Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from Jan Delhey and Christian Kroll, “A
‘Happiness Test’ for the New Measures of National WellBeing: How
Much Better than GDP Are They?” ©2012 by WZB Berlin Social
Science Center.
There is currently a broad global movement away from
considerations of mere economic success towards a new
public policy goal involving a broader notion of quality of
Line life. This movement has also spurred a rethinking of which
5 statistics inform us best about a country’s situation and how
its citizens are faring. For decades, the gold standard was a
macroeconomic indicator: the GDP - gross domestic product,
calculated per capita. This is the most prominent yardstick
that the media, politicians and the public consider when they
10 try to assess how a country is performing. However, this
measure was never meant to be a measure of the welfare of
nations (as its creator Simon Kuznets warned in the 1930s)
and so there is growing skepticism about the GDP’s
usefulness as a measure of national well-being. Slogans such
15 as “beyond GDP” or “redefining progress” challenge the
preoccupation with the GDP.
Three key strategies have been employed to develop a
better measure of well-being: healing the GDP,
complementing the GDP, and replacing the GDP .
20 The first group of initiatives tries to deal with the
downsides of the GDP by attempting to fix the indicator
itself. . .
One key aim of this group of measures is to account for
sustainability and the environmental damage associated with
25 GDP growth. For example, the Index of Sustainable
Economic Welfare and the Genuine Progress Indicator are
both based on the consumption of private households.
However, they also reflect additional social factors such as
household labor and education with a rising value, while air
30 pollution and environmental damage lower the score. As a
consequence, the downsides of economic growth and
modernization ought to be accounted for whilst retaining the
benefits of the GDP, namely a single figure that captures
different entities and is comparable across nations.
35 The second group of measures moves further away from
the GDP as a yardstick than the previous approaches but does
not abandon the sum of goods and services altogether. Instead,
this group of measures seeks to assess national well-being by
complementing the GDP with a number of key
40 social indicators.
For example, the Human Development Index comprises
the three dimensions health, education, and material living
conditions, which are measured by life expectancy, years of
L2 P1
schooling, and GNI [gross national income], respectively.
45 While the method of complementing the GDP with further
indicators is able to overcome the controversial monetization
from which the measures that try to “heal GDP” suffer, the
standardization of different units is also controversial. In
particular, merging different units into a single standardized
50 index is methodologically challenging and again requires
value judgements by the researcher.
The most radical departure from the GDP is embodied by
the third group of measures, which seeks alternative
indicators of well-being without accounting for the sum of
55 goods and services produced in an economy. The logic
behind this approach is that the GDP has always been and
remains a means to an end rather than the end itself.
Famous examples include the Happy Planet Index
calculated by the New Economics Foundation. The index
60 comprises life expectancy, life satisfaction, and the
ecological footprint and is therefore able to demonstrate how
many resources countries need in order to produce a certain
level of health and subjective well-being.
Replacing the GDP altogether is quite a drastic strategy
65 for assessing national well-being, as not only is economic
growth a prerequisite for many of the social goods that make
life enjoyable but the metric of GDP is also highly correlated
with such other factors. Thus, by arguing that the GDP is
only a means to an end, these measures are in danger of
70 making a conceptual assumption that is notable in theory but
can be challenged in practice on the basis of actual causal
mechanisms and empirical data.
Happy Planet Index (HPI) by Geographic Subregion
Adapted from "The Unhappy Planet Index 2.0," ©2009 by nef (the new
economics foundation)
80 CONTINUE
 Social Science L2 P1
1 4
The authors’ central claim in the passage is that The authors imply that the “first group of initiatives”
would primarily
A) replacing the GDP outright may seem appealing,
but its alternatives would be difficult and A) change the measurement approach to encompass
dangerous to implement. only social factors.
B) well-being and economics have not been shown B) take both positive and negative factors into
to correlate to any significant degree. account universally.
C) the GDP can only measure economics, while C) show the positive effects of modernization in its
happiness must be considered primarily in terms new measurements.
of other factors.
D) shift the measurement of GDP so that it is
D) there is a growing movement to improve the way calculated per capita.
in which a country’s well-being is measured.

5
2
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
In the first paragraph, the reference to Simon Kuznets answer to the previous question?
mainly serves to A) lines 17–19 (“Three . . . the GDP”)
A) emphasize that the GDP is a respected and valid B) lines 20–22 (“The first . . . itself ”)
tool.
C) lines 25–27 (“For example . . . households”)
B) underscore a common concern about the GDP by
citing a critic. D) lines 30–34 (“As a consequence . . . nations”)
C) clarify an abstract point about the development of
the GDP by mentioning its creator.
6
D) strengthen the argument that the GDP does not
As used in line 33, “figure” most nearly means
adequately measure well-being.
A) symbol.
B) number.
3
C) level.
As used in line 8, “prominent” most nearly means
D) structure.
A) pronounced.
B) remarkable.
C) recognized.
D) projecting.

81 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science L2 P1
7 10
It can be inferred that the alternative approach to Based on the passage, which of the following is most
measuring happiness that is most different from the likely to contribute to South America’s HPI ranking?
current approach is based on the belief that
A) A somewhat high duration of education
A) GDP is a helpful measurement of how economics
B) A moderately low gross national income
contribute to welfare in different countries.
C) A fairly low production of services
B) the sum of goods and services produced by a
country is not a necessary factor in determining a D) A relatively high life expectancy
country’s well-being.
C) material living conditions and life expectancy
have no effect on individual happiness. 11

D) economic prosperity is a good predictor of The greatest number of geographic regions have an
life expectancy and is particularly useful for HPI score in which range?
comparing life expectancies around the world. A) 20-30
B) 30-40
8 C) 40-50
Which choice provides the best evidence for the D) 50-60
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 52–55 (“The most . . . economy”)
B) lines 55–57 (“The logic . . . itself ”)
C) lines 58–59 (“Famous . . . Foundation”)
D) lines 59–63(“The index . . . well-being”)

9
According to the graph, the region with the fourth-
lowest HPI score is
A) Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
B) Central and Eastern Europe.
C) South Asia.
D) North America.

82 CONTINUE
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
Adapted from Terry F. Pettijohn II, Kimberly E. LaPiene, Terry
F. Pettijohn, and Amanda L. Horting,” Relationships between 45
Facebook Intensity, Friendship Contingent Self-Esteem, and
Personality in U.S. College Students.” © 2012 by Terry F. Pettijohn II
et al.
Online social networking sites, such as Facebook, 50
Google, and Bebo, have grown in popularity in recent years
and they provide an exciting new area of study in the field of
Line psychology. Facebook provides individuals with easy access
5 to view personal information about their friends, coworkers,
and even complete strangers.Facebook has over 500 million 55
active users and every month over 700 billion minutes are
spent on Facebook.Among U.S. college students, 96% have
a Facebook account. Given the popularity of online social
10 networking sites, Facebook in particular, the current study
was designed to investigate the relationship between 60
Facebook use, the importance of quality of friendship to
self-esteem, and personality in college students.
Social relationships are considered by many to be the most
15 important component of human life. With the expansion of
the Internet and social networking sites, more people are using 65
technology to communicate with their friends and family
online and maintain these interpersonal connections in
novel ways that were not available in previous generations.
20 Some researchers initially believed online activities
negatively impacted relationships and feared that virtual 70
communication would replace face-to-face interactions and
deteriorate social bonds. Others, however, have found
support for the idea that social networking sites and the
25 Internet have expanded methods of staying socially
connected with others and increased relationship closeness 75
and connectedness. Social networking sites, such as
Facebook, allow users to add“friends” and keep track of
their status, interests, photos, “likes,” and updates of others’
30 personal information in cyberspace.
Internet use is related to both positive and negative
psychological and social factors, but the key to understanding
these outcomes is through examining specific types of
Internet use instead of simply the amount of time spent
35 online. While using social media can have positive benefits
associated with community engagement, education, social
connectedness, and identity development, in can also lead to
risks linked to social rejection, cyberbullying, depression,
exposure to inappropriate content, and other negative
40 consequences related to general well-being. For example, a
83
L2 P2
negative relationship has been found between time spent
using electronic media, including social networking sites, and
college grades. In college, upper-class students with more
Facebook friends reported high levels of social adjustment
and stronger attachment to the college than students with less
Facebook friends, although freshmen did not benefit from
having more Facebook friends and actually reported
decreased social and emotional adjustment.
With respect to self-esteem, the research is also mixed,
especially considering the different types of self-esteem. In
certain cases, excessive Facebook use may be related to
lower general self-esteem. For example, Mehdizadeh(2010)
found a significant negative correlation between self-esteem
and the number of times students checked Facebook per day
and between self-esteem and the time spent on Facebook per
session. Those with lower self-esteem also presented less
self-promoting content on Facebook pages.However,
Facebook can enhance self-esteem specifically related to the
social functions of the self (social self-esteem) when
individuals receive positive comments and feedback from
their friends online. In addition, researchers have found that
introverted individuals and individuals with low self-esteem
may benefit from the social opportunities provided by the
Facebook interface, without the anxiety of interacting face-
to-face.
Facebook provides an opportunity for individuals who
value their friendships to stay informed about social events
and this technology may be particularly important and highly
utilized by individuals whose value of themselves is
contingent on how well their relationships with friends are
succeeding...Related to the current investigation,the quality
of friendships and how this quality affects self-esteem may
be correlated with the frequency and intensity in which
individuals engage in social networking.Individuals who
value their friendships and see these friendships as important
dimensions of themselves may engage in increased social
networking behaviors to provide additional means for
keeping connected with friends and sharing personal
activities.
*Changed for cultural accuracy.
CO NTIN U E
 Social Science L2 P2
2
The author implies that studying online social
networks is important to the field of psychology
because
A) online social networks can reveal new connections
between social media use and self-regard.
B) online social networks are becoming increasingly
relevant modes of communication.
C) online social networks are used by a large
percentage of college students to maintain
friendships.
D) online social networks shed light on how college
students create and preserve relationships online.

3
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Source: Adapted from Tuncay Dilci, et al. ``The Views of Primary School answer to the previous question?
Students on Use of Riddles in the Process of Education and Training,''
Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 12(1): 23-20, 2012. A) lines 1-4(“Online...psychology”)
B) lines 4-6(“Facebook...strangers”)
C) lines 6-9(“Facebook...account”)
D) lines 9-13(“Given..students”)

1 4
The primary purpose of the passage is to In lines 12 “quality” most nearly means
A) discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using social A) condition.
media to maintain relationships.
B) affirmation.
B) debate the merits of using social media as a
C) individuality.
primary form of interpersonal communication.
D) endowment.
C) emphasize the positive aspects behind the use of
social media to cultivate relationships.
D) raise questions about research findings regarding
the negative impact of online activities on
relationships.

84 CONTINUE
 Social Science
5 8
The sentence “Some researchers initially believed
online activities negatively impacted relationships” in
lines 20-21 primarily serves to
A) introduce a conflicting argument to the study’s
main findings.
B) provide support for the claim that most online
social interactions lead to bullying.
C) offer evidence that early studies of social media
use are outdated.
D) warn readers about the dangers of using social
media as a form of communication.
6
Based on the passage, the connection between social
media use and self-esteem is
A) complicated due to the many variables that must
be accounted for.
B) strongly linked because social media can reveal
self-perception.
C) inconsistent although multiple studies suggest
there is a correlation.
D) contradictory because not enough research has
been undertaken.
7 the time.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) line 49-52(“With...self-esteem”)
B) line 52-56(“For...session”)
C) line 57-61(“However...online”)
D) line 61-65(“In...face-to-face”)
E) *I'm still a watermark. My creator is
Wechat:satxbs123. Look how nice and fresh I am!
85
L2 P2
In line 67, “value” most nearly means
A) commend.
B) appreciate.
C) glorify.
D) honor.
9
How does the graph relate to the passage?
A) It illustrates the point that self-esteem is correlated
with how often users engage with social media.
B) It provides context for the claim that excessive
Facebook use leads to lower self-esteem.
C) It supports the study’s findings that content
updates cover a range of topics and emotions.
D) It demonstrates the disparity between different
categories of social media updates and their
content.
10
The passage and the graph agree that
A) people post about negative things fairly
infrequently.
B) people post about personal events more than half
C) people post about everyday events rarely.
D) people post about relationships most often.
11
According to the graph, which two kinds of status
updates are written with equal frequency?
A) Positive things and major events.
B) Private/personal events and negative things.
C) Major events and everyday events.
D) Negative things and relationships
CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
This passage is excerpted from Kasley Killam, “A Hug A Day Keeps 40
the Doctor Away,” ©Scientific American 2015.
During my final semester of undergrad, I made two signs
that read, “Feeling stressed about exams? Have a free hug!”
Then I recruited a friend and we stood in the entrance of the 45
Line campus library, held up the signs, and waited. [Passersby]
5 had one of two reactions: Either they quickly looked down at
their phones and awkwardly shuffled by, or their faces lit up
as they embraced us. Most people were enthusiastic. Some
exclaimed, “You made my day!” or “Thank you. I needed 50
this.” One leapt into my arms, nearly toppling me over.After
10 two hours of warm interactions, my friend and I couldn’t
believe how energized and happy we felt.
A study published earlier this month suggests that, in
addition to making us feel connected with others, all those 55
hugs may have prevented us from getting sick. At first, this
15 finding probably seems counterintuitive (not to mention
bizarre). You might think, like I did, that hugging hundreds of
strangers would increase your exposure to germs and therefore
the likelihood of falling ill. But the new research 60
out of Carnegie Mellon indicates that feeling connected to
20 others, especially through physical touch, protects us from
stress-induced sickness. This research adds to a large amount
of evidence for the positive influence of social support on
health.
Social support can broadly be defined as the perception of
25 meaningful relationships that serve as a psychological
resource during tough times. More specifically, this means
emotional support, such as expressions of compassion,and
may include access to information or other assistance. The
researchers measured social support by giving out a
30 questionnaire in which participants rated different statements
(e.g.“I feel that there is no one I can share my most private
worries and fears with.”). Then, they conducted interviews
every night for two weeks to find out how often participants
experienced conflict with others and how often they received
35 hugs. Finally, the researchers infected participants with a
common cold virus and observed what happened.
86
L2 P3
Several interesting results emerged.Encouragingly, people
overall had a strong sense of social support, as shown by a
high median score on the questionnaire.Similarly, they were
more likely to be hugged (which happened on an average of
68% of days during the two-week interview period) than to
experience conflict (7% of days).
The most important results, however, were what the
researchers deemed a “stress-buffering effect.” Keep in mind
that interpersonal conflict can cause people a lot of stress and
thereby weaken their immune systems. Yet regardless of how
much conflict they endured, participants with a strong sense
of social support developed less severe cold symptoms than
those who felt socially deprived. Likewise, the more often
people hugged, the less likely they were to get sick, even
among individuals who frequently had tense interactions. In
other words, both social support and hugging prevented
against illness. The same lead researcher has previously
shown that the more diverse types of social ties a person has,
such as with friends, family, coworkers, and community, the
less susceptible to colds they are.
Evidently, just as we prioritize exercise and nutrition, we
ought to prioritize quality time with loved ones; just as we
avoid unhealthy habits like smoking, we should make effort
to avoid isolation and to counter social exclusion. And even
if you don’t want to hug hundreds of strangers (although I
recommend trying it), don’t underestimate the healing power
of touch.
Source: Adapted from Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS,
Gwaltney JM, Jr. “Social Ties and Susceptibility to the Common
Cold.” JAMA, 1997; 277(24): 1940-1944.
CONTINUE
 Social Science
1 4
The first paragraph serves mainly to
A) provide background information necessary to
understand the scientific study.
B) Introduce the scientific study through a personal
anecdote.
C) show that not all scientific experiments need to be
conducted in a laboratory.
D) describe the author’s experience as a subject of the
scientific study.
2 B) donating
In the second paragraph,the author implies that the
study shows hugs to be
A) the only proven method of preventing sickness.
B) less successful than social support in protecting
people from colds and other illnesses.
C) not conclusively effective at helping people
maintain good health.
D) one of several ways to guard against some illnesses.
3 support.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) line 12-14(“A study...sick”)
B) line 16-18(“You...ill”)
C) line 18-21(“But...sickness”)
D) line 21-23(“This...health”)
87
L2 P3
As used in lines 27, “expressions” most nearly means
A) demonstrations
B) declarations
C) revelations
D) looks
5
As used in lines 29, “giving out” most nearly means
A) distributing
C) conferring
D) sacrificing
6
Which of the following can be inferred about the
“stress-buffering effect” of social support?
A) People who experience a lot of conflict are more
likely than other people to develop severe cold
symptoms,regardless of their level of social
B) People who experience a lot of conflict but
have a lot of social support are less likely to
develop severe cold symptoms than people who
experience little conflict but have little social
support.
C) People who experience little conflict but still feel
stressed about it are more likely than other people
to develop moderate to severe cold symptoms.
D) People who experience little conflict but do not
feel stressed about it always have significantly
higher levels of social support than those who feel
stressed.
CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
7 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 43-44(“The most...effect”)
B) lines 46-49(“Yet...deprived”)
C) lines 49-51(“Likewise...interactions”)
D) lines 53-56(“The same...are”)
8 D) cannot be explained by science.
L2 P3
According to the passage,the link shown in the graph
between high social diversity and a strong immune
system
A) illustrates the “stress-buffering effect”of social
support.
B) proves the value of frequent hugs.
C) shows that people with many social ties have less
conflict in their lives than other people do.

The phrase “friends, family, coworkers, and

community”(line 55) primarily serves to
11
A) clarify that only some social connections are
beneficial to health. According to the graph,the average incidence of
colds for participants who reported 5 types of social
B) illustrate the kinds of social ties to which the relationships was closest to
author is referring.
A) 30%
C) describe the groups of participants in the
researcher’s previous study. B) 40%

D) provide examples of people from whom readers C) 50%

might be exposed to illness. D) 60%

9
According to the graph,the average incidence of colds
for participants who had low-diversity social groups
was closest to
A) 30%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 70%

88 CONTINUE
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from David Z.Hambrick, “Winning
SCRABBLE and the Nature of Expertise,” 2015 Scientific American. 45
SCRABBLE has been one of the most popular board
games in the world for decades. And, now, as an increasingly
popular domain for scientific research on expertise, it is
Line giving psychologists a better understanding of the 50
5 underpinnings of complex skill and a clearer picture of the
origins of greatness.The overarching goal of this research is
to better understand the interplay between “software” and
“hardware” aspects of the cognitive system.Software factors
include knowledge and skills that are acquired through 55
10 experience, whereas hardware factors include genetically-
influenced abilities and capacities.SCRABBLE is ideal for
research on how these factors interact not only because it is
relatively easy to find research participants from a wide
range of skill, but because it can be imported into the lab. 60
15 The basic goal of SCRABBLE is to create intersecting
words by placing lettered tiles on a board containing a 15×
15 grid. Knowledge is, of course, critical for success in this
task. If you want to become a great SCRABBLE player, first
and foremost, you have to know a lot of words. You also 65
20 need to be adept at identifying potential plays. Finally, you
have to know SCRABBLE strategy—or what aficionados
call “rack management”—such as how to keep a good mix of
consonants and vowels.
People aren’t born with this type of specialized 70
25 knowledge. Research indicates that we may come into the
world equipped with the building blocks for complex skills
such as math, but certainly nothing as specific as knowledge
of words in a particular language. Thus, experience is
necessary to become an expert in SCRABBLE. And, in fact, 75
30 SCRABBLE skill has been found to correlate positively with
the amount of time people spend engaging in SCRABBLE
related activities. In one study, using official SCRABBLE
rating as an objective measure of skill, researchers found that
groups of “elite” and “average” SCRABBLE players differed 80
35 in the amount of time they had devoted to things like
studying word lists, analyzing previous SCRABBLE games,
and anagramming—and not by a little. Overall, the elite
group had spent an average of over 5000 hours on
SCRABBLE study, compared to only about 1300 hours for
40 the average group.
89
L2 P4
Clearly, expert SCRABBLE players are to some degree
“made”. But there is evidence that basic cognitive abilities
play a role, too. In a study recently published in Applied
Cognitive Psychology, Michael Toma and his colleagues
found that elite SCRABBLE players outperformed college
students from a highly selective university on tests of two
cognitive abilities: working memory and visuospatial
reasoning. Working memory is the ability to hold in mind
information while using it to solve a problem, as when
iterating through possible moves in a SCRABBLE game.
Visuospatial reasoning is the ability to visualize things and to
detect patterns, as when imagining how tiles on a
SCRABBLE board would intersect after a certain play. Both
abilities are influenced by genetic factors.
Further evidence pointing to a role of these abilities in
SCRABBLE expertise comes from a recent brain imaging
study by Andrea Protzner and her colleagues at the
University of Calgary. Using functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), these researchers recorded the brain activity
of SCRABBLE players and control subjects as they
performed a task in which they were shown groups of letters
and judged whether they formed words. (fMRI measures
brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow within
different regions of the brain.) The major finding of this
study was that competitive SCRABBLE players recruited
brain regions associated with working memory and visual
perception to perform this task to a greater degree than the
control subjects did.
What might explain SCRABBLE experts’ superiority in
working memory and visuospatial reasoning? For the same
basic reason that basketball players tend to be tall, a likely
explanations is that people high in working memory and
visuospatial reasoning abilities are people who tend to get
into, and persist at, playing SCRABBLE: because it gives
them an advantage in the game. This explanation fits with
what behavioral geneticists call gene-environment
correlation, which is the idea that our genetic makeup
influences our experiences.
These findings add to an emerging understanding of
complex skill that may ultimately bring expertise within
reach of a larger number of people than is currently the case.
*Changed for cultural accuracy.
CO NTIN U E
 Social Science L2 P4
Survey results of members with National Scrabble Association 2
Ratings versus college students at a liberal arts college who
The main effect of the term “hardware” line 8 is to
have played Scrabble at some point but have never competed.
suggest that the human brain.
A) is more like a computer than people realize.
B) has particular characteristics that cannot be
changed.
C) can be essentially reprogrammed through people’s
actions.
D) can be improved through the use of computers.
Gu .. I••

....,.., ..
..............
,.. ,.. 3
Evidence from the passage suggests that elite
..........
~

",. ........ _,..,IInaw_.......

DI...."••

..
SCRABBLE players would be most likely to
outperform non-elite SCRABBLE players in which of
the following?
.........
.......... ,..,do 1IIil1lnaw .....
A) Gaining admission to a selective university.

...... ., _
w...,..,.., do,..,..... ..... . .. B) Playing a board game like chess.
..,..,..,IInaw.,..,_
............ ,.., ....
......,........................ -. .. C) Solving a mathematical equation.
D) Learning a foreign language.

......,
.
......... I11III ,.., .......

...........,... ,..,IInaw
WlllildIOak

..,. .... on
,.....
., ..
.
,.
4
Which choice provides the best evidence for the claim
that two people performing the same activity may be
...... IIM • ., __ using different areas of the brain?
A) line 17-19 (“Knowledge...words”)
B) line 32-37 (“In one...little”)
C) line 62-64 (“fMRI...brain”)
D) line 64-68 (“The major...did”)

1 5
The passage makes the most extensive use of which The author implies that people who experience great
kind of evidence? success in a given activity are often born with
A) expert testimony. A) advantages uniquely suited to that activity.
B) scientific studies. B) a drive to succeed in any activity.
C) secondary sources. C) parents who value success in that activity.
D) statistical analysis. D) a desire to participate in many activities.

90 CONTINUE
 Social Science L2 P4
6 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the Based on the passage and the chart, college students
answer to the previous question? playing SCRABBLE are more likely than elite players
to
A) Line 32-37 (“Thus...activities”)
A) make an effort to visualize the board from a
B) Line 37-40 (“Overall...group”)
different perspective,because they are less able to
C) Line 51-53 (“Visuospatial...play”) rely on visuospatial reasoning.
D) Line 70-75 (“For...game”) B) have difficulty remembering which letters have
been played,because they use their working
memory less.
7 C) forget to study,because they less invested in
As used in line 33, “objective” most nearly means winning any particular game.
A) perceptible D) spend time learning words,because they have less
inherent talent than elite players.
B) sensory
C) intentional
D) unbiased 11
According to the chart, elite SCRABBLE players are
most likely to do which of the following?
8
A) Study the definitions of words.
The main purpose of paragraph 3 is to
B) Keep track of letters played.
A) trace the non-cognitive factors associated with
C) Memorize point values.
SCRABBLE expertise.
D) Memorize words.
B) show that average SCRABBLE players lack the
genetic advantages of elite players.
C) examine the value of childhood training in
predicting SCRABBLE success.
D) demonstrate that hard work is all it takes to
become an elite SCRABBLE player.

9
According to the chart,the question to which the
smallest percentage of college students answered
“yes”mainly tested the students’
A) vocabulary knowledge
B) critical thinking
C) working memory
D) visuospatial reasoning

91 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Stephen J. Lycett, “Dynamics of
Cultural Transmission in Native Americans of the High Great Plains,”
©2014 by Stephen J. Lycett.
As case studies go, understanding the distribution of
cultural elements in Native American communities during
the historical period of the Great Plains would seem a most
Line challenging one. Famously, there is a mixture of powerful
5 internal and external factors, creating -- for a relatively brief
period in time -- a seemingly distinctive set of shared
elements from a linguistically diverse set of peoples. This is
known across the world as the “Great Plains culture.” [In our
study], quantitative analyses show how different processes
10 operated on two sets of cultural traits among nine High
Plains groups. Moccasin decorations exhibit a pattern
consistent with geographically-mediated between-group
interaction. However, group variations in the religious
ceremony of the Sun Dance also reveal evidence of purifying
15 cultural selection associated with historical biases, dividing
down ancient linguistic lines. The latter shows that while the
conglomeration of “Plains culture” may have been a product
of merging new ideas with old, combined with cultural
interchange between groups, the details of what was
20 accepted, rejected or elaborated in each case reflected pre-
existing ideological biases. Although culture may sometimes
be a “melting pot,” the analyses show that even in highly
fluid situations, cultural mosaics may be indirectly shaped by
historical factors that are not always obvious. . . .
25 “Culture” is the conglomeration of information,
knowledge, ideas, and beliefs, shared by communities and
transmitted by social interaction. This shared property
characterizes all human societies. Communities that came to
occupy the High Great Plains during the 19th century
30 exemplify the manner in which humans can take existing
ideas, elaborate them, combine them with new ones, pass
them successfully between groups and create novel, distinct
patterns, visible over temporal and spatial scales. Attempting
to examine the role of specific factors in creating cultural
35 patterning under such historically-contingent, transient, and
dynamic conditions, however, presents a challenge.
Here, analyses have shown the presence of distinct
processes operating and ultimately influencing the
representation of cultural traits in different tribes. Patterns of
40 similarity and difference in moccasin designs among
different tribes show a statistically significant relationship with
the model of geographic relationships between tribes.
No statistical effect of language affiliation on the distribution
of moccasin decorations was detected. This indicates that the
92
L3 P1
45 representation of moccasin decoration types among groups
is, in this case, most strongly determined by whether or not
that trait is present in another, geographically proximate,
tribe. In other words, selection biases have not disrupted the
distribution of these decorations to the extent that they
50 deviate significantly from a pattern predictable on the basis
of the geographic relationships between tribes alone. These
results would seem to reaffirm the role of intergroup relations
in creating a pattern of shared cultural similarity over the
region during the 19th century, which many have previously
55 discussed.
Behavioral variation between tribes in terms of their
practice of the religious ceremony of the Sun Dance also
indicated a statistical relationship with geography, again
reiterating the role of inter-tribe transmission in creating the
60 phenomenon historically labeled as the “Great Plains
culture.” However, patterns of inter-tribe variation in Sun
Dance elements also exhibited a statistically significant
relationship with linguistic affinities between different tribes.
Ordinarily, this pattern might simply be attributed to the fact
65 that tribes with more mutually comprehensible languages
were able to more effectively transmit the behavioral variants
among themselves. Here, however, language patterns were
found not to correlate with geographic patterns and,
moreover, the statistical relationship between Sun Dance
70 patterning and linguistic affiliation was found to still hold
even when geography was controlled for. The relationship
between Sun Dance variations and language patterns is,
therefore, in this instance puzzling.
The Similarity of Sun Dances Among Four Great Plains Tribes
Arapho Assiniboine Gros Ventre Blackfoot
Arapho 100% 30% 50% 41%
Assiniboine 30% 100% 32% 32%
Gros Ventre 51% 32% 100% 48%
Blackfoot 41% 32% 48% 100%
The table demonstrates the degree of similarity (with a maximum similarity of
100% when a group is compared to itself ) between any given pairing among
the four tribes.
CONTINUE
 Social Science L3 P1
1 4
The author makes the most extensive use of which The main purpose of the author’s discussion of
kind of evidence? cultural patterning in paragraph two is to
A) Personal recollections A) refute the findings of another study.
B) Statistics B) contest an accepted theory.
C) Quantitative analysis C) set forth the challenges of the study.
D) Expert testimony D) present a controversial claim.

2 5
As used in line 12, “mediated” most nearly means What does the author imply about similarities in
moccasin design among Great Plains tribes in the 19th
A) resolved. century?
B) influenced. A) The moccasin designs are as similar as the tribes’
C) intervened. Sun Dances.
D) reconciled. B) Similar languages played a small but vital role in
determining the similarity of the tribes’ moccasin
designs.
3 C) The similarities in moccasin design can be
The word “mosaic” (line 23) primarily serves to explained in the context of the tribes’ relative
geographies.
A) provide an image to contrast with a commonly-
used metaphor. D) The Great Plains tribes did not have common
cultural elements until after the 19th century.
B) creatively illustrate the ways in which Great Plains
tribes have shared a common culture.
C) characterize the artistic traditions shared by Great 6
Plains tribes.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
D) sarcastically comment on the Great Plains tribes’ answer to the previous question?
history of conflict.
A) lines 4–7 (“Famously . . . peoples”)
B) lines 39–42 (“Patterns . . . tribes”)
C) lines 43–44 (“No . . . detected”)
D) lines 61–63 (“However . . . tribes”)

93 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
7 10
It can be reasonably inferred that the relationships
among the Sun Dances of the Great Plains tribes is
puzzling because
A) it would be logical for language and geography to
correlate, but they do not.
B) he tribes with similar moccasin designs should
have similar Sun Dances, but they do not.
C) language patterns do not normally have such a
strong influence on cultural developments.
D) geography is the only logical explanation for such
strong cultural similarities.
L3 P1
According to the passage, the similarities between the
tribes’ Sun Dances as shown in the chart can be best
attributed to
A) the close geographical locations that the tribes
shared.
B) similarities in the languages from which their
present-day languages derived.
C) patterns of similarity in design preferences among
different tribes.
D) selection biases that different tribes have
exhibited.

8 11
Which choice provides the best evidence for the The difference between the tribes with the greatest
answer to the previous question? level of similarity and the tribes with the least level of
similarity, as depicted in the chart, is approximately
A) lines 13–16 (“However . . . lines”)
A) 30%.
B) lines 48–51 (“In other . . . alone”)
B) 20%.
C) lines 56–61 (“Behavioral . . . culture”)
C) 40%.
D) lines 67–71 (“Here . . . for”)
D) 50%.

9
According to the table, which two tribes have the
most similar Sun Dances, discounting each tribe’s
comparison to itself?
A) The Gros Ventre and Arapho tribes
B) The Blackfoot and Gros Ventre tribes
C) The Arapho and Blackfoot tribes
D) The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes

94 CONTINUE
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Yupei Zhao, “New Media and 40
Democracy: Three Competing Visions from Cyber-Optimism and
Cyber-Pessimism.” ©2014 by Yupei Zhao.
Political communication scholars are keenly concerned
with the extent to which new media is affecting politics... 45
Accordingly, the following sections present the respective
Line positions of cyber-optimists and cyber-pessimists in relation
5 to three key areas of the debate: how new media enable
minor parties to have a greater [or lesser] presence; how new
media could make it possible to strengthen citizens’ attempts 50
in political participation; how citizens are using (micro)
blogs to participate in political communication.
10 The first area of debate to be considered here is to what
extent new media are able to put minor parties on a par with
their larger counterparts, in terms of exposure. Minor parties 55
are able to make use of new media technologies to
disseminate information and promote themselves; typically,
15 these new technologies not only provide broader exposure
for minor parties but also act as additional channels through
which to challenge major opponents and break into the 60
political debate. However, cyber-pessimists argue that a
higher number of communication channels does not equate
20 with more democracy. Both minor and major parties tend to
approach the Internet in utilitarian terms, using it as a tool to
provide information about policies rather than as a new
platform for the promotion of interaction and
interorganizational links.
25 However, political cyber-optimists have criticized cyber-
pessimists for being too extreme and maintain that new
media might be the decisive element in pushing the
democratic agenda of elections nowadays. For instance,
based on data published by the Pew Research Center, sixty-
30 six percentage of social media users have participated in at
least eight online political activities, such as encouraging
people to vote or posting their comments on politics through
social media. Thus, Internet voters may shape election
campaign agendas to some extent. The fact that Barack
35 Obama obtained an electoral victory following a triumphant
grassroots campaign and successful use of social media such
as Facebook and MySpace is a case in point.
95
L3 P2
The third area of the debate to be considered here is the
phenomenon of citizen (micro) blogging. Citizens are using
social media, such as blogs, Facebook, Twitter, and Weibo,
as a channel for participation in political discussions, aiming
to directly or indirectly influence public concerns or even
reshape the public agenda, promoting the democratic public
sphere. Voltmer, in his empirical study of political
communication, revealed the interdependencies between
politicians, citizens and the media, and highlighted why some
media are more successful channels for democratic public
communication than others. Voltmer cites the example of a
Chinese blogger named Lixiaode, who was the first
successful case of using a blog as a ‘watchdog’ to expose
numerous official corruptions in China in 2004 and 2005,
thereby broadening the channel of political participation
through blogs. This example illustrates the potential power of
new media, which has already started to challenge the
existing political system.
Looking at the three key areas of debate outlined above, it
is apparent that there is nothing inherently democratic about
the new media; the extent to which they are being used to
enhance democracy depends on who is using them and why. .
. [But whether] or not new media technologies are enhancing
democracy, they are the driving force behind some radical
shifts which are taking place in politics, and these changes
are inevitably bringing with them both benefits and
limitations.
Support of U.S. Presidential Candidates on Social Media Outlets
in 2008 Election
Adapted from David Angotti, "No Debate About It" ©2014 Search
Engine Journal
CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
1 4
The author’s central claim is that
A) while there is disagreement about whether or not
new media enhance democracy, all agree that
they are changing politics.
B) political candidates cannot influence elections
without manipulating new media to benefit their
campaigns.
C) citizens must become more engaged in politics
by blogging to truly exercise their democratic
privileges.
D) it is too soon to tell what new media’s political
effects will be, but they are generally thought to
be positive.
2
As used in lines 1–2, “concerned with” most nearly
means
A) worried about.
B) interested in.
C) motivated by.
D) uneasy about.
3 6
The author implies that cyber-optimists view the use
of new media technologies by minor parties as
A) the only solution to the problem of unfairness in
elections.
B) useful tools that may be dangerous in the wrong
hands because of the limited understanding most
people have of them.
C) platforms that have been carefully developed by
politicians in order to serve the needs of special
interests.
D) an opportunity to make the electoral process
more democratic.
96
L3 P2
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 10–12 (“The first . . . exposure”)
B) lines 12–14 (“Minor . . . themselves”)
C) lines 18–20 (“However . . . democracy”)
D) lines 20–24 (“Both . . . links”)
5
The expressions “cyber-optimists” and “cyber-
pessimists” (line 4) primarily serve to
A) frame the debate surrounding new media and
politics with familiar oppositional terms.
B) legitimize the author’s argument by creating a
new kind of jargon to reference the players in this
political field.
C) clarify that there are only two possible positions
to take regarding this issue, and they are opposed
to one another.
D) distinguish between major and minor parties with
new terms that allow the reader to view them as
positive and negative.
The author uses the Pew Research Center findings to
imply that
A) Barack Obama’s victory was possible only because
of social media usage.
B) new media users influence real-world political
events to some degree.
C) cyber-optimists take an overly positive stance
towards new media.
D) cyber-pessimists do not understand how new
media outlets are used.
CONTINUE
 Social Science L3 P2
7 10
Which choice provides the best evidence for the According to the passage, Obama’s comparatively high
answer to the previous question? usage of social media as depicted in the chart is an
example of
A) lines 25–28 (“However . . . nowadays”)
A) the links between new media use and political
B) lines 28–33 (“For . . . media”)
success.
C) lines 33–37 (“Thus . . . point”)
B) early adopters of technology benefiting from their
D) lines 38–44 (“The third . . . public sphere”) timing.
C) the importance of micro-blogging to reach
supporters.
8
D) minor candidates gaining exposure through new
The author discusses Lixiaode as an example of media.
A) a new media user who made a political impact.
B) an average person who misguidedly tried to 11
change the world.
We can infer from the chart that the McCain
C) a new kind of politician who began as an ordinary supporters who used the social media platforms
citizen. studied were
D) a scholar in political communications working to A) most active on Facebook.
change the field.
B) most active on MySpace.
C) most active on Twitter.
9
D) not significantly active on any of these platforms.
Which of the following choices represents the greatest
number of people?
A) McCain's Facebook supporters
B) Obama's Twitter followers
C) McCain's MySpace friends
D) Obama's MySpace friends

97 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
This passage is excerpted from Hiroshi Nittono, Michiko Fukushima,
Akihiro Yano, and Hiroki Moriya, “The Power of Kawaii: Viewing
Cute Images Promotes a Careful Behavior and Narrows Attentional
Focus,” ©2012 by Hiroshi Nittono, et al.
Cute things are popular worldwide. In particular, Japan’s
culture accepts and appreciates childishness at the social
level. Various kinds of anime and character goods, such as
Line Pokémon and Hello Kitty, which are often described as
5 kawaii, are produced and exported to many countries. This
phenomenon attracts considerable attention from various
fields, including aesthetics and engineering. Kawaii is an
attributive adjective in modern Japanese and is often
translated into English as “cute.” However, this word was
10 originally an affective adjective derived from an ancient
word, kawa-hayu-shi, which literally means face (kawa)-
flushing (hayu-shi). The original meaning of “ashamed,
can’t bear to see, feel pity” was changed to “can’t leave
someone alone, care for.” In the present paper, we call this
15 affective feeling, typically elicited by babies, infants, and
young animals, cute.
Cute objects are assumed to be characterized by baby
schema. This is a set of features that are commonly seen in
young animals: a large head relative to the body size, a high
20 and protruding forehead, large eyes, and so forth. Lorenz
assumed that responses to baby schema are innate processes
and are triggered by elemental features of the stimuli. In
humans, the stimuli are deemed cute, capture attention, bring
a smile to the viewer’s face, and induce motivation and
25 behavior for approach and caregiving. Baby schema
modulates perception and attention at early stages of visual
processing and activates the reward system of the brain.
From an ethological perspective, it is understandable that
cute things are treated favorably. However, little is known
30 about whether encountering a cute object influences the
subsequent behavior of the beholder. Because cute things
produce positive feelings, their influence may extend to other
aspects of behavior.
Sherman, Haidt, and Coan reported two experiments
35 showing that performance in a fine motor dexterity task (the
children’s game Operation) improved after participants
viewed a slide show of cute images (e.g., puppies and
kittens) more than after they viewed images that were not as
cute (e.g., dogs and cats). The performance measure was the
40 number of plastic body parts that participants removed
successfully from the body of the patient depicted on the
game board using tweezers without touching the edges of the
compartments. The improvement in the accuracy of this task
98
L3 P3
can be interpreted as an index of increased attention to and
45 control of motor actions. Sherman et al. explained this effect
in terms of the embodied cognition perspective. That is, the
tenderness elicited by cute images is more than just a positive
affective feeling state. It can make people more physically
tender in their motor behavior. Although the results are
50 intriguing, the mechanism of performance improvement
remains unclear for two reasons. First, the time to complete
the task was not measured. Better performance could be
achieved either through slow and deliberate actions or
through quick and accurate actions. Measuring the
55 performance speed would help to explain the underlying
mechanism. Second, only one type of task was used. If
viewing baby animals induced a behavioral tendency toward
protection and caregiving, performance improvement could
be specific to a care-related task. The operation task used by
60 Sherman et al. suggests caregiving because the player is
expected to act as a doctor who helps the patient depicted on
the game board with removing foreign objects from the
patient’s body. Using different types of tasks would elucidate
the cause of performance improvement.
65 Recently, Sherman and Haidt challenged the classic view
that cuteness is an innate releaser of parental instincts and
caregiving responses. Instead, they proposed that perceiving
cuteness motivates social engagement and primes affiliative,
friendly tendencies. This attitudinal change is assumed to be
70 linked with cognitive processes related to mentalizing (i.e.,
attributing mental states to agents) and sometimes indirectly
leads to increased cares. If cuteness-induced behavioral
carefulness is caused by a heightened motivation for social
interaction, the effect would not be found in simple
75 perceptual-cognitive tasks that do not suggest social
interaction.
CONTINUE
 Social Science L3 P3
Mean Scores on the Operation Task Before and 3
After Viewing Images.
As used in line 22, “elemental” most nearly means
Mr---------------------- A) inner.
a~--------------- B) chemical.
181---- C) partial.
D) essential.

41----I-~ 4

.
t 1----1-------j
.___.____.
...,.A.-..t Md ......
The words “capture” and “induce” (lines 23–24)
primarily serve to
A) ironically depict the unclear effects of cute images
on test subjects.
(JondM.
B) characterize the cute stimuli used in tests in
unusually strong terms.
C) indicate that cute stimuli can have a forceful
1 impact on the viewer.
D) provide a formal tone to contrast with the rest of
The authors’ central claim is that
the passage’s informal tone.
A) cuteness provokes the same emotional responses
around the world.
B) encountering a cute object may lead to changes in
5
behavior. The authors imply that they see Sherman, Haidt, and
C) studies of cuteness should include tasks that Coan’s experiments as mainly
involve social interaction. A) interesting but unnecessary.
D) cuteness elicits feelings of tenderness in test B) sloppy and inconclusive.
subjects.
C) suggestive but incomplete.
D) inventive and groundbreaking.
2
The authors mention Pokémon and Hello Kitty in
6
order to
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) provide examples of popular kawaii products
answer to the previous question?
from Japan.
A) lines 43–45 (“The . . . actions”)
B) clarify an earlier statement by showing that some
products use cuteness in their marketing. B) lines 45–46 (“Sherman . . . perspective”)
C) demonstrate that cute products are more likely to C) lines 46–48 (“That . . . state”)
be exported than other products.
D) lines 49–51 (“Although . . . reasons”)
D) support the claim that kawaii products are found
in various fields.

99 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science L3 P3
7 10
The authors imply that Sherman, Haidt, and Coan’s According to the passage, one explanation for the
Operation experiment would have been improved by performance of the subjects in the graph’s top-scoring
changing the group is that the
A) methodology. A) test took place under timed conditions, forcing
the subjects to be more accurate.
B) test subjects.
B) subjects had to perform several kinds of tasks,
C) experimental setting.
making them consider each one more carefully.
D) researchers.
C) tenderness elicited by viewing the images made
them more careful in performing the task.
8 D) subjects experienced a heightened motivation for
social interaction.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) lines 56–59 (“If . . . task”) 11
B) lines 59–63 (“The . . . body”) The average initial score of participants who were later
shown the adult animal pictures was closest to which
C) lines 63–64 (“Using . . . improvement”) number?
D) lines 67–69 (“Instead . . . tendencies”) A) 7
B) 8
9 C) 9
According to the graph, the second-highest overall D) 10
score in the study was achieved by the participants
who
A) had just viewed pictures of baby animals.
B) had just viewed pictures of adult animals.
C) were about to view pictures of adult animals.
D) were about to view pictures of baby animals.

100 CONTINUE
 Social Science L3 P4
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage and believed to be closely related to ATU333, it is classified as a
supplementary material. separate international tale type.
The ambiguities surrounding the classification of the East
This passage is adapted from Jamshid J.Tehrani, “The Phylogeny of Asian tales exemplify the problems of current folklore
Little Red Riding Hood.”©2013 by Jamshid J.Tehrani. 45 taxonomy. The present study addresses two key questions:
Can the tales described above be divided into
The publication of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s Children’s phylogenetically distinct international types? If so, should the
and Household Tales two hundred years ago sparked East Asian tales be classified as variants of ATU333 or ATU
enormous academic interest in traditional stories and helped 123?
Line establish folklore as a field for academic inquiry. One of the 50 Data for the study were drawn from 58 variants of ATU
5 most unexpected discoveries to emerge from these studies 333/123 available in English translation from 33 populations.
was the recurrence of many of the same plots in the oral Relationships among the tales were reconstructed using three
traditions associated with different societies. Researchers methods of phylogenetic analysis. The analyses focused on
have examined the distributions of common plot elements 72 plot variables, such as the tricks used by the villain to
within and across regions to make inferences about past 55 deceive the victim.
10 migration and cross-cultural contact. Overall, the results demonstrate a high degree of
Other researchers have sought to classify similar folktales consistency in the groupings returned by the analyses. All
from different oral literatures into distinct “international three analyses identified “Little Red Riding Hood” and “The
types” based on consistencies in their plots. The most Story of Grandmother” as a single tale type that is distinct
comprehensive reference work in this field, the Aarne-Uther- 60 from “The Wolf and the Kids.” The East Asian tales,
15 Thompson(ATU)index, identifies more than two thousand meanwhile, did not cluster with ATU333 or ATU123. One
international types distributed across three hundred cultures. intriguing possibility is that the East Asian tales represent a
This study proposes an approach to studying cross-cultural sister lineage that diverged from ATU333 and ATU123
relationships among folktales that employs quantitative before they evolved into two distinct groups.
methods of phylogenetic analysis.Phylogenetics was
20 originally developed to investigate the evolutionary Shared traits of events that happen between East Asian
relationships among biological species, and has become tales, ATU123, and ATU333
increasingly popular in studies of cultural phenomena. In
Tralt(character number) East Asian ATU123 ATU333
each case, the aim of a phylogenetic analysis is to construct a
graph that represents relationships of common ancestry Voice operation (27) 2 10 0
25 inferred from shared inherited traits. The study focuses on Hand test (30) 8 10 0
one of the most famous stories in the folktale literature, ATU Diaiogue with the villian (32) 7 0 10
333—“Little Red Riding Hood,” believed to be based on an Rescue by passer-by (45) 2 0 7
old folktale known as “The Story of Grandmother.” Excuse to escape (47) 9 0 3
Highly similar stories to “Little Red Riding Hood” have
30 been recorded in various non-western oral literatures. These Adapted from The Phyiogeny of Little Red Riding Hood, © 2013 by
include a folktale that is popular in East Asia known as “The Jamshid J. Tehranl.
Tiger Grandmother,” in which a group of siblings spend the
night in bed with a tiger who poses as their grandmother.
Despite similarities, it is not clear whether these tales can in
35 fact be classified as ATU333. Some writers suggest they may
belong to another international tale type, ATU123, “The
Wolf and the Kids.” In this tale, a goat warns her kids not to
open the door while she is out in the fields, but is overheard
by a wolf. When she leaves, the wolf impersonates her and
40 tricks the kids into letting him in. Although ATU123 is

101 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science L3 P4
1 4
The primary purpose of the passage is to Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) discuss the reasons that folk tales are similar
across cultures and societies. A) line 13-16 (“The...cultures”)
B) highlight the merits of a traditional approach to B) Line 17-19 (“This...analysis”)
studying the history of folk tales.
C) Line 19-22 (“Phylogenetics...phenomena”)
C) show how a new approach to tracing relationships
D) Line 22-25 (“In...traits”)
among folktales helps address a particular
example.
D) Emphasize the similarities among folk tales 5
throughout history and all over the world.
In line 22, “phenomena” most nearly means
A) anomalies
2
B) productions
The author’s reference to Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm’s
C) paradoxes
Children’s and Household Tales in paragraph 1
primarily serves to D) miracles
A) provide a well-known reference point to introduce
the topic of the study of folktales.
6
B) offer evidence that folktales should be taken
seriously as a subject of academic study. The author implies that“The Tiger
Grandmother”should be classified with which tale or
C) introduce the argument that most folktales from tales mentioned in the last paragraph?
across cultures and societies really are very
similar. A) “Little Red Riding Hood”

D) advise readers that they should familiarize B) “The Story of Grandmother”

themselves with the work before they can C) “The Wolf and the Kids”
understand the study.
D) The East Asian tales.

3
7
The passage suggests that folktales and biological
species are similar in that Which choice provides the best evidence of the answer
to the previous question?
A) there are more than two thousand of
each,distributed across much of the planet. A) line 29-30 (“Highly...literatures”)

B) they can be measured on the same scale. B) line 30-33 (“These...grandmother”)

C) different groups can be traced back to a common C) line 35-37 (“Some...Kids”)

ancestor. D) line 40-42 (“Although...type”)
D) most cultural phenomena are based on underlying
biological processes.

102 CONTINUE
 Social Science L3 P4
8 11
In line 36, “belong to” most nearly means Based on information in the passage and the chart,
which two traits are both present in the tale “The Wolf
A) be suitable for
and the Kids”?
B) be the property of
A) Voice operation and dialogue with the villain
C) be grouped with
B) Hand test and rescue by passer-by
D) be an attribute of.
C) Dialogue with the villain and excuse to escape
D) Voice operation and hand test
9
The chart best supports the author’s discussion of the
study by showing
A) the extreme differences between the East Asian
tales and the tales classified as ATU123 and
ATU333.
B) That the East Asian tales share traits with the tales
in ATU123 and ATU333 but diverge from both.
C) The five different traits that are present in tales
from around the world.
D) That the Hand test and Excuse to escape are
featured most prominently in the East Asian tales.

10
According to the chart,which trait is NOT present both
in the East Asian tales and in those of ATU333?
A) Hand test
B) Dialogue with the villain
C) Rescue by passer-by
D) Excuse to escape

103 CO NTIN U E
 Social Science
Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage.
Adapted from Colin Butler, "Human Carrying Capacity and Human
Health." © 2004 by Colin Butler. The passage refers to carrying 40
capacity, or the maximum population size of a species that an
environment can support.
The question of human overpopulation and its relationship
to human carrying capacity has been controversial for over 45
two centuries. In 1798 the Reverend Thomas Malthus put
Line forward the hypothesis that population growth would exceed
5 the growth of resources, leading to the periodic reduction of
human numbers by either “positive checks”, such as disease,
famine, and war, or “preventive checks”, by which (in the 50
absence of contraception) Malthus meant restrictions on
marriage. This “Malthusian view” was rapidly accepted by
10 most politicians, demographers, and the general public, and
remained popular until fairly recently.
Malthus's worst fears were not borne out through the 55
century following his death in 1834—food production largely
kept pace with the slowly growing global population.
15 However, soon after 1934, the global population began to
rise steeply as antibiotics, vaccines, and technology increased
life expectancy. By the 1960s, concerns of a mismatch
between global population and global food supply
20
peaked—expressed in books such as Paul Ehrlich's 1968 The
Population Bomb. This book predicted a future scarred by
increasing famine, epidemic, and war—the three main
Malthusian positive checks.
In 1966, United States President Lyndon Johnson shipped
wheat to India to avert a famine on the condition that the
25 country accelerate its already vigorous family planning
campaign. Johnson was part of an unbroken series of US
presidents concerned with the harmful effects of rapid
population growth in developing countries. This line
30
extended (at least) from John F. Kennedy to Jimmy Carter.
George H. W. Bush was also sympathetic to this view, prior
to becoming vice president in 1981.
But the 1970s surprised population watchers. Instead of
being a period shadowed by calamitous famine, the new crop
strains introduced by the “Green Revolution” (especially
35 grains such as rice, wheat, and maize) caused a dramatic
increase in the global production of cereals, the main source
104
L4 P1
of energy in the global diet. Among the development
community, despair turned into cautious optimism. By the
end of the decade, the public health community felt
sufficiently empowered to proclaim “Health for All by the
Year 2000”. Average life expectancy continued to zoom
upwards almost everywhere.
The introduction of safe contraception contributed to a
rapid fertility decline in many countries. But while the rate of
global population growth declined from its peak in the late
1960s, the absolute increment of increase in annual global
population continued to grow. Most population-related
scientists, including food scientists and demographers, as
well as US President Jimmy Carter, continued to be very
concerned about global overpopulation. In 1970, the father of
the Green Revolution, the agricultural scientist Norman
Borlaug, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In his Nobel
lecture, Borlaug warned that the success of the Green
Revolution would buy a breathing space for humankind of
three decades, unless equivalent action was taken to reduce
fertility rates.
Historical and Projected World Population Growth, 1950-2100;
UN Estimates Based on Rates of Fertility.
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Adapted from Elizabeth Leahy Madsen, "How Did We Arrive at Seven Billion
- and Where Do We Go From Here?" ©2011 by Environmental Change and
Security Program, Woodrow Wilson Informational Center for Scholars.
CONTINUE