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    17 views14 pages

    Building Conveying Systems

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    Rafia Asif

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR BUILDING CONVEYING SYSTEMS Building conveying systems mechanically move occupants and ‘goods, In most buildings, these systems include passenger and freight elevators, cumbwaiters, escalators, moving ramps and ‘walkways, and kifts for people and wheelchairs. Business and industrial operations may require specially designed material- hhandling equipment (Le. conveyors, chutes, and pneumatic tube systems), hoists, cranes, and scaffolding. Facilites on large sites ‘may have monorails and other types of people movers Manually operated clevators were first used for lifting freight in warehouses and manufacturing plants as early as the 1600s. They began as simple rope or chain hoists that moved an ‘open platform, In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, Which prevented the fall of the elevator eab ifthe cable broke Otis’s safety device consisted of knurled roller located below the elevator platform and a governor device that monitored descending speed. The safety device locked when the elevator descended at a higher than normal speed. I was this safety fea- tue that made the elevator a safe conveying system for building ‘occupants, which then made skyscrapers achievable. Building conveying systems consume a significant frac- tion of the total energy used in tall buildings. In low-rise and Imidtise buildings, elevator energy use is lower, but still sub- stantial, Estimates are that elevators in North American build- ings account for about 5% of the building's overall energy use (American Academy for an Energy-Efficient Economy), They also contribute significantly to the cost of the building operation. ‘As a result, building conveying systems are an important con- sideration during initial design. Occupant-conveying systems are really a subsystem of the occupant trafic system, and must bbe considered along with corridors, stars, and exits as part of, the overall occupant trafic system. Inthe United States, the manufacture of elevators, escala- tors, and other vertical transportation devices is governed by the ASME AI7.1—Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators. Most states and local jurisdictions have adapted at least a portion of this code as a referenced standard for elevators and escalators 24.1 ELEVATORS Elevator Technologies ‘An elevator is a conveying device used to move people or {freight vertically, usually between floors ofa building. Photo 24.1 shows an elevator car with hoistway doors open. The two basic types of elevator technologies are hydraulic and traction. Type and design speeds for elevators are compared in Table 24.1 Hydraulic Elevators Hydraulic elevators use a fluid-driven hydraulic jack to lift the levator car. Basic components of a hydraulic elevator system are shown in Figure 24.1. It consists of a hydraulic jack (cylin- der and plunger); a pump, powered by an electric motor, that in- creases the pressure in the hydraulic Muid; a control valve between the cylinder and reservoir controls the pressure in the jack; and a fluid reservoir (tank). It operates when the pump draws oil from the reservoir, pressurizes it, pushing the oil ‘through the oil line to the jack, and driving the elevator car up- ward. A release of fluid through the control valve and back to the reservoir decreases oil pressure, which allows the plunger and connected elevator car to move downward. Photo 24.2 shows some of the components of a hydraulic elevator. On a conventional (holed) hydraulic elevator, an in- ‘ground hydraulic jack lifts the elevator cat. A long plunger te- quires a deep hole below the bottom landing. The hole is usually drilled into the ground and cased with a plastic or metal casing before the building is erected, See Figures 24.1 and 24,2a, The hole must be about as deep as the desired vertical ‘movement of the elevator car. A telescopic hydraulic elevator hhas a telescoping plunger consisting of concentric tubes that slide within one another, allowing a shallow hole below the lowest floor. Conventional (holed) hydraulic elevators are the ‘most balanced type of hydraulic elevator configuration because the lifting point on the bottom of the elevator car is centered PHOTO 24.1. Firsttloor entrances to two elevator cars (doors closed), Not the hall lanterns between the doors (abave sa), The hal station is below the sign, 333 34 cHapreR 24 ‘TABLE 24.1. TYPE AND DESIGN SPEEDS FOR ELEVATORS. Te Residential Commercial ‘Speed fimin r/min 3 floors or ess 100 30 Hydraulic G floors or less Soars or ess Low 1 so ‘floors or ess 200 60 Traction—geared 18 floors or tess 8 floors or ess Moderate 80 105 18 floors of les 500 8 15 foors or les 300 350 ‘Over 18 floors 18 0 25 floors High 700 210 Traction—gearless above 25 floors 1000 305 7 ‘above 75 stories Vary high 3500 7080 Holeless hydraulic elevators have one ot two jacks situ- ated beside the rails that lift the platform. See Figure 24.2c, Be- cause they do not require holes to be dug for the hydraulic jack(s), they are referred to as “holeless.” The dual or twin jack ‘configuration can have two (front and rear) entrances, while the single jack configuration can only have one (front) entrance. Roped hydraulic elevators use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. See Figure 24.24. They typically consist of a cantilevered car that is lifted by ropes that pass over a sheave (pulley) fastened to the top of a hydraulic a. Hydraulic Elevator HoISsTWAY can ROLLER GuiDes TRAVELING CABLE can Guine PLUNGER PAILS HYDRAULIC HoIsTwAY RESERVOIR Doors: (TANK), PU pr [AND CONTROL. Va Boree FisHRKesi ovina FIGURE 24.1. Basic typos of elevators. plunger. As the plunger rises, so does the elevator car. Single rope configuration cannot have rear entrances, Traction Elevators Traction elevators have a drive machine with an electric motor ‘and pulley-like (grooved) drive sheave that holds cables that move the clevator car up or down, See Figures 24.1 and 24.2 Steel cables, called hoisting ropes, support the elevator and counterweight during normal operation. There are typically Traction Elevator _ PENTHOUSE TRACTION MACHINE ROOM Machine. —fp DRIVE CONTROLLER, SHEAVE . GOVERNOR, cAR Hoistine __| ROPES CAR GUIDE Ralls HOISTWAY 7] ooRs COUNTER: COUNTERWEIGHT WEIGHT BUFFER BUFFER INGE): BUILDING CONVEYING SYSTEMS PHOTO 24.2 Hydraulic elevators use afud-iven hydraulic jack tol he elevator ear. Shown isthe bottom side ofa conventional {holag) hydraulic elevator. The elevator car is made of the cab, which cartes the passengers and the platform, which consists of structural framework, The hydraulic plunger connects tothe center beam ofthe car platform. Behind and atongside the cylinder (olf) isthe traveling cable. Gude rails are event onthe let and right side of the hoitway walls (Used wit permission of ABC) three to eight cables for each elevator. Most traction elevators generally use wire ropes that are % to 1% inches (6 to 32 mm) in diameter and are composed of multistrand soft steel wire wound around a hemp o polymeric core. Traditionally, the 8 X 19 wire rope (eight strands with 19 wires per strand) pattern was used, but this is being replaced with modem patterns. Wire ropes ‘must match the drive sheave perfectly to ensure that they have along life, The counterweight is a set of steel ot iton plates fas- tened to one end of the hoisting rope that counterbalances the car. It is weighted to be equal to the car's dead weight plus 40 to 50% of car load capacity. The weight of the car and counter- ‘weight presses ropes into grooves on a drive sheave. The fri: tion between the hoisting ropes and the drive sheave is used to move the elevator car withthe cable. A traction machine is an electric machine in which the friction between the hoist ropes and the drive sheave is used to move the elevator car with the cable, Traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. See Photo 24.3. Geared traction machines are driven by low-speed (low rpm), high- torque electric motors. The electric motor drives a reduction unit, of the worm and gear type to mechanically control movement of elevator cars by rolling steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave attached (o a gearbox driven by a high-speed motor. These ma- chines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction used for speeds up to 500 fvmin (152 m/min), One ‘manufacturer offers an elevator for skyscrapers that moves at a maximum speed of 3540 fmin (1080 m/min). Gearless trac~ sion machines are high-speed, direct-drive electric motors. The drive sheave is directly attached to the end of motor. The machine room-less (MRL) elevator uses a gearless traction machine that is mounted within the hoistway itself and is attached directly to the top of the car. It employs a smaller 35 ‘a. Conventional (Holed) Hydraulic Elevator b-Traction Elevator CAR CAR I -Hololess Hydraulic Elevator } Q CAR 4. Roped Hydraulic Elevator CAR FIGURE 24.2 Variations of basic types of elevators. PHOTO 24.3. Traction elevators have a dive machine with an flectre motor and pulley-ke (grooved) drive sheave that holds cables ‘that move the elevator car up ar down. Shown isa traction machine. (Used wit permission of ABC) 336 sheave, Developed in the mid-1990s, the MRL machine uses a small and efficient drive that cuts size, weight, heat output, and energy consumption by about 50% in comparison to traditional traction elevators. These machines are altractive because the need for a machine room above or adjacent to the elevator hoistway is eliminated, which saves floor area, Basic Components of an Elevator System Aneelevator consists of a car mounted on a platform that is con- nected to the elevator drive, The elevator car, also called a cage, is the load-carrying unit, including the frame, enclosure, and ccar door. The platform isa flat, relatively horizontal framework to which a car is mounted and on which passengers stand or the load is placed, The cab is a decorative room in which occupants, ride in a passenger elevator, These are shown in Photo 24.2 ‘The basic components of the two types of elevator systems are shown in Figure 24.1 ‘The elevator car moves vertically in a hoistway, which is the shaft-like space in which the elevator travels. It is enclosed by fireproof walls. The hoistway includes the pit, which is the space at the bottom of the hoistway under the car, or a penthouse, which is the space between the top of the elevator hoistway and the underside of the roof. The elevator car stops at the landing, which isthe portion ofa floor, balcony, or platform used to receive and discharge passengers or freight. Hoistway doors at the landings provide an opening in the hoistway (0 allow passengers or freight to access the clevator car ata land: ing. These doors remain closed when the elevator car is not present at the landing, which ensures occupant safety and ‘maintains the fire enclosure. A blind hoistway has no hoistway door openings or landings on the lower part of a hoistway. I al- lows the elevator to service only the upper floors of the hoist- ‘way. Most building codes require an access door every three floors for rescue purposes, A hoistway and components within ahoistway are shown in Photos 24.4 and 24.5, PHOTO 24.4. An open elevator holsway serving two stoves. (Used ‘wth permission of ABC) cHapreR 24 i PHOTO 24.5. Hoistway doors as viewed trom inside of hoistway. Guide rls are evident on the lft and right side ofthe hoistway walls (red wits permission of ABC) A drive unit is an assembly of an electric motor, brake, and power transmission or hydraulic system that supplies the power for movement of a car. The elevator car slides on steel T,, round, or formed sections installed vertically in the hoist way to guide and direct the car and the counterweight. A buffer is an energy absorber located at the bottom of the hoistway t0 soften the force with which a car runs into the pit during an emergency. Buffers can be large springs or an oil dampener- spring combination, Car operating station is a panel mounted in the car that contains: the car operating controls, call register buttons, door ‘open and close, alarm emergency stop, key switches, and other buttons that are required for operation. The hall station is a control panel located outside the elevator doorway in the corri- dlr that houses the call button, Nearby, is the hal lantern, a cor~ ridor mounted signal light indicating than an elevator car is approaching that landing and the direction in which the car is to travel. A traveling cable is a set of electric conductors that pro- vide an electrical connection between the car and outlet in the hoistway or machine room, The moder elevator controller is a microprocessor- based system that ditects starting, acceleration, deceleration, and stopping of the elevator cab, It is designed to minimize av- erage passenger wait time, Multiple elevators have an inte- grated control system. The controller automatically compares the location of all the cars in the elevator bank and sends the car to the nearest one. Itis typically programmed to respond differ cently at different times of the day. For example, in office build- ings during morning hours, all unassigned cars go to the ground floor, while during late afternoon hours, cars go to upper floors. ‘Modern elevators have smart traffic pattern recognition capa bilities that allow them to “learn” and respond to daily and ‘weekly elevator use pattems. See Photo 24.6. Elevators have several safety devices. A brake is a spring- loaded clamping mechanism that works to prevent car move- ‘ment when it is at rest or when no power is supplied to the hoist motor. A governor is a speed-monitoring device on traction BUILDING CONVEYING SYSTEMS PHOTO 24.6 An elevator controller. Note that Flor 13 is ‘missing elevators that triggers the safety when the elevator moves too quickly. Door interlock mechanisms prevent the operation of the elevator unless the hoistway door is locked in the closed po: sition. The door interlock also prevents the opening of the hoistway doors from the landing side unless the elevator is in the Ianding zone and either stopped or coming to a stop. Emergency power operation allows cats to return to a predetermined landing in the event of a power failure, These systems typically operate on generator power, All cars have an emergency exit, which is a removable panel. Removable only from the top of the car, the emergency exit permits passengers to be evacuated from the elevator during an emergency. The emergency stop switch is hand-operated switch in the car push button station that, when thrown to the off position, stops the elevator and prohibits its running. All elevators are requited to hhave communication connection to an outside 24 hr emergency service, automatic recall capability in a fire emergency, and special access for firefighters" use in a fire. vvators can be placed in the fire/emergency service mode by operating a keyed switch. This operation mode re- ‘moves all cars from normal use, sends them to a designated landing, and permits special operation for firefighters ot emer gency personnel, Classifications of Elevators Elevators fall into basic classifications based on use. Passenger Elevators Passenger elevators are designed to carry people and small packages. They typically have capacities from 1500 to 5000 Ib (680 to 2300 kg), in 500 Ib (230 kg) increments. Passenger ele- vvators are operated by the passenger and have attractive interior finishes. They can also be used to move freight, Standard di- ‘mension and reactions of passenger elevators ate provided in Table 24.2, Recommended capacity and design strategies for 37 passenger elevators in various occupancies are shown in Tables 24.3, 244, and 24.5. Freight Elevators Freight elevators are used to carry material, goods, equipment, and vehicles, rather than people. In many freight elevator in stallations, passengers often accompany the freight, so they are governed by the same safety requirements. Freight clevators are typically capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 5000 to 10 000 tb (2300 to 4500 kg), but can be up to 13 tons/26 000 Ib (11 700 kg) weight capacity. Elevators designed to only carry freight (not passengers) are required to post a writen notice in the car that the use by pas sengers is prohibited. Freight clevators may have manually op: erated doors, and often have sturdy interior finishes to prevent damage during loading and unloading. Dumbwaiters ‘A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator used to transport light- ‘weight freight such as food, laundry, books, records, and other small items. Passengers are not permitted on dumbwaiters Dumbwaiters are generally driven by a small electric motor ‘with a counterweight or may be hand operated using a roped pulley. They are generally limited to a capacity of about 750 Ib (340 kg), Manlifts ‘A manliftis an elevator installed in a variety of structures and locations (o provide vertical transportation of authorized per- sonnel and their tools and equipment only. These elevators ‘are typically installed in structures such as grain elevators, radio antennas and bridge towers, underground facilites, dams, power plants, and similar structures. Typically available in 300 Ib (140 kg), 500 1b (230 kg), 650 Ib (300 kg) and 1000 Ib (467 kg) capacities. Elevator Design Criteria Because of accessibility regulations, passenger elevators are often a building code requirement in new buildings with multi- ple floors. Model building codes require compliance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards for the installation, maintenance, and inspection of elevators. (One of the frst elements to identify is the extent to which vertical transport will be provided within the building, High-rise buildings require a set of elevators. Selecting the technology to be used in new elevator installations depends on many parame- {crs Traction clevator motor size and power consumption is sig- nificantly lower than hydraulic elevators, but elevator and building costs are higher. Traction elevators are much quicker than hydraulic elevators. On the other hand, hydraulic elevators hhave lower installed costs, Installing hydraulic jacks becomes ‘impractical for tall hoistways because ofthe height limitations of 8 cHapreR 24 TABLE 24.2 STANDARD DIMENSIONS AND REACTIONS OF PASSENGER ELEVATORS. Enirance Opening car Capacity Speed (rpm) wat Height Internal Dimensions | External Dimensions Persons |i kg | tumin | mimin | in | mm | in | mm in rom in rn 200 60 56x41 57x 48 8 200 | $50 | 300 so | s2 | soo | 84 | 2100 { sages le (1400 x 1030) (1445 x 1200) 200 60 56x50 sr x56 10 1500 | 680 | 300 so | s2 | aco | 8 | 2100 : pve sso | 108 (1400 x 1250) (1445 x 1420) 200 60 7 56x54 58x61 n reso | 750 | 200 so | a2 | avo | a | 2100 : 1485 5 1 xo | ate (1400 x 1350) (1445 x 1520) 200 3 300 90 64x54 65x61 8 1950 | 900 | 350 | 105 | a6 | 900 | s¢ | 2100 5 seen’ wo | to (1600 x 1350) (1645 x 1520) 500 | 150 200 80 300 90 aso | 105 64 x 62 66x69 6 zeso | r000 | 35 | jon | 98 | 900 | 84 | 2100 | gt * SBso) see 2720) 500 | 150 600 | 180 200 60 300 so | 40 | 1000 | 8¢ | 2100 ” 2sso | 1150 | 950 | 105 72x60 74x67 400 | (120, (1800 x 1500) (1850 x 1675) soo | 150 | 44 | 1100 | #4 | 2100 600 | 180 200 30 00 so | 4 | 1000 | a | 2100 20 3000 | 1350 | 392 | 108 72x69 74x78 a0) 120 (1800 x +70) (7850 x 1905) soo | 150 | 44 | 1100 | 84 | 2100 600 | 180 "200 60 300 so | 40 | 1000 | 4 | 2100 ey 600 | 1650 | 950 | 105 80x72 82x79 ‘400 | 120 (2000 x +800) (2050 x 1975) soo | 150 | 4 | 100 | 84 | 2100 600 | 180 the plunger, so these elevators become more costly beyond! about 60 {1 (20 m). Thus, hydraulic elevators are quite common in low- and medium-rise buildings (2 to 5 stories). For high-rise buildings (>75 fv25 m) traction elevators must be used Design criteria differ depending on the building type (i... hotel, apartment, office). For office buildings, one elevator group can generally serve all floors in buildings up to 15 to 20 floors, depending on the building population. When there are more than 20 floors, single grouping is not efficient and would nor mally result in ong travel times and congestion in the elevator lobbies during peak periods. The passenger elevators for build- ings with more than 20 floors (upto about 35 floors) should be separated into low rise of local service and high rise or express service, Elevators in the low-rise group should serve the lower portion of the building while elevators in the high-rise group travel directly from the main stop to the upper portions of the BUILDING CONVEYING SYSTEMS 338 ‘TABLE 24.2 RECOMMENDED CAPACITY AND DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR PASSENGER ELEVATORS IN VARIOUS OCCUPANCIES. Capacity Size Building ype Pounds win Depth Design Rules of Thum + One elevator per 45 000 usable + Number in 2 single group should not exceed eight Office buildings 3500 stein Sftsin + No single group should serve more than 16 levels. + Aseparate service elevator should be considered above 4 tloors + Additonal elevators for aleterias, central supplies, and so on ‘Apartment bulngs | 2500) enein anim ~ One elevator for every 601075 rooms + Do not exceed 150 trom farthest room Hotelsimotelsidorms 3500 Rin SRSin cee eee arte move taritane Senco “4500 Sita ansin ~ Requirements vary by tealiy TABLE 24.4 AN EXAMPLE OF ELEVATOR LOADING CAPACITIES FOR PASSENGER AND FREIGHT ELEVATORS, Rated Load | Inside Net Platirm | MaximumNumber | RatedLoad | Inside Net Piaviorm | Maximum Number i) ‘rea it) of Passengers ) ‘Area (t) of Passenger 500 70 3 5000 500 3 600 33 4 000 577 0 700 96 5 7000 853 a +1000 1325 7 2000 no 53 200 156 a 9000 805 «0 1500 189 10 10.000 88.0 7 1800 a 2 12.000 103.0 80 2000 242 13 15 000 125.1 100 2500 201 7 18.000 1489 120 3000 337 20 20000 1612 133 3500 380 23 25 000 1965 167 4000 422 27 30000 2310 200 TABLE 26.8 RECOMMENDED PERFORMANCE OF ELEVATORS. Percentage of Total Average Populaion Handled over Type of Bulling Waiting interval_| Peak (5 min perog} Office buildings 250305 rors Apartment uldings | 5010805 510.8% Dormitories 50t0 708 toto 15% Hotels 4010708 toto 18% building. In large buildings, groups of local and express (if nec- essary) elevators are located in the service core and other ele- ments (ie., stars, mechanical and electrical chases) are designed around the core, See Figutes 24.3 and 24.4, Elevator hoistways are sized according to car shapes and sizes and door sizes, with consideration given to space requite- ‘ments for guide rails and brackets, counterweight systems, run- ning clearances, and ancillary equipment. Suificient space should be provided around cars and elevator counterweights to ‘minimize buffeting and airborne noise during operation, 24.2 ESCALATORS An escalator is a power-driven, continuously moving stair- ‘way system used for transporting people. They can move in a linear or spiral (curved) manner. Spiral escalators are de- signed to match the curve of a building. They are used to move pedestrian traffic in places where elevators would be impractical or less efficient. Analysis typically shows that 15 to 20 elevators are needed to move the occupant capacity of ‘an escalator system. Various types of escalators are shown in Photo 24.7. Escalators can be placed in the same physical space as stairs, They have the capacity to move large numbers of people. In contrast to the clevator, escalators have no waiting interval. ‘As a result, they are typically used in department stores, shop- ping malls, sporting arenas, stadiums, airports, convention cen- ters, hotels, subways, office complexes, and public buildings. Factors that affect escalator design include physical require- ‘ments (Vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned), location, \taflic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences. cHapreR 24 8 an EXPRESS ELEVATORS LOCAL ELEVATORS fll UPPER FLOOR ACCESS {ECH FLOOR. LOWER FLOOR (MAIN STOP) ACCESS FIGURE 24.3 Elevators in a skyscraper are separated into low-ise or local-service elevators ‘and high ie or express-service lvators. Elevators inthe low-tse group should serve the lower portion of the bulding while elevators in the high-'se group travel directly trom the main stop to ‘he upper portions ofthe building. Standard dimensions and design capacities of escalators are listed in Tables 24.6 and 24.7. Basic Components of an Escalator System ‘Although expensive and large, escalators are basic machines, Escalator components are shown in Figure 24.5, The escalator drive unit is a machine that drives the escalator It is comprised of an electric motor, decelerator, electromagnetic brake, V belt, sprocket, and other components. It is powered by constant- speed AC electric motor. The sprocket drive is comprised of ‘wheels installed at top and bottom (each end) to drive the steps (pallets). The top sprocket drives the moving steps, while the bottom sprocket tums the steps. The steps (pallets) are made from one-piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. They serve as the BUILDING CONVEYING SYSTEMS OFFICE LOCAL ELEVATORS SPACE SERVICE CORE (STAIRS, RESTROOMS. MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND CHASES) LOCAL ELEVATORS FIGURE 24.4 Elevators in a skyscraper aro PHOTO 24.7. Various typos of escalators. moving platform on which an escalator passenger rides, Indi- vvidual steps move up or down on tracks, which keep the topside of the steps (treads) horizontal. Steps are attached to a continu- ously circulating belt or pallet system. The balustrade is the side of an escalator system. It extends above the steps and in- cludes skirt panels, interior panels, decks, and handrails. EXPRESS ELEVATORS. located ina service cor. A moving handrail provides a handhold that riders use for balance and safety on their ride up or dowa, The handrail is powered by the same system that powers the steps. It moves along the top of the balustrade in synchronization with the steps. The sruss is an assembly of structural steel that serves to support the escalator load, Ends of the truss ate attached to top and bottom landing platforms. The machinery of an escalator is hidden beneath its steps and within the truss, At the top of the escalator, housed in the truss, is an electric motor that runs the drive gears. There are two drive gears on either side at the top and two return gears on either side at the bottom. These gears hhave chains that loop around the gears and run down each side of the escalator, Connected to each step, these chains help the steps make their way up, or down, the escalator. Escalators are powered by constant-speed alternating cur- rent motors and are designed to move at approximately | to 2 ft (©3 t 06 m) per second. A single passenger (24 in/ {600 mm) escalator traveling at 1.5 feet (0.45 m) per second can ‘move about 170 persons per S-min period, The carrying capac ity of an escalator must match the expected peak traffic demand ‘The maximum angle of inclination of an escalator, measured ‘TABLE 24,6 BASIC DESIGN CAPACITIES OF ESCALATORS. Width (between Size Balustade Panels) | _ Single Step Capacty Applications ‘Smal 24 In (600 men) ‘One passenger Lowvolume use, uppermost levels of department stores, when ‘space is limited Meaium ‘32 in (800 mr ‘One passenger and one package | Shopping malls depariment stores, smaler airports ‘orone piece of luggage Large 40 in (1000 mm) | Twoppassengers Metro transit systems, larger alrpots, ain statons, arge reall a2 cHapreR 24 ‘TABLE 24,7. STANDARD DIMENSIONS AND DESIGN CAPACITIES OF ESCALATORS. Angie of Horizontal Capaciy Stop Wiath Speed Inclination Stops. pe Personsinr in mm ‘timin mis Degrees Number 4500 24 600 e750 2 200 0° 2 2000 40 7000 4500) 2 600 6750 32 800 3 2000 40 7000 100 050 4500) 24 600 6750 32 800 35° 2 8000 “0 1000 4500) 2a 600 2750 2 200 a 9000 0 000 4500 2a 600 e750 32 200 20° 2 2000 0 7000 4500 24 600 6750 32 800 Slimline escalate 200 0 7000 100 050 3 500) 24 600 6750 32 800 35° 8000 “0 1000 4500 2a 600 e750 2 200 8000 “0 000 4500 24 600 Heavy-duty escalator 6750 32 800 100 os 20" 3 9000 40 1000 4500 24 600 Multilevel escalator 6750 32 800 100 050 30° 2 2000 “0 1000 from the horizontal floor level, is typically 30°. A standard total rise for a commercial escalator can be up to about 60 ft (18 m). Transit escalators can have a total rise up to 164 ft (50.0 m), Escalator Arrangement A single escalator takes passengers up one floor; that is, it trav cls up but there is no downward travel, A single noncontinuous arrangement is a set of interrupted escalators, all traveling up from floor to floor; it has no downward travel. It requires a pas- senger traveling multiple floors to get off, walk a distance to the other side of the escalator system to get on the next escalator before traveling to the next upper floor, A single continuous arrangement is a set of up-only escalators that zigzag back and forth as they move floor to floor; a passenger traveling multiple floors gets off one escalator, takes a few steps, and gets on the next escalator to travel to the next upper floor. See Figure 24.6. Single escalators are energy efficient because they only travel ‘upward, saving the energy consumed lo take passengers down- ward. They are popular in many areas of the world but not in the United States. Components of escalators are shown in Photos 24.8 through 24.11 MOVING HANDRAIL UPPER LANDING o PIE Gea RAL DAVES UD MOTOR ENERGENCY STOP BUTTON EMERGENG STOP BUTTON (ALTERNATE LACEMENT) Sie chan Sp : : GOWER LANDING FIGURE 24.5 Components of an escalator Sua PTT Taaaaeaeee PHOTO 24.8 A continuous parallel escalator system, PHOTO 24.10 An upper landing of an escalator. Note how the stats fold in atthe top ofthe escalaior. PHOTO 24.9 A lower landing of an escalator. Note how the stats PHOTO 24.11. An emergency stop switch on an escalator. (Used raise atthe beginning ofthe escalator. An emergency slop switch ‘with permission of ABC) ‘extends from the right handrall. (Used with permission of ARC 243 Crisscross Single Continuous DOWN OFF OFF FLOOR UP OnLy ELEVATORS UP ONLY ELEVATORS Continuous Parallel Non-Continuous Parallel OFF OFF Down

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