What are the different types of tissues?

1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue
 Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue can be found on surfaces of the

body include the outer layer of the skin and the
lining of cavities, such as the digestive tract,
airways, and blood vessels.
What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

1. Protection
2. Barrier
3. Passage
4. Secretion
5. Absorption
 Classification of Epithelia
Arrangement Cell Shape
Simple Squamous
(one layer) (flat, scale-like)
Stratified Cuboidal
(more than one layer) (cube-like)
Pseudostratified Columnar
(one layer) (tall and thin)
 Types of Epithelia
▪ Simple squamous epithelium
▪ Simple cuboidal epithelium
▪ Simple columnar epithelium
▪ Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Stratified cuboidal epithelium
▪ Stratified columnar epithelium
▪ Transitional epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium

This type of epithelium

typically lines blood vessels
and body cavities and
regulates the passage of
substances into the
underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium

This type of epithelium is

typically found in glandular
(secreting) tissue and
kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium

This type of epithelium is

often specialized for
absorption and usually has
apical cilia or microvilli.
These cells line your
stomach and intestines.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

This type of epithelium

lines your upper respiratory
tract and usually has a lot
of cilia.
Stratified squamous epithelium
This type of epithelium usually
has protective functions,
including protection against
microorganisms from invading
underlying tissue and/or
protection against water loss.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
This type of epithelium is
not as common and is
found in the excretory ducts
of your salivary and sweat
glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium
This type of epithelium is not
as common and is seen in the
mucous membrane
(conjunctiva) lining your
eyelids, where it’s both
protective and mucus-
secreting.
Transitional epithelium
A transitional epithelium (also
known as urothelium) is
made up of several layers of
cells that become flattened
when stretched. It lines most
of your urinary tract and
allows your bladder to
expand.
 Connective Tissue

Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue type

that makes up part of every organ in the body.
Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
2. Connecting tissues to one another.
3. Supporting and moving parts of the body.
4. Storing compounds.
5. Cushioning and insulating.
6. Transporting.
7. Protecting.
Classification of Connective Tissue

1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Supporting Connective Tissue
3. Fluid Connective Tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Loose connective tissue
a. areolar
b. adipose
c. reticular
▪ Dense connective tissue
a. dense collagenous connective tissue
b. dense elastic connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Loose connective tissue
a. areolar
 1. Connective tissue proper
Areolar Connective Tissue
Structure
A fine network of fibers
(mostly collagen fibers with
a few elastic fibers) with
spaces between the fibers;
fibroblasts, macrophages,
and lymphocytes are
located in the spaces
Function
Loose packing, support, and
nourishment for the
structures with which it is
associated
Location
Widely distributed
throughout the body;
substance on which
epithelial basement
membranes rest; packing
between glands, muscles,
and nerves; attaches the
skin to underlying tissues
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Loose connective tissue
b. adipose
 1. Connective tissue proper
Structure
Little extracellular matrix
surrounding cells; the
adipocytes, or fat cells, are
so full of lipid that the
cytoplasm is pushed to the
periphery of the cell
Adipose Tissue
Function Location
Packing material, thermal Predominantly in
insulator, energy storage, subcutaneous areas,
and protection of organs mesenteries, renal pelvis,
against injury from being around kidneys, attached to
bumped or jarred the surface of the colon,
mammary glands, and in
loose connective tissue that
penetrates into spaces and
crevices
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Loose connective tissue
c. reticular
 1. Connective tissue proper
Structure
Fine network of reticular
fibers irregularly arranged
Reticular Tissue
Function Location
Provides a superstructure Within the lymph nodes,
for lymphatic and spleen, bone marrow
hemopoietic tissues
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Dense connective tissue
a. dense collagenous connective tissue
 1. Connective tissue proper
Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue
Structure
Matrix composed of
collagen fibers running in
somewhat the same
direction in tendons and
ligaments; collagen fibers
run in several directions in
the dermis of the skin and in
organ capsules
Function
Withstand great pulling
forces exerted in the
direction of fiber orientation
due to great tensile strength
and stretch resistance
Location
Tendons (attach muscle to
bone) and ligaments (attach
bones to each other); also
found in the dermis of the
skin, organ capsules, and
the outer layer of many
blood vessels
1. Connective tissue proper
▪ Dense connective tissue
b. dense elastic connective tissue
 1. Connective tissue proper
Dense Elastic Connective Tissue
Structure
Matrix composed of
collagen fibers and elastin
fibers running in somewhat
the same direction in elastic
ligaments; elastic fibers run
in connective tissue of blood
vessel walls
Function
Capable of stretching and
recoiling like a rubber band
with strength in the direction
of fiber orientation
Location
Elastic ligaments between
the vertebrae and along the
dorsal aspect of the neck
(nucha) and in the vocal
cords; also found in elastic
connective tissue of blood
vessel walls
2. Supporting connective tissue
▪ Cartilage
a. hyaline cartilage
b. fibrocartilage
c. elastic cartilage
▪ Bone
a. spongy bone
b. compact bone
2. Supporting connective tissue
▪ Cartilage
a. hyaline cartilage
 2. Supporting connective tissue
Structure
Collagen fibers are small
and evenly dispersed in the
matrix, making the matrix
appear transparent; the
chondrocytes are found in
spaces, or lacunae, within
the firm but flexible matrix
Hyaline Cartilage
Function
Allows growth of long
bones; provides rigidity with
some flexibility in the
trachea, bronchi, ribs, and
nose; forms strong, smooth,
yet somewhat flexible
articulating surfaces; forms
the embryonic skeleton
Location
Growing long bones,
cartilage rings of the
respiratory system, costal
cartilage of ribs, nasal
cartilages, articulating
surface of bones, and the
embryonic skeleton
2. Supporting connective tissue
▪ Cartilage
b. fibrocartilage
 2. Supporting connective tissue
Fibrocartilage
Structure Function Location
Collagen fibers similar to Somewhat flexible and Intervertebral disks, pubic
those in hyaline cartilage; capable of withstanding symphysis, and articular
the fibers are more considerable pressure; disks (e.g., knees and
numerous than in other connects structures temporomandibular (jaw]
cartilages and are arranged subjected to great pressure joints)
in thick bundles
2. Supporting connective tissue
▪ Cartilage
c. elastic cartilage
 2. Supporting connective tissue
Elastic Cartilage
Structure Function Location
Similar to hyaline cartilage, Provides rigidity with even External ears, epiglottis,
but matrix also contains more flexibility than hyaline and auditory tubes
elastic fibers cartilage because elastic
fibers return to their original
shape after being stretched
2. Supporting connective tissue
▪ Bone
a. spongy bone
b. compact bone
 2. Supporting connective tissue
Structure
Hard, bony matrix
predominates; many
osteocytes (not seen in this
bone preparation) are
located within lacunae; the
matrix is organized into
layers called lamellae
Bone
Function Location
Provides great strength and All bones of the body
support and protects
internal organs, such as the
brain; bone also provides
attachment sites for
muscles and ligaments; the
joints of bones allow
movements
3. Fluid connective tissue
▪ Blood
 3. Fluid connective tissue
Blood
Structure Function
Formed elements and a Transports oxygen, carbon
fluid matrix dioxide, hormones,
nutrients, waste products,
and other substances;
protects the body from
infections and is involved in
temperature regulation
Location
Within the blood vessels;
white blood cells frequently
leave the blood vessels and
enter the extracellular
spaces
 Muscle Tissue

The main function of muscle tissue is to contract,

or shorten, making movement possible.
Classification of Muscle Tissue

1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
1. Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and

enables the body to move.
 Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle
Structure Function Location
Skeletal muscle cells or Movement of the body; Attached to bone or other
fibers appear striated under voluntary control connective tissue
(banded); cells are large,
long, and cylindrical, with
many nuclei
2. Cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is

responsible for pumping blood.
 Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle
Structure Function Location
Cardiac muscle cells are Pumps the blood; under In the heart
cylindrical and striated and involuntary (unconscious)
have a single nucleus; they control
are branched and
connected to one another
by intercalated disks, which
contain gap junctions
3. Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow organs

(except the heart); it is also found in the skin and
the eyes.
 Muscle Tissue
Structure
Smooth muscle cells are
tapered at each end, are not
striated, and have a single
nucleus
Cardiac Muscle
Function Location
Regulates the size of In hollow organs, such as
organs, forces fluid through the stomach and intestine;
tubes, controls the amount skin and eyes
of light entering the eye,
and produces "goose
bumps" in the skin; under
involuntary (unconscious)
control
 Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and
controlling many body activities.

Structure
A neuron consists of
dendrites, a cell body, and a
long axon; glia, or support
cells, surround the neurons
Nervous Tissue
Function Location
Neurons transmit In the brain, spinal cord,
information in the form of and ganglia
action potentials, store
information, and integrate
and evaluate data; glia
support, protect, and form
specialized sheaths around
axons
 Cell Modifications

Cell modification is a specialized structure among

cells so that they can perform their function
efficiently and effectively.
1. Cilia
Cilia have a back-and-forth motion. The rapid power
stroke moves the cell in a direction perpendicular to the
axis of the cilium. Then, during the slower recovery
stroke, the cilium bends and sweeps sideways, closer
to the cell surface. A dense nap of cilia, beating at a
rate of about 40 to 60 strokes a second, covers this
Colpidium, a freshwater protist.
2. Flagella

A flagellum usually undulates, its snakelike motion

driving a cell in the same direction as the axis of
the flagellum. Propulsion of a human sperm cell is
an example of flagellate locomotion.
3. Microvilli

These are specialized extensions of the cell

membrane that are supported by microfilaments,
but they do not actively move as cilia and flagella
do.