Sample size of 2, 3, and 4 are drawn from this population.
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Now, let us observe and compare the mean variance and standard deviation of the population
and the sampling distribution of the means.
Population Sampling distribution of the

𝑵=𝟓 means
𝒏=𝟐
Mean 𝜇=3 𝜇𝑥 = 3
Variance 𝜎2 = 2 2
𝜎 𝑥 = 0.75
Standard Deviation 𝜎 = 1.41 𝜎𝑥 = 0.87

𝑵=𝟓 means
𝒏=𝟑
Variance 𝜎2 = 2 𝜎 2 𝑥 = 0.33
Standard Deviation 𝜎 =1.41 𝜎𝑥 = 0.57

𝑵=𝟓 means
𝒏=𝟒
Variance 𝜎2 = 2 𝜎 2 𝑥 = 0.125
Standard Deviation 𝜎 = 1.41 𝜎𝑥 = 0.35
The following are the observations in the sampling distributions:

o The sample mean (𝜇𝑥 ) is always the same even if you increase the sample size.
o The population mean 𝜇 is always equal to the mean of the sampling distribution of
sample means (𝜇𝑥 ) even if the sample size increased.
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑥
o The Variance (𝜎 2 𝑥 )and Standard deviation (𝜎𝑥 ) of Sampling distribution of the mean
increases when the sample size is smaller.
Definition of Terms
The VARIANCE (𝝈𝟐 𝒙 ) AND THE STANDARD DEVIATION (𝝈𝒙 )
It tells us how far each number in the set is from the mean. When there is a wider
range of numbers in the group, the variance is greater and when there is a narrower range
of number in the group, the lesser the variance.
Definition of Terms
Finite and Infinite Population

An infinite population refers contains infinitely elements while a finite population
consists of fixed or finite number of elements.
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Calculation of Variance and Standard Deviation of Sampling distribution

The formula below can be used to calculate the variance and standard deviation of
sampling distribution.
Finite Population Infinite Population
2 𝑁−𝑛
𝜎
𝜎 2𝑋 = ∙ 𝜎2
Variance 𝑛 𝑁−1 𝜎 2𝑋 =
𝑛
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛 𝜎
Standard Deviation 𝜎𝑥 = ∙√ 𝜎𝑥 =
√𝑛 𝑁 − 1 √𝑛
REMEMBER!
𝑁−𝑛
The finite population correction factor can be calculated using √ . The finite
𝑁−1
population correction factor is used when you sample without replacement from more than
5% of the population. The CLT doesn’t hold the and the standard error of the estimate will be
too big.
Example 1
What is the mean of the population if the mean of the sampling distribution of the
means is 5.2?
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information 𝜇𝑥 = 5.2
2. Find the mean of the population 𝜇 Since,

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑥
Therefore.
𝜇 = 5.2
Example 2
The weight of athletes is normally distributed with mean of 65 kg and standard
deviation of 2 kg. If 50 samples consisting of 16 athletes each are drawn from the finite
population, what is the mean and the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of means.
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information Given:
𝜇 = 65
𝜎=3
𝑛 = 16
2. Find the mean of sampling distribution Since,
(𝜇𝑥 ) 𝜇𝑥 = 𝜇
Therefore.
𝜇𝑥 = 65
3. Find the standard deviation of the Since the population is infinite, we use the
sampling distribution. formula
49
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𝜎
𝜎𝑥 =
√𝑛
3
𝜎𝑥 =
√16
3
𝜎𝑥 =
4
𝜎𝑥 = 0.75
Example 3
What is the population standard deviation if the variance of the population is 25?
Steps Solution
1. Identify the given information Given:
𝜎 = 25
2. Find the standard deviation of the Standard Deviation is can be obtained by

population (𝜎𝑥 ) getting the square root of variance of the
population
𝜎𝑥 = √𝜎
𝜎𝑥 = √25
𝜎𝑥 = 5
Example 4
Find the finite population correction factor if 𝑁 = 270 and 𝑛 = 47.
Given 𝑁 = 270
𝑛 = 47
Formula
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑁−𝑛
=√
𝑛−1
270 − 47
=√
47 − 1
223
=√
46
= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟎𝟏𝟖
Example 5
Find the mean (𝜇), variance (𝜎 2 ) and standard deviation (𝜎) of the population given
𝑛 = 25 ,𝜇𝑥 = 20 and 𝜎𝑥2 = 2.3. Sample size n were randomly selected from the population.
Given 𝑛 = 25
𝜇𝑥 = 20
𝜎𝑥2 = 2.3
Mean
𝜇 = 𝜇𝑋
50
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𝝁 = 𝟐𝟎
Variance
𝜎2
𝜎 2𝑋 =
𝑛
𝜎2
2.3 =
25
𝜎 2 = (2.3)(25)
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟓𝟕. 𝟓
Standard Deviation
√𝜎 2 = √57.5
𝝈 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟗
References
Belecina, R.R. et.al. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store. pp. 110 - 125

Publishing House. pp. 58 – 80
https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/randovar.htm
https://statisticsbyjim.com/basics/central-limit-theorem/
https://www.simplypsychology.org/central-limit-theorem.html
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/normal-distributions/central-
limit theorem-definition-examples/
51
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solves problems involving sampling distributions of
the sample mean. (M11SP-IIIe-f-1)
REVIEW
In the previous lesson you have learned how to illustrate the Central
Limit Theorem and define the sampling distribution of the sample mean using
the Central Limit Theorem.
Central Limit Theorem
The Central Limit Theorem states that as sample size becomes larger, the sampling
distribution of the sample means approaches to normal distribution regardless of that
variable’s distribution in the population. This fact holds especially true for sample sizes is
greater or equal to 30. The more samples you have the more it will likely to be a normal
distribution.
Calculation of Variance and Standard Deviation of Sampling distribution

The formula below can be used to calculate the variance and standard deviation of sampling
distribution.
Finite Population Infinite Population
𝜎2 𝑁 − 𝑛 𝜎2
Variance 𝜎 2𝑋 = ∙ 𝜎 2𝑋 =
𝑛 𝑁−1 𝑛
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛 𝜎
Standard Deviation 𝜎𝑥 = ∙√ 𝜎𝑥 =
√𝑛 𝑁 − 1 √𝑛
𝑁−𝑛
The finite population correction factor can be calculated using √ .
𝑁−1
LESSON PROPER
The Central Limit Theorem is one of the most fundamental concepts in
statistics because it explains the use of the methods of normal distribution for a variety of
problems. This theorem justifies the sampling distribution of the sample means is closely
normally distributed whenever the sample size is large and no matter what the shape of the
population distribution of the mean is.
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Z-SCORE FORMULA
One Sample Multiple Samples
𝑿−𝝁 ̅−𝝁
𝑿
𝒛= 𝒛=
𝝈 𝝈
√𝒏
Where: Where:
𝑿 = given measurement ̅ = sample mean
𝑿
𝝁 = population mean 𝝁 = population mean
𝝈 = population standard deviation 𝝈 = population standard deviation
𝒏 = sample size
In the previous lessons, we learned about the Z-score given one sample. We will further
explore the other formula for the Z-score given the multiple samples. The Central Limit theorem
justifies the use of this formula when computing for the probability that 𝑋̅ or the sample mean
will take on a value within the range in the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅.
Example:
Problem: The average height of women is 165 cm with a standard deviation of 15 cm.
Assume the variable is normally distributed.
A. What is the probability that the height of the woman will be less than 150 cm if a
height of a woman is selected?
B. What is the probability that the mean of the sample will be less than 150 cm if a
sample of height of 6 women is selected?
Solutions:
A. What is the probability that the height of the woman will be less than 150 cm if a height
of a woman is selected?
Given: 𝑿 = 150
𝝁 = 165
𝝈 = 15
We are looking for the probability that the height of the woman will be less than 150 cm if a
height of a woman is selected denoted by
𝑷(𝑿 < 𝟏𝟓𝟎)
𝑿−𝝁
The formula 𝒛 = will be used to standardize 150 since we are dealing with a one
𝝈
sample obtained from the population.
Plug the given values to the formula

𝑿−𝝁
𝒛=
𝝈
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150 − 165
𝒛=
15
−15
𝒛=
15
𝒛 = −1
Draw a normal curve
By getting the area under the normal curve we can calculate 𝑃(𝑋 < 150)
𝑃(𝑋 < 150) = 𝑃(𝑧 < 1.0)

𝑃(𝑋 < 150) = 0.5000 − 0.3413
𝑃(𝑋 < 150) = 0.1587
Therefore, the probability that a random selected woman will have a height less than 165
cm is 0.1587 or 15.87%
B. What is the probability that the mean of the sample will be less than 150 cm if a sample
of height of 6 women is selected?
̅ = 150
Given: 𝑿
𝝁 = 165
𝝈 = 15
𝒏=6
We are looking for the probability that the mean of the sample will be less than 150 cm if a
sample of height of 6 women is selected denoted by
𝑃(𝑋̅ < 150)
𝑋̅ −𝜇
The formula 𝑧 = 𝜎 will be used to standardize 150 since we are dealing with multiple
√𝑛
sample obtained from the population.
Plug the given values to the formula
𝑋̅ − 𝜇
𝑧= 𝜎
√𝑛
150 − 165
𝑧=
15
√6
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𝑧 = −2.4495
Draw a normal curve
By getting the area under the normal curve we can calculate 𝑃(𝑋 < 150)
𝑃(𝑋̅ < 150) = 𝑃(𝑧 < −2.4495)

𝑃(𝑋 < 150) = 0.5000 − 0.4928
𝑃(𝑋 < 150) = 0.0072
Therefore, the probability that the mean height of 6 randomly selected women will be less
than 165 cm is 0.0072 or 0.72%
Points to Ponder
If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N with mean 𝜇 and
variance 𝜎 2 , then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following
properties:
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population
mean μ. That is μX̅ = μ.
2. The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means 𝜎 is given by:
𝜎2 𝑁−𝑛
✓ 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ =  for finite population
𝑛 𝑁−1
𝜎2
✓ 𝜎 2 𝑥̅ = for infinite population
𝑛
3. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛 𝑁−𝑛
✓ 𝜎𝑥̅ = √ for finite population where √ is called the finite population
√𝑛 𝑁−1 𝑁−1
corrector factor
𝜎
✓ 𝜎𝑥̅ = for infinite population
√𝑛
Describing the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an Infinite

Population
Example:
A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5. A random sample of 16
measurements is drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its mean and standard deviation.
Solutions:
We shall assume that the population is infinite.
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STEPS SOLUTION
1. Identify the given information.
Given. μ = 60, 𝜎 = 5, 𝑛 = 16
2. Find the mean of the sampling
μX̅ = μ
distribution. Use the property that
μX̅ = μ. = 60
3. Find the standard deviation of the 𝜎

sampling distribution. Use the formula 𝜎𝑥̅ =
𝜎 √𝑛
𝜎𝑥̅ = .
√𝑛 5 5
= = = 1.25
√16 4
Remember!
When the population is large and the sample size is small, the corrector factor
𝑁−𝑛
√ is not used since it will be very close to 1.
𝑁−1
Reference
56
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037

illustrates t-distribution. (M11/12SP-IIIg-2)

identifies percentiles using the t-table. (M11/12SP-IIIg-5)
REVIEW
You have learned about the standard normal distribution in the
previous lessons. A normal distribution can be converted into a standard normal
distribution by obtaining the z value. A z value is the signed distance between a
selected value, designated 𝑥, and the mean, 𝜇, divided by the standard deviation.
The normal distribution property allows to compute a probability problem
concerning 𝑥 into one concerning z. To determine the probability that 𝑥 lies in a
given interval, converting the interval to a z scale and then compute the
probability by using the standard normal distribution table.
Example: Determine the area under the standard normal distribution curve between z = 0 and
z = 1.85.
Solution: Since the Standard Normal Distribution Table gives the area between 0 and any z
value to the right of 0, we only need to look up the z value in the table. Find 1.8 in the left
column and 0.05 in the top row. The value where the column and row meet in the table is the
answer, 0.4678.
z 0.00 0.01 ⋯ 0.05 ⋯

0.0 0.0000 0.0040 ⋯ 0.0199 ⋯
0.1 0.0398 0.0438 ⋯ 0.0596 ⋯ 𝑃(0 < 𝑧 < 1.85)
0.2 0.0793 0.0832 ⋯ 0.0987 ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ ⋯
1.8 0.4641 0.4649 ⋯ 0.4678 ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ ⋯
𝑃(0 < 𝑧 < 1.85) = 0.4678
0.4678 Hence the area is 0.4678 or 46.78%.
57
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LESSON PROPER
William Gosset was an English statistician who worked for the brewery of
Guinness. He developed different methods for the selection of the best yielding varieties of
barley - an important ingredient when making beer. Gosset found big samples tedious, so he
was trying to develop a way to extract small samples but still come up with meaningful
predictions.
He was a curious and productive researcher that published a number of papers that
are still relevant today. However, due to the Guinness company policy, he was not allowed to
sign papers with his own name. Therefore, all of his work was under the pen name: Student.
Later on, a friend of his and a famous statistician, Ronald Fisher, stepping on the
findings of Gosset, introduced the T-Statistic, and the name that stuck with the corresponding
distribution even today is Student’s t.
The Student’s distribution is one of the biggest breakthroughs in statistics, as it allowed
inference through small samples with an unknown population variance. This setting can be
applied to a big part of the statistical problems we face today and is an important part of this
course. (YouTube Channel: 365 Data Science)
The T distribution is similar to the normal distribution, just with fatter tails. Both
assume a normally distributed population. T distributions have higher kurtosis than normal
distributions. The probability of getting values very far from the mean is larger with a t
distribution than a normal distribution.
Below is the T-distribution table.
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How to use the T-table Distribution

When you look at the t-distribution tables, you will see that you need to know the “df”. This
means degrees of freedom and is just the sample size minus one.
Step 1. Subtract one from your sample size. This will be your degrees of freedom
Step 2. Look up the 𝑑𝑓 in the left-hand side on the t – distribution table. Locate the column
under your alpha level. The alpha level is usually given in the question
Examples:
1. For a study involving population and a sample size of 21 (assuming you have a t
distribution), what row of the t-table will you use to find the right tail ( greater than)
probability affiliated with the study results.
Answer: df = 20
The study involving one population and a sample size of 21 has n – 1 = 21 n – 1 = 20
2. For a study involving a paired design with a total of 54 observations, with the results
assuming t-distribution, what row of the table will you use to find the probability affiliated
with the study results?
Answer: df = 26
A matched pairs design with 54 observations has 27 pairs.
The degree of freedom is one less than the number of pairs.
That is, n – 1 = 27 – 1 = 26
3. A t-value of 2.35, from a t-distribution with 14 degrees of freedom, has an upper-tail
(“greater than”) probability between which two values on the t-table?
Answer: 0.025 and 0.01
Using the t-table, locate the row with 14 degrees of freedom and look for 2.35.
However, this exact value doesn’t lie in this row, so look for the values on either side of it:
2.14479 and 2.62449. The upper-tail probabilities appear in the column headings; the column
heading for 2.14479 is 0.025, and the column heading for 2.62449 is 0.01. Hence, the upper-
tail probability must lie between 0.025 and 0.01
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Definition of Terms
✓ t-distribution is a distribution of values less than 30.
✓ The degrees of freedom, denoted by 𝑑𝑓, are the number of values that are free to vary
after a sample statistic has been computed and they tell us the specific curve to use
when a distribution consists of a family of curves. The concept of the degrees of freedom
is used in the t-distribution.
Examples:
1. If the mean (average) of 5 values is 10, then 4 of the 5 values are free to vary. But once the
4 values are selected, the 5th value must be a specific number to get a sum of 50. Therefore,
if n = 5, 𝑑𝑓 = n – 1 = 4.
2. A recent study of 16 students of Marawi High School-Camiling, Tarlac showed that the
mean of the distance they travel to go to school was 10.2 kilometers. The standard
deviation of the sample was 2.3 kilometers. Find 𝑡𝛼⁄2 using the 99% confidence interval of
the t-distribution table.
Solution.
Given. n = 16 Confidence interval = 99%
𝛼
Step 1. Find .
2
𝛼 0.01
Since the 99% confidence interval is to be used, 𝛼 = 1 – 0.99 = 0.01 and = = 0.005
2 2
Step 2. Find 𝑡𝛼⁄2 in Critical Values of Student’s t-Distribution Table below.
Use 99% confidence interval width df = n – 1 = 16 – 1 = 15. It is 2.947
Find 15 in the left column and 99% in the top row. The value where the column and row
meet in the table is the answer, 2.947.
Degree of Freedom Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution

Confidence Interval 50% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99%
One-Tailed 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-Tailed 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
1 1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 0.816 1.886 2.92 4.303 6.965 9.925
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 0.69 1.337 1.746 2.12 2.583 2.921
Class
Interval
𝛼 𝛼
2
= 0.005 99% = 0.005
2
–2.947 2.947
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3. A random of families in a particular street resulted in the following family sizes: 6, 7, 5, 4,

2, 8, 3, and 9. Find 𝑡𝛼⁄2 using the 95% confidence interval of the t-distribution table.
Solution.
Given. n = 8 Confidence interval = 95%
𝛼
Step 1. Find .
2
𝛼 0.05
Since the 95% confidence interval is to be used, 𝛼 = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 and = =
2 2
0.025
Step 2. Find 𝑡𝛼⁄2 in Critical Values of Student’s t-Distribution Table below.
Use 95% confidence interval width df = n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7. It is 2.365
Find 7 in the left column and 95% in the top row. The value where the column and
row meet in the table is the answer, 2.365.
Degree of Freedom Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution

Confidence Interval 50% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99%
One-Tailed 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
Two-Tailed 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01
1 1 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657
2 0.816 1.886 2.92 4.303 6.965 9.925
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 0.718 1.44 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499
8 0.706 1.397 1.86 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.25
10 0.7 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
Importance
The t- distribution (and the associated t scores), are used in hypothesis testing when you
want to figure out if you accept or reject the null hypothesis.
Acceptance
Region
Rejection Rejection
Region Region
t-value t-value
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Remember!
In general, this distribution is used when you have a small sample size (under
30) or you don’t know the population standard deviation.
References
62
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037

illustrates t-distribution. (M11/12SP-IIIg-2)

identifies percentiles using the t-table. (M11/12SP-IIIg-5)
REVIEW
You have learned about the properties of the standard normal distribution in
the previous lessons. Recall that a standard normal distribution is a normal probability with a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. At the horizontal base of the curve, we find z-values.
The z-value or z-score is the number of standard deviations that a particular 𝑋 value is away
from the mean.
𝜇 – 3𝜎 𝜇 – 2𝜎 𝜇 – 𝜎 𝜇 𝜇 + 𝜎 𝜇 + 2𝜎 𝜇 + 3𝜎
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
68%
95%
99.7%
Figure 1. Normal Distribution Curve
Figure 1 shows the area in each region. The area under the curve is 1 or 100%. The
proportion of the area between 1 standard deviation unit below the mean and 1 standard
deviation unit above the mean is 68%. The area under the part of a normal curve that lies within
2 standard deviation, about 95% and with 3 standard deviation, about 99.7%.
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LESSON PROPER
In Statistics, population parameters cannot be measured or there is no way in

finding the exact value of population parameters. In inferential statistics, conclusions or
descriptions can be made about the population using the samples derived from the population
itself.
Weight of Rabbits
Total Population
Population Mean
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

n = 30 n = 65 n = 120
sample mean = 3.2 lbs sample mean = 4.2 lbs sample mean = 5.7 lbs
It can be derived from the figure that the sample mean can only be used in
describing the sample population and not the total population.
In order to describe the total population we used confidence interval.
Definition of Terms
✓ The confidence interval is defined to be the range of values used to estimate a
parameter. It is also called interval estimate.
✓ The confidence level of an interval estimate of a parameter is the probability that the
interval estimate contains the parameter. It describes what percentage of intervals
from many different samples contains the unknown population parameter.
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Example 1:
The age of grade 1 pupil is any value between 6 years and 7 years.
Example 2:
A researcher may wish to be 99% confident that the interval contains the true population mean.
If a researcher wishes to be more confident, such as 99% confident, then the interval must be
larger. For instance, a 99% confidence interval for the sample mean, to be more confident that
the interval contains the true population mean, one must the interval wider.
Remember!
In determining an interval estimate or a confidence interval, a degree of
confidence (expressed as a percentage such as 95%) that the interval contains the true and
fixed parameter is made. That is, if we collect several random samples and then calculate a
confidence interval from each sample, these confidence intervals are constructed wide
enough so that 95% of them contain the true population parameter and 5% do not. The value
95% is also known as the confidence level.
INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF POPULATION MEAN
Confidence Interval for Population Mean (𝜇) When Population Standard Deviation (𝜎) is Given
The formula for the confidence interval of the mean for the specific 𝛼 is
𝜎 𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) < 𝜇 < x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) or x̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < x̅ + 𝐸
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) is called the lower confidence limit (LCL)
√𝑛
𝜎
x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) is called the upper confidence limit (UCL)
√𝑛
where:
x̅ = mean
z = z critical value
n = sample size
𝜇 = population mean
𝛼 = level of confidence
𝑧𝛼⁄2 = margin of error
𝛼 𝛼
2 1–𝛼 2
? 𝜇 ?
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Here is the list of the common confidence level and their critical value
𝜶 z critical value
Confidence Level 𝜶
𝟐 𝒛𝜶⁄𝟐
90% 0.10 0.05 1.645
95% 0.05 0.025 1.960
99% 0.01 0.005 2.576
The table shows the three commonly used confidence levels and their associated values
of 𝑧𝛼⁄2 . For instance, if the confidence interval is 1 – 𝛼 = 0.90, then 𝛼 = 0.10, 𝛼 ⁄2 = 0.05, and
𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.645. The resulting confidence interval estimator is called 90% confidence interval
estimator of 𝜇.
Definition of Term
MAXIMUM ERROR ESTIMATE – is the maximum of a parameter and the actual value
𝜎
of the parameter. It is the term 𝐸 = 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ).
√𝑛
Figure 2: 90% Confidence Interval
90%
𝜎 𝜎
𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
For the specific value, say 𝛼 = 0.10, 90% of the sample means will fall within this error
value on either side of the population mean as shown in Figure 2.
Examples:
1. From a normally distributed population, we took a simple random sample of 500
students with a score of 85 on the math section of the National Achievement Test (NAT).
Suppose the standard deviation of the population is 2.8, what is the estimated population
mean for 95% confidence level?
Solution.
STEP 1. n = 500 𝜎 = 2.8
x̅ = 85 Confidence level = 0.95
STEP 2. Population is normal two conditions that must
Sample is randomly selected be met
STEP 3: Since the 95% confidence interval is to be used,
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0.05
α = 1 − 0.95 = 0.05 and 𝛼 ⁄2 = = 0.025.
2
𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960
STEP 4
𝜎 𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) < 𝜇 < x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
2.8 2.8
85 − 1.960 ( ) 85 + 1.960 ( )
√500 √500
85 − 0. 245 85 + 0.245
84.755 85.245
Class
Interval
𝛼 𝛼
2
= 0.025 95% = 0.025
2
84.755 85.245
Conclusion: We are 95% confident that the population mean score (𝜇) on the math section of
the NAT lies between 84.755 points and 85.245 points.
2. Find the 90% confidence interval of the population mean for the scores of Grade 11
students in Tarlac Province High School. A random sample of 30 Grade 11 students is
shown.
20 20 21 23 14 11 22 22 12 11
12 11 19 18 14 15 16 24 24 15
21 22 23 20 20 20 18 18 13 19
Solution.
STEP 1. Find the mean and standard deviation for the given data.
∑𝑥
𝑥̅ = =17.933
𝑛 ∑ 𝑥 = 538 and 𝑛 = 30
∑(𝑥−𝑥̅ )2
𝑠=√ = 4.185
𝑛−1
two conditions that
STEP 2. Population is normal
must be met
Sample is randomly selected
STEP 3. Since the 90% confidence interval is to be used,
0.10
α = 1 − 0.90 = 0.10 and 𝛼 ⁄2 = = 0.05.
2
𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.645
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STEP 4.
𝜎 𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) < 𝜇 < x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
𝜎 𝜎
x̅ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( ) x̅ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 ( )
√𝑛 √𝑛
4.185 4.185
17.933 − 1.645 ( ) 17.933 + 1.645 ( )
√30 √30
17.933 − 1.256 17.933 + 1.256
16.677 19.189
Class
Interval
𝛼
= 0.05
2 90%
16.677 19.189
Conclusion: Thus, one can be 90% confident that the population mean score is between 16.677
and 19.189, based on a sample of grade 11 students.
INTERVAL ESTIMATE OF POPULATION PROPORTION
Definition of Term
PROPORTION – is a fraction expression where the favorable response is in the numerator
and the total number of respondents is in the denominator. The basic operation involves
division. Therefore, the result is a decimal value that can be expressed as percent.
The formula for computing a large sample confidence interval for a population proportion 𝑝
is:
𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂
𝑝̂ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √ < 𝑝 < 𝑝̂ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √ or 𝑝̂ − 𝐸 < 𝑝 < 𝑝̂ + 𝐸
𝑛 𝑛
where:
𝑝 = population proportion
𝑝̂ (read as “𝑝 hat”) = sample proportion
𝑥 = number of observations in a simple random sample
𝑛 = sample size
Remember!
Proportions can be obtained from samples or populations.
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For instance, the percentage expression 78%. Percentages are preferred when
reporting frequencies of subsets of populations. But in computing, percentages are first
converted to proportions in decimal form.
Examples:
1. A sample of 350 nursing applications included 140 women. Find the 95% confidence
interval of the true proportion of women who applied to the nursing program.
Solution.
STEP 1. n = 350 𝑥 = 140 Confidence level = 0.95
STEP 2. Sample is randomly selected
Conditions for a binomial experiment two conditions that
are satisfied must be met
STEP 3. Find 𝑧𝛼⁄2 . Since 𝛼 = 0.05 ⟶ 1 – 0.95 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960
𝛼 z critical value
Confidence Level 𝛼 𝑧𝛼⁄2
2
90% 0.10 0.05 1.645
95% 0.05 0.025 1.960
99% 0.01 0.005 2.576
𝑥
STEP 4. To compute 𝑝̂ = and 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ .
𝑛
140
𝑝̂ = = 0.40 and 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ = 1 − 0.40 = 0.60
350
𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂
𝑝̂ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √ < 𝑝 < 𝑝̂ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √
𝑛 𝑛
(0.40)(0.60) (0.40)(0.60)
0.40 − (1.960)√ 0.40 + (1.960)√
350 350
0.40 − 0.051 0.40 − 0.051

0.349 0.451
34.9% Class 45.15%
Interval
𝛼 𝛼
= 0.025 = 0.025
2 95% 2
34.9% 45.15%
Conclusion: Therefore, one can be 95% confident that the percentage of the applicants who
are women is between 34.9% and 45.15%.
2. The Municipal Government of Camiling Tarlac wants to estimate the percent of the citizens
who are willing to pay for mandatory drug test. In a survey among 300 citizens, 210 of
them are willing to pay for the drug test. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the
proportion of the citizens who are willing to pay for the mandatory drug test.
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Telephone No.: (045) 982-037
Solution.
STEP 1. n = 300 𝑥 = 210Confidence level = 0.99
STEP 2. Sample is randomly selected
Conditions for a binomial experiment
are satisfied
STEP 3. Since 𝛼 = 0.01 ⟶ 1 – 0.99 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.576
Confidence Level 𝛼 𝑧𝛼⁄2
2
90% 0.10 0.05 1.645
95% 0.05 0.025 1.960
99% 0.01 0.005 2.576
𝑥
STEP 4. To compute 𝑝̂ = and 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ .
𝑛
210
𝑝̂ = = 0.7 and 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ = 1 − 0.7 = 0.3
300
𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂
𝑝̂ − 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √ < 𝑝 < 𝑝̂ + 𝑧𝛼⁄2 √
𝑛 𝑛
(0.7)(0.3) (0.7)(0.3)
0.7 − (2.576)√ 0.7 − (2.576)√
300 300
0.7 − 0.068 0.7 + 0.068

0.632 0.768
63.2% Class 76.8%
Interval
𝛼 𝛼
= 0.005 = 0.005
2 99% 2
63.2% 76.8%
Conclusion: Therefore, one can be 99% confident that the percentage of the citizens who are
willing to pay the mandatory drug test is between 63.2% and 76.8%.
Computing for an Appropriate Sample Size using the Length of the Interval
Sample Size when Estimating the Population Mean
𝑧𝛼⁄2 𝜎 2
𝑛=( ) where:
𝐸
𝑛 = sample size
𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 𝑧 critical value
E = maximum margin of error
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Examples:
1. Researchers are interested to estimate the mean cholesterol level of a particular variety
of monkey. Researchers would like their estimate with in 2 mg/dl of the monkeys’ blood
at 95% confidence level. Previous study suggests a 𝜎 = 6 mg/dl. Obtaining monkeys is
expensive and time consuming. What is the minimum number of monkeys would they
need to generate satisfactory estimate.
Solution.
STEP 1. 𝜎 = 6, 𝐸 = 2, Confidence level = 0.95, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960
𝑧
𝛼⁄2 𝜎 2 (1.960 )(6) 2
STEP 2. 𝑛 = ( ) =( ) = (5.88)2 = 34.574 ≈ 35
𝐸 2
Conclusion: 35 monkeys are needed to be able to make the research successful at
95% confidence level
2. You want to estimate the mean gas price in your town to 25 cents. Local newspapers
report the standard deviation for gas price in the area is 55 cents. What sample size is
needed to estimate the mean gas prices at 95 % confidence level?
Solution.
STEP 1. 𝜎 = 0.55, 𝐸 = 0.25, Confidence level = 0.95, 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960
𝑧
𝛼⁄2 𝜎 2 (1.960 )(0.55) 2
STEP 2. 𝑛 = ( ) =( ) = (4.312)2 = 18.59 ≈ 19
𝐸 0.25
Conclusion: 19 gas price are needed to be able to make the research successful at 95%
confidence level
Sample Size when Estimating the Population Proportion

𝑧𝛼⁄2 2
𝑛 = 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ ( )
𝐸
Remember!
In computing the sample size for estimating a population proportion, there are
two situations to bear in mind:
1. If there is an indication of the value of 𝑝̂ , apply it for 𝑝̂ and 𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ .
2. Assign 0.5 for the value of 𝑝̂ if no approximation is known and it will obtain the largest
possible sample size.
Examples:
1. A researcher wishes to estimate, 99% confidence, the proportion of JHS teachers with
laptop computers. A previous study shows that 48% of those interviewed had laptop
computers. The researcher wishes to be accurate within 3% of the true proportion. Find
the minimum sample size necessary.
Solution.
STEP 1. 𝛼 = 0.01 ⟶ 1 – 0.99 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.576 𝑝̂ = 0.48
𝑞̂ = 1 − 𝑝̂ = 1 − 0.48 = 0.52 𝐸 = 3% = 0.03
𝑧𝛼⁄2 2 2.576 2
STEP 2. 𝑛 = 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ ( ) = (0.48)(0.52) ( )
𝐸 0.03
𝑛 = 1,840.32 ≈ 1841
71
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037
Conclusion: 1841 JHS teachers to interview.
2. How large a sample should be surveyed to estimate the true proportion of Senior High
School students who surf the internet in a day within 4% with 95% confidence?
Solution.
STEP 1. 𝛼 = 0.05 ⟶ 1 – 0.95 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960 𝐸 = 4% = 0.04
Take note that there is no prior knowledge of 𝑝̂ , we will assign the values 𝑝̂ = 0.05 and
𝑞̂ = 0.50. The sample size obtained by using these values will be large enough to
ensure the specified degree of confidence.
𝑧 2 1.960 2
𝛼⁄2
STEP 2. 𝑛 = 𝑝̂ 𝑞̂ ( ) = (0.50)(0.50) ( ) = 600.25 ≈ 601
𝐸 0.04
Conclusion: 601 students to ask who surf the internet in a day
Solves Problems Involving Sample Size Determination
If the sample statistics is normally distributed with respect to the central limit theorem,
sample size can be estimated using the following steps below.
Remember!
Steps in Solving the Sample Size

1. Determine the confidence level.
2. Determine how much error, 𝐸 is acceptable. 𝐸 is the maximum error of estimate.
3. Determine the population standard deviation, if unknown estimate it.
4. Solve for the sample size.
Examples:
Solve the following problems.

1. A principal wishes to estimate the average number of hours SHS students spend doing
homework per week. The standard deviation from a previous study is 4.5 hours. How large
a sample must be selected if he wants to be 95% confident of finding whether the true
mean differs from the sample mean by 2.1 hours?
Solution.
STEP 1. Confidence level = 0.95. Since 𝛼 = 0.05 ⟶ 1 – 0.95. 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 1.960
Confidence Level 𝛼
2 𝑧𝛼⁄2
90% 0.10 0.05 1.645
95% 0.05 0.025 1.960
99% 0.01 0.005 2.576
72
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037
STEP 2. 𝐸 = 2.1
STEP 3. 𝜎 = 4.5
STEP 4. Substituting the given values in the formula, we get

2
𝑧𝛼⁄2 𝜎 2 (1.960)(4.5)
𝑛=( ) =[ ] = 17.64 ≈ 18
𝐸 2.1
Conclusion: To be 95% confident that the estimate is within 2.1 hours of the true
mean, the principal needs sample size of at least 18 students.
2. A department store is interested in the charges made by credit card customers. The
General Manager of the department store would like an estimate of mean purchase
amount for its credit card customers that is within ₱500 of the actual population mean.
For 99% confidence level, how large a sample is necessary if the population standard
deviation is estimated at ₱3,800?
Solution.
STEP 1. Confidence level = 0.99. Since 𝛼 = 0.01 ⟶ 1 – 0.99. 𝑧𝛼⁄2 = 2.576

Confidence Level 𝛼
2 𝑧𝛼⁄2
90% 0.10 0.05 1.645
95% 0.05 0.025 1.960
99% 0.01 0.005 2.576
STEP 2. 𝐸 = 500
STEP 3. 𝜎 = 3,800
STEP 4. Substituting the given values in the formula, we get

2
𝑧𝛼⁄2 𝜎 2 (2.576)(3,800)
𝑛=( ) =[ ] = 383.282 ≈ 384
𝐸 500
Conclusion: To be 99% confident that the estimate is within ₱500 of the true mean,
the General Manager needs sample size of at least 384 credit card customers.
Remember!
When determining sample size, we always round up the resulting value to the next
whole number. For instance, if n = 57.3, round it up to 58.
73
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037
References
Prepared by:
Pool of Writers
DANNY T. SAPUAY RAHIMA P. DE GUZMAN

MARK RUSTOM C. VALENTIN DALE BRYAN M. CARDENAS
JUAN LUIS HAZELYN CARREON
Reviewed by:
AUGUSTO L. BALLESTEROS BOBBY P. CAOAGDAN, EdD

Education Program Supervisor Education Program Supervisor
Recommending Approval:
PAULINO D. DE PANO, PhD

Chief -Curriculum Implementation Division
MELISSA S. SANCHEZ, PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Approved:
RONALDO A. POZON, PhD, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent
74
Telephone No.: (045) 982-037

Q3 Compendium Statistics and Probability

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Republic of the Philippines

Quarter 3 Lessons (MELC-BASED)

Lesson Content Performance Most Essential Duration Code Page

Most Essential Learning Competencies

illustrates a random variable (discrete and continuous).

You have learned in the past lessons the concept of variables. A

Figure 1. Classification of Variables

Value of Random Variable X

Therefore, the possible values of the random variable X are 0, 1, 2, and 3.

Value of Random Variable A

So, the possible values of the random variable A are 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

DISCRETE VS CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE

Random Variables Answers

Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability. Phoenix

Most Essential Learning Competencies

S = {BBB, BBG, BGB, GBB, BGG, GBG, GGB, GGG}

Try this. Find the probability of the following events.

1. Getting a face card (jack, queen and king) in a deck of cards.

• Since the event “1 head” occur 3 times,

So, the probability distribution of the discrete random variable is:

Therefore, P(2 ≤ X < 6) = 0.52

Properties of a Probability Distribution

Example: Let us determine whether the following distribution represents a probability

Note: To say whether the distribution is a probability distribution, we must satisfy

Solution: ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑃(0) + 𝑃(2) + 𝑃(4) + 𝑃(6) + 𝑃(8)

P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

Solution: ∑ 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑃(1) + 𝑃(3) + 𝑃(5) + 𝑃(7)

1. P(1) = 0.06, P(2) = 0.23 , P(3) = 0.71

Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability. Phoenix

Most Essential Learning Competencies

illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random

Score Number of Students

Mean of Discrete Probability Distributions

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 11.

Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution

Variance of Discrete Probability Distributions

Steps in Finding the Variance and Standard Deviation

Solutions: Step 1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

Step 3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.

Step 4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.

𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0.663

Example 2: The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 defective parts in

𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − 𝜇)2 ∗ 𝑃(𝑋) = 0.688

Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability. Phoenix

Most Essential Learning Competencies

illustrate a normal random variable and its

Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

1. The distribution curve is bell shaped.

Identifying Regions of Areas Under the Normal Curve

1. Express the given z-value into a three-digit

Definition and Formula

When raw scores are composed of large values, it will not be

The raw score 45 is located here.

The x-table provides the

The figure on the right shows the

Computing Probabilities and Percentiles

Where, a and b are z-score values.

Therefore, the proportion of the area to the left of z = -1.34 is 0.09012.

1. Draw the normal curve then use the z-table

That is, P(0.76 < z < 1.85) = 0.96784 – 0.77637 = 0.19147

Note: In converting probabilities to percentile ranks, just multiply the computed

Percentile Rank = P(0.76 < z < 1.85) x 100

Mercado, J. P. (2016). Next Century Mathematics: Statistics and Probability. Phoenix