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A Low Cost Open Source-based IEC 61850/61499 Automation Platform for

Distributed Energy Resources

Conference Paper · November 2015

DOI: 10.1109/PTC.2015.7232623

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 A Low Cost Open Source-based IEC 61850/61499
Automation Platform for Distributed Energy Resources
Claudia Zanabria, Filip Andrén, Fabian Leimgruber, Roland Bründlinger, and Thomas Strasser
Electric Energy Systems – Energy Department
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
{claudia.zanabria.fl, filip.andren, fabian.leimgruber, roland.bruendlinger, thomas.strasser}ait.ac.at
Abstract—The integration of distributed renewable energy re-
sources into active power distribution grids (Smart Grids) is an
important activity nowadays. Advanced but also standardized
remote control functions for such renewable sources are neces-
sary to allow a higher penetration degree of them in power dis-
tribution grids. These functions are defined by the power utility
automation approach IEC 61850 but their implementation is not
really covered by this important power system standard. IEC
61499 know from distributed automation is a feasible way to
implement IEC 61850 functions but a low cost automation plat-
form for research projects – especially master and PhD projects
– which integrates both approaches is not really existing. This
paper addresses this point and introduces an IEC 61850/ 61499
open source-based environment together with a low cost control-
ler platform for upgrading off-the-shelf distributed energy re-
sources in Smart Grid applications.
Index Terms—Distributed energy resource, IEC standards, in-
formation and communication technology, Smart Grid.
I. INTRODUCTION
Today, there is a tremendous amount of research ongoing
to develop and design a sustainable electricity supply system
for the future [1]. A major focus of these developments is
related to renewable technologies and has therefore also a big
impact on the planning and operation of the corresponding
power systems infrastructure [2]. Especially, Smart Grid sys-
tems which cover the intelligent integration of all connected
stakeholders to the power grids with a corresponding infor-
mation, communication and automation infrastructure play a
key role [3], [4].
The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
from renewable sources (PV systems, wind turbines, small
hydro generators, electric storage systems, etc.) into active
power distribution grids is one of the most important activi-
ties today in the power systems domain in Europe. For exam-
ple, the integration of PV systems is reaching or has already
exceeded the hosting capacity of the power grids (e.g., in
parts of Germany and Italy). There is an urgent need for an
effective and sustainable integration of them [2]-[4] The con-
cept of Smart Grids with remote control possibilities is a
promising approach to use the existing power system infra-
This work was partly supported by the European Commission under the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) in the project “Performance Plus – Tools
for Enhanced Photovoltaic System Performance”, Grant No. 308991.
structure in a more efficient way, thus allowing higher pene-
tration levels of DER [3], [4]. It will be necessary to develop
new strategies to effectively manage the large numbers of
dispersed generation systems and utilize the “smart” capabili-
ties which could be provided by inverter-based DERs [4], [5].
Concepts and approaches as well as standards from the In-
formation and Communication Technology (ICT) and the
automation domain will play a major role to realize a coordi-
nated systems approach [3]-[6]. However, such a smart ap-
proach is not fully addressed in today’s grid codes, intercon-
nection rules and standards. One of the most promising solu-
tions for standardized information and data exchange between
DER components and the electric power system operator is
based on the well-known IEC 61850. Developed for substa-
tion automation it has been extended for DER, too [7]-[11].
DER components are today not really equipped with IEC
61850 functions. Typically, they provide remote control pos-
sibilities but using mainly proprietary or older communication
approaches (e.g., Modbus, CAN, IEC 60870-5, DNP3). This
makes research work on Smart Grid topics as well as on the
integration of DER components into the power grids not really
easy. Especially, a low cost automation platform supporting
recent IEC standards – which are suggested by the IEC for
Smart Grid related developments [7] – is required supporting
research activities, especially master and PhD project.
The main aim of this paper therefore is to introduce a low
cost and open source-based automation platform for DER
components which can be used to define and implement high-
er-level control functions. It uses the IEC 61580 interoperabil-
ity approach providing a standardized interface for remote con-
trol of DER components as well as the IEC 61499 reference
model for distributed automation. The integration and applica-
tion of both standards for Smart Grid systems have already
successfully be shown in the literature [4] but an integrated low
cost automation platform solution partly exists today. It will
also allow upgrading off-the-shelf DER components with IEC
61850 functions used in Smart Grid applications.
The remaining parts of the paper are organized as follows:
Section II gives an overview of Smart Grid ICT/automation
standards in general and it introduces IEC 61850 and IEC
61499 which are used in the proposed automation approach.
Section III shows the concept and the main elements of the
proposed open source-based automation solution. A simula-
tion-based validation environment for testing different control
strategies are discussed in Section IV. Section V deals with
an implemented validation example using a PV inverter as
DER component. The conclusions and main findings of the
paper are presented in Section VI.
II. ICT AND AUTOMATION STANDARDS FOR SMART GRIDS
A. Overview of Smart Grid Standards
In the dynamically evolving field of ICT/automation solu-
tions for Smart Grid systems the development of standards is
of crucial importance mainly due to interoperability require-
ments. Several standardization organizations and various in-
ternational projects have analyzed this fact so far [6], [7].
On international level, the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) plays a very important role to provide
common rules for the planning and operation of Smart Grids.
Thus, the “IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap” sug-
gests several core standards to be used for the realization of
Smart Grids. The most important approaches are the IEC TR
62357 (service-oriented integration architecture), the IEC
61970/IEC 61968 (Common Information Model – CIM), and
the IEC 61850 (power utility automation). [7]. Similar sug-
gestions have also been reported by other important standard-
ization organizations like NIST and IEEE.
In addition, the German DKE Smart Grids roadmap sug-
gests for the implementation of control logic IEC 61131for
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC) or IEC 61499 for
distributed, intelligent automation [8].
B. Power Utility Automation with IEC 61850
The initial goal of the IEC 61850 standard was to facili-
tate the communication between Intelligent Electronic Devic-
es (IED) used in substations in order to allow the interopera-
tion and data exchange of devices from different vendors [9].
It proposes the modelling of components used in the power
system and the communication between them.
The concept of Logical Nodes (LN) is used for modeling
functions in IEDs. The LN model defines the semantics for
the data exchanged between devices in a substation. It is hier-
archically organized in IEDs using Server, Logical Device
(LD), Logical Node (LN) and data elements (see Fig. 1). The
data element is divided into Data Objects (DO), Common
Data Classes (CDC) and Data Attributes (DA) [9].
Fig. 1: Overview of the IEC 61850 IED model [9].
For exchanging IED configurations in a standardized way
the so-called System Configuration description Language
(SCL) has been defined. The SCL approach defines the con-
cepts for the configuration of electrical substations which
includes data representation of IEDs and its functions repre-
sented as LNs. The SCL model is serialized in XML notation
which permits the exchange of SCL-based files between en-
gineering tools and IEDs.
In addition, IEC 61850 also defines communication ser-
vices for the exchange of information and data between IEDs
such as Client/Server, Sampled Value (SV), Generic Object
Oriented Substation Events (GOOSE) and Generic Substation
Status Events (GSSE).
Today, this important power system ICT standard has also
been extended to cover wind power plants, energy storage sys-
tems, but also DER devices [10]; especially PV systems [11].
C. Control Implementation with IEC 61499
The IEC 61499 standard has been created with the aim of
representing distributed industrial process, measurement and
control systems using Function Blocks (FB) [12], [13]. It
defines a reference model for distributed automation and con-
trol systems used in industrial environments. An IEC 61499
application is composed of multiple FBs interconnected, the
FBs encapsulate control functions and the execution of the
FBs depends on the reception of events. Moreover, this ap-
proach defines a simple model of the automation hardware
(i.e., Devices, Resources, and Communication Network). A
brief overview of the main elements of the IEC 61499 model
is provided in Fig. 2.
System
Fig. 2: Overview of the IEC 61499 reference model [12].
The access to the communication and process interfaces
are encapsulated in Service Interface FBs (SIFB). The stand-
ard does not define specific SIFBs because each implemented
automaton system has its own requirements. Some examples
of SIFBs that might be used to model an industrial control
system are IO_Writer, IO_Reader, Publisher, Subscriber,
Client and Server. In [13] guidelines and examples are pre-
sented to model industrial processes using IEC 61499.
D. Open Issues
There are several approaches and results already available
in the literature discussing the integration of IEC 61850 and
IEC 61499 for Smart Grid applications [4], [14]-[16]. They
have mainly in common to focus on the integration on archi-
tectural level and not really on implementation issues.
Summarizing, an open source-based software environ-
ment together with a low cost embedded controller hardware
platform is needed in order to foster further research and de-
velopment of advanced DER functions and services. In the
following sections such an approach is presented.
III. AUTOMATION PLATFORM CONCEPT
A. Architecture
The proposed open source-based automation platform for
DER components can be considered as a kind of programma-
ble DER gateway controller. It interacts between two com-
munication networks in order to integrated different protocols
used on both sides. It is usually located between a client
equipped with IEC 61850 (e.g., SCADA, monitoring tool)
and an inverter-based DER in order to supervise and remote
control it. Besides of that, the gateway controller has the pos-
sibility of implementing higher level control functions which
are not already implemented in the DER device. Fig. 3 pro-
vides an overview of the gateway controller concept.
SCADA
IEC 61850
DER Gateway Controller
IEC 61850 Communication Layer
DER
Component
MMXU CSWI DRCC
cessor, 512 MB with the embedded open source operating
system Raspbian based on Debian GNU/Linux) [17]. This low
cost embedded controller provides several communication
ports (i.e., 1 built-in Ethernet port, 4 built-in USB ports) as
well as general purpose digital I/Os. Moreover, several exten-
sion boards exist providing additional interfaces to the control-
ler (e.g., serial communication over RS 232, RS 485). The
USB ports can be also used to connect communication adapt-
ers as well (e.g., USB to Ethernet). Therefore, this device is an
ideal platform for a low cost automation platform solution
which can be acquired for a very low price. In principle also
other comparable low cost embedded controllers can be used.
2) Software Platform
In order to implement the IEC 61850 compliant functions
as well as higher-level control functions of the DER device
the IEC 61499 compliant open source software package
4DIAC is used [18]. It provides an engineering/programming
tool called 4DIAC-IDE and an execution platform for em-
bedded controllers called FORTE. Furthermore, the automa-
tion platform integrates the open source stacks libIEC61850
[19] and libmodbus [20] and represents their capabilities as
IEC 61499 compliant SIFBs.
Fig. 4 provides an example of the IEC 61499 application
using FBs in order to manage the IEC 61850 communication
with a SCADA or monitoring tool. The IEC 61850 open
source stack has therefore been integrated in the FORTE
communication layer and made accessible via the Server SIFB
on the application layer (see Fig. 4).

Communication
IEC 61499 Application Network Measurements

Control functions

Server Control Client

IEC 61850 Function Modbus
>> >>

Fig. 3: IEC 61850/61499 platform used as DER gateway controller.

The gateway controller is interacting with the IEC 61850
Fig. 4: IEC 61499 control application using IEC 61850 communica-
client according to IEC 61850 and with the inverter-based
tion SIFBs.
DER using a proprietary protocol (e.g., Modbus, CAN, IEC
61870-5, DNP3) as shown in Fig. 3. In order to achieve this, An overview of the realized platform architecture is shown
a programmable controller approach using the IEC 61499 in Fig. 4 as UML deployment diagram. It describes the con-
reference model for distributed automation is used. Via FBs figuration of the hardware and shows how the used tools and
the automation platform can be programmed and configured libraries are mapped into this hardware.
in a flexible way. Such a flexible environment is today often
necessary in research to extend the provided DER functions
and services for Smart Grid system integration. For example,
energy management applications used to control an electric
energy storage system (i.e., batteries) together with distribut-
ed generators (e.g., PV) needs often specific control, meas-
urement and diagnostics functions. Such functions can be
implemented with the provided automation platform in a
standardized and open way.

B. Prototypical Realization
In the following a low cost solution for such a gateway
controller using mainly open source software is introduced.
1) Hardware Platform
The implementation is carried out using a Raspberry Pi
Model B+ controller (700 MHz, ARM11 – 32 bit micropro- Fig. 5: UML Deployment diagram of the automation platform.
 IV. SIMULATION-BASED VALIDATION
DER model Controller model

A. Concept
Power System IEC 61499
Before deploying a developed automation and control ap- Simulation application
plication to an embedded controller or PLC it has to be vali- SimPowerSystems-
TCP/IP

dated. In this paper a co-simulation based validation approach Simulink

is suggested [21]. This setup uses 4DIAC with libIEC61850 Client

TCP Server
integration, Matlab/Simulink and an IEC 61850 compliant TCP

command line client tool based on libIEC61850. The result-

ing architecture is shown in Fig. 6. It depicts two main
blocks; one represents the DER model and the other one rep- PC Raspberry Pi

resents the Controller model. Fig. 7: Architecture of the distributed co-simulation setup.

DER model Controller model

measurements taken from the DER component: (i) active pow-
er, (ii) reactive power, (iii) voltage reference, and (iv) the posi-
Power System IEC 61499 tion of the switch. Moreover, simple models for the PV inverter
application
Simulation
TCP/IP
and the power grid have been chosen for this validation exam-
SimPowerSystems-
Simulink
ple but more advanced models can be used if necessary.
Client
TCP Server TCP

PC

Fig. 6: Architecture of the co-simulation setup executed on a PC.

The interaction of the two blocks is based on TCP/IP
communication. The model of the DER unit connected to the
power system uses a TCP server block for sending measure-
ment values of the simulation to the IEC 61499 control appli-
cation; it also retrieves different set-point values from the IEC
61499 control application. The Controller model block repre- Fig. 8: Simulation of a DER component (i.e., PV system) connected
sents the control software encapsulated by IEC 61499 FBs; to a power distribution grid.
the block responsible for the TCP/IP connection with the
DER model is an IEC 61499 client. It manages the connec- On the other side of the communication in the IEC 61499
tion to the TCP Server located in the DER simulation model. application, a TCP Client is receiving the values sent by the
simulation model as shown in Fig. 9. Moreover, an IEC
A major advantage of such a co-simulation based envi- 61850 client is connected to the IEC 61850 server SIFB lo-
ronment is the possibility to execute the Controller model cated in the IEC 61499 application.
also on the real execution platform (i.e., embedded controller
like Raspberry Pi) as shown in Fig. 7. Compared to the PC-
based co-simulation the controller code has to be executed on
the embedded controller. Since the 4DIAC environment is
used, the necessary changes are minor since it can be also
executed on the real controller platform (i.e., Raspberry Pi).
Only the communication parameters in the DER and the Con-
troller model need to be changed. Another advantage of such
a validation setup is that the controller implementation can be
tested with a simulated DER without the need to have the real
device available. Fig. 9: Simulation of the IEC 61499 control model and interaction
Once the simulation is validated the Client SIFB is replaced with an IEC 61850 client (i.e., command line tool).
by a SIFB used for the communication with the real DER When the IEC 61850 client sends a control command to
component (e.g., Modbus TCP/IP). Other blocks which man- set e.g., the power factor the IEC 61850 server SIFB receive
age the data format and data conversion may be also updated. this information and transmit it to the Client SIFB. This SIFB
sends the received value to the TCP Server located in the
B. Example DER simulation and vice versa.
In Fig. 8 an implemented example (i.e., PV system used
as DER unit) is shown using the above introduced validation V. LABORATORY IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS
approach. It depicts a TCP Server which is responsible of
receiving all set-points: (i) active power, (ii) power factor, A. Implemented Validation Case
and (iii) the position of the switch for connecting/dis connect- In order to validate the low cost automation platform us-
ing the DER to/from the power grid. It also sends back some ing the Raspberry Pi controller together with the open source
automation environment an off-the-shelf PV inverter (i.e., 20
kW peak power, 3-phase) as DER component is used. This
inverter has the possibility to be remotely controlled by a
Modbus TCP/IP interface (control, supervision, and configu-
ration). The automation platform acts in this example as a
gateway controller extending the PV inverter remote control
interface with IEC 61850 functionality and additional high-
level functions (e.g., voltage/frequency droop). Fig. 10 de-
picts the setup used for the performed test in the AIT Smart
Grid laboratory.
SCADA- PC
(Client IEC 61850)
IEC 61850
Ethernet
Gateway controller
PV Array
(Raspberry Pi)
Simulator
+ IEC 61499 application
- (4DIAC)
CSWI
PV Inverter
Modbus
TCP/IP
Server Switch
IEC 61850
>> >>
DRCC
Laboratory
Grid Control
~ >> >>
Fig. 10: Architecture of the laboratory setup.
The PV inverter is connected to the DC side of the PV ar-
ray simulator which emulates the I/V curve characteristic of
a PV array. The DER unit communicates via Modbus
TCP/IP through an Ethernet interface with the Raspberry Pi
controller and it receives control commands from an IEC
61850 client. To achieve this, the gateway controller is con-
nected between the DER unit and the IEC 61850 client as
shown in the figure above. Fig. 11 shows the resulting setup.
Fig. 11: Laboratory validation setup with the Raspberry Pi.
To demonstrate the IEC 61850 control functionality of the
gateway controller the following control functions have been
implemented in the proposed automation platform: (i) con-
nect/disconnect from the grid (i.e., IEC 61850 INV1), (ii)
adjust maximum generation level up/down (i.e., IEC 61850
INV2), and (iii) adjust power factor (i.e., IEC 61850 INV3)
[11]. To implement these functions three LN are used: (i)
DRCC for the DER unit control actions, (ii) MMXU for the
DER active and reactive power measurements, and (iii)
CSWI for connecting and disconnecting the DER unit from
and to the power system (i.e., laboratory network) [10].
After validation of the control functions (i.e., INV1-3) in
simulation the communication interface in the IEC 61499
application has been replaced with the real communication
interface to the PV inverter (i.e., Modbus TCP/IP).
As IEC 61850 client (i.e., supervisory entity) a command
line tool based on the libIEC61850 open source stack has
been used. The client sends the standard compliant requests
to the controller (see Fig. 12). In the future this client could
be embedded in a SCADA environment in order to provide
an advance control of DER-based inverters (i.e., VAr man-
agement modes using Volt/VAr arrays) and data acquisition
about the status of the DER and the grid.
Fig. 12: IEC 61850 client environment (command line tool).
B. Laboratory Experiment
Client In order to validate the propose system the three IEC
Modbus
61850 functions INV1-3, defined in IEC 6180-90-7 for ad-
vanced control functions of PV inverters, have been tested.
INV1 use the IEC61850 LN CSWI and INV2-3 use the
IEC61850 LN DRCC. To test these functions implemented in
the Raspberry Pi gateway controller different set-points were
delivered by the IEC 61850 client tool (see Fig. 12).
For INV2 the maximum power generation was set to 10%
at time t = 65 s and then set back to 100% at time: t = 118 s as
shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 13: Measured active power output during the INV2 function test.
For testing the INV3 function the maximum power gener-
ation remains at 100% and three different set-point values for
the power factor (INV3) were sent to the gateway controller:
(i) 0.85, (ii) 1, (iii) 0.85. When the power factor is set to 0.85
the reactive power is equal to 1.3 kVAr and when it is set to 1
the reactive power goes down to 0. The power measurements
related to the INV3 test are depicted in the corresponding Fig.
14 and Fig. 15.
The correct operation of the gateway as a control device
and as a protocol translator was validated with the test of the
functions mentioned above using the proposed low cost au-
tomation platform.

Fig. 14: Measured Power Factor during the INV3 function test.
Fig. 15: Measured the reactive power during the INV3 test.
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
DER components are important for the realization of Smart
Grids. Remote control of them in a standardized manner using
IEC 61850 is a requirement supporting interoperability and
scalability of future Smart Grid solutions. Low cost and open
source based automation and control solutions are partly miss-
ing today fostering innovation in Smart Grid projects, especial-
ly in master and PhD projects.
In this paper a low cost embedded controller using the
Raspberry Pi platform together with the open source approach-
es 4DIAC, libIEC61850 and libmodbus are proposed for up-
grading off-the-shelf DER components. Corresponding IEC
61499 FBs have been implemented representing IEC 61850
functions of the DER. Promising results from simulation as
well as laboratory tests have been gained.
Therefore, the presented automation platform approach can
help to support research projects since it allows to implement
sophisticated control functions and services as well as to inte-
grate different communication protocols when necessary. This
can hardly be achieved in proprietary environments and devel-
opments which are being used in DER components, today.
The future work will mainly focus on the further develop-
ment of the proposed approach as well as testing it with addi-
tional DER components like electric energy storages.
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