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Fakulteti i Mjekesise
Dega Mjekesi e pergjithshme - Viri I

L. l. Medical Terminology Lenda: English Language

l_ectlrre 1. Medical Terminolory

Medical terminology is a language for

fggfgdgly describing the human body and associated
components, conditions, processes and process
in a science-based manner. It is to be used in
the medical and nwsing fields. This systematic approach to
word building and term
cg4Prehgns&l is based on the concept of: (l) word roots, (2) prefixes,
and (3) suffixes. The
'word is a term derived from a source language such as
Greek or Latin and usually describes
*9ry4' ryIfg can be added in front of the term to nodi4, rhe word root by gíving
additional infonnation about the location of an organ, the number
of parts, or time
in'volved' SJS"î:^*. attached to the end of a word root to add
meaning such as condjtion,
disease prooess, or proceCure.

in the process of creating medical terminology, certain rules of language apply.

These rules
are part of language mechanics called iinguistics. So, when a tenn
is deyeloped, some
logical process is applied. The u,ord root is developed to include a vowel
sound following
the term to add a smoothing action to'the sound of the word when applying
a suf6x. The
result is the formation of a new term with a vowel affached (word root +
vowei) called
tco$@*fonn. In English, the most common vowel used in the formation of the,
combining form is the letter -o-, added to the word root.

@a" not normally require firther.modification to be added to a word root because

the
prefix norrraliy ends in a vowel or vowel sound, aithough in some cases
they may
assimilate slightly and an in- may change tgr - or
{y-to-{lb.
S@/att categorized as either (1) needing the combining form, or (2) not needing
the
combining form since they start with a vowel.

Dg@g the medical temr is an important process, Once experience is gained in the
process of forming and decoding medical terminology, the process begins
to make sense
and becomes easier. One approach involves breaking down the word by evaluating
the
meaning of the suffix first, then prefix, and finally the word root. This will generally
produce a good result for the experienced health care professional. When
in doubt, the result
should be verified bv a medical terminolory dictionarJ. The process of leaming
a new
language, such as r"o"@, is a chanenging, yet
?ttainable goal as the basic
rules---once learned, make the process easier-

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 II Fakulteti iMjekesise
Dega Mjekesi e pergjithshme - Viti I
Lenda: English Language
L. L Medical Terminology

One quick online reference is a dictionary seaxch engine. There are also numerous online
rnedical dictionaries to select from. Once a term is located the response will be lubdividel
into several basic formats, including General usage, Medicine, Law, Business, anA;6-ers.

The use of medical dictionary or Intemet search engine is most helpful in learning the
a

exact meaning of a medical term. However, if the basic concepts of word building are
understood, many words are understandable to the student of medical terminology.

Xn forming or understanding a word root, one needs a basic cgmrugbensign of the terrr and
the soruce language. . For example, if a

word was to be forrred to indicate a condition of kidneys, there are two primary roots - one
from Gree\ (veOOóS nephr(os)) and one from Latin (renbd). 'Renal faiiure would be a
gondition of lcidneys, and nephriti, i, ut* t.ooOittorr, tf tttt kidneys. The
rÉ":S means inflammation,
"iffi"iltttt,
and ths entire word conveys the meaning inflarnmation of
the kidney. To continue using these terrns, other combinations will be presented for the
purpose of examples: The tew''supra-renal is a. combination of the prefur supra- (meaning
"above"), and the.,word root for kidney, and the entire word means "situated above the
bídneys". The qrord. "nephrologist" combines the root word for kidney to the suffix -
ologist witlr the resultant meaning of "one'vylrc studies ihe kidneys".

In medical tenninology,Ej*{d_tg-ot is not usualiy capable of standing alone as a complete

u,orcl within a sentence. fiis is different than mosi rvord rcots in modem standard English.
Themedica1word.rootistakenf'o*@ge'soitwiliremain
meaningless as a stand-alone term in an English sentence. A suffrx or prefix must be added
to make a usable medical term. For example the term foÍ "concerníng the hearf is
,'cardiacus"; from the Greek Il@.Ifa person is suffering from a heart related illness, the
statenient, "The patient suffered akardía even!" would not make sonse. However, with the
addition of a suffix -!g ú" statement would be modified to read, "The patient suffered a
cardiac event" whicli is an acceptable use of medical terminology. The process is different
in standard English because the word roots are capable of standing alone in a sentence. For
example, the word ir a word root in English that can be used without modification in a
ff
sentence.

An additional challenge to the-student of medical tenninology is that the formation of the

plural of a word must be done using the rules of forming the proper plural form as used in
I

t}óóurc. language. This is more difficult than in English, where adding -s or -er is the rule.
 Falelreti i Mjekesise
DegaMjekesi pergiìthshme - Viri I
e
Lenda: English Language
L. l. Medical Terminology

Greek and Latin t".h h3u. difttine *l.r

to brgpplied when forming the plural form of the
word root. often such details can bè-found using a medical dictionary.

There is also 'another rule of medical tenninolory to be recognized by the student. When
more than o,+9 body part is usg! in the forrnation of a medical term, the individual word
roots are joined together by using the combining form using the letter -o- to indicate the
joining together of various body parts. For example, if there is an ìm-amm-ad; of the
stomach , and
intestines, this would be written a.s gastro- and. enter-plus -
#i^r, "gastroenteritis". In this exanrple, the-o- signifies the joining together of trvo body
parts. -

hdedical T'enninology often uses rvords created using prefixes and suffixes in Latin and
Alcient Greek.
n:edicine, their meanings, and t$g:bmregey, are informed by the ianguage of origin.
In.

Frefixes and suffixes, prirnarily in Greek-but also in Latin, have a.droppúle -o-. Medical
roots generally go l.ogether according to language: Greek prefixes go with Greek suffixes
and Lafin. Frefixes rvith l-at'in Suffrxes. Although it is technically considered acceptable to
create
4ybrid wolds, it is strongly preferred npgln -mlx gg-erent lingual roots. Examples of
well-accepted medical wcrds that do mix lingual roots are neonatology and, quadriplegia.

t
 wy
Fakulteti iMjekesise
Dega Mjekesi e pergiithshme - Viti I

L. 2-3 ÌvVord formation Lenda: English Language

of Medical Terms

Lecture 2-3. \Mord f,ormation of Medical Terms

1. BuildÍng Elements

Root LIa4ìt1*
-^'-J YY'*Ì'/t^
Prenr
Suffix
Combining Vowel

{. A root is what remains when all added elements in aword have been removed
the part that is not firflÍer divisible.
{" The root, the core in a word, provides the fi:ndamental meaning of that word.
d" derm --*lkio (epidermis, dermis, derrnatolog,t, dermatttis, dermatosis,
dermatoifi

N
/ D*^s:-.
ATTtrIÀ

{' /t prefix is a letter or a letter combination

placed before a word or a combining
forrn to aiter or modifr 1Íe basic meaning of dre word.
''& A larger proportion of pref;xes describe Spatiqt relationship. Others negatq
^^-^^-+^ J^^^-:L^ -f -,--- . l;:::-
-1----:-

.$aJall -"# J"2,b

' "."'Í Suffix: atlached to the end of a ra'ord base to change either the meaning of the
base or the class of the u'ord.
.S ,Tu'o types: simple suffix and compound suffix- :

tr. Simple suffLv,es: those that have nothing added to them:

e
-ítís ---+ inflammation as nnephritis andhepafitÍs

2. Compound suffix: a combination of a base and a simple suffix:

a -pathy ---+ patho- (disease, suffering) + -y (condition, ac! process) -
'odisease, or a diseasedcondition" as in nEthropathy or osteopathy
a -ectom! -'+ ec- (out) + cut) + -y (act, process) - *the surgical
1om- {to
removal, the process of cutting out, or excision" as in tonsillectonry,
app endecto rny and tkyr o ide cto my.

t-
 L, 2-3 Word formation
ofMcdical Terms lk40o*,","T.':1,:l*'1frilH,ff
Tlpes of combining
vowels:

" Greek source:

* -o- cardi o ---+ cardio _ o +.logy
par + Ia __) para_
__* -ology
'!o -a-
* -y- brad+
por+rl;ff*;
o tr aúÍm $ource:
F -l mult + i__+ multi
_ i + cide _+
-icide
ov+i---*ovi-
a{elrot
L*'2u'nl5 htrl] * filfae i
of,the cornhiming vowets

1. gasff:/o+,.pathy.-_+
gastopathy
pu/a.+ thyroid _, parathyroid
t^ *
2?:y,: * 3leiu.-* sestr(oiard;
gastr/o iris -_" gastrqojiíis "
par/a * enteral -__n par(a)enterai
3. gastr/a + intestinai_*'gurJ*iit**tinuf
nephr/o +-abdomind -l'
4. nffi.,"ià"**r1
rl"giu _+ gasrrorrhagia
ffy/: i
tPl*tyo rhaphy
1
a. + rhythm + ia
-, splenorrllohv
-* u*hyrt*iu*''-

'dffixation - fomration of words by means of affixes (prefix

and sufifix)

l: fffi;T t fuJ'' {',1Íc/ui7:-/,r;;íta'n

t" Frefixarion _ A prefix is anached
*;*front
["& W; I - ,{,eft , fr, nU(
orbas
"
 L. 2.3 Word formation
of Medical Terms
Ku Dega Mjekesi
li:i#,?i:#
Lenda: EnglÍsh
:î;;
Language

* auograft
t. zsograft
'I :!^*o (homograft)
,;. xe no graft lo graft)
thete

Z. Suffixation-A:suffix
is attached to the
end of base
* immuni4r
- "1. immunlze
.1. inmtmízation

/ Rgles Of Word Fomation

IYmphadenitis --*
lynrph +
mastectomy --+ "0""??,
mast* ectomv
Irpoma __+ Iip*omu '
ó;o
mastaderutis
%1" mastitis
qà1"
adenoma
%9" lipectomy.,
È+ adenitis
o'"1"
Iymphoma
€r I;,irrphadenonra
t"!"
mastadenoma
d" adenoliporna
t"1"
Iymphadenectomv
r
%9" adenectomy

of the combination of
ffit#XTons rhe molphemes: parallel
connection and
restrictive
d. gaso pheqmged
Jt
nose throat

d. dento surgical
Ir
v+
tooth surgery

t dys sharyko plasia

,{ 1 1-
bad cartiiage development,
formation
-/
 /

6, )2 FakurteriiMiekesise
Dega Mjekesi e pergiirhshme _ Viril
L. 2-3 Word formation of
Medical Terms Lenda: English Language

{ ry*'tu-pol- n/q+rt*;,
* Frefix * ronf - e - :-.:^^.
+ jec (t)- (to throw) - put material
parricutar ii*Trt",i |*fJu.,il into a
"t-,ffi?
"&
f;ff";.:'#?iffi#::tr * rooú.- e.g. ectodenn : ec- (outside) + 6qm- (skin) - the
€" R.oot + suffix - e.g. stasis
: sta_ (to stand) + _sis (a condition
mOVgmgnq \* vv'srlrurL of)
vr) _- slowing of fluid

€' Rooú + combining vower *^:u{fio

- e.g.
sclerosis : screr- (to harden) + _sis (a
condition _ of) hardening oi,tinlijii"rffi;#:
"3" Fref!" n ,ù*fm" - e.fl;,
(perfaining 1lîn
ro) _ .*
locateO arounj theryliynat:
peri- (around) * ren_ fHAnyl +- _al
kidney;

"1. Frefix o oÎÎ* + combining vowex. *

s*fflx - e.g. synarthrosis : syn- (together) +
arthr- (ioint)+ -sis (a conditíJn
of) - irnmouiil"t of a joinr by tusion;
"rì
* Frefix + preflnx * rooú + conahining
vowe[ + suffii - e.g. conhaindication
(against) + in- (to\a'ard) + cic(Ù- : contra_
(toipeaki + -ú* ttlr. action or process
condirion rhat precludes usin! u'fuÉ; invoived ) -

..e. *
R"oot root + sufflx - e.g. sialadenitis
: siai_ (saliva) _f aden_ (gland)
inflammatory condition) - inflamrnutioo + _itis (an
oru àt"ó **0.
'o-*-

""?* Root + combining vowex a rooj *.sufflrx

- e.g. hemophilia : hemo- (blood) + phil-
(betoved, roving) *
-ia (parhologicar or ----q v\'rlrrtruuir - arr of severar
hereditary blood- coagulatian disorder; "u**,"r"i""í*rjli':-;?
l

r?" Prefix * noot + root * suffix g; : hyper- (excessive) + gryc-

;l lyp:rglycemia
-
: il]..,.n..
Í:T::ffi 5?:T;$i",:d| l;t.t"llti'i"') or an abnormalrv irígh

{ comoosirion LrZlrofe'J'/atrJ - p@n

A word-fonning ptocess byjoining fwo
or more words:

{. Open cornpound t
I
* Hyphenated compound Í
$
E
tÈ
&
g
p
E
a
:/ ,,,W
L. 2-3 Word formadon Desa Miekesi
of Medical
Terms d:fii'ffi #:H:;
*
1 mnda: English
Language

[, kt yt*/ I *,/,fA,ú, ;n" .$,$e

Solid c.o_mpoun4

Aa open cornpound
is rnade up of
two o.r more words
writfen separately:
':. woman doctor
":" mAn nDrse

; '::ff:7"::,y,-
J" family planntng
": birtlt'control
:.+ gray matter
%e" white matfur

;,_ff"T."j;."::::,*
":my t eonaected by
a hiphen:
"l high-resolution
*$ izast_specific
€, deafmutu" -
* air_borne
{" bonle_feeci
* grart-íersus_Ízost

A soiid conrpound consists

oftwo rvords vwitten
as one word:
.l windpipe
.,!, Seepwarc
.,?, overweight
.1" nosebleld.

Compounds coined
from elements
wrsrrronts of
oî the claseinor r^-.-
classical lan'guages
(tatin and Greek);
f,. bíocide-"ur
* Iysosome
 fY -
1t1'
Fakulteti i Mjekesise
::

il
j
Dega Mjekesi e pergjithshne - Viti I
Lenda: English Language
L. 2-3 Word formation ofMedical Terms

6 bio-scienee
.:. psychanalysis
..!. bioplrysics
* chemotherary

A word is adapted or converted to a new class rvithout any change of fom:

ì
";. stent (v.> n.)
.i" love (v.> n)
t taste (v.> n.)
d" smell (v.> n.)
%e" skin (v.> n.)
%r. plaster (r.> n.)
t" mask (v.> n )
4"'. faint (adj.> n.)
.î" empfy (adj.> rc.)

* Elsrt {- parú - ge,nome (gene * chromosome)

affluenza. (affluent r- influenza)
redox ( reduction oxidation)
":' whole + part - breathalyzer ftreath + anaJyzer)
d". perf + whoEe - medicaid (medi;al+ aíd) ,
. fledicaxe (medicai * care)
paramedic (parachute +- medic)
surgitool (sungical tool

Eackf,ornnaúion

* vaccinate<--vaccination
* automate +-automation
%e. diagnose -- diagnosis
{. urjwe *- injury
* conhacept <- contraception
* ovulate +-- ovulation
* palpitate .- palpitation
':" tanscript +- transcription
èi" vivisect +- vivisection

l' . ,, '
L
 Kti Fakulteti iMjekesise
Dega Mjekesi e peryiithshme -
'
Viti I
Lenda: English Language
L. 2-3 Word formation of Medical Terms

* proliferate +- proliferation
* adolesce*-adolescence
* psychoanalyzs *- psychoanalysis
.!. biograph <- biography
A clausfrophobe *- claustophobia
* chemist <- alchemist
{" paramedic +- paramedical
.t" pathogen <- pathogenic
.!' gloom <- gloomy ì

%e. exam +-exarnination

* ad *-advertisement
* doc *- doctor
t" CNca+-cancer/carcinoma
* iab <-- laboratory
d" flu *. influenza
q? specs * spectacles
d" polio *- poliomyelitis
{" psych <- psychology
* quack +* quacksalrrer t ',

Initialization are \rery coÍrmon in medical literature. An aeronyrn is a. word coined from the
initial leffers of a group of rvords. They have been very active and have been increasing in
number especially in science and technology. A large number of acronyms have been
created in medical L.iterahre.

* WT'O (World Itrealth Organizarion)

* FDA @ood and Drug.ddministration)
* CT (ComputeruedTomography)
d. RBC @ed Blood Cell)
* CC (Chief Complaint)
.f. tsMR @asal Metabolic Rate)
{. BP @lood Pressure)
* GP (General Practitioner)
* NF (Nurse Practitioner)

I Initía.liam and Acronvm - Abbreviations that are forrned using the initial components
in a phrase or name
 /K) 6 Fakulteti i MjekCIise
Dega Mjekesi e pergjithshme - Viti I
Lenda: English Language
L. 2-3 \Vord formation of Medical Terms

I An initíalism is a series of letters pronounced as individgal letters (e.g. DNA:

deoxyribonucleic acid). - .-
! An acronym is a series of letters pronounced as a word (e.g. NATO: North Atlantic
Trgutyorganization). +

%e" WHO (World Health Organization)

* FDA. (Food andDrug Administration) ì
..$ CT (computerized tomography)
%e. RBC (red blood cell)
* CC (chief complaint)
.:. BMR (basal metabolic rate)
4. BP (blood pressure)
* GF (general practitioner)
* hlP (nr:rse practitioner)
€. .fAM.{ (Joumal of the American MeCicai Association)
q' MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

4" AÌDS (Acquired trmmure Deficienc5, Syndrome) ì

{. S.{RS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)
.& t-ASER1laser ([,ight Ampiification by $timulated Emission of R.adiation)

Some words are mostiy composed of the initial letter of the word plus the fust letter of other
components of the sarne word, such as:

* TB'(tuhercuiosis)
* 0D (overdose)
%". IV (intravenous)
d:. II4/im (intranouscular)
* I{b (hemogtobin)
d. RT (radiotherapy)
* NF (neuropsychiatry)

'3' a.c. (ante cibum = before meai)

"'e" p.c" (post cibum: aftermeal)
'"?' b.i.d (bis in die = twice a day)
* t.i.d (ter in die = three times a day)
* q.i.d (quarter in die: four times a day)
* b.í.n (bis in nocte: twice a night)
 ,ruv Fakulteti i Mjekesise
Dega Mjekcsi e peryjithshme - Viti I
L.2-3 Word formation of Medical Lendu English Language
Terms

"t!t O.D (oculus dexter:right eye)

tr?'
O.S (ocutus sinister: l;ft eyel
* p.r.n (pro re nata -- as needàd)
a q.h (quaque hola = every hour)
* q.m (quaque mane: every morning)
a q.n (quaque nocte: every nigh|

Other examples of Wond Fornaation:

..?" stomach --+ gastritis

1?' liver -+hepatitis
""?" brain-*encephalitis
r?" skin ---+dsrm6tifig
* joint ---+iltlritit
{" heart -+carditis
"3" intèstine --+enteritis
d. kidney --+nephdtis
+ tongue ---rglossitis
te" throat ---+ larylrgitis
"1. bone--+ osteitis'
4. ear-' otitis
.3. " vein -* phlebitis
€' nose-+ rhinitis
4. mouth --r stornatitis
{. lung -*pneumonia
€. plewal -* pleurisy

t-
 *r/ 4f FakurtetiiMjekesise
/ \(-'\ Dega Mjekesi e pergiithshme 'Viti I
L. 4. Medical Specialities
J Lenda:Englishlanguage

Lecture 4. Medical Specialities

In this lecture we will focus on the main medical specialties and their respective
terminology, definitions and categories. We will deal with the main division of the different
branches of medicine and their linla to one another and to other sciences as well.

r: slwni@ffi !:sa+ irs*,$+;€ì@q rrFwq!"qffi sr4b--s1rqf ff+È* !rre.

=eF*ffi

!i: i, *:-ì
Li:
es to
úi,:the
,of
t.
:

t:
'\ ';

'4
c,
\f | / FakurtetiiMjekesise
lYl . _/ DesaMjekesi e peryiirhshme _ Viti I
L. 4. Medical Specialities
d" Lenda: Engtish Language
#
 L. 4. Medical Specialities
JU h__,..
uega . Falorlt€ri iMjekesise
Mjekesi e pergjithshme
r-enda: English
- ViriI
Language

V dii'ÒffiÈ;$b=f
' -- -- ; -_ --,-r: jr:;ìlj.:
- ; -:,.;'r1ii.,.l;_,i
f5.. ,::