Interview Questions

1. Apna tareekhi pehchan batayein.

Sample Answer: Main ek registered nurse hun jis ki panch saal ki tajurbaat hain. Main ne hospital aur
clinic jaise mukhtalif sehat mandi intezamat mein kaam kiya hai. Main mareezon ko achi sehat ki saholat
faraham karne mein dilchaspi rakhta hun aur apni nursing ka hunar mazeed behtar karne mein jari raha
hun.

2. Aap ne nursing ka career kyun chuna?

Sample Answer: Main hamesha se sehat mandi ka shoba mein dilchaspi rakhta raha hun aur logo ki
zindagiyon par musbat asar dalna chahta tha. Nursing mujhe dusron ke liye meherbani karna aur unhe
un ke sab se kamzor waqt mein madad aur ta’eed faraham karna ka mauqa deta hai.

3. Aap kam ke tanav bhare mahoolon ko kaise samhalte hain?

Sample Answer: Main buland dabao ke mahoolon mein asani se kam karne mein qabil hun. Main kam
karne ki zimmedariyon ko tariqay se tashkeel deta hun, sehat mandi team ke saath behtar istefada ke liye
mufeed tabaqay ko tajweez karta hun aur damagh ko tasali baksh techniques jaise gehri saans lena ka
istemal kar ke tanav ka nizam karti hun.

4. Aap ne kisi mushkil mareez ki parwarish mein aik mushkil hawala se kaam kiya hai, us ka
samadhan kaise kiya?

Sample Answer: Ek dafa mujhe aik aisi mareez se samajhota karna pada jo dawao ko qabool nahi kar
rahi thi. Main ne khule mawazna se bat cheet ki, mareez ko dawao ki ahmiyat ka ilmaya kiya aur mareez
ke ghar walon ko is mawazna mein shamil kiya. Aakhirkaar, ham aik muttafiqan samajh par pohanch gaye
aur mareez ne dawao ko qabool karne par raazi ho gayi.

5. Aap kis tarah mareezon ki hifazat ka intezam karte hain?

Sample Answer: Mareezon ki hifazat nursing mein sab se ahmiyat rakhti hai. Main mustanad protocals
aur tashrihat ka khayal rakhti hun, mukammal tashkhees karti hun, apna kaam ka intezam saaf aur
munazzam rakhti hun, aur sehat mandi team ke saath behtar mawazna kar ke mareezon ki hifazat ko
itminan se barkarar rakhti hun.

6. Aap apne sehat mandi team ke sath ikhtilafat ko kis tarah samjhte hain aur hal karte hain?
 Sample Answer: Main khule aur adab ke saath bat cheet mein yaqeen rakhta hun. Agar ikhtilafat paida
hoti hain, to main un se seedha aur professional tareeqe se muqabla karta hun, mukhtalif

Nazariyon ko samajhne ki koshish karta hun. Main tafawutat ko hal karne ke liye mushtarik wusat
dhoondhne aur mareezon ke faide ke liye ikhtiyaari tareeqe se kaam karne ki koshish karta hun.

7. Aap nursing ke naye tajurbaat aur taraqqiyat se kis tarah mutasir rehte hain?

Sample Answer: Main apne peshe se wabasta rehne aur zindagi bhar ka ta’aleem hasil karne par
waziha hun. Main aksar seminaar, workshop aur conference mein hissa leta hun, nursing ki mazameen
parhne, aur online courses mein hissa leta hun ta’ake mein nursing ke naye tajurbaat aur taraqqiyat se
waqif reh sakun.

8. Aap jab kisi sehat mandi mein mukhtalif mareezon ki parwarish kar rahe hote hain toh apne
kaam ko kis tarah tashkeel dete hain?

Sample Answer: Kaam ki tashkeel mein qadarti tarin hifazat ahmiyat rakhti hai. Main har mareez ki
halat ka tashkhees kar ke sab se zyada zaroori kaam ko pehle parwah karti hun. Main un ke zarooriyat ka
tawazun, sehat mandi team se mashwara karta hun aur jaldaz jald kariyat ke sath sath dusre
zimmedariyon ka bhi tawazun rakhta hun.

9. Aap maut ke qareebi parwarish aur mareezon aur un ke ghar walon ke liye madad kis tarah
faraham karte hain?

Sample Answer: Maut ke qareebi parwarish meherbani, hamdardi aur hisa dari zaroori hoti hai. Main
mareez aur un ke ghar walon ke sath aik aisa taluq qaim karta hun jo tehzeeb aur madad ke aadab par
mabni ho. Main un ke pareshaniyon ko samajhne ki koshish karta hun, unhe rohani ta’eed faraham karta
hun aur is purzor tashkil mein un ke itminan aur gairat ka khayal rakhta hun.

10. Aap emergency aur zaroorat mand halat ko kis tarah samjhte hain aur un ka samadhan karte
hain?

Sample Answer: Mujhe emergency halat mein sakoon aur pur sukoon rehne ka tarbiyat mila hai. Main
mustanad protocals ka paalan karta hun, halat ka tashkhees jaldaz jald kar leta hun, munasib imdadyat
shuru karta hun aur sehat mandi team ke saath behtar mawazna kar ke mufeed jawabat ki tashkeel karta
hun aur mareezon ki behtareen halat haasil karne ki koshish karta hun.

11. Aap kis tarah sehnat mandi team ke saath collaboration karte hain?
 Sample Answer: Main mehnat mandi team ke saath muzakrat aur ta’awun par qayam rakhta hun. Main
unki raye ki ehmiyat samajhta hun aur unke saath mil kar mareezon ke liye behtareen halat haasil karne
ke liye kaam karta hun.

12. Aap kis tarah se apne zimmedariyon ka hisa banate hain?

Sample Answer: Main apni zimmedariyon ka zimmedar hun. Main unhe samajhta hun, unke liye apni
zimmedariyon ko tashkeel deta hun aur apne kaam ko waqt par pura karne ke liye zaroori resource aur
support dhoondhta hun.

13. Aap kaam ke samay apne saathiyon ki salahiyaton ka istemal kis tarah karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main apne saathiyon ki salahiyaton ka qayam rakhta hun. Main unki taaqat aur
specialization ka istemal karta hun aur unse madad aur mashwara talab karta hun jab zaroorat hoti hai.

14. Aap kaam ke dauran professional boundaries ko kis tarah maintain karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main kam ke doran professional hudood ko qaim rakhta hun. Main apni
zimmedariyon ko samajhta hun aur mareezon ki ihtiyat o gairat ko samajhta hun. Main apni khabar ki
sarhadon ka khayal rakhta hun aur mujhe sharafat aur qanoon ki paishguftagi ka ehtram hai.

15. Aap kis tarah se apne documentation aur record-keeping ko organize karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main apne documentation aur record-keeping ko tarteeb dete hun. Main mustanad
system aur software ka istemal karta hun aur mareezon ki malumat ko sahi aur mufeed tarah se record
karta hun.

16. Aap kis tarah se communication skills ko apne kam mein istemal karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main communication skills ko apne kam mein zaroori samajhta hun. Main mareezon
aur unke ghar walon ke saath asan, wazeh aur samajhne wali zuban istemal karta hun aur mukhtalif
healthcare professionals ke saath sahi aur mufeed mawazna karne ke liye muzakrat karta hun.

17. Aap kis tarah se apni critical thinking aur problem-solving skills ka istemal karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main apni critical thinking aur problem-solving skills ka istemal karte hue mareezon ke
liye sahi aur behtareen halat tashkeel karta hun. Main samasyaon ko tashkhees karta hun, samajhta hun
aur inkaar aur hal ke bich behtareen faisla lene ki koshish karta hun.
 18. Aap kis tarah se apni professional development par tawajjuh dete hain?

Sample Answer: Main apni professional development par khaas tawajjuh dete hun.

Main naye tajurbaat aur tarraqiyat ke liye tayyar rehne ki koshish karta hun, seminars, workshops aur
online courses mein hissa leta hun aur nursing ki jaanib se jariye kiye gaye trainings aur certifications ko
pura karta hun.

19. Aap apne kam mein teamwork ka istemal kaise karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main teamwork ka istemal apne kam mein zaroori samajhta hun. Main team
members ke saath muzakrat aur ta’awun karta hun, unki salahiyaton ka qayam rakhta hun aur saath mil
kar mareezon ke liye behtareen halat haasil karne mein kaam karta hun.

20. Aap apne patients ke sath kis tarah se empathize karte hain?

Sample Answer: Main apne mareezon ke saath tahamul aur hamdardi ka izhar karta hun. Main unki
pareshaniyon ko samajhta hun, unhe sunta hun aur unke samay aur ihtiyat ki ehtram karta hun. Main
unhe ahsas dilata hun keh who mahfooz, samjhe aur qadar kiye gaye hain.

Academic Questions

1. Nursing mein BSN aur AND mein kya farq hai?

Jawab: BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) aur AND (Associate Degree in Nursing) dono nursing
degree programs hain. BSN pura karne ke liye 4 saal ka samay lagta hai aur isme zyada tehzeebi, practical
aur leadership ka ilm diya jata hai. AND pura karne ke liye 2-3 saal ka samay lagta hai aur isme basic
nursing skills aur knowledge diya jata hai.

2. Patient assessment mein kya shamil hota hai?

Jawab: Patient assessment mareez ke haalat ka tashkhees karna hai. Isme mareez ki ankhon se zameen
tak ki janch, vital signs ka check karna, mareez se sawalat karna, unke medical history aur allergy ki
jankari lena, aur unke current symptoms aur discomforts ka pata lagana shamil hota hai.

3. Ryles tube kya hai aur iska istemal kis maqsad se hota hai?
 Jawab: Ryles tube ek naso-gastric tube hota hai jo munh se pait tak chala jata hai. Iska istemal mareez
ko nutrition aur dawao ka intizam karne ke liye hota hai jab who munh se khana nahi kha sakta ya digest
nahi kar sakta.

4. Injection lagane ke liye needle ka sahi size kaise chunein?

Jawab: Injection lagane ke liye needle ka sahi size patient ki physical body aur injection site par depend
karta hai. Chote bachon ya patle mareezon ke liye chhoti needle aur mote mareezon ke liye badi needle
istemal ki jati hai. Nurse ki salah aur protocals ko dhyan mein rakhte hue needle ka sahi size chuna jata
hai.

5. Hypertension kya hai aur uski management kaise hoti hai?

Jawab: Hypertension high blood pressure ko refer karta hai. Iski management mein diet aur lifestyle
changes, exercise, dawao ka istemal aur regular monitoring shamil hote hain. Mareez ko blood pressure
level ko control karne ke liye regular check-ups aur doctor ki salah leni chahiye.

6. Diabetes mellitus kya hai aur uski care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Diabetes mellitus ek metabolic disorder hai jisme blood sugar level bhad jata hai. Iski care mein
blood sugar level ka regular monitoring, diet aur exercise ka khayal rakhna, insulin therapy (jab zarurat
ho), aur mareez ki education aur self-management ko samjhana shamil hote hain.

7. Pneumonia kya hai aur uska treatment kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Pneumonia lungs ki infection hai. Iska treatment antibiotics, rest, proper hydration, aur
supportive care shamil karta hai. Mareez ki vital signs, oxygen level, aur respiratory distress ka regular
monitoring bhi zaruri hota hai.

8. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) kya hai aur kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: CPR ek emergency medical procedure hai jo heart attack ya cardiac arrest ke mareezon ko
restore karne ke liye ki jati hai. Isme chest compressions aur

Rescue breaths ka istemal kiya jata hai takay mareez ki circulation aur oxygenation ko restore kiya ja
sake.

9. Post-operative care mein kya shamil hota hai?

 Jawab: Post-operative care mein mareez ki vital signs ka regular monitoring, dressing changes, pain
management, wound care, aur medication administration shamil hote hain. Saath hi sahi nutrition aur
mobilization ki bhi ehmiyat hoti hai.

10. Infection control mein kya measures hote hain?

Jawab: Infection control measures mein proper hand hygiene, personal protective equipment (PPE) ka
istemal, sterilization aur disinfection techniques, isolation protocols, aur vaccination shamil hote hain.
Infection control ke liye hospital aur healthcare facility mein strict guidelines aur protocols follow kiye
jate hain.

11. COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) kya hai aur uska management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: COPD lungs ki chronic progressive disease hai jisme hawa ki raste mein rukawat hoti hai. Iska
management bronchodilators, steroids, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, aur lifestyle changes se kiya
jata hai. Saath hi smoking cessation aur respiratory hygiene bhi zaruri hai.

12. Thrombophlebitis kya hai aur uski care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Thrombophlebitis veins ki inflammation aur blood clotting hai. Iski care mein compression
stockings, elevation of legs, pain management, aur anticoagulant therapy shamil hoti hai. Mareez ko bhi
movement aur ambulation encourage kiya jata hai.

13. Stroke kya hota hai aur uska immediate management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Stroke brain ki blood supply mein rukawat ya damage se hota hai. Iska immediate management
FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) approach par hota hai. Mareez ki vital signs ka monitoring, immediate
medical attention, clot-dissolving medications (thrombolytics), aur rehabilitation therapy shamil hote
hain.

14. Asthma kya hai aur uska long-term management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Asthma ek chronic lung condition hai jisme hawa ki raste mein sujan aur spasms hoti hain. Iska
long-term management inhalers (bronchodilators, steroids), asthma action plan, trigger avoidance, aur
regular follow-up appointments se kiya jata hai.

15. DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) kya hota hai aur uska prevention kaise kiya jata hai?
 Jawab: DVT veins mein blood clotting ka condition hai, zyadatar legs mein hota hai. Iska prevention
blood thinners, compression stockings, early mobilization, aur leg exercises se kiya jata hai. Saath hi
mareez ko hydration aur trigger factors se bachne ki salah di jati hai.

16. Renal failure kya hoti hai aur uski care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Renal failure kidney ki kamzori ya failure ko refer karta hai. Iski care mein dialysis, fluid balance
monitoring, diet modifications, medication management, aur regular kidney function tests shamil hote
hain. Saath hi electrolyte balance aur blood pressure ka bhi khayal rakha jata hai.

17. Aseptic technique kya hoti hai aur kis tarah se istemal ki jati hai?

Jawab: Aseptic technique infection prevention ke liye istemal ki jati hai. Isme sterile gloves aur
equipment ka istemal, proper hand hygiene, clean environment, aur strict infection control protocols
shamil hote hain. Surgical procedures, wound care, aur invasive interventions mein aseptic technique ka
istemal zaruri hai.

18. Cancer kya hota hai aur uski nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Cancer uncontrolled cell growth aur proliferation hai. Cancer ki nursing care mein symptom
management, pain control, emotional support, chemotherapy aur radiation therapy monitoring, aur
palliative care shamil hoti hai. Mareez aur unke pariwar ke saath communication aur counseling bhi
zaruri hai.

19. EKG/ECG

Kya hota hai aur uski interpretation kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: EKG (Electrocardiogram) ya ECG heart ki electrical activity ko record karta hai. EKG
interpretation mein heart rhythm, rate, aur abnormalities ki pehchan ki jati hai. P waves, QRS complex,
aur T waves ka analysis kiya jata hai aur EKG strips ki reading aur comparison ke zariye diagnosis aur
treatment decisions liye jate hain.

20. Electrolyte imbalance kya hota hai aur uska management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Electrolyte imbalance body mein sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aur other essential
electrolytes ki disturbance hai. Iska management electrolyte replacement therapy, diet modifications,
medication adjustments, aur regular electrolyte level monitoring se kiya jata hai.
 21. Pain management ke liye non-pharmacological techniques kya hote hain?

Jawab: Pain management ke liye non-pharmacological techniques mein relaxation techniques,

breathing exercises, heat/cold therapy, massage, distraction techniques, aur guided imagery shamil hote
hain. Saath hi, positioning aur therapeutic touch bhi istemal kiya jata hai.

22. Hypovolemic shock kya hota hai aur uska immediate management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Hypovolemic shock blood volume ki kami ya loss se hota hai. Iska immediate management fluid
resuscitation, blood transfusion, aur vasopressor medications ke through kiya jata hai. Mareez ki vital
signs ka monitoring, oxygen therapy, aur underlying cause ka treatment bhi zaruri hota hai.

23. Surgical wound care ke liye best practices kya hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical wound care ke liye best practices mein proper hand hygiene, sterile technique, wound
cleaning aur dressing, timely suture removal, aur regular wound assessment shamil hote hain. Saath hi
sahi nutrition, hydration, aur infection prevention measures bhi zaruri hote hain.

24. Hypoglycemia aur hyperglycemia ke symptoms aur management kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) mein shakiness, dizziness, sweating, aur confusion ho sakti hai.
Iska management glucose intake (oral or IV), frequent blood sugar monitoring, aur carbohydrate-rich
snacks/foods se kiya jata hai. Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) mein increased thirst, frequent urination,
weakness, aur blurred vision ho sakti hai. Iska management insulin therapy, diet control, hydration, aur
regular blood sugar monitoring se kiya jata hai.

25. Mental health disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) ki nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Mental health disorders ki nursing care mein therapeutic communication, emotional support,
aur medication management shamil hoti hai. Saath hi mareez ko coping strategies, lifestyle changes, aur
counseling ki zarurat hoti hai. Collaborative approach aur multidisciplinary team ke saath mareez ki
holistic care tashkeel ki jati hai.

26. Pediatric nursing mein bachon ki care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Pediatric nursing mein bachon ki care age-specific aur developmentally appropriate tareekon
se ki jati hai. Bachon ki vital signs ka monitoring, immunizations, growth aur development tracking, aur
health education shamil hote hain. Bachon ki family ke saath communication aur support bhi zaruri hota
hai.
 27. Geriatric nursing mein elderly patients ki care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Geriatric nursing mein elderly patients ki care physical aur cognitive challenges ko samajh kar ki
jati hai. Isme falls prevention, medication management, nutrition aur hydration monitoring, aur
dementia care shamil hote hain. Elderly patients ki functional independence aur quality of life ko
promote karne ka tareeka istemal kiya jata hai.

28. Gastrointestinal bleeding kya hoti hai aur uska management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Gastrointestinal bleeding pet ke ander se khoon nikalne ka condition hota hai. Iska
management blood transfusion, endoscopic interventions, medication therapy, aur strict bed rest se kiya
jata hai. Mareez ki vital signs, hemoglobin levels, aur signs of active bleeding ka regular monitoring zaruri
hota hai.

29. Cardiac rehabilitation kya hoti hai aur kaise help karti hai?

Jawab: Cardiac rehabilitation heart patients ko physical aur lifestyle changes mein support karti hai.
Isme exercise programs, education sessions, aur emotional support shamil hote hain. Cardiac
rehabilitation se patients ki cardiovascular fitness aur health status improve hoti hai.

30. OB/GYN nursing mein women’s health care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: OB/GYN nursing mein women’s health care pregnancy, childbirth, aur reproductive health ki
tashkeel ko samjhti hai. Isme prenatal care, labor aur delivery support, postpartum care, family planning,
aur women’s health screenings aur education shamil hote hain.

31. Anaphylaxis kya hota hai aur uska immediate management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Anaphylaxis ek severe allergic reaction hai. Iska immediate management includes immediate
administration of epinephrine, maintaining the airway, providing oxygen, monitoring vital signs, and
seeking emergency medical care. Other interventions may include antihistamines, corticosteroids, and
fluid resuscitation.

32. Peripheral vascular disease kya hoti hai aur uska nursing management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Peripheral vascular disease blood vessels ke blockage ya damage se hoti hai. Iska nursing
management includes promoting peripheral circulation, pain management, wound care, education on
lifestyle modifications, and monitoring for complications like ulcers or gangrene. Collaboration with
other healthcare professionals may be required for interventions such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.

33. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) kya hota hai aur uski prevention kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) ventilator par dependent patients mein lungs ki
infection hai. Iski prevention ke liye strict infection control measures, including proper hand hygiene, oral
care, elevation of the head of the bed, regular ventilator circuit changes, and minimizing sedation, are
crucial. Regular assessment and monitoring for signs of pneumonia are also important.

34. Hemodialysis kya hoti hai aur uska nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Hemodialysis kidney failure mein kidney ki filtering function ko replace karne ke liye ki jati hai.
Iski nursing care includes assessing and monitoring the patient’s vital signs, weight, and electrolyte
levels, ensuring proper vascular access, maintaining infection control, and monitoring for complications
like hypotension or dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.

35. Heart failure kya hota hai aur uski nursing management kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Heart failure dil ki kamzori se hota hai. Iski nursing management includes monitoring the
patient’s vital signs, fluid status, and oxygenation, administering prescribed medications, providing
patient education on dietary restrictions and self-care, and promoting activity and rest balance.
Collaboration with other healthcare professionals is important for managing heart failure effectively.

36. Sepsis kya hota hai aur uska nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Sepsis systemic infection se hote hai, jo severe complications ko bhi la sakte hai. Sepsis ki
nursing care includes monitoring vital signs, administering appropriate antibiotics, ensuring proper fluid
resuscitation, managing pain and discomfort, and closely monitoring for signs of organ dysfunction. Early
recognition and prompt intervention are crucial in sepsis management.

37. Neurological assessments kya hoti hai aur kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Neurological assessments brain aur nervous system ke function aur abnormalities ko evaluate
karne ke liye ki jati hai. Isme level of consciousness (LOC), pupillary response, motor function, sensory
function, and cranial nerve assessments shamil hote hain. Neurological assessments mein Glasgow Coma
Scale aur other standardized tools ka istemal kiya jata hai.

38. Blood transfusion kya hoti hai aur uska nursing management kaise kiya jata hai?
 Jawab: Blood transfusion ek procedure hai jisme blood ya blood products ko ek patient se dusre
patient mein transfer kiya jata hai. Blood transfusion ki nursing management includes verifying the
compatibility of blood products, monitoring the patient’s vital signs, ensuring appropriate

Transfusion rates, and closely monitoring for any transfusion reactions. Proper documentation and
patient education about potential risks and benefits are also important.

39. Psychotropic medications kya hote hain aur unki nursing considerations kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Psychotropic medications mental health conditions ke treatment mein istemal ki jati hai.
Psychotropic medications ki nursing considerations include assessing the patient’s mental status and
monitoring for therapeutic and adverse effects. Close collaboration with the patient, their family, and the
healthcare team is important to ensure medication adherence, manage side effects, and monitor the
patient’s response to treatment.

40. Acute kidney injury (AKI) kya hoti hai aur uska nursing management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Acute kidney injury (AKI) kidneys ki sudden kamzori ya failure hai. AKI ki nursing management
includes monitoring the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance, promoting adequate urine output,
managing complications like electrolyte imbalances and fluid overload, and collaborating with the
healthcare team to address the underlying cause of AKI.

41. Gastrostomy tube (G-tube) insertion kya hota hai aur uska post-operative nursing care kaise ki
jati hai?

Jawab: Gastrostomy tube (G-tube) insertion ek surgical procedure hai jisme feeding tube ko patient ke
stomach mein insert kiya jata hai. G-tube insertion ke baad ki nursing care includes monitoring the
insertion site for infection or leakage, ensuring proper tube placement and function, providing nutrition
and medication through the G-tube, and patient and caregiver education on G-tube care and
maintenance.

42. Hypertension kya hota hai aur uski nursing management kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Hypertension high blood pressure ko refer karta hai. Hypertension ki nursing management
includes monitoring the patient’s blood pressure, promoting lifestyle modifications such as a healthy diet
and exercise, administering prescribed antihypertensive medications, and providing patient education on
hypertension management and complications.

43. Pulmonary embolism kya hota hai aur uska nursing care kaise ki jati hai?
 Jawab: Pulmonary embolism lung artery mein blood clot ki blockage se hota hai. Pulmonary embolism
ki nursing care includes monitoring the patient’s respiratory status, administering anticoagulant
medications, ensuring adequate oxygenation, and preventing complications like deep vein thrombosis.
Collaboration with the healthcare team is essential for managing pulmonary embolism effectively.

44. Diabetes management ke liye nursing interventions kya hote hain?

Jawab: Diabetes management ke liye nursing interventions include monitoring the patient’s blood
glucose levels, administering insulin or oral antidiabetic medications, promoting a balanced diet and
regular exercise, providing patient education on diabetes self-care, and monitoring for complications like
hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

45. Burns ke liye immediate nursing interventions kya hote hain?

Jawab: Burns ke liye immediate nursing interventions include removing the patient from the source of
the burn, ensuring the patient’s safety and protecting them from further injury, assessing and managing
the patient’s airway, providing pain management, and covering the burn area with a sterile dressing.
Referral to a burn specialist may be necessary for further management.

46. HIV/AIDS kya hota hai aur uski nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: HIV/AIDS ek viral infection hai jisme immune system ko target karti hai. HIV/AIDS ki nursing care
includes promoting adherence to antiretroviral therapy, monitoring the patient’s immune status,
providing emotional support, educating the patient on safe sex practices and prevention of transmission,
and managing opportunistic infections

And complications associated with HIV/AIDS.

47. Infection control measures kya hote hain aur kyu zaruri hote hain?

Jawab: Infection control measures healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) ko prevent karne ke liye kiye
jate hain. Infection control measures include proper hand hygiene, using personal protective equipment,
maintaining a clean and sterile environment, following standard precautions, implementing isolation
precautions when necessary, and promoting education and awareness among healthcare staff and
patients.

48. Medication administration safety kaise ensure ki jati hai?

Jawab: Medication administration safety ko ensure karne ke liye nursing interventions include verifying
the right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, and right time. Double-checking medication
orders, using barcode scanning technology, proper documentation, educating patients about their
medications, and reporting medication errors or near misses are essential components of medication
administration safety.

49. Stroke (CVA) kya hota hai aur uska nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Stroke (CVA) brain ko affect karne wali blood clot ya hemorrhage se hota hai. Stroke ki nursing
care includes monitoring the patient’s neurological status, managing airway and breathing, providing
thrombolytic therapy or interventions to remove the clot, preventing complications like aspiration or
falls, and promoting rehabilitation and education for the patient and their family.

50. End-of-life care mein nursing interventions kya hote hain?

Jawab: End-of-life care mein nursing interventions include providing comfort measures, managing pain
and symptoms, facilitating communication and emotional support for the patient and their family,
respecting the patient’s wishes and cultural beliefs, providing spiritual support, and collaborating with
the interdisciplinary team to ensure a peaceful and dignified end-of-life experience.

51. Pneumonia kya hoti hai aur uski nursing care kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Pneumonia lungs ki infection hai. Pneumonia ki nursing care includes monitoring the patient’s
respiratory status, administering prescribed antibiotics and other medications, promoting adequate
hydration and nutrition, facilitating respiratory treatments like oxygen therapy or nebulization, and
monitoring for complications such as respiratory distress or sepsis.

52. Asthma kya hota hai aur uska nursing management kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Asthma ek chronic respiratory condition hai jisme lungs ki airways narrow ho jati hain. Asthma
ki nursing management includes assessing the patient’s respiratory status, providing education on
asthma triggers and self-care, administering bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory medications,
monitoring peak flow readings, and developing an asthma action plan in collaboration with the patient.

53. Post-operative care ke liye nursing interventions kya hote hain?

Jawab: Post-operative care ke liye nursing interventions include monitoring the patient’s vital signs,
assessing the surgical site for signs of infection or complications, managing pain and providing
appropriate pain relief, promoting mobility and ambulation, providing post-operative education and
discharge instructions, and monitoring for post-operative complications.

54. Tuberculosis (TB) kya hota hai aur uski nursing care kaise ki jati hai?
 Jawab: Tuberculosis (TB) ek infectious disease hai jisme lungs ke alawa bhi other organs ko affect kar
sakta hai. TB ki nursing care includes promoting respiratory isolation precautions, administering
prescribed anti-TB medications, monitoring the patient’s response to treatment, providing education on
medication adherence and infection control measures, and collaborating with the healthcare team for
contact tracing and prevention.

55. Obstetric emergencies (e.g., postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia) ke liye nursing interventions
kya hote hain?

Jawab: Obstetric emergencies ke liye nursing interventions include monitoring the mother’s vital signs
and blood loss, administering medications to control bleeding or manage hypertension in the case of
eclampsia, ensuring proper fluid resuscitation, providing emotional support to the mother and family,
and coordinating with the obstetric team for prompt intervention and management.

56. Informed consent kya hota hai aur kaise prapt kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Informed consent ek legal and ethical requirement hai jisme patient ko procedure, treatment,
ya intervention ke baare mein sahi information di jati hai, jisse who informed decision le sake. Informed
consent prapt karne ke liye healthcare professional ko patient ko procedure ke benefits, risks,
alternatives, aur possible complications ke baare mein samjha kar patient ka signature aur agreement
prapt karna hota hai.

57. Medication reconciliation kya hoti hai aur kyu zaruri hoti hai?

Jawab: Medication reconciliation medication history ko verify aur update karne ka process hai.
Medication reconciliation zaruri hoti hai taki healthcare providers accurate medication list ke saath
patient ki treatment plan banaye aur medication errors ko avoid kar sake. Isme current medications,
allergies, aur any changes in medication regimen ka review aur documentation shamil hota hai.

58. Evidence-based practice (EBP) kya hoti hai aur kyu important hai?

Jawab: Evidence-based practice (EBP) healthcare mein scientific evidence, clinical expertise, aur
patient preferences ko integrate kar ke decision-making process hai. EBP important hai kyun ki isse high-
quality care, improved patient outcomes, aur patient safety promote hot

I hai. EBP ka istemal best practices ko identify karne, research-based interventions ko implement karne,
aur healthcare practices ko continuously improve karne mein madad karta hai.

59. Patient safety ke liye nursing interventions kya hote hain?

 Jawab: Patient safety ke liye nursing interventions include proper identification of patients, medication
safety practices like the five rights (right patient, right medication, right dose, right route, right time), fall
prevention strategies, infection control measures, regular patient assessments, effective communication
with the healthcare team, and promoting a culture of safety.

60. Health promotion aur disease prevention ke liye nursing role kya hota hai?

Jawab: Health promotion aur disease prevention ke liye nursing role includes educating patients and
communities about healthy lifestyle choices, providing information on preventive screenings and
vaccinations, promoting healthy behaviors, conducting health assessments, developing personalized care
plans, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to create a comprehensive approach to
health promotion.

61. Pain management kya hai aur nursing interventions kaise kiye jate hain?

Jawab: Pain management pain ko assess aur control karne ke liye kiye jane wale interventions hai. Pain
management mein nursing interventions include assessing the patient’s pain, administering appropriate
pain medications, utilizing non-pharmacological pain relief measures like positioning or relaxation
techniques, providing emotional support, and evaluating the effectiveness of pain management
interventions.

62. Patient advocacy ka kya role hai aur kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Patient advocacy healthcare professionals ke liye patients ki rights aur best interests ko protect
karna hai. Patient advocacy ka role include empowering patients to make informed decisions, ensuring
their access to healthcare resources and information, voicing their concerns and needs, facilitating
communication between patients and healthcare providers, and addressing any barriers or challenges in
the healthcare system.

63. Pediatric nursing mein kaise care provide ki jati hai?

Jawab: Pediatric nursing mein care provide karne ke liye patience, empathy, aur age-appropriate
communication skills zaruri hote hain. Pediatric nursing mein care includes assessing and monitoring
growth and development, administering vaccines, providing age-specific education to patients and their
families, managing pediatric illnesses, and creating a child-friendly and comforting environment.

64. Cultural sensitivity aur diversity ke liye nursing considerations kya hote hain?

Jawab: Cultural sensitivity aur diversity ke liye nursing considerations include respecting and valuing
cultural beliefs and practices, communicating effectively with patients from diverse backgrounds,
providing culturally appropriate care, being aware of cultural norms and preferences, and addressing any
cultural barriers that may impact the patient’s healthcare experience.

65. Nursing research ka kya importance hai aur kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Nursing research important hai kyun ki isse nursing practice aur patient care ko evidence-based
approach se improve kiya ja sakta hai. Nursing research ke through new knowledge aur best practices ko
explore kiya jata hai. Nursing research ko conduct karne ke liye research questions ko define kiya jata hai,
data collected aur analyzed hota hai, aur findings ko healthcare community ke saath share kiya jata hai.

66. Ethics aur professional boundaries ke baare mein nursing mein kya guidelines hain?

Jawab: Ethics aur professional boundaries nursing practice mein bahut zaruri hote hain. Nursing mein
guidelines aur codes of ethics exist karte hain, jaise ANA Code of Ethics, jo nursing professionals ko
patient confidentiality, professional conduct, informed consent, aur conflict of interest ke baare mein
smjhate hain. Professional boundaries maintain karne ke liye patient aur healthcare provider ke beech
clear roles aur limits define karne hote hain.

67. Quality improvement initiatives ke baare mein nursing ka kya role

Hai?

Jawab: Quality improvement initiatives nursing ke patient care outcomes aur healthcare delivery ko
improve karne mein important role play karte hain. Nursing professionals data collection, performance
monitoring, aur quality indicators ke through care processes ko evaluate karte hain. Iske alawa, nursing
professionals apne observations aur feedback ke through system improvements aur best practices ka
istemal promote karte hain.

68. Mental health nursing mein kya responsibilities hote hain?

Jawab: Mental health nursing mein responsibilities include assessing mental health status, developing
and implementing individualized care plans, administering psychotropic medications, providing
therapeutic interventions, promoting patient safety, facilitating group therapy or support sessions, and
collaborating with the multidisciplinary team for comprehensive mental health care.

69. Surgical site infection (SSI) ke liye nursing interventions kya hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical site infection (SSI) ke liye nursing interventions include proper hand hygiene, using
sterile techniques during procedures, monitoring the surgical site for signs of infection, providing wound
care and dressing changes, administering prophylactic antibiotics as ordered, promoting patient mobility,
and educating patients on SSI prevention and signs of infection.

70. Nursing shortage ka impact healthcare system pe kya hota hai aur iska management kaise kiya
jata hai?

Jawab: Nursing shortage healthcare system pe negative impact create karta hai, including increased
workload on existing nursing staff, compromised patient care, and limited access to healthcare services.
Nursing shortage ka management includes recruitment and retention strategies, creating supportive
work environments, offering professional development opportunities, and advocating for policies to
address staffing issues.

1. Sepsis ki tashkhees kaise ki jati hai aur iski nursing management kya hai?

Jawab: Sepsis aik zindagi se janleva halat hai jo jism mein aik shadeed infection ki wajah se phail jati
hai. Sepsis ki nursing management mein vital signs ka monitoring karna, jald se jald antibiotics ka istemal
karna, kaafi fluid resuscitation ki jaye, saans ki madad dena agar zaroorat ho, aur mareez ko organs ki
kharabi ke lakshanon ka dhyan se tashkhees karna shamil hai.

2. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) ko rokne mein registered nurse ka kya kirdar hai?

Jawab: Registered nurse HAIs ko rokne mein ahem kirdar ada karte hain. Ismein sahi tarah se haath
dhona, infection control protocols ka istemal karna, personal protective equipment istemal karna, saman
aur surfaces ko saaf aur disinfect karna, aur mareezon aur healthcare staff ko infection prevention
measures ke bare mein taleem dena shamil hain.

3. Congestive heart failure (CHF) ke mareez ke liye nursing interventions ka tashreeh kijiye.

Jawab: CHF ke mareez ke liye nursing interventions vital signs aur rozmarra ki wazan ki monitoring,
doctor ki taraf se diye gaye dawaiyon ka istemal (jaise diuretics aur ACE inhibitors), fluid aur sodium
intake ka tawazun banaye rakhna, sarahat ke andar harkat ko promote karna, mareez ko khud ka khayal
aur symptoms ka tajziya karna, aur fluid overload ya symptoms ke barhte hue lakshanon ka nazara karna
shamil hai.

4. Therapeutic communication ka tasawwur samjha kar aur iski ahmiyat bataein.

Jawab: Therapeutic communication aik technique hai jis mein nurses mareezon ke saath sahara aur
therapy ke taluqat banate hain. Ismein active sunna, empathy, izzat, aur jazbati jawabat shamil hote
hain, jo mareez ki aitmad aur tashheer ko behtar banane mein madad karte hain. Therapeutic
communication aitmad ka pehlu banane, maloomat ikhraj karne, jazbati sahara pesh karne aur mareez ki
marzi ke mutabiq sahi communication ko barqarar rakhne mein madad karta hai.
5. Blood transfusion karane wale mareezon ke liye nursing considerations kya hain?

Jawab: Blood transfusion karane wale mareezon ke liye nursing considerations mareez ki pahchan aur
blood type ka tasdeeq karna, informed consent hasil karna, transfusion ke doraan vital signs ko nazara
karna, kisi bhi musibat ke lakshanon ka tashkhees karna, aseptic technique ka istemal karna, aur
transfusion ki tafseelat ko durust dhang se darj karna shamil hai.

6. Diabetes mellitus ke mareez ke liye nursing care ki tashreeh kijiye.

Jawab: Diabetes mellitus ke mareez ke liye

nursing care mein blood glucose monitoring, prescribed medications (jaise insulin) ka istemal, sahi diet
aur exercise plan ki tashkil, foot care ka tawajjah dena, mareez ko diabetes ke management par taleem
dena, aur regular follow-up appointments ki ahmiyat samjhana shamil hai.

7. Intensive Care Unit (ICU) ke nursing staff ka kirdar aur zimmedariyan kya hoti hain?

Jawab: ICU ke nursing staff ka kirdar behad ahem hai. Unki zimmedariyan mareezon ki vital signs aur
saans ki halat ka monitoring, ventilator aur medical equipment ki monitoring, medications ka
administration, sahi positioning aur mobility ko barqarar rakhna, sahi infection control measures ko
istemal karna, aur mareezon aur unke parivaron ko emotional aur informational support dena shamil
hain.

8. Stroke ke mareez ke liye nursing interventions aur assessment techniques bataein.

Jawab: Stroke ke mareez ke liye nursing interventions mein neurological status ka monitoring, vital
signs ki nazara karna, prescribed medications (jaise clot-busting agents) ka istemal karna, proper
positioning aur mobility ko promote karna, mareez ko activities of daily living mein madad karna, aur
mareez aur parivaron ko stroke ke bare mein taleem dena shamil hai. Stroke ke mareez ka assessment
neurological status, communication skills, motor function, aur swallowing abilities ka tashkhees karna
shamil hai.

9. Registered nurse ke liye patient safety kis tarah ahem hai?

Jawab: Registered nurse ke liye patient safety behad ahem hai. Unki zimmedariyon mein sahi
medication administration, infection control measures ka istemal, sahi documentation, sahi identification
aur patient verification, falls prevention, aur communication aur handoff ka sahi tarah se samjhna shamil
hai. Registered nurse mareezon ki hifazat, jaanleva complications se bachav aur achi quality of care ko
promote karne mein ahem kirdar ada karte hain.
10. Psychiatric patient ke liye registered nurse ki zimmedariyan kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Psychiatric patient ke liye registered nurse ki zimmedariyan assessment of mental health status,
sahi medications ka administration, therapeutic communication, behavioral interventions, safety
measures (jaise ki suicide prevention), patient ke saath collaboration aur care plan banane, aur patient
aur unke parivaron ko support aur taleem dena shamil hain. Registered nurse psychosocial aur emotional
needs ko samajhne, patient ki dignity aur respect ko barqarar rakhne aur unko achi quality of care dene
mein madad karte hain.

Practical Questions

1. Aap ek busy shift mein apne nursing tasks ko kis tarah prioritize karte hain?

Jawab: Main apne nursing tasks ko priority ke hisab se organize karti hoon, jahan har task ki zaroorat
aur ehmiyat ko dhyan mein rakhti hoon. Main mareezon ki halat ka jayeza leti hoon, healthcare team ke
saath mashwara karta hoon, aur tasks ko uss tashkhees ke hisab se prioritize karti hoon jo jald halat ki
zaroorat hai ya mareez ke liye ahem hai.

2. Dawaon ko dekar mareezon ki safety kaise guarantee karte hain?

Jawab: Mareezon ko dawaon ki safety ko guarantee karne ke liye, main dawaon ki administration mein
paancho hakiqaton ka dhyan rakhti hoon: sahi mareez, sahi dawa, sahi dose, sahi route, aur sahi waqt.
Main dawaon ke orders ko dobara check karti hoon, mareez ki pahchan tasdeeq karti hoon, allergies ka
tajziya karti hoon, aur sahi tarah se barcode scanning technology ka istemal karti hoon.

3. Agar aapko ek saath kaam karne mein ya healthcare team ke kisi aur member ke saath kisi masle
ka samna karna pade, to aap kaise deal karenge?

Jawab: Jab mujhe kisi masle ka samna karna pade, to main khuley mizaj se communication ko pasand
karti hoon aur samasya ko seedhe taur par uss vyakti ke saath deal karti hoon jispar masla hai. Main
mehnat se sunne ki koshish karti hoon, unke nazariye ko samajhne ki koshish karti hoon, aur ek dusre ke
liye samjhaute wale hal tak pahunchne ki koshish karti hoon. Agar zarurat ho, to main kisi supervisor ya
madhyasth ki madad se samadhan ko aasan karti hoon.

4. Aap healthcare setting mein infection control kaise guarantee karte hain?

Jawab: Main standard precautions ka palan karti hoon, jaise sahi haath dhona, personal protective
equipment pehnna, saaf mahaul banaye rakhna, aur isolation protocols ka palan karna. Main mareezon
aur unke parivaron ko bhi infection prevention practices ke bare mein taleem deti hoon aur kisi bhi
infection ke sambhav lakshan ko nazara karti hoon.

5. Aap mareezon aur unke parivaron ko emotional support kaise dete hain?

Jawab: Main mareezon aur unke parivaron ko emotional support is tareeke se deti hoon: active taur
par sunte hain, unki pareshaniyon ka samajhte hain, aur unhe ek surakshit aur nirpeksh mahaul banate
hain. Main unhe tasalli deti hoon, unke sharaiyat ke bare mein jankari deti hoon, aur faisle mein unhe
shamil karke unhe ikhtiyar ka ehsas dilate hoon taki unka control.

Procedure-related questions

1. Ek IV line lagane ka step-by-step procedure batayein.

Jawab: IV line lagane ka step-by-step procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sahi size ka IV catheter aur IV tubing tayyar karein.

3. Mareez ka vein dhundhein aur saaf karein.

4. Tourniquet laga kar vein ko prabhavit karein.

5. Needle ko 30-45 degree angle se vein mein insert karein.

6. Flashback aane par angle ko kam karke catheter ko vein mein advance karein.

7. Tourniquet hata dein aur catheter ko secure karein.

8. IV tubing ko IV bag se connect karein aur infusion start karein.

9. Mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

2. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: CPR aksar 3 asamayik karako (chest compressions, hawa ki raftar, hawa ki hawaa ki len-den) se
milta hai. Iska procedure is tarah hai:

1. Emergency response team ko inform karein.

2. Mareez ka istidlal karein aur chehra dekhein.

3. Agar mareez hosh mein nahi hai, to CPR shuru karein.

4. Chest compressions karein: Hathon ko ghutne tak laga kar 30 chest compressions karein.
 5. Hawa ki raftar den: Mareez ke naak mein apna muh rakhein aur 2 hawa ki raftar dein.

6. CPR ke dauran AED (Automated External Defibrillator) ka istemal karein agar uplabdh ho.

7. CPR ko jaari rakhein jab tak ki medical help na pahonche ya hosh na aaye.

3. Urinary catheterization ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Urinary catheterization ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sterile catheterization tray tayyar karein.

3. Mareez ko position karein aur privacy rakhein.

4. Sterile drape aur sterile gloves pehnein.

5. Urethral opening ko saaf karein aur draping karein.

6. Lubricated catheter ko gently insert karein.

7. Catheter ko advance karte hue urine ka flow dekhein.

8. Catheter ko secure karein aur tubing ko drainage bag se connect karein.

9. Mareez ko comfortable position mein rakhein aur documentation karein.

4. Intramuscular (IM) injection lagane ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: IM injection lagane ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sahi size ka needle aur syringe tayyar karein.

3. Injection site ko saaf karein aur alcohol swab

Se sterilize karein.

4. Needle ko 90 degree angle se muscle mein insert karein.

5. Syringe ka piston dhire-dhire push karein aur medication ko inject karein.

6. Needle ko hata dein aur injection site ko cotton swab se dabayein.

7. Mareez ko aaram karne dein aur documentation karein.

5. Nasogastric (NG) tube insertion ka procedure batayein.

Jawab: NG tube insertion ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Mareez ko position karein aur privacy rakhein.

3. NG tube ko measure karein aur lubricate karein.

4. Mareez ka sir thoda sa aage ki taraf jhukaayein.

5. Tube ko gently insert karein aur advance karte hue swallowing ko monitor karein.

6. Tube ka correct placement check karein (X-ray ya pH test ke through).

7. Tube ko secure karein aur feeding ya medication shuru karein.

8. Mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

6. Wound dressing change ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Wound dressing change ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Pehle dressing ko remove karein aur disposal ke liye taiyar karein.

3. Wound ko gentle saline solution se clean karein aur sterile swabs ka istemal karein.

4. Medicated ointment ya dressing material apply karein, jaise antimicrobial dressing.

5. Dressing ko secure karein aur bandage laga kar mareez ko comfortable rakhein.

6. Documentation karein aur wound healing progress monitor karein.

7. IV infusion pump ka istemal kaise kiya jata hai?

Jawab: IV infusion pump ka istemal is tarah kiya jata hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Infusion pump ki sahi setting aur parameters ko set karein.

3. IV tubing ko pump se connect karein aur drip rate ko set karein.

4. Pump ke alarm systems ko monitor karein aur kisi bhi unusual activity ko note karein.

5. Infusion ke dauran mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

8. Venipuncture (blood collection) ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Venipuncture ka procedure is tarah hota hai:

 1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sahi size ka needle aur syringe tayyar karein.

3. Vein ko dhundhein aur tourniquet laga kar prabhavit karein.

4. Alcohol swab se area ko sterilize karein.

5. Needle ko 15-30 degree angle se vein mein insert karein aur blood sample collect karein.

6. Needle ko hata dein aur cotton swab se site ko dabayein.

7. Blood sample ko appropriate containers mein transfer karein aur labeling karein.

9. Mareez ko aaram dein aur documentation karein.

10. Oxygen administration ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Oxygen administration ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Oxygen cylinder aur appropriate flow meter tayyar karein.

2. Oxygen mask ya nasal cannula ko sterilize karein aur tayyar karein.

3. Flow rate ko mareez ki zaroorat aur physician ke orders ke hisab se set karein.

4. Oxygen mask ko mareez ke chehre par fit karein ya nasal cannula ko mareez ke naak mein insert
karein.

5. Oxygen ke dauran mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

11. Isolation precautions (eg. Airborne, droplet, contact) ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Isolation precautions ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Personal protective equipment (PPE) jaise gown, mask, goggles, aur gloves pehnein.

3. Mareez ke room mein entry ke liye appropriate signage check karein.

4. Isolation guidelines ke mutabik sahi precautions aur protocols follow karein.

5. Isolation ke baad PPE ko sahi tareeke se remove karein aur disposal ke liye taiyar karein.

6. Haath saaf karein aur documentation karein.

 1. Nasal oxygen cannula ke istemal ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Nasal oxygen cannula istemal karne ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Nasal cannula ko sahi size mein tayyar karein.

3. Cannula ke prongs ko mareez ke naak mein gently insert karein.

4. Cannula ko mareez ke kaano ke peeche adjust karein aur strap se secure karein.

5. Oxygen flow rate ko physician ke orders ke hisab se set karein.

6. Mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

2. Enema administration ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Enema administration ka procedure is tarah hota hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Enema equipment ko tayyar karein aur sterile saline solution ya prescribed solution ka temperature
check karein.

3. Mareez ko comfortable position mein rakhein, jaise left side-lying position.

4. Lubricated tip ko gently anus mein insert karein aur solution ko slowly squeeze karein.

5. Mareez ko encourage karein toilet par jayein aur bowel movement hone dein.

6. Mareez ki halat ko monitor karein aur documentation karein.

3. Central venous catheter (CVC) dressing change ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Central venous catheter dressing change ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sterile drape aur sterile gloves pehnein.

3. Purane dressing ko remove karein aur disposal ke liye taiyar karein.

4. Insertion site ko sterile saline solution se clean karein.

5. New dressing material ko tayyar karein aur insertion site par apply karein.

6. Dressing ko secure karein aur transparent dressing se cover karein.

7. Documentation karein aur catheter ki halat ko monitor karein.

 4. Bedridden mareez ke liye pressure ulcer prevention ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Bedridden mareez ke liye pressure ulcer prevention ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Mareez ki positioning ko regular intervals par change karein.

2. Pressure points ko protect karne ke liye foam ya gel cushions ka istemal karein.

3. Skin ko dry rakhein aur moisture ko control karein.

4. Regular skin assessment karein aur pressure areas ko monitor karein.

5. Mareez ko encourage karein regular exercise karne ke liye.

6. Adequate nutrition aur hydration ko ensure karein.

7. Documentation karein aur mareez ki halat ko monitor karein.

5. Ostomy care ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Ostomy care ka procedure is tarah hota hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Ostomy site ko saaf aur sukhayi karein.

3. Pouch

Ko tayyar karein aur adhesive barrier ko ostomy site par apply karein.

4. Pouch ko gently attach karein aur secure karein.

5. Pouch ko regular intervals par empty karein aur change karein.

6. Ostomy site ko assess karein aur any signs of infection ya irritation ko monitor karein.

7. Documentation karein aur mareez ko ostomy care ke baare mein educate karein.

6. Chest tube insertion ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Chest tube insertion ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Sterile tray tayyar karein aur chest tube kit ko sterilize karein.

3. Mareez ko position karein aur local anesthesia dekar area numb karein.

4. Small incision banayein aur chest tube gently insert karein.

5. Tube ko advance karte hue correct placement ka check karein.

6. Tube ko secure karein aur dressing apply karein.

7. Tube ka drainage system connect karein aur mareez ki halat ko monitor karein.

7. ECG (Electrocardiogram) ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: ECG ka procedure is tarah hota hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Patient ko comfortable position mein rakhein aur appropriate leads ko tayyar karein.

3. Lead pads ko patient ke chest, arms, aur legs par attach karein.

4. ECG machine ko proper settings ke saath connect karein.

5. ECG recording start karein aur patient ko instructions dekar cooperate karwayein.

6. Recording complete hone par lead pads ko hata dein.

7. ECG strip ko analyze karein aur documentation karein.

8. Lumbar puncture (LP) ka procedure kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Lumbar puncture ka procedure is tarah hota hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Patient ko position karein aur local anesthesia dekar area numb karein.

3. Sterile drapes aur equipment ko tayyar karein.

4. Aseptic technique ka istemal karke spinal needle ko insert karein.

5. Needle ke through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collect karein.

6. Needle ko hata dein aur dressing apply karein.

7. CSF sample ko lab mein bhejein aur documentation karein.

9. Indwelling urinary catheter ke care ka procedure kya hai?

Jawab: Indwelling urinary catheter ke care ka procedure is tarah hai:

1. Haath saaf karein aur gloves pehnein.

2. Catheter aur drainage bag ko monitor karein.

3. Catheter tubing ko mareez ke bed se secure karein.

 4. Perineal area ko clean karein aur hygiene maintain karein.

5. Urinary bag ko empty karein regular intervals par aur bag ko below bladder level rakhein.

6. Catheter ko documentation karein aur mareez ki comfort aur halat ko monitor karein.

Sizes Questions

1. IV catheter sizes kya hote hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: IV catheter ke aam sizes 14G se 24G tak hote hain. Bade catheter (14G-18G) zyada fluids aur
blood products ka administration ke liye istemal hote hain, jabki chhote catheter (20G-24G) medications
aur fluids ka slow infusion ke liye istemal hote hain.

2. Syringe sizes kya hoti hain aur unke istemal ka kya maqsad hota hai?

Jawab: Syringe ke aam sizes 1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, aur 20 mL hote hain. Chhote syringe (1 mL-3 mL)
precision aur accurate dosage administration ke liye istemal hote hain, jabki bade syringe (5 mL-20 mL)
larger volume ke medication administration ke liye istemal hote hain.

3. Urinary catheter sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Urinary catheter ke aam sizes 12 Fr se 18 Fr tak hote hain. Chhote catheter (12 Fr-14 Fr) istemal
hota hai mahilaon aur bachon ke liye, jabki bade catheter (16 Fr-18 Fr) istemal hota hai purushon ke liye.

4. Needle sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Needle ke aam sizes 18G se 27G tak hote hain. Bade needle (18G-20G) surgical procedures,
blood transfusions, aur rapid fluid administration ke liye istemal hote hain, jabki chhote needle (22G-
27G) vaccinations, subcutaneous injections, aur medications ka slow administration ke liye istemal hote
hain.

5. Surgical suture sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical suture ke aam sizes 3-0 se 6-0 tak hote hain. Bade suture (3-0-4-0) istemal hote hain
wounds aur incisions ko bandhne ke liye, jabki chhote suture (5-0-6-0) delicate areas, jaise facial suturing
aur fine skin closure ke liye istemal hote hain.

6. NG tube sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?
 Jawab: NG tube ke aam sizes 8 Fr se 18 Fr tak hote hain. Chhote tube (8 Fr-12 Fr) istemal hote hain
nasogastric feeding aur medication administration ke liye, jabki bade tube (14 Fr-18 Fr) istemal hote hain
gastric decompression aur lavage ke liye.

7. Foley catheter sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Foley catheter ke aam sizes 12 Fr se 30 Fr tak hote hain. Chhote catheter (12 Fr-16 Fr) istemal
hote hain

Mahilaon aur bachon ke liye, jabki bade catheter (18 Fr-30 Fr) istemal hote hain purushon ke liye.

8. Blood pressure cuff sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Blood pressure cuff ke aam sizes adult, large adult, aur thigh hote hain. Adult cuff aam taur par
bade bacchon aur adults ke liye istemal hota hai, large adult cuff motape wale patients ke liye aur thigh
cuff bade thighs wale patients ke liye istemal hota hai.

9. Tracheostomy tube sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Tracheostomy tube ke aam sizes 6 mm se 10 mm tak hote hain. Tube size patient ke
tracheostomy stoma aur tracheal anatomy ke hisab se select kiya jata hai.

10. Catheter French sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Catheter French sizes catheter ki outer diameter (OD) ko measure karte hain. Common
catheter French sizes 10 Fr, 12 Fr, 14 Fr, 16 Fr, 18 Fr, aur 20 Fr hote hain. Catheter size patient ke urinary
system ke requirement ke hisab se select kiya jata hai.

Beshak! Yahan aur 10 sawalat aur unke jawabat sizes se related:

1. Insulin syringe ke needle gauge sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Insulin syringe ke needle gauge sizes 28G se 31G tak hoti hain. Chhote gauge (30G-31G) istemal
hoti hain insulin ka precise aur painless administration ke liye, jabki bade gauge (28G) istemal hoti hai
zyada viscous insulin ke liye.

2. Nasogastric (NG) feeding tube ke feeding port sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation
mein hota hai?
 Jawab: Nasogastric (NG) feeding tube ke feeding port sizes 5 Fr se 10 Fr tak hoti hain. Chhote port sizes
(5 Fr-8 Fr) istemal hote hain bolus feedings ke liye, jabki bade port sizes (10 Fr) istemal hote hain
continuous feedings ke liye.

3. Blood collection tube ke colors aur sizes kya hote hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota
hai?

Jawab: Blood collection tube ke colors aur sizes vary karte hain. Kuch common tube colors aur unke
istemal hain:

- Red top: 5 mL aur 10 mL, clotting studies aur serum chemistry ke liye.

- Lavender top: 5 mL aur 10 mL, complete blood count (CBC) aur hematology tests ke liye.

- Green top: 5 mL aur 10 mL, plasma separation aur chemistry tests ke liye.

- Blue top: 5 mL aur 10 mL, coagulation studies aur PT/INR tests ke liye.

4. Chest tube sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Chest tube ke aam sizes 22 Fr se 40 Fr tak hote hain. Tube size pneumothorax, hemothorax, aur
pleural effusion jaise conditions ke treatment ke liye patient ke chest tube ke anatomy aur fluid volume
ke hisab se select kiya jata hai.

5. Urine collection bag sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Urine collection bag ke aam sizes 500 mL, 1000 mL (1 liter), aur 2000 mL (2 liter) hote hain.
Chhote bag sizes (500 mL) istemal hote hain short-term urine collection ke liye, jabki bade bag sizes
(1000 mL, 2000 mL) istemal hote hain long-term urine collection aur bedridden patients ke liye.

6. Endotracheal tube (ETT) sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Endotracheal tube ke aam sizes neonates, infants, aur adults ke liye alag-alag hote hain.
Neonates ke liye tube size 2.5 mm-3.5 mm hoti hai, infants ke liye 3.5 mm-5.0 mm, aur adults ke liye 7.0
mm-9.0 mm tak hoti hai. Tube size patient ke age, weight, aur respiratory needs ke hisab se select kiya
jata hai.

7. Intradermal needle ke sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Intradermal needle ke aam sizes 25 G se 27 G tak hoti hain. Chhote gauge (27 G) needle istemal
hoti hai intradermal skin tests, jaise TB test (Mantoux test) ke liye.
 7. Arterial line catheter ke sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Arterial line catheter ke aam sizes 18 G se 20 G tak hoti hain. Bade gauge (18 G) catheter
istemal hoti hai continuous invasive blood pressure monitoring aur frequent blood sampling ke liye.

8. Gastrostomy (G) tube sizes kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein hota hai?

Jawab: Gastrostomy (G) tube ke aam sizes 14 Fr se 24 Fr tak hoti hain. Tube size patient ke gastrostomy
stoma aur nutritional needs ke hisab se select kiya jata hai.

9. Intravenous (IV) extension tubing ke lengths kya hoti hain aur unka istemal kis situation mein
hota hai?

Jawab: Intravenous (IV) extension tubing ke aam lengths 6 inches se 72 inches tak hoti hain. Tubing
length fluids ka long-distance infusion, multiple access points, aur flexibility ke liye select kiya jata hai.

Dose calculations

1. Sawal: 500 mg paracetamol ka dose 4-hourly administer karna hai. Agar available hai 125 mg/5
mL suspension, toh 4 saal ke bacche ko kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: 500 mg dose lena hai, par available hai 125 mg/5 mL suspension. Toh, 500 mg / 125 mg = 4.
Bacche ko 4 mL suspension deni hogi.

2. Sawal: Theophylline ka therapeutic range 10-20 mcg/mL hai. Patient ka current level hai 18
mcg/mL. Available hai 100 mg/2 mL injection. Patient ko maintenance dose kitna dena hoga agar
clearance rate 0.05 L/kg/hr hai aur patient ka weight 70 kg hai?

Jawab: Maintenance dose calculate karne ke liye pehle loading dose calculate karenge. Loading dose =
Target concentration – Current concentration = 20 mcg/mL – 18 mcg/mL = 2 mcg/mL.

Loading dose = Clearance rate x Vd x C1 / F

Maintenance dose = Clearance rate x Css x Vd / F

Yahan Clearance rate = 0.05 L/kg/hr, Vd = 0.6 L/kg, F = 1 (100% bioavailability).

Loading dose = 0.05 L/kg/hr x 0.6 L/kg x 2 mcg/mL / 1 = 0.06 mcg.

Maintenance dose = 0.05 L/kg/hr x 0.6 L/kg x 18 mcg/mL / 1 = 5.4 mcg/hr.

Agar injection ki concentration 100 mg/2 mL hai, toh 1 mL mein 50 mg hai. Toh, 5.4 mcg/hr x 50
mg/1000 mcg = 0.27 mg/hr. Patient ko 0.27 mg/hr dose deni hogi.
 3. Sawal: Order hai 0.05 mg/kg digoxin dose dena, patient ka weight 60 kg hai. Available hai 0.25
mg tablets. Kitne tablets deni hogi?

Jawab: Digoxin dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 60 kg x 0.05 mg/kg = 3 mg.

Agar 1 tablet mein 0.25 mg hai, toh 3 mg dose ke liye 3 mg / 0.25 mg = 12 tablets deni hongi.

4. Sawal: Order hai 2.5 mg/kg amoxicillin oral dose, patient ka weight 50 kg hai. Available hai 125
mg/5 mL suspension. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Amoxicillin dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 50 kg x 2.5 mg/kg = 125
mg.

Suspension mein 5 mL mein 125 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 5 mL deni hogi.

5. Sawal: Order hai 50 mcg fentanyl intravenous bolus administer karna. Available hai 100 mcg/mL
fentanyl concentration. Kitna volume dena hoga?

Jawab: Dose calculate karne ke liye, dose (mcg) / concentration (mcg/mL) = 50 mcg / 100 mcg/mL = 0.5
mL.

Patient ko 0.5 mL volume dena hoga.

6. Sawal: Order hai 1 mg/kg methylprednisolone dose administer karna, patient ka weight 80 kg
hai. Available hai 40 mg/1 mL injection. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Methylprednisolone dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 80 kg x 1 mg/kg =
80 mg.

Injection mein 1 mL mein 40 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 80 mg / 40 mg/mL = 2 mL deni hogi.

7. Sawal: Order hai 400,000 units heparin subcutaneously administer karna. Available hai 10,000
units/mL concentration. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Dose calculate karne ke liye, dose (units) / concentration (units/mL) = 400,000 units / 10,000
units/mL = 40 mL. Patient ko 40 mL volume dena hoga.

8. Sawal: Order hai 2 mcg/kg/min dopamine infusion rate maintain karna, patient ka weight 70 kg
hai. Available hai 200 mg/50 mL dopamine concentration. Kitna mL/hr dena hoga?
 Jawab: Dopamine infusion rate calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mcg/kg/min) x 60 (convert
minutes to hours) / concentration (mcg/mL) = 70 kg x 2 mcg/kg/min x 60 / 200 mcg/mL = 21 mL/hr.
Patient ko 21 mL/hr rate se dopamine dena hoga.

9. Sawal: Order hai 25 mg/kg gentamicin dose dena, patient ka weight 65 kg hai. Available hai 80
mg/2 mL injection. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Gentamicin dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 65 kg x 25 mg/kg = 1625
mg.

Injection mein 2 mL mein 80 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 1625 mg / 80 mg/mL = 20.31 mL deni hogi. Aap
rounding karke 20 mL den sakte hain.

10. Sawal: Order hai 500 mL normal saline bolus administer karna over 4 hours. Drop factor set hai
15 gtt/mL. Kitne gtt/min rate set karna hoga?

Jawab: Bolus administration rate calculate karne ke liye, volume (mL) / time (min) = 500 mL / 240 min
= 2.08 mL/min.

Drip rate calculate karne ke liye, infusion rate (mL/min) x drop factor (gtt/mL) = 2.08 mL/min x 15
gtt/mL = 31.2 gtt/min. Aap rounding karke 31 gtt/min rate set kar sakte hain.

1. Sawal: Order hai 5000 units heparin intravenous bolus administer karna. Available hai 10,000
units/mL concentration. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Dose calculate karne ke liye, dose (units) / concentration (units/mL) = 5000 units / 10,000
units/mL = 0.5 mL. Patient ko 0.5 mL volume dena hoga.

2. Sawal: Order hai 0.1 mg/kg morphine sulfate subcutaneously administer karna. Patient ka weight
70 kg hai. Available hai 10 mg/mL concentration. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Morphine sulfate dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 70 kg x 0.1 mg/kg =
7 mg.

Injection mein 1 mL mein 10 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 7 mg / 10 mg/mL = 0.7 mL deni hogi.

3. Sawal: Order hai 20 mg/kg ampicillin oral dose administer karna. Patient ka weight 60 kg hai.
Available hai 250 mg/5 mL suspension. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Ampicillin dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 60 kg x 20 mg/kg = 1200
mg.

Suspension mein 5 mL mein 250 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 1200 mg / 250 mg/5 mL = 24 mL deni hogi.
 4. Sawal: Order hai 2 mcg/kg/min dobutamine infusion rate maintain karna. Patient ka weight 80
kg hai. Available hai 250 mg/20 mL concentration. Kitni mL/hr deni hogi?

Jawab: Dobutamine infusion rate calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mcg/kg/min) x 60 (convert
minutes to hours) / concentration (mcg/mL) = 80 kg x 2 mcg/kg/min x 60 / 250 mcg/mL = 19.2 mL/hr.
Patient ko 19.2 mL/hr rate se dobutamine dena hoga.

5. Sawal: Order hai 4 mcg/kg/min norepinephrine infusion rate maintain karna. Patient ka weight
70 kg hai. Available hai 8 mg/250 mL concentration. Kitni mL/hr deni hogi?

Jawab: Norepinephrine infusion rate calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mcg/kg/min) x 60
(convert minutes to hours) / concentration (mcg/mL) = 70 kg x 4 mcg/kg/min x 60 / 8000 mcg/mL = 1.05
mL/hr. Patient ko 1.05 mL/hr rate se norepinephrine dena hoga.

6. Sawal: Order hai 60 mcg/kg furosemide intravenous bolus administer karna. Patient ka weight 50
kg hai. Available hai 10 mg/2 mL concentration. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Furosemide dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mcg/kg) = 50 kg x 60 mcg/kg =
3000 mcg.

Injection mein 2 mL mein 10 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 3000 mcg /

10,000 mcg/mL = 0.3 mL deni hogi.

7. Sawal: Order hai 1.5 mg/kg enoxaparin subcutaneously administer karna. Patient ka weight 75 kg
hai. Available hai 100 mg/mL concentration. Kitni mL deni hogi?

Jawab: Enoxaparin dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 75 kg x 1.5 mg/kg = 112.5
mg.

Injection mein 1 mL mein 100 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 112.5 mg / 100 mg/mL = 1.125 mL deni hogi. Aap
rounding karke 1 mL den sakte hain.

8. Sawal: Order hai 0.5 mg digoxin oral dose administer karna. Available hai 0.25 mg tablets. Kitne
tablets deni hogi?

Jawab: Digoxin dose calculate karne ke liye, dose (mg) / tablet strength (mg) = 0.5 mg / 0.25 mg = 2
tablets. Patient ko 2 tablets deni hongi.
 9. Sawal: Order hai 1000 mL 0.9% sodium chloride solution bolus administer karna over 8 hours.
Drop factor set hai 15 gtt/mL. Kitne gtt/min rate set karna hoga?

Jawab: Bolus administration rate calculate karne ke liye, volume (mL) / time (min) = 1000 mL / 480 min
= 2.08 mL/min.

Drip rate calculate karne ke liye, infusion rate (mL/min) x drop factor (gtt/mL) = 2.08 mL/min x 15
gtt/mL = 31.2 gtt/min. Aap rounding karke 31 gtt/min rate set kar sakte hain.

10. Sawal: Order hai 0.25 mg/kg metoprolol tartrate oral dose administer karna. Patient ka weight
65 kg hai. Available hai 25 mg tablets. Kitne tablets deni hogi?

Jawab: Metoprolol tartrate dose calculate karne ke liye, weight (kg) x dose (mg/kg) = 65 kg x 0.25
mg/kg = 16.25 mg.

Tablet strength 25 mg hai. Toh, patient ko 16.25 mg / 25 mg/tablet = 0.65 tablets deni hogi. Aap
rounding karke 1 tablet den sakte hain.

Electrolytes Questions

1. Sawal: Sodium (Na+) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Sodium ka normal range typically 135-145 mEq/L hota hai.

2. Sawal: Hypernatremia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hypernatremia, jisme serum sodium level normal range se zyada hota hai, dehydration,
excessive sweating, diabetes insipidus, high salt intake, ya certain medications ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

3. Sawal: Hypokalemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hypokalemia, jisme serum potassium level normal range se kam hota hai, vomiting, diarrhea,
excessive diuretic use, kidney problems, ya inadequate potassium intake ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

4. Sawal: Calcium (Ca2+) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Calcium haddiyo, dant aur naseo ke swasth rakshan mein madad karta hai, dil ki gati aur rangon
ki mudraon ka control karta hai aur kai physiological processes ke liye zaruri hai.

5. Sawal: Hypercalcemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?
 Jawab: Hypercalcemia, jisme serum calcium level normal range se zyada hota hai, hyperparathyroidism,
certain cancers, excessive vitamin D intake, ya thiazide diuretics ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

6. Sawal: Hypocalcemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hypocalcemia, jisme serum calcium level normal range se kam hota hai, hypoparathyroidism,
vitamin D deficiency, malabsorption disorders, ya chronic kidney disease ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

7. Sawal: Potassium (K+) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Potassium nerves aur muscles ko sahi tarike se function karne mein madad karta hai, heart
rhythm ko regular rakhta hai aur fluid balance maintain karta hai.

8. Sawal: Hyperkalemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hyperkalemia, jisme serum potassium level normal range se zyada hota hai, kidney problems,
certain medications, excessive potassium intake, ya tissue damage ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

9. Sawal: Hypokalemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hypokalemia, jisme serum potassium level normal range se kam hota hai, vomiting, diarrhea,
diuretic use, ya inadequate potassium intake ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

10. Sawal: Chloride (Cl-) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Chloride body fluid balance ko maintain karta hai, stomach acid formation mein madad karta
hai, aur electrical impulses ke transmission mein bhi shaamil hota hai.

1. Sawal: Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Bicarbonate body’s acid-base balance ko maintain karta hai. Ye bicarbonate-carbon dioxide
buffer system ke important component hai.

2. Sawal: Hypernatremia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypernatremia, jisme serum sodium level normal range se zyada hota hai, excessive thirst
(pyaas), dry mouth, lethargy (susti), irritability (chidchidapan), confusion (bhram), aur seizures (mirsan)
jaise symptoms show kar sakta hai.
 3. Sawal: Hyponatremia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hyponatremia, jisme serum sodium level normal range se kam hota hai, nausea (ulti), vomiting
(ulti), headache (sar dard), confusion (bhram), seizures (mirsan), aur muscle cramps (maspeshiyon mein
dard) jaise symptoms ho sakte hain.

4. Sawal: Phosphate (PO4-) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Phosphate bones aur teeth ke swasth hone mein madad karta hai, energy production mein
shaamil hota hai, DNA aur RNA synthesis mein important role ada karta hai, aur acid-base balance ko
maintain karta hai.

5. Sawal: Hyperphosphatemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hyperphosphatemia, jisme serum phosphate level normal range se zyada hota hai, kidney
problems, excessive intake of phosphate-rich foods, ya certain medications ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

6. Sawal: Hypophosphatemia kya hai aur iski common causes kya hoti hain?

Jawab: Hypophosphatemia, jisme serum phosphate level normal range se kam hota hai, malnutrition,
alcoholism, certain medications, ya excessive loss of phosphate through urine ki wajah se ho sakta hai.

7. Sawal: Magnesium (Mg2+) ka role kya hai?

Jawab: Magnesium muscles aur nerves ke proper functioning mein madad karta hai, heart rhythm ko
regulate karta hai, blood pressure ko maintain karta hai, aur bone health ko support karta hai.

8. Sawal: Hypermagnesemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypermagnesemia, jisme serum magnesium level normal range se zyada hota hai, drowsiness
(neend aana), weakness (kamzori), nausea (ulti), aur irregular heart rhythm (behtar na ho rahe dil ki gati)
jaise symptoms show kar sakta hai.

9. Sawal: Hypomagnesemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypomagnesemia, jisme serum magnesium level normal range se kam hota hai, muscle cramps
(maspeshi mein dard), tremors (kapkapahat), arrhythmias (dil ki gati ka aniyamit hona), aur mood
changes (mood mein badlav) jaise symptoms ho sakte hain.

10. Sawal: Potassium (K+) ka normal range kya hai?

 Jawab: Potassium ka normal

Range typically 3.5-5.0 mEq/L hota hai.

1. Sawal: Calcium (Ca2+) ka normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Calcium ka normal range typically 8.5-10.5 mg/dL hota hai.

2. Sawal: Hypercalcemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypercalcemia, jisme serum calcium level normal range se zyada hota hai, excessive thirst
(pyaas), frequent urination (baar-baar peshaab aana), constipation (qabz), abdominal pain (pait ka dard),
weakness (kamzori), aur kidney stones (gurde ki pathri) jaise symptoms show kar sakta hai.

3. Sawal: Hypocalcemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypocalcemia, jisme serum calcium level normal range se kam hota hai, numbness or tingling in
the extremities (hath-paon mein sunnata ya jhanjhanahat), muscle cramps (maspeshiyon mein dard),
tetany (maspeshiyo ki tanavpurn sthiti), seizures (mirsan), aur abnormal heart rhythms (behtar na ho
rahe dil ki gati) jaise symptoms ho sakte hain.

4. Sawal: Phosphorus (PO4-) ka normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Phosphorus ka normal range typically 2.5-4.5 mg/dL hota hai.

5. Sawal: Hyperphosphatemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hyperphosphatemia, jisme serum phosphate level normal range se zyada hota hai, muscle
cramps (maspeshiyon mein dard), joint pain (jodon ka dard), itchy skin (khujli wali twacha), aur calcium
deposits in tissues (koshikao mein calcium jama hona) jaise symptoms show kar sakta hai.

6. Sawal: Hypophosphatemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypophosphatemia, jisme serum phosphate level normal range se kam hota hai, muscle
weakness (maspeshiyo ka kamzor hona), bone pain (haddiyo ka dard), confusion (bhram), aur respiratory
failure (saans lene mein asafalta) jaise symptoms ho sakte hain.

7. Sawal: Magnesium (Mg2+) ka normal range kya hai?

 Jawab: Magnesium ka normal range typically 1.7-2.2 mg/dL hota hai.

8. Sawal: Hypermagnesemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypermagnesemia, jisme serum magnesium level normal range se zyada hota hai, drowsiness
(neend aana), nausea (ulti), vomiting (ulti), muscle weakness (maspeshiyo ka kamzor hona), aur
abnormal heart rhythms (behtar na ho rahe dil ki gati) jaise symptoms show kar sakta hai.

9. Sawal: Hypomagnesemia kya hai aur iski common symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Hypomagnesemia, jisme serum magnesium level normal range se kam hota hai, muscle
twitches (

Maspeshiyo ka jhatkana), tremors (kapkapahat), irritability (chidchidapan), weakness (kamzori), aur

abnormal heart rhythms (behtar na ho rahe dil ki gati) jaise symptoms ho sakte hain.

10. Sawal: Phosphorus (PO4-) aur calcium (Ca2+) ka saath mein kya interrelationship hai?

Jawab: Phosphorus aur calcium dono haddiyo aur dantoo ke swasth hone mein zaruri hote hain.
Calcium aur phosphorus ke sahi levels ek dusre ke saath balance mein rehna important hai haddiyo ke
swasth hone ke liye.

Lab test

1. Sawal: Complete Blood Count (CBC) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: CBC test blood sample se various blood components, including red blood cells, white blood
cells, and platelets ka count karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse general health checkup, infection, anemia,
leukemia, ya other blood disorders ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

2. Sawal: Blood Glucose (Sugar) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Glucose test blood sample se glucose (sugar) level ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata hai.
Isse diabetes, prediabetes, ya glucose metabolism disorders ka diagnosis aur monitoring kiya ja sakta hai.

3. Sawal: Lipid Profile test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?
 Jawab: Lipid Profile test blood sample se cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (bad) cholesterol, aur HDL
(good) cholesterol ke levels ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse heart disease risk ka assessment
kiya ja sakta hai.

4. Sawal: Liver Function Test (LFT) kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Liver Function Test blood sample se liver enzymes, bilirubin, albumin, aur other liver-related
parameters ka assessment kiya jata hai. Isse liver diseases, liver damage, ya liver function abnormalities
ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

5. Sawal: Renal Function Test (RFT) kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Renal Function Test blood sample se serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aur
electrolytes (sodium, potassium) ka assessment kiya jata hai. Isse kidney function, kidney diseases, ya
electrolyte imbalances ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

6. Sawal: Thyroid Function Test (TFT) kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Thyroid Function Test blood sample se thyroid hormones (TSH, T3, T4) ka assessment kiya jata
hai. Isse thyroid gland ki functioning, thyroid disorders (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism) ka pata lagaya
ja sakta hai.

7. Sawal: Urinalysis (UA) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Urinalysis test urine sample se various components jaise ki glucose, protein, blood cells, aur
bacteria ka analysis kiya jata hai. Isse urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, diabetes, aur other urinary
system disorders ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

8. Sawal: Electrolyte Panel test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Electrolyte Panel test blood sample se sodium, potassium, chloride, aur bicarbonate ions ke
levels ka assessment kiya jata hai. Isse electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, kidney diseases, ya other
systemic conditions ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

9. Sawal: Coagulation Profile (PT/INR) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Coagulation Profile test blood sample se blood clotting factors (PT – Prothrombin Time, INR –
International Normalized Ratio) ka assessment kiya jata hai. Isse blood
Clotting disorders, bleeding disorders, ya anticoagulant therapy monitoring ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

10. Sawal: C-Reactive Protein (CRP) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: C-Reactive Protein test blood sample se CRP levels ka assessment kiya jata hai. Isse
inflammation levels, infection, autoimmune disorders, aur cardiovascular disease risk ka pata lagaya ja
sakta hai.

1. Sawal: Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Hemoglobin A1c test blood sample se average blood glucose level ko measure karne ke liye kiya
jata hai. Isse diabetes ka long-term blood glucose control ka assessment kiya ja sakta hai.

2. Sawal: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Urea Nitrogen test blood sample se blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level ko measure karne ke
liye kiya jata hai. Isse kidney function aur urea nitrogen waste product ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

3. Sawal: Creatinine Clearance test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Creatinine Clearance test blood sample aur 24-hour urine collection se creatinine clearance rate
ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse kidney function aur glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ka pata
lagaya ja sakta hai.

4. Sawal: Troponin test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Troponin test blood sample se troponin I aur troponin T levels ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata
hai. Isse heart muscle damage, myocardial infarction (heart attack), ya unstable angina ka pata lagaya ja
sakta hai.

5. Sawal: Prothrombin Time (PT) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Prothrombin Time test blood sample se blood clotting time ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata
hai. Isse clotting factors aur anticoagulant therapy monitoring ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

6. Sawal: International Normalized Ratio (INR) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: International Normalized Ratio test blood sample se prothrombin time (PT) ko standardize karke
clotting time ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse warfarin ya other anticoagulant therapy ki
effectiveness ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.
 7. Sawal: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Alanine Aminotransferase test blood sample se ALT enzyme level ko measure karne ke liye kiya
jata hai. Isse liver damage, hepatitis, ya other liver diseases ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

8. Sawal: Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Aspartate Aminotransferase test blood sample se AST enzyme level ko measure karne ke liye
kiya jata hai. Isse liver damage, heart disease, ya other organ damage ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

9. Sawal: Rheumatoid Factor (RF) test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Rheumatoid Factor test blood sample se rheumatoid factor antibody level ko measure karne ke
liye kiya jata hai. Isse rheumatoid arthritis aur other autoimmune disorders ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

10. Sawal: Amylase test kya hota hai aur iska purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Amylase test blood sample se amylase enzyme level ko measure karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Isse
pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, ya other digestive disorders ka pata lagaya ja sakta hai.

Lab test values

1. Sawal: Hemoglobin (Hb) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Hemoglobin ka normal range typically 12-16 g/dL hota hai females ke liye aur 14-18 g/dL hota
hai males ke liye.

2. Sawal: Serum Creatinine normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Creatinine ka normal range typically 0.6-1.2 mg/dL hota hai adults ke liye. Yeh range age,
gender, aur other factors par depend kar sakta hai.

3. Sawal: Fasting Blood Glucose normal range kya hai?

 Jawab: Fasting Blood Glucose ka normal range typically 70-99 mg/dL hota hai. Yeh range fasting state
mein blood glucose level ko indicate karta hai.

4. Sawal: Total Cholesterol normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Total Cholesterol ka normal range typically less than 200 mg/dL hota hai. Ismein LDL
cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, aur triglycerides ka sum hota hai.

5. Sawal: Serum Potassium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Potassium ka normal range typically 3.5-5.0 mEq/L hota hai. Potassium levels body’s
electrolyte balance aur nerve function ke liye important hai.

6. Sawal: International Normalized Ratio (INR) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: INR ka normal range typically 0.9-1.1 hota hai individuals ke liye jinhone warfarin ya other
anticoagulant therapy nahi li hai. INR ki target range anticoagulant therapy par depend karti hai.

7. Sawal: Serum Albumin normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Albumin ka normal range typically 3.5-5.0 g/dL hota hai. Albumin protein liver se
produce hota hai aur nutrition status aur liver function ka indicator hota hai.

8. Sawal: Serum Sodium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Sodium ka normal range typically 135-145 mEq/L hota hai. Sodium levels body’s
electrolyte balance aur nerve function ke liye important hai.

9. Sawal: Serum Bilirubin normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Bilirubin ka normal range typically less than 1.0 mg/dL hota hai. Bilirubin liver se produce
hota hai aur bilirubin levels liver function aur jaundice ka indicator hota hai.

10. Sawal: Prothrombin Time (PT) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: PT ka normal range typically 11-13 seconds hota hai. PT blood clotting factors ki functioning aur
anticoagulant therapy monitoring ke liye measure kiya jata hai.

1. Sawal: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) normal range kya hai?

 Jawab: Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) ka normal range typically 7-20 mg/dL hota hai. BUN levels kidney
function aur urea nitrogen waste product ka indicator hota hai.

2. Sawal: Serum Calcium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Calcium ka normal range typically 8.5-10.5 mg/dL hota hai. Calcium levels haddiyo,
dantoo, aur nerve function ke liye important hote hai.

3. Sawal: White Blood Cell (WBC) count normal range kya hai?

Jawab: White Blood Cell (WBC) count ka normal range typically 4,500-11,000 cells/mm³ hota hai. WBC
count immune system function aur infection presence ko indicate karta hai.

4. Sawal: Platelet count normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Platelet count ka normal range typically 150,000-450,000 cells/mm³ hota hai. Platelets blood
clotting ke liye important hote hai.

5. Sawal: Serum Glucose (Sugar) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Glucose (Sugar) ka normal range typically 70-99 mg/dL hota hai fasting state mein.
Glucose levels diabetes aur glucose metabolism disorders ka indicator hota hai.

6. Sawal: Serum Iron normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Iron ka normal range typically 60-170 µg/dL hota hai females ke liye aur 80-180 µg/dL
hota hai males ke liye. Iron levels anemia aur iron metabolism ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate
hai.

7. Sawal: Serum Magnesium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Magnesium ka normal range typically 1.7-2.2 mg/dL hota hai. Magnesium levels nerve
function, muscle contraction, aur electrolyte balance ke liye important hote hai.

8. Sawal: Serum Uric Acid normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Uric Acid ka normal range typically 2.4-6.0 mg/dL hota hai females ke liye aur 3.4-7.0
mg/dL hota hai males ke liye. Uric acid levels gout aur uric acid metabolism disorders ka indicator hota
hai.
 9. Sawal: Red Blood Cell (RBC) count normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Red Blood Cell (RBC) count ka normal range typically 4.5-5.5 million cells/mm³ hota hai females
ke liye aur 5.0-6.0 million cells/mm³ hota hai males ke liye. RBC count anemia aur oxygen-carrying
capacity ko indicate karta hai.

10. Sawal: Serum Total Protein normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Total Protein ka normal range typically 6.0-8.0 g/dL hota hai. Total Protein levels liver
function, nutritional status, aur protein metabolism ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

1. Sawal: Serum Bilirubin (Direct and Indirect) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Bilirubin (Direct and Indirect) ka normal range typically 0.1-1.0 mg/dL hota hai. Bilirubin
levels liver function aur jaundice ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

2. Sawal: Serum Lipid Profile (Cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Lipid Profile ke normal ranges hote hai:

- Total Cholesterol: Less than 200 mg/dL

- LDL Cholesterol: Less than 100 mg/dL

- HDL Cholesterol: 40-60 mg/dL (higher is better)

- Triglycerides: Less than 150 mg/dL

3. Sawal: Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) ka normal range typically 0.4-4.0 mIU/L hota hai.
TSH levels thyroid function ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

4. Sawal: Serum Vitamin D normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Vitamin D ka normal range typically 30-50 ng/mL hota hai. Vitamin D levels bone health
aur calcium absorption ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

5. Sawal: Blood Gas Analysis (pH, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3-) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Gas Analysis ke normal ranges hote hai:

 - pH: 7.35-7.45

- PaO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen): 75-100 mmHg

- PaCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide): 35-45 mmHg

- HCO3- (Bicarbonate): 22-26 mEq/L

6. Sawal: Serum Amylase normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Amylase ka normal range typically 30-110 U/L hota hai. Amylase levels pancreatitis aur
other digestive disorders ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

7. Sawal: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) ka normal range typically less than 4 ng/mL hota hai. PSA levels
prostate health aur prostate cancer risk ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

8. Sawal: Complete Blood Count (CBC) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Complete Blood Count (CBC) ke normal ranges hote hai:

- Hemoglobin (Hb): Females: 12-16 g/dL, Males: 14-18 g/dL

- White Blood Cell (WBC) count: 4,500-11,000 cells/mm³

- Platelet count: 150,000-450,000 cells/mm³

9. Sawal: Blood Coagulation Time (PT, APTT) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Coagulation Time ke normal ranges hote hai:

- Prothrombin Time (PT): 11-13 seconds

- Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): 25-35 seconds

10. Saw

Al: Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum C-reactive Protein (CRP) ka normal range typically less than 1.0 mg/dL hota hai. CRP
levels inflammation aur infection presence ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.
 1. Sawal: Serum Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Electrolytes ke normal ranges hote hai:

- Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L

- Potassium: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

- Chloride: 95-105 mEq/L

2. Sawal: Blood Uric Acid normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Uric Acid ka normal range typically 2.4-6.0 mg/dL hota hai females ke liye aur 3.4-7.0
mg/dL hota hai males ke liye. Uric acid levels gout aur uric acid metabolism ke assessment ke liye
measure kiye jate hai.

3. Sawal: Serum Calcium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Calcium ka normal range typically 8.5-10.5 mg/dL hota hai. Calcium levels haddiyo,
dantoo, aur nerve function ke liye important hote hai.

4. Sawal: Blood Glucose (Random) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Blood Glucose (Random) ka normal range typically less than 200 mg/dL hota hai. Random blood
glucose levels diabetes aur glucose metabolism ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

5. Sawal: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) normal ranges kya hai?

Jawab: Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) ke normal ranges hote hai:

- pH: 7.35-7.45

- PaO2 (Partial Pressure of Oxygen): 75-100 mmHg

- PaCO2 (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide): 35-45 mmHg

- HCO3- (Bicarbonate): 22-26 mEq/L

6. Sawal: Serum Iron normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Iron ka normal range typically 60-170 µg/dL hota hai females ke liye aur 80-180 µg/dL
hota hai males ke liye. Iron levels anemia aur iron metabolism ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate
hai.
 7. Sawal: Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3-) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Bicarbonate (HCO3-) ka normal range typically 22-26 mEq/L hota hai. Bicarbonate levels
acid-base balance aur kidney function ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

8. Sawal: Serum Magnesium normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Magnesium ka normal range typically 1.7-2.2 mg/dL hota hai. Magnesium levels nerve
function, muscle contraction, aur electrolyte balance ke liye important hote hai.

9. Sawal: Serum Total Protein normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Total Protein ka normal range typically 6.0-8.0 g/dL hota hai. Total Protein levels liver
function, nutritional status, aur protein metabolism ke assessment ke liye measure kiye jate hai.

10. Sawal: Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) normal range kya hai?

Jawab: Serum Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) ka normal range typically 0.4-4.0 mIU/L hota hai.
TSH levels thyroid function ke assessment ke liye measure Kiya jata hai.

Surgical

1. Sawal: Surgical site infection ko kaise prevent kiya ja sakta hai?

Jawab: Surgical site infection ko prevent karne ke liye kuch measures hote hai:

- Proper hand hygiene (handwashing or hand sanitizing)

- Use of sterile gloves, gowns, and drapes during surgery

- Proper sterilization and disinfection of surgical instruments

- Antibiotic prophylaxis before surgery, if indicated

- Maintaining a sterile surgical environment

- Proper wound care and dressing post-surgery

2. Sawal: Anesthesia kya hoti hai aur surgery mein kaise istemal hoti hai?

Jawab: Anesthesia surgery mein patient ko unconscious (general anesthesia) ya pain-free (local or
regional anesthesia) banane ke liye istemal hoti hai. Anesthesia ke types include:
 - General anesthesia: Patient ko unconscious aur pain-free banata hai, jisse surgery ko sahi tarike se
perform kiya ja sakta hai.

- Local anesthesia: Specific area ko numb banata hai, jisse pain control hota hai.

- Regional anesthesia: Larger area, jaise ki ek limb, ko numb banata hai.

3. Sawal: Surgical instruments ke sterilization ke liye kaunse methods istemal hote hai?

Jawab: Surgical instruments ke sterilization ke liye kuch methods hote hai:

- Autoclaving: High-pressure steam se instruments ko sterilize karna.

- Chemical sterilization: Chemical agents jaise ethylene oxide ka istemal karke instruments ko sterilize
karna.

- Dry heat sterilization: Instruments ko dry heat me sterilize karna.

- Radiation sterilization: High-energy radiation ka istemal karke instruments ko sterilize karna.

4. Sawal: Surgery ke dauran patient ke vital signs kaise monitor kiye jate hai?

Jawab: Surgery ke dauran patient ke vital signs monitor kiye jate hai, jaise:

- Blood pressure: Non-invasive cuff ya invasive arterial line se monitor kiya jata hai.

- Heart rate: ECG (Electrocardiogram) se monitor kiya jata hai.

- Respiratory rate: Respiratory monitor ya visual observation se count kiya jata hai.

- Oxygen saturation: Pulse oximeter se monitor kiya jata hai.

- Temperature: Thermometer se monitor kiya jata hai.

5. Sawal: Surgical complications aur post-operative care mein kya precautions lene chahiye?

Jawab: Surgical complications se bachne aur post-operative care ke liye kuch precautions lene chahiye:

- Proper wound care: Wound ko saaf aur sterile rakhe, dressing ko regularly change kare.

- Pain management: Pain medication ko timely aur as prescribed le, discomfort ke liye techniques jaise
deep breathing aur relaxation ka istemal kare.

- Infection prevention: Hand hygiene maintain kare, prescribed antibiotics ko properly complete kare,
signs of infection ko monitor kare.

- Mobilization: As advised by the healthcare team, early mobilization aur ambulation ko encourage
kare.
 - Follow-up appointments: Post-operative follow-up appointments aur tests ko timely attend kare.

1. Sawal: Surgical Scrub kya hai aur kaise karte hai?

Jawab: Surgical Scrub ek process hai jisme surgical team members apne hands, arms, aur nails ko
properly clean aur sterile banate hai. Iske liye surgical scrub solution aur brushes ka istemal kiya jata hai.
Surgical scrub ko karne se bacteria aur germs ko remove kiya jata hai, jisse surgical site infection risk kam
ho jata hai.

2. Sawal: Sterile technique kya hoti hai aur kyun zaruri hai surgery mein?

Jawab: Sterile technique surgical procedures mein use ki jati hai taki infection risk kam ho. Isme sterile
gowns, gloves, drapes, aur instruments ka istemal hota hai. Sterile field ko maintain karne ke liye aseptic
techniques ka istemal kiya jata hai. Sterile technique se bacteria aur germs ko surgery site tak pahunchne
se roka jata hai.

3. Sawal: Surgical sutures kya hote hai aur unka istemal kis tarah se hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical sutures surgical procedures mein tissue ko repair karne ke liye istemal kiye jate hai.
Sutures materials mein non-absorbable aur absorbable sutures shamil hote hai. Sutures ko surgical
needle ke through tissue ko join karne ke liye use kiya jata hai. Absorbable sutures thode samay baad
dissolve ho jate hai, jabki non-absorbable sutures surgical intervention se remove kiye jate hai.

4. Sawal: Surgical drains kya hote hai aur unka istemal kis tarah se hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical drains plastic tubes hote hai jo surgical site se fluid, blood, aur debris ko drain karne ke
liye istemal kiye jate hai. Surgical drains ko surgery ke baad temporarily rakha jata hai aur unka removal
surgeon ke instructions ke mutabik hota hai. Surgical drains se post-operative complications jaise
hematoma, seroma, aur infection ka risk kam ho jata hai.

5. Sawal: Surgical staplers kya hote hai aur unka istemal kis tarah se hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical staplers surgical procedures mein tissue ko join karne ke liye istemal kiye jate hai.
Surgical staplers surgical sutures ki jagah istemal kiye jate hai. Staplers ki help se tissue ko proper
alignment me hold kiya jata hai aur surgical incisions ko bandh karne ke liye staples lagaye jate hai.
Surgical staplers surgery ke samay suturing process ko accelerate karte hai.

6. Sawal: Surgical positioning kyu zaruri hai aur kaise kiya jata hai?
 Jawab: Surgical positioning patient ko surgical table par sahi tarah se position karne ka process hai.
Isme patient ki comfort, surgical access, aur patient safety ka dhyan rakha jata hai. Sahi positioning se
surgical field ko accessible banaya jata hai aur patient ke organs aur vital structures ko protect kiya jata
hai. Surgical positioning ko proper padding aur support se ensure kiya jata hai.

7. Sawal: Surgical smoke kya hota hai aur uska kya risk hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical smoke surgery ke dauran electrosurgical devices, laser, ya cautery se generate hota hai.
Surgical smoke me harmful substances, including aerosol

Ized tissue, blood particles, aur toxins shamil hote hai. Surgical smoke inhale karne se healthcare workers
aur patients ko respiratory problems, eye irritation, aur other health risks ho sakte hai. Surgical smoke ko
surgical smoke evacuation systems se remove kiya jata hai.

8. Sawal: Surgical complications kya hote hai aur unko kaise manage kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Surgical complications surgery ke baad develop hone wale unwanted conditions hai. Kuch
common surgical complications hai:

- Infection

- Hemorrhage (bleeding)

- Wound dehiscence (surgical incision opening)

- Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

- Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Surgical complications ko manage karne ke liye timely intervention, proper wound care, medication,
aur follow-up appointments ki zarurat hoti hai.

9. Sawal: Surgical instruments ko sterilize aur maintain karne ke liye kya guidelines hote hai?

Jawab: Surgical instruments ko sterilize aur maintain karne ke liye kuch guidelines hai:

- Instruments ko surgery ke pehle aur baad proper sterilization process se guzarana chahiye.

- Instruments ko sterile covers mein store karna chahiye.

- Surgical instruments ke maintenance aur regular inspection ko ensure karna chahiye.

- Damaged, rusted, ya ineffective instruments ko replace karna chahiye.

- Instruments ke proper lubrication aur cleaning ke liye manufacturer’s instructions ko follow karna
chahiye.
 10. Sawal: Surgical site dressings kaise kiye jate hai aur kis tarah se maintain kiye jate hai?

Jawab: Surgical site dressings surgical incision ko cover karne ke liye kiye jate hai. Dressings ko clean,
dry, aur sterile environment me apply kiya jata hai. Dressings ko surgeon ya healthcare team ke
instructions ke mutabik regularly change kiya jata hai. Dressings ke through wound ko monitor kiya jata
hai aur signs of infection ya other complications ko detect kiya jata hai.

Mistake Questions

1. Sawal: Agar surgeon surgery ke dauran galati kare, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar surgeon surgery ke dauran galati kare, toh kuch kadam uthaye ja sakte hai:

- Galati ko identify kare aur patient ki safety ko priority banaye.

- Senior surgeon ya healthcare team se consult kare aur situation ko discuss kare.

- Galti ko rectify karne ke liye sahi tarike se action le.

- Incident ko document kare aur proper reporting process follow kare.

- Patient ke saath open communication rakhe aur apologetic approach dikhaye.

- Hospital ya organization ke protocols ke mutabik incident ko report kare.

2. Sawal: Agar medication administration mein galati ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Medication administration mein galati hone par turant kuch kadam uthaye ja sakte hai:

- Galati ko identify kare aur patient ki safety ko priority banaye.

- Medication error ko senior nurse ya healthcare team se report kare.

- Patient ki condition ko closely monitor kare aur kisi adverse reactions ke liye vigilant rahe.

- Incident ko document kare aur proper reporting process follow kare.

- Patient ke saath open communication rakhe aur apologetic approach dikhaye.

- Hospital ya organization ke protocols ke mutabik incident ko report kare aur corrective measures le.

3. Sawal: Agar nursing care plan mein galati ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Nursing care plan mein galati hone par niche diye gaye kadam uthaye ja sakte hai:

- Galati ko identify kare aur patient ki safety ko priority banaye.

 - Senior nurse ya healthcare team se consult kare aur situation ko discuss kare.

- Care plan ko revise kare aur galati ko rectify karne ke liye sahi tarike se action le.

- Incident ko document kare aur proper reporting process follow kare.

- Patient ke saath open communication rakhe aur apologetic approach dikhaye.

- Hospital ya organization ke protocols ke mutabik incident ko report kare aur necessary changes
implement kare.

4. Sawal: Agar patient ke vital signs monitoring mein galati ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Patient ke vital signs monitoring mein galati hone par niche diye gaye kadam uthaye ja sakte
hai:

- Galati ko identify kare aur patient ki safety ko priority banaye.

- Senior nurse ya healthcare team se consult kare aur situation ko discuss kare.

- Vital signs ko immediate taur par recheck kare aur kisi abnormalities ke liye action le.

- Incident ko document kare aur proper reporting process follow kare.

- Patient ke saath open communication rakhe aur apologetic approach dikhaye.

- Hospital ya organization ke protocols ke mutabik incident ko report kare aur necessary changes
implement kare.

5. Sawal: Agar patient ki medical history mein galati ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Patient ki medical history mein galati hone par niche diye gaye kadam uthaye ja sakte hai:

- Galati ko identify kare aur patient ki safety ko priority ban

Aye.

- Senior nurse ya healthcare team se consult kare aur situation ko discuss kare.

- Patient ki medical history ko verify kare aur galati ko rectify karne ke liye sahi tarike se action le.

- Incident ko document kare aur proper reporting process follow kare.

- Patient ke saath open communication rakhe aur apologetic approach dikhaye.

- Hospital ya organization ke protocols ke mutabik incident ko report kare aur necessary changes
implement kare.
Emergency

1. Sawal: Emergency Code Blue kya hota hai?

Jawab: Code Blue ek emergency medical situation ko indicate karta hai jahan kisi patient ka cardiac
arrest ya life-threatening condition ho gaya hai. Jab Code Blue announced hota hai, healthcare team
members jaldi se jaldi patient ke paas pohochte hai aur CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) aur
necessary life-saving interventions shuru karte hai.

2. Sawal: Agar patient ke breathing ruk jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ke breathing ruk jaye, toh turant is tarah ke steps follow kare:

- Code Blue announce kare aur healthcare team ko inform kare.

- Patient ke side par laye aur airway ko clear kare.

- CPR shuru kare, jisme chest compressions aur rescue breaths shaamil ho.

- Aas paas ke staff se help mange aur necessary emergency equipment jaise defibrillator ka istemal
kare.

3. Sawal: Agar patient bleeding kar raha ho aur khoon band na ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient bleeding kar raha ho aur khoon band na ho, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Pressure dressing ka istemal kare aur bleeding site par pressure apply kare.

- Ek sterile gauze ya cloth ko direct bleeding site par daba kar rakhe.

- Bleeding limb ko elevate kare, yani usse upar uthaye.

- Emergency medical help aur healthcare team ko inform kare.

4. Sawal: Agar patient ki heartbeat na ho (cardiac arrest), toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ki heartbeat na ho (cardiac arrest), toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Code Blue announce kare aur healthcare team ko inform kare.

- CPR shuru kare, jisme chest compressions aur rescue breaths shaamil ho.

- Aas paas ke staff se help mange aur necessary emergency equipment jaise defibrillator ka istemal
kare.

- Ambulance ya emergency medical services (EMS) ko bulaye.

 5. Sawal: Agar patient ko electric shock lage, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ko electric shock lage, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko immediate danger se dur laye aur power source ko band kare, yadi ho sake.

- Agar patient bil conscious hai, toh unhe encourage kare ki apni movements control kare.

- Agar patient bil unconscious hai, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help bulaye.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur uski condition ko closely observe kare.

6. Sawal: Agar patient ko choking ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ko choking ho, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient se puche ki kya who bol sakte hai, kyun ki partial obstruction hone par patient bol sakta hai.

- Agar patient unable to breathe, cough, ya bolne mein difficulty ho rahi hai, toh Heimlich maneuver
(abdominal thrusts) ka istemal k

Are.

- Agar patient unconscious ho jaye, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help
bulaye.

1. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko seizure (fits) ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko seizure ho jaye, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ke paas rahen aur surroundings ko unke liye safe banaye.

- Patient ko flat surface par laye aur unhe injury se bachaye.

- Kisi soft object ya folded cloth ko patient ke sir ke neeche rakhe, jisse unka sir support mile.

- Patient ke side par laye, jisse saliva ya vomit ke bahar nikal sake.

- Seizure duration ko monitor kare aur jab tak seizure pura na ho jaye, patient ke paas bane rahe.

- Emergency medical help ko inform kare, khas kar agar seizure prolonged (lambe samay tak chalta hai)
ho raha hai.

2. Sawal: Agar patient ko anaphylactic shock ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?
 Jawab: Agar patient ko anaphylactic shock ho jaye (severe allergic reaction), toh turant niche diye gaye
kadam uthaye:

- Emergency medical help ko bulaye aur unhe patient ki condition aur allergy history ke bare mein
inform kare.

- Agar patient ke paas prescribed epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) hai, toh use kare. EpiPen ke
instructions ke mutabik injection de.

- Patient ko comfortable position mein rakhe, jaise unhe upar uthaye aur unke pair elevate kare.

- Agar patient unconscious ho jaye ya breathing ruk jaye, toh CPR shuru kare aur EMS ko inform kare.

3. Sawal: Agar patient ko severe bleeding ho aur arterial bleeding ka shak ho, toh kya karna
chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ko severe bleeding ho aur arterial bleeding ka shak ho, toh turant niche diye gaye
kadam uthaye:

- Pressure dressing ka istemal kare aur bleeding site par direct pressure apply kare.

- Bleeding limb ko elevate kare aur pressure point control technique ka istemal kare, jaise limb ko
pressure point par daba kar rakhe.

- Emergency medical help aur healthcare team ko inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

4. Sawal: Agar patient ko cardiac chest pain ho aur shak ho ki who heart attack ka shikar hai, toh
kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ko cardiac chest pain ho aur heart attack ka shak ho, toh niche diye gaye kadam
uthaye:

- Patient ko comfortable position mein rakhe aur unhe rest dilaye.

- Patient ko nitroglycerin tablet ya spray dijiye, agar unko pahle se prescribed hai.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

- Emergency medical help ko inform kare aur unhe patient ki chest pain aur symptoms ke bare mein
batae.

5. Sawal: Agar patient ko breathing difficulty ho aur asthma attack ka shak ho, toh kya karna
chahiye?

Jawab: Agar patient ko breathing difficulty ho aur asthma attack ka

Shak ho, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko baithne ki position mein comfortable rakhe aur unhe calm kare.

- Patient ko inhaler (asthma pump) dijiye aur unhe inhaler sahi tarike se use karne mein guide kare.

- Agar patient ke breathing symptoms worsen ho rahe hai, toh emergency medical help ko inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

1. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko stroke ka shak ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko stroke ka shak ho, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ke symptoms aur condition ko observe kare, jaise sudden weakness, numbness, speech
difficulties, ya vision problems.

- Patient ko comfortable position mein rakhe aur unhe rest dilaye.

- Emergency medical help ko inform kare aur stroke symptoms ke bare mein batae.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

2. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko drug overdose ka shak ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko drug overdose ka shak ho, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ke safety ko ensure kare aur unhe danger zone se dur rakhe.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare, jaise pulse, breathing rate, aur blood pressure.

- Agar patient unconscious hai ya breathing ruk gayi hai, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical
help ko inform kare.

- Agar patient conscious hai, toh unhe encourage kare ki apni mouth rinse kare aur agar possible ho,
unhe activated charcoal dijiye (lekin sirf medical professional ke guidance ke saath).

3. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko burns ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko burns ho jaye, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ke safety ko ensure kare aur unhe fire ya heat source se dur laye.

- Burns site ko cool running water ke neeche rakhe (lekin ice water ka istemal na kare) ya clean, moist
cloth ka istemal kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.
 - Agar burns severe hai (jaise ki third-degree burns), toh emergency medical help ko inform kare aur
unhe professional treatment ki zarurat ho sakti hai.

4. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko drowning ka shak ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko drowning ka shak ho, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko immediate danger se dur laye aur unhe safe area mein laye.

- Agar patient unconscious hai, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help ko inform kare.

- Agar patient conscious hai, toh unhe encourage kare ki sahi tarike se saans le aur unki breathing aur
condition ko monitor kare.

5. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) ho jaye, toh turant niche diye gaye
kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko comfortable position mein rakhe aur unhe calm kare.

- Agar patient ke paas prescribed epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen) hai, toh use kare. Epi

Pen ke instructions ke mutabik injection de.

- Emergency medical help ko bulaye aur unhe patient ki allergy history aur current condition ke bare
mein inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

1. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko heat stroke ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko heat stroke ho jaye, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko shade mein ya cool area mein laye.

- Unke kapde ko loosen kare aur unhe fan ya cool wet cloth se thanda kare.

- Patient ko sips mein thanda pani pilaye, lekin agar who unconscious hai ya vomiting kar rahe hai, toh
pani na pilaye.

- Emergency medical help ko inform kare aur unhe patient ki condition ke bare mein batae.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.
 2. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko choking (hawa ki bandish) ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko choking ho jaye, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ke saath communicate kare aur unhe encourage kare ki kuch bolne ki koshish kare.

- Agar patient ka cough reflex hai, toh unhe encourage kare ki cough kare, jisse choking material bahar
nikal sake.

- Agar patient ka airway fully blocked hai, toh Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrusts) ka istemal kare.

- Agar patient unconscious ho jaye, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help ko inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

3. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko severe bleeding ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko severe bleeding ho jaye, toh niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Clean cloth ya sterile dressing ka istemal kare aur bleeding site par direct pressure apply kare.

- Bleeding limb ko elevate kare aur pressure point control technique ka istemal kare, jaise limb ko
pressure point par daba kar rakhe.

- Emergency medical help aur healthcare team ko inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

4. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko electric shock ho jaye, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko electric shock ho jaye, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko electric source se dur laye aur apne safety ko dhyan mein rakhe.

- Agar patient unconscious hai, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help ko inform kare.

- Patient ke vital signs ko monitor kare aur unki condition ko closely observe kare.

5. Sawal: Agar kisi patient ko poisoning ka shak ho, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi patient ko poisoning ka shak ho, toh turant niche diye gaye kadam uthaye:

- Patient ko immediate danger se dur laye aur unhe fresh air mein le jaye.

- Poison Control Center ya emergency medical help ko call kare aur unhe patient ki condition aur details
ke bare mein batae.
 - Agar patient unconscious hai, toh CPR shuru kare aur emergency medical help ko inform kare.

- Agar patient conscious hai, toh unhe encourage kare ki apni mouth rinse kare (lekin sirf agar
recommended hai) aur poison ingestion se dur rakhe.

Cardiac

1. Sawal: Angina pectoris kya hai aur uske common symptoms kya hai?

Jawab: Angina pectoris dil ke oxygen supply ki temporary kami se hota hai. Iski common symptoms
include:

- Dard ya pressure sensation chest mein, jo jaw, shoulders, arms, neck, aur back tak extend ho sakta
hai.

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Thakan aur exhaustion.

- Dabav ka ehsaas chest mein.

- Halki si skin sweating.

2. Sawal: Heart attack (myocardial infarction) kya hai aur uske common symptoms kya hai?

Jawab: Heart attack dil ki blood supply ki complete blockage se hota hai. Iski common symptoms
include:

- Tez, intense aur continuous dard chest mein.

- Dard jo jaw, shoulders, arms, neck, aur back tak extend ho sakta hai.

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Ghabrahat, anxiety aur restlessness.

- Nausea, vomiting aur sweating.

- Chakkar aana aur fainting.

3. Sawal: Atherosclerosis kya hai aur kaise heart disease se jude hai?

Jawab: Atherosclerosis blood vessels mein cholesterol aur plaque build-up se hoti hai. Jab plaque
vessels ko block karte hai, toh blood flow kam ho jata hai. Isse heart disease jaise angina, heart attack,
aur stroke ka risk badh jata hai.
 4. Sawal: Hypertension (high blood pressure) kya hai aur uske effects kya hai?

Jawab: Hypertension blood pressure ka high level rehna hai. Iski long-term uncontrolled condition se
dil, blood vessels, aur organs par negative effects ho sakte hai. Isse heart disease, stroke, aur kidney
problems ka risk badh jata hai.

5. Sawal: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) kya hai aur kaise perform kare?

Jawab: CPR ek life-saving technique hai jo heart attack ya cardiac arrest wale patients ko revive karne
mein madad karta hai. Ismein include hai chest compressions aur rescue breaths. CPR ko perform karne
se pehle emergency medical help ko bulana zaruri hai.

6. Sawal: Beta-blockers kya hai aur kis tarah se heart conditions mein istemal hote hai?

Jawab: Beta-blockers heart conditions jaise angina, high blood pressure, aur heart failure ko manage
karne mein istemal hote hai. Ye medications heart rate aur blood pressure ko control karke heart ki
workload ko kam karte hai.

1. Sawal: Arrhythmia kya hota hai aur uske symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Arrhythmia heartbeat ki abnormal rhythm ya speed ko refer karta hai. Iski common symptoms
include:

- Dhadkan ka tez ya dheere hona.

- Irregular heartbeat ya skipped beats ka ehsaas.

- Dard ya discomfort chest mein.

- Chakkar aana aur fainting.

2. Sawal: Congestive heart failure kya hai aur uske symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Congestive heart failure mein dil ki pumping capacity kam ho jati hai. Iski common symptoms
include:

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Thakan aur exhaustion.

- Fluid retention se swelling (edema) jaise haath, pairo, aur ankles mein.

- Irregular heartbeat aur chest pain.

- Weight gain aur frequent urination.

 3. Sawal: Coronary artery disease kya hai aur uske causes kya hote hain?

Jawab: Coronary artery disease mein blood vessels jo dil ko blood supply karte hain, who narrow ho
jate hain. Iski common causes include:

- Atherosclerosis (plaque build-up).

- High blood pressure.

- High cholesterol levels.

- Smoking.

- Diabetes.

- Family history of heart disease.

4. Sawal: Heart valve disease kya hai aur uske symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Heart valve disease mein dil ke valves mein kisi bhi problem se blood flow affected hota hai. Iski
common symptoms include:

- Dard ya discomfort chest mein.

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Halki si skin sweating.

- Thakan aur exhaustion.

- Swelling (edema) jaise haath, pairo, aur ankles mein.

5. Sawal: Dil ke stent kya hota hai aur kaise use hota hai?

Jawab: Dil ke stent dil ke blockage ko clear karne ke liye use kiya jata hai. Ye small mesh-like tube hota
hai jo blockage wale area mein placed kiya jata hai. Stent blood flow ko restore karta hai aur dil ki oxygen
supply ko improve karta hai.

1. Sawal: Aortic aneurysm kya hota hai aur uske symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Aortic aneurysm aorta (dil ke main blood vessel) mein balon ki wajah se hone wali bulging hoti
hai. Iski common symptoms include:

- Dard ya pressure sensation chest ya back mein.

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Ghabrahat aur anxiety.

 - Chakkar aana aur fainting.

- Unexplained weight loss.

2. Sawal: Heart transplantation kya hota hai aur kis tarah se perform kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Heart transplantation mein dil ke defective ya failed heart ko replace kiya jata hai. Ismein donor
ka healthy heart use kiya jata hai. Surgery ke doran purana heart remove kiya jata hai aur naya heart
transplant kiya jata hai.

3. Sawal: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) kya hota hai aur uske symptoms kya hote hain?

Jawab: Peripheral artery disease mein blood vessels jo extremities (jaise legs aur arms) ko blood supply
karte hain, unmein blockage hota hai. Iski common symptoms include:

- Dard, thakan, aur heaviness legs mein chalne ke doran.

- Cramping ya pain legs mein.

- Legs ki coldness aur numbness.

- Slow healing wounds ya ulcers legs mein.

4. Sawal: Cardiac rehabilitation kya hoti hai aur kis tarah se help karti hai?

Jawab: Cardiac rehabilitation ek comprehensive program hai jo heart disease wale patients ke recovery,
lifestyle changes, aur overall health improvement mein madad karti hai. Ismein include hote hai exercise
training, nutritional counseling, stress management, aur education about heart disease.

5. Sawal: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) kya hota hai aur uske symptoms kya
hote hain?

Jawab: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy ek temporary heart condition hai jo emotional stress ke wajah se
hota hai. Iski common symptoms include:

- Chest pain aur discomfort.

- Saans lene mein takleef.

- Irregular heartbeat.

- Feeling of impending doom.

- Fainting ya low blood pressure.

Pediatrics

1. Sawal: What is the recommended schedule for childhood vaccinations?

Jawab: The recommended schedule for childhood vaccinations may vary slightly by country, but
generally includes vaccines for diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis,
polio, hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), pneumococcal infections, and varicella
(chickenpox). It is important to consult with a healthcare provider or refer to the immunization schedule
specific to your region for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

2. Sawal: What are the common signs and symptoms of childhood infectious diseases like
chickenpox, measles, and mumps?

Jawab: The common signs and symptoms of childhood infectious diseases include:

- Chickenpox: Itchy rash, fever, tiredness, and loss of appetite.

- Measles: High fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the
rest of the body.

- Mumps: Swelling and tenderness in the salivary glands near the ears, fever, headache, and muscle
aches.

3. Sawal: How can parents ensure the nutritional needs of their infants and toddlers are met?

Jawab: Parents can ensure the nutritional needs of their infants and toddlers are met by:

- Breastfeeding or formula feeding infants until the age of 1.

- Introducing solid foods gradually and offering a variety of healthy foods.

- Providing age-appropriate portion sizes and avoiding foods that pose a choking hazard.

- Encouraging regular meals and snacks that include a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

- Offering water as the main beverage and limiting sugary drinks.

4. Sawal: What are the common causes and treatments for childhood allergies?

Jawab: Common causes of childhood allergies include allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander,
certain foods, and insect stings. Treatment options for childhood allergies may include:

- Avoiding exposure to known allergens.

- Medications such as antihistamines, nasal sprays, or asthma inhalers.

 - Allergy shots (immunotherapy) for severe allergies.

5. Sawal: What are the important milestones in child development?

Jawab: Important milestones in child development include:

- Motor skills development, such as sitting, crawling, walking, and fine motor skills like grasping objects.

- Language development, including babbling, speaking first words, and forming sentences.

- Cognitive development, such as problem-solving, memory, and understanding concepts.

- Social and emotional development, including bonding with caregivers, playing with others, and
expressing emotions.

1. Sawal: What are the common signs and symptoms of childhood asthma?

Jawab: The common signs and symptoms of childhood asthma include:

- Recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

- Chest tightness or congestion.

- Coughing or wheezing worsened by exercise or exposure to allergens or irritants.

- Difficulty breathing, especially during colds or respiratory infections.

2. Sawal: How can parents promote good oral health in children?

Jawab: Parents can promote good oral health in children by:

- Encouraging regular brushing of teeth with a fluoride toothpaste.

- Limiting sugary snacks and drinks.

- Scheduling regular dental check-ups and cleanings.

- Teaching proper oral hygiene techniques.

- Monitoring thumb sucking or pacifier use and helping children break the habit if necessary.

3. Sawal: What are the recommended guidelines for safe sleep practices for infants?

Jawab: The recommended guidelines for safe sleep practices for infants include:

- Placing infants on their back to sleep.

- Using a firm mattress and a fitted sheet in a crib or bassinet.

 - Avoiding soft bedding, pillows, and stuffed animals in the sleep area.

- Room sharing with parents but not bed sharing.

- Avoiding overheating and keeping the room at a comfortable temperature.

4. Sawal: What are the common causes and treatments for childhood ear infections?

Jawab: Common causes of childhood ear infections include viral or bacterial infections that result in
inflammation of the middle ear. Treatment options for childhood ear infections may include:

- Antibiotics if the infection is bacterial.

- Pain relievers to manage pain and fever.

- Warm compresses to alleviate discomfort.

- Close monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare provider.

5. Sawal: How can parents support the emotional well-being of their children?

Jawab: Parents can support the emotional well-being of their children by:

- Creating a nurturing and supportive home environment.

- Encouraging open communication and active listening.

- Providing opportunities for play, creativity, and self-expression.

- Teaching healthy coping mechanisms and stress management techniques.

- Seeking professional help if concerns about mental health arise.

Vaccines
1. Sawal: Vaccines kya hote hain aur who kaise kaam karte hain?

Jawab: Vaccines who cheezain hoti hain jo immune system ko mutassir karke specific bimariyon ke
khilaf ek jawab paida karte hain. Aam taur par, vaccines mein kamzor ya maut shuda pathogens ya inke
tukre shamil hote hain. Jab vaccines lagaye jate hain, toh immune system ko yeh substances gair mulki
samjha jata hai aur immune response ko develop karne ke liye prerit karta hai. Is se immune system asal
bimari ke wajood mein who pathogens pehchan leta hai aur uske khilaf ladne ke liye taiyar ho jata hai.

2. Sawal: Vaccination ka kya faida hai?

Jawab: Vaccination kayi faiday faraham karti hai, jaise:

 - Bimariyon se bachao: Vaccines insan ko khatarnak ya jaanleva bimariyon se bachate hain.

- Jemaat immunity: Vaccination jemaat immunity ka nirman karti hai, jisse bimariyon ka failna kam hota
hai aur who log bhi surakshit rehte hain jo vaccine nahi karwa sakte hain, jaise bachche ya immune
system kamzor log.

- Bimariyon ka samapt hona: Vaccines ne duniya ke kayi hisson mein bimariyon ko samapt kiya ya qarib
samapt kiya hai, jaise smallpox aur polio.

3. Sawal: Kya vaccines safe hote hain?

Jawab: Ji haan, vaccines apni safety ko ensure karne ke liye bade paimane par test hote hain. Unhein
use se pehle wazeh parikshan aur clinical trials se guzara jata hai. Aam taur par, vaccines ke side effects
mamooli hote hain, jaise thori der tak takleef ya kam bukhar. Seriyas side effects bohat kam hote hain.
Vaccination se bimariyon se bachao ke faiday potential side effects se zyada hote hain.

4. Sawal: Bachchon aur bade logon ke liye kuch aam taur par recommended vaccines konsi hoti
hain?

Jawab: Bachchon ke liye aam taur par recommended vaccines mein shaamil hain:

- Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine

- Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP) vaccine

- Polio vaccine

- Hepatitis B vaccine

- Pneumococcal vaccine

- Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine

Bade logon ke liye aam taur par recommended vaccines mein shaamil hain:

- Influenza vaccine (harrow mein)

- Tetanus and diphtheria (Td) ya tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine (har 10 saal mein ek
booster)

- Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (kuch umar aur jumlon ke li

Ye)

- Hepatitis A and B vaccines (khatarnak maqamat wale logon ke liye)

- Pneumococcal vaccine (kuch umar aur jumlon ke liye)

 5. Sawal: Kya vaccines se autism hota hai?

Jawab: Nahi, scientific evidence ne saaf dikhaya hai ke vaccines aur autism ke darmiyan koi talluq nahi
hai. Duniya bhar mein kiye gaye kayi adhyayan ne is fasad ko roshni mein laaya hai. Who asal research
jisne is rishte ko bataya tha, usko galat sabit kiya gaya hai aur who jhoota qarar diya gaya hai. Vaccines
apni safety ke liye mazboot tarah se test hote hain aur unke ajza autism ka husn nahi hai.

1. Sawal: Vaccines lagwane se kya sardi ya bukhar ho sakta hai?

Jawab: Vaccines lagwane ke baad kuch logon ko thori der tak bukhar ya sardi ki tarah ke lakshan dikh
sakte hain. Ye lakshan mamooli hote hain aur general immune response ka hissa hain. Ye aam taur par
jaldi thik ho jate hain.

2. Sawal: Kya vaccines zyada umar wale logon ke liye bhi zaruri hote hain?

Jawab: Ji haan, vaccines zyada umar wale logon ke liye bhi zaruri hote hain. Who log jinhe bachpan
mein vaccines nahi mile hote hain ya jinhone apne immune system ko wapas shakti nahi di hai, unhein
bhi vaccines ki zarurat hoti hai. Aise log apne healthcare provider se mashwarah lenge aur unhein apne
liye zaruri vaccines recommend kiye jayenge.

3. Sawal: Kya vaccines lene ke baad bhi bimari ho sakti hai?

Jawab: Vaccines lagwane ke baad, kuch rare cases mein bhi bimari ho sakti hai, lekin aam taur par yeh
bimari vaccine ke asal virus ya bacteria se kam khatarnak hoti hai. Vaccines immune system ko bimari ke
khilaf tayyar karte hain, isliye jab bimari ka samay aata hai, immune system usse jaldi pehchan leta hai
aur kam asar karta hai. Vaccines lagwane ke baad bhi, agar bimari ho jati hai, toh symptoms halki hoti
hain aur complications kam hote hain.

4. Sawal: Kya pregnant women ko vaccines lagwani chahiye?

Jawab: Haan, pregnant women ko kuch vaccines lagwani chahiye, jaise influenza vaccine aur Tdap
vaccine. In vaccines se maa apne bacche ko bimariyon se bachati hai aur unhein bimariyon ka samna
kam hota hai. Pregnant women ko apne healthcare provider se salah leni chahiye aur unhein unki
garbhavastha ke samay lagwane wale vaccines ke bare mein jaankari leni chahiye.

5. Sawal: Kya vaccines ke side effects hote hain?

Jawab: Vaccines ke side effects general mein halki hoti hain, jaise thoda bukhar, thakan, ya jagah par
dard ya sujhan. Ye side effects aam taur par kuch dino mein khud ba khud theek ho jate hain. Seriyas side
effects bohat kam hote hain, lekin agar kisi ko vaccines ke baad serious side effects ka samna karna padta
hai, toh who apne healthcare provider se consult karein.
ICU (Intensive Care Unit)

1. Sawal: ICU kya hota hai?

Jawab: ICU (Intensive Care Unit) ek aisa hissa hota hai jo bade tashkeelat wale ya jaanleva halat mein
mareezon ko dekhta hai. Yeh jagah hospitals mein hoti hai aur yahan pe tajweez shuda machines aur
tibbi maqale wale team mareezon ki dekhbhaal karte hain.

2. Sawal: ICU mein kaun kaun se tibbi maqale wale hote hain?

Jawab: ICU mein tibbi maqale wale team kuch aise shamil hote hain:

- Intensivist (ICU specialist)

- Registered nurses (jinhone ICU training li hai)

- Respiratory therapists (jinhone respiratory care training li hai)

- Pharmacists (dawayon ki madad karte hain)

- Physiotherapists (mareezon ki mazbooti aur harkat ke liye kaam karte hain)

- Dietitians (mareezon ki ghiza ka tayyar karte hain)

3. Sawal: ICU mein kaun kaun se machines aur equipment istemal hote hain?

Jawab: ICU mein kuch aise machines aur equipment istemal hote hain:

- Ventilators (saans lene aur deney mein madad karte hain)

- Monitors (mareezon ke dil ki dhadkan, saans, aur doosre parameters ko monitor karte hain)

- Intravenous pumps (dawayon ko mareez ke veins ke zariye lagate hain)

- Dialysis machines (gurdon ki saaf safai karne ke liye)

- Defibrillators (mareez ke dil ki halaat ko normalize karne ke liye)

- Infusion pumps (intravenous dawayon ko mareez ke sharir mein lagane ke liye)

4. Sawal: ICU mein kis tarah ke mareez admit hote hain?

Jawab: ICU mein mareez admit hote hain jo bahut sakht ya jaanleva halat mein hote hain, jaise:

- Critical injuries, jaise dil ka daura ya hadse se mutasir hone wale mareez
 - Jaanleva infections, jaise septicemia

- Surgery ke baad ya bade surgery ke liye tayyar karne wale mareez

- Bohat kam immune system wale mareez, jaise organ transplant patients

- Dimaagi halaat se mutasir hone wale mareez, jaise stroke ya brain injury se mutasir hone wale mareez

5. Sawal: ICU mein kya tarah ki monitoring hoti hai?

Jawab: ICU mein mareezon ko hifazat aur monitor karne ke liye kuch aise cheezein istemal hoti hain:

- Blood pressure monitoring

- Heart rate monitoring

- Oxygen saturation monitoring

- Temperature monitoring

- Intracranial pressure monitoring (mareezon ke dimagh ki dabaav ka nigrani karna)

- Urine output monitoring

1. Sawal: ICU mein stay karne wale mareezon ka samay kya hota hai?

Jawab: ICU mein mareezon ka samay aam taur par unki halat par depend karta hai. Kuch mareezon ke
liye ICU mein stay kuch din se kuch hafte tak ho sakta hai. Yeh mareezon ki marzi, unki bimari ki
sakhtiyat, aur unki recovery par nirbhar karta hai.

2. Sawal: ICU mein mareezon ko besahara hone ke liye kya kiya jata hai?

Jawab: ICU mein mareezon ko besahara hone ke liye kuch tibbi aur asamiya tareeqe istemal kiye jate
hain. Kuch hospitals mein visiting hours hoti hain jahan mareezon ke parivar wale unhe mil sakte hain.
ICU staff bhi mareezon ka saath deti hai aur unke samne rehti hai taaki unka samay asani se guzre.

3. Sawal: ICU mein infection ka khayal kaise rakha jata hai?

Jawab: ICU mein infection se bachne ke liye kayi precautionary measures liye jate hain, jaise:

- Haatho ki safai aur sanitizer istemal karna

- Mareezon ko sterile environment mein rakhna

- Infection control protocols ko strictly follow karna

- Mareezon ke saath kaam karne wale healthcare workers ko protective clothing aur gloves pehanna
 4. Sawal: ICU mein communication kaise ki jati hai jab mareez intubated hota hai?

Jawab: Jab mareez ICU mein intubated hota hai, tab unki communication challenging ho sakti hai. Iske
liye kuch tareeqe istemal kiye jate hain, jaise:

- Communication boards ya alphabet charts ka istemal

- Eye movements, haath gestures ya blinking se communication

- Specialized communication devices, jaise speech-generating devices

5. Sawal: ICU mein kya kisi ko family member ya caregiver ke paas rehne ki ijazat hoti hai?

Jawab: ICU policies aur mareez ki halat par depend karta hai ki kisi ko family member ya caregiver ke
paas rehne ki ijazat hoti hai ya nahi. Kai hospitals mein restricted visitation policies hoti hain ICU mein,
lekin kuch cases mein ICU staff ko family member ya caregiver ko unke paas rehne ki ijazat de sakte hain.

Accident

1. Sawal: Agar kisi ko accident mein chot lagti hai, toh kya pehli madad ki jarurat hoti hai?

Jawab: Agar kisi ko accident mein chot lagti hai, toh pehli madad kaam zaruri hota hai. Yahan kuch
jaruri pehli madad tareeqe hain:

- Chot par pressure apply karna, jaise ek saaf kapda ya dressing

- Bleeding ko control karna, jaise direct pressure apply karke ya elevated position maintain karke

- Agar chot gahri hai ya bleeding zyada hai, toh emergency medical services (ambulance) ko bulana

2. Sawal: Kya har accident wale mareez ko hospital le jana zaruri hota hai?

Jawab: Har accident wale mareez ko hospital le jana zaruri nahi hota hai, lekin yeh depend karta hai ki
chot ki sakhtiyat kya hai. Agar chot serious hai, jaise broken bones, severe bleeding, ya unconsciousness,
toh immediate medical attention ki zarurat hoti hai. Isliye, hamesha chot ke seriousness aur symptoms
par dhyan dena zaruri hai.

3. Sawal: Kya hum kisi ko accident mein disturb ya hilane se pehle help ke liye approach kar sakte
hain?

Jawab: Haan, hum kisi ko accident mein disturb ya hilane se pehle help ke liye approach kar sakte hain.
Yeh “Do not move” principle ka hissa hai, jiske mutabiq, agar kisi ko chot lagi hai ya uski harkat kisi tarah
se limited hai, toh hum unhe hilane se pehle emergency medical services (ambulance) ya trained
medical professionals ko inform kar sakte hain.

4. Sawal: Agar kisi ko accident mein hawa chali gayi hai, toh uski CPR kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Agar kisi ko accident mein hawa chali gayi hai (cardiac arrest), toh CPR (Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation) ki zarurat hoti hai. CPR ke liye yeh tareeqa istemal kiya jata hai:

- Chest compressions: Mareez ke chhati par halki pressure apply karte hue, 30 chest compressions
dena

- Rescue breaths: Mareez ke munh par apna munh rakh kar, 2 rescue breaths dena

- CPR cycle ko jari rakhna, yani 30 chest compressions aur 2 rescue breaths repeat karna, jab tak
medical help available na ho

5. Sawal: Kya accident se bachne ke liye kuch preventive measures hain?

Jawab: Ji haan, accident se bachne ke liye kuch preventive measures hain, jaise:

- Traffic rules aur signals ka palan karna

- Seat belts ka istemal karna

- Helmet ka istemal karna bike riding mein

- Alcohol ya drugs ke sevan se bachna

- Distraction, jaise mobile use ya texting, se dur rehna driving ke dauran

1. Sawal: Agar kisi ko car accident mein spine injury lagti hai, toh kya karna chahiye?

Jawab: Agar kisi ko car accident mein spine injury lagti hai, toh kuch zaruri cheezein dhyan mein rakhni
chahiye:

- Mareez ko hilane se rokna aur chot ke sakhtiyat ko samajhna

- Emergency medical services (ambulance) ko bulana

- Mareez ko immobilize karna, jaise collar laga kar ya spine board par rakh kar

- Mareez ki harkat ko rokne ke liye spine stabilization techniques istemal karna

2. Sawal: Kya hum kisi ko accident ke baad sir uthane se pehle check kar sakte hain?

Jawab: Agar kisi ko accident ke baad chot lagi hai, toh hum unhe sir uthane se pehle check kar sakte
hain. Isse hum unki harkat aur unki chot ki sakhtiyat ko samajh sakte hain. Agar chot serious hai ya kisi
vital organ ko affect kar rahi hai, toh hum unhe hilane se pehle medical professionals ki madad le sakte
hain.

3. Sawal: Agar kisi ko accident mein fracture lagti hai, toh kya pehli madad ki jarurat hoti hai?

Jawab: Agar kisi ko accident mein fracture lagti hai, toh kuch pehli madad kaam kiye ja sakte hain:

- Chot par pressure apply karna, jaise dressing ya clean cloth se

- Chot wale hisse ko immobilize karna, jaise splint ya immobilization device ka istemal karke

- Agar chot bleeding kar rahi hai, toh bleeding ko control karna

- Emergency medical services (ambulance) ko bulana

4. Sawal: Kya hum kisi ko accident mein drowning se bacha sakte hain?

Jawab: Ji haan, kisi ko accident mein drowning se bachane ke liye kuch tareeqe istemal kiye ja sakte
hain:

- Agar koi insan drowning mein hai, toh immediate medical help bulaye

- Agar aap trained hain, toh rescue techniques ka istemal kare, jaise swimming ya lifesaving skills

- Drowning mareez ko bina apne aapko risk mein daale, zarurat padne par rope, stick ya flotation
device ka istemal kare

5. Sawal: Kya hum kisi ko accident mein electrical shock se bacha sakte hain?

Jawab: Ji haan, kisi ko accident mein electrical shock se bachane ke liye kuch tareeqe istemal kiye ja
sakte hain:

- Agar koi insan electrical current se lag gaya hai, toh electrical supply ko turant band kare

- Mareez ko dur khichne ki koshish na kare, kyun ki aap bhi electrical current se mutasir ho sakte hain

- Agar aap trained hain, toh insulated gloves, rubber mat ya dry cloth ka istemal kare, electrical current
se bachane ke liye

Newborn baby

1. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kaise dhyan rakhna chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko dhyan rakhne ke liye kuch baatein dhyan mein rakhni chahiye:
 - Humesha newborn baby ko sambhal kar pakadna aur uski neck support dena, kyunki uski muscles
abhi kamzor hoti hain.

- Newborn baby ko hamesha safai se rakhna zaruri hai. Regular diaper change karna aur saaf kapde
pehnana chahiye.

- Newborn baby ko dhire-dhire aur pyar se handle karna chahiye, jisse uska comfort level badhe.

- Newborn baby ko ek stable aur comfortable environment provide karna chahiye. Room temperature
ko maintain karein aur excessive noise aur light se bachayein.

2. Sawal: Newborn baby ka feeding schedule kya hona chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ka feeding schedule aam taur par on-demand hota hai, matlab jab baby
bhookha ho, tab use feed karana chahiye. Generally, newborn baby ko har 2-3 ghante mein feed karana
hota hai, lekin har baby ka feeding pattern alag ho sakta hai. Agar aapko apne baby ka feeding schedule
samajhna hai, toh uski cues par dhyan de aur use jab bhookh lagti hai, tab feed karayein.

3. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kya khilaya jata hai?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko initially mother’s milk (breast milk) hi pilaya jata hai. Breast milk newborn
baby ke liye sabse acha aur poshtik aahar hota hai. Agar mother’s milk available nahi hai, toh doctor ki
salah se formula milk bhi pilaya ja sakta hai. Lekin newborn baby ko sirf milk hi diya jata hai, solid foods
nahi.

4. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kaise soothe karna chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko soothe karne ke liye kuch tareeqe istemal kiye jate hain:

- Swaddling: Baby ko snugly wrap karne se use aaram milta hai.

- Gentle rocking: Halki rocking motion baby ko comfort deta hai.

- Shushing sound: Soft shushing sound baby ko soothing effect deta hai.

- Pacifier: Agar baby ko pasand hai, toh pacifier istemal kar sakte hain.

- Skin-to-skin contact: Jab baby ko skin-to-skin contact diya jata hai, jaise chest par rakha jata hai, toh
use comfort aur warmth milti hai.

5. Sawal: Newborn baby ke milestones kya hote hain?

Jawab: Newborn baby ke milestones physical, cognitive, aur social development se juden hote hain.
Kuch common newborn milestones hain:

- Holding head steady: 2-3 mahine mein baby apne sir ko stable roop se sambhal sakta hai.
 - Eye contact: Newborn baby aankhon se eye contact establish karne ki koshish karta hai.

- Smiling: Around 2 mahine tak baby social smile dena shuru karta hai.

- Turning head: Baby

2-3 mahine mein apna sir ek taraf se dusri taraf ghuma sakta hai.

- Grasping objects: Around 3-4 mahine tak baby objects ko apne hathon se pakadne ki
koshish karta hai.

1. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kaise burp karna chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko burp karane ke liye aap in tareeqon ka istemal kar sakte hain:
- Baby ko upright position mein rakhein, jaise shoulder par ya lap par.
- Baby ke back par gentle patting ya rubbing karein.
- Baby ko apne chest par halki massage karke burp karane mein madad karein.
- Agar baby ko burp nahi aata hai, toh use thoda aur feed kara sakte hain aur fir dubara burp
karane ki koshish karein.

2. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kitne ghante sota rehna chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko lagbhag 16-17 ghante tak sona chahiye, lekin isme khane-peene aur
diaper change ka samay bhi shamil hai. Newborn babies ki sleeping pattern irregular hoti hai aur
who chhoti-chhoti neendon mein sote rehte hain. Aapko apne baby ke sleeping patterns ko
observe karna hoga aur unke comfort level ke hisab se unhe rest dena chahiye.

3. Sawal: Newborn baby ka diaper change kitni baar karna chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ka diaper change har 2-3 ghante mein karna chahiye. Agar diaper bhara
ho ya baby ne potty ki hai, toh use turant change karna chahiye. Newborn baby ke diaper change
karte waqt saaf kapde aur diaper rash cream ka istemal karein, taki baby ki skin protected rahe.

4. Sawal: Newborn baby ka bathing schedule kya hona chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ka bathing schedule initially 2-3 baar hafte mein ho sakta hai. Dhyan
rakhein ki newborn babies ki skin sensitive hoti hai, isliye mild baby soap aur shampoo ka istemal
karein. Bathing ke liye comfortable room temperature aur clean bathtub ka istemal karein.
Bathing ke baad baby ko gently towel se dry karein aur moisturizer lagayein.

5. Sawal: Newborn baby ko kab doctor ke paas le jana chahiye?

Jawab: Newborn baby ko jald se jald doctor ke paas le jana chahiye, preferably within a week
of birth. Is visit mein doctor newborn baby ki overall health check karenge, vaccines administer
karenge, aur aapko aur baby ko sahi tarah ki guidance denge. Regular check-ups aur vaccinations
newborn baby ki proper growth aur development ke liye zaruri hote hain.

Anatomy and Physiology

 1. Sawal: Musculoskeletal system kya hai?

Jawab: Musculoskeletal system insaan ke muscles, haddiyon (bones), aur joints se milta julta hai. Yeh
system body ki movement, posture, aur support ka kaam karta hai.

2. Sawal: Respiratory system kya hai?

Jawab: Respiratory system insaan ke lungs, trachea, bronchi, aur nasal passages se milta julta hai. Iska
kaam oxygen ko inhale karke carbon dioxide ko exhale karna hai. Yeh system body ko oxygenate karta hai
aur waste gases ko bahar nikalta hai.

3. Sawal: Nervous system kya hai?

Jawab: Nervous system insaan ke brain, spinal cord, aur nerves se milta julta hai. Yeh system body ki
communication aur coordination ka kaam karta hai. Ismein sensory input (indriyaon ki jankari),
processing, aur motor output (harkat) shamil hote hain.

4. Sawal: Digestive system kya hai?

Jawab: Digestive system insaan ke mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, aur
associated organs se milta julta hai. Iska kaam khane ko chaba kar pachane, nutrients ko absorb karne,
aur waste ko eliminate karne ka hai.

5. Sawal: Cardiovascular system kya hai?

Jawab: Cardiovascular system insaan ke heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), aur blood se
milta julta hai. Yeh system oxygen aur nutrients ko body ke har hisse tak pahunchata hai aur waste
products ko eliminate karta hai.

6. Sawal: Endocrine system kya hai?

Jawab: Endocrine system insaan ke glands (jaise ki thyroid, adrenal, pancreas) aur unke hormones se
milta julta hai. Yeh system body ke processes aur functions ko regulate karta hai, jaise ki metabolism,
growth, aur reproduction.

7. Sawal: Urinary system kya hai?

 Jawab: Urinary system insaan ke kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, aur urethra se milta julta hai. Iska
kaam blood ko filter karke waste products (urine) ko eliminate karna aur body ke fluid balance aur
electrolyte balance ko maintain karna hai.

8. Sawal: Reproductive system kya hai?

Jawab: Reproductive system insaan ke male (penis, testes) aur female (vagina, uterus, ovaries)
reproductive organs se milta julta hai. Iska kaam progeny (nasl) ki production aur reproductive processes
(jaise ki fertilization, gestation, aur childbirth) ko possible karna hai.

1. Sawal: Central nervous system kya hai?

Jawab: Central nervous system (CNS) insaan ke brain aur spinal cord se milta julta hai. Yeh system body
ki main control center hai aur sensory input ko receive karke motor output generate karta hai.

2. Sawal: Peripheral nervous system kya hai?

Jawab: Peripheral nervous system (PNS) CNS se bahar nikalne wale nerves network hai. Ismein sensory
nerves (jo information indriyaon se CNS tak lekar jate hai) aur motor nerves (jo information CNS se
organs aur muscles tak lekar jate hai) shamil hote hain.

3. Sawal: Skeletal system kya hai?

Jawab: Skeletal system insaan ke haddiyon (bones) se milta julta hai. Yeh system body ko support deta
hai, movement allow karta hai, organs ko protect karta hai, aur blood cell production mein madad karta
hai.

4. Sawal: Respiratory system ka main function kya hai?

Jawab: Respiratory system ka mukhya function oxygen ko inhale karke carbon dioxide ko exhale karna
hai. Yeh oxygenation (oxygen supply) aur respiration (breathing) ka kaam karta hai.

5. Sawal: Digestive system mein food ka journey kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Digestive system mein khane ka journey is tareeke se hota hai:

- Khana mouth mein enter hota hai, jahan saliva use moist karke digestion process shuru karta hai.

- Phir khana esophagus (food pipe) se stomach tak move hota hai, jahan gastric juices use further
digest karte hain.

- Stomach se khana small intestine mein chala jata hai, jahan nutrients ko absorb kiya jata hai.
 - Large intestine mein water absorb hota hai aur waste products (feces) banate hain.

- Feces rectum aur anus se bahar nikalte hain.

6. Sawal: Cardiovascular system mein blood ka flow kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Cardiovascular system mein blood ka flow is tareeke se hota hai:

- Blood heart se pump hota hai aur arteries ke through body ke har hisse tak pahunchta hai.

- Arteries se blood capillaries mein enter karta hai, jahan oxygen aur nutrients tissues tak pahunchate
hain.

- Capillaries se blood veins mein enter karta hai aur heart tak return hota hai.

- Veins se blood lungs tak jata hai, jahan carbon dioxide exhale karke oxygenate hota hai.

- Oxygenated blood heart se pump hota hai aur cycle dobara shuru hoti hai.

1. Sawal: Lymphatic system kya hai?

Jawab: Lymphatic system insaan ke lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs (jaise ki spleen aur
thymus), aur lymphatic fluid (lymph) se milta julta hai. Iska kaam immune system ko support karna,
toxins aur waste products ko eliminate karna, aur fluid balance ko maintain karna hai.

2. Sawal: Endocrine system ke kuch important glands ka naam bataiye.

Jawab: Endocrine system mein kuch important glands hain:

- Pituitary gland: Is gland se hormones release hote hain jo growth, reproduction, aur other endocrine
glands ko control karte hain.

- Thyroid gland: Is gland se thyroid hormones release hote hain jo metabolism aur growth ko regulate
karte hain.

- Adrenal glands: Yeh glands stress response aur metabolism ko regulate karte hain.

- Pancreas: Is gland se insulin aur glucagon hormones release hote hain jo blood sugar level ko control
karte hain.

3. Sawal: Renal system kya hai?

Jawab: Renal system insaan ke kidneys aur associated structures se milta julta hai. Iska kaam blood ko
filter karna, waste products aur excess fluids ko eliminate karna, electrolyte balance ko maintain karna,
aur blood pressure ko regulate karna hai.
 4. Sawal: Reproductive system mein kya hota hai?

Jawab: Reproductive system mein male aur female reproductive organs hote hain. Male reproductive
system mein testes sperm production karte hain aur penis se sperm release hota hai. Female
reproductive system mein ovaries eggs produce karte hain, fallopian tubes eggs ko uterus tak transport
karte hain, aur uterus mein fertilized egg implant hota hai. Reproductive system progeny (nasl) ki
production aur reproduction processes ko possible karta hai.

5. Sawal: Integumentary system kya hai?

Jawab: Integumentary system insaan ke skin, hair, nails, aur associated structures se milta julta hai. Iska
kaam body ko protect karna, temperature regulation, sensory perception, aur vitamin D synthesis karna
hai.

6. Sawal: Immune system kya hai?

Jawab: Immune system insaan ke body ko infectious agents (jaise ki bacteria, viruses) aur foreign
substances se protect karta hai. Ismein white blood cells, lymphocytes, antibodies, aur lymphatic system
ka bada role hota hai.

1. Sawal: Muscles kya hai aur unke types kya hai?

Jawab: Muscles (mehre) insaan ke body mein movement ka kaam karte hain. Unke kuch types hain:

- Skeletal muscles: Ye voluntary muscles hain jo skeleton ke saath jude hote hain. Inki movement ko
hum control kar sakte hain.

- Smooth muscles: Ye involuntary muscles hain jo organs ke walls mein paye jate hain. Ye automatic
tarike se kaam karte hain.

- Cardiac muscles: Ye special type ke muscles hain jo heart mein paye jate hain. Inki movement
automatic hoti hai.

2. Sawal: Respiratory system mein lungs ke alawa konse organs hote hain?

Jawab: Respiratory system mein lungs ke alawa trachea (hawa ki nali), bronchi (hawa ki shakha), aur
nasal passages (naak ke raste) bhi hote hain. Ye organs hawa ko andar aur bahar jane mein madad karte
hain.

3. Sawal: Digestive system mein digestion process kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Digestive system mein digestion process is tareeke se hota hai:

 - Mouth mein khana chaba kar saliva usmein mix karta hai aur ise bolus (guthli) bana deta hai.

- Bolus esophagus (khana nali) se stomach tak travel karta hai.

- Stomach mein gastric juices bolus ko break karke chyme (khadha) bana dete hain.

- Small intestine mein chyme se nutrients absorb hote hain aur large intestine mein water aur
electrolytes absorb hote hain.

- Remaining waste products feces (mal) banate hain jo rectum aur anus se bahar nikalte hain.

4. Sawal: Cardiovascular system mein blood pressure kaise regulate hota hai?

Jawab: Cardiovascular system mein blood pressure regulation ke liye kuch mechanisms hote hain:

- Heart ka pumping action: Heart regular intervals par blood ko pump karta hai, jisse blood pressure
maintain hota hai.

- Blood vessels ka contraction aur relaxation: Blood vessels (arteries, veins) apni size aur diameter ko
adjust karke blood pressure ko control karte hain.

- Kidneys ka role: Kidneys blood pressure ko regulate karne ke liye renin hormone release karte hain,
jisse blood volume aur blood pressure maintain hota hai.

5. Sawal: Endocrine system ke hormones kya hote hain aur unka role kya hai?

Jawab: Endocrine system ke hormones body ke various processes aur functions ko regulate karte hain.
Kuch important hormones aur unka role hai:

- Insulin: Blood sugar level ko regulate karta hai.

- Thyroid hormones: Metabolism ko control karte hain.

- Growth hormone: Growth aur development ko regulate karta hai.

- Estrogen aur progesterone: Female reproductive system aur secondary sexual characteristics ko
control karte hain.

- Testosterone: Male reproductive system aur secondary sexual characteristics ko control karta hai.

1. Sawal: Urinary system kya hai aur uska kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Urinary system insaan ke kidneys, ureters, bladder, aur urethra se milta julta hai. Iska kaam
metabolic waste products (jaise ki urea) aur excess fluids ko eliminate karna hai. Iske through urine
production hoti hai aur body ka fluid balance maintain hota hai.

2. Sawal: Nervous system ke kuch important parts ka naam bataiye.

 Jawab: Nervous system ke kuch important parts hain:

- Brain: Ye body ke main control center hai aur higher mental functions, motor coordination, aur
sensory perception ka kaam karta hai.

- Spinal cord: Ye brain se connect hota hai aur sensory information ko brain tak transmit karta hai.
Ismein reflex actions ko control karne ki capability hoti hai.

- Nerves: Nervous system ke part hain jo information ko sensory organs se brain tak (sensory nerves)
aur brain se organs tak (motor nerves) transmit karte hain.

3. Sawal: Reproductive system mein male aur female organs ke alawa konse glands hote hain?

Jawab: Reproductive system ke alawa kuch glands hote hain:

- Mammary glands: Ye female reproductive system ka hissa hote hain aur milk production aur
breastfeeding mein madad karte hain.

- Prostate gland: Ye male reproductive system ka ek hissa hai aur semen production mein madad karta
hai.

4. Sawal: Musculoskeletal system ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Musculoskeletal system insaan ke muscles, bones, aur associated tissues se milta julta hai. Iska
kaam body ko support karna, movement allow karna, aur protection provide karna hai.

5. Sawal: Respiratory system mein oxygen aur carbon dioxide ka exchange kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Respiratory system mein oxygen aur carbon dioxide ka exchange lungs ke alveoli (small air sacs)
mein hota hai. Yahan oxygen alveoli se blood mein enter karta hai aur carbon dioxide blood se alveoli
mein exit karta hai. Is process ko gas exchange kehte hain.

6. Sawal: Sensory organs kya hai aur unka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Sensory organs insaan ke body mein information ko receive karne aur interpret karne ka kaam
karte hain. Kuch important sensory organs hain:

- Eyes: Visual information receive karte hain.

- Ears: Sound aur equilibrium (balance) ko detect karte hain.

- Nose: Smell (fragrance) ko detect karta hai.

- Tongue: Taste (flavors) ko detect karta hai.

- Skin: Touch, pressure, temperature, aur pain ko detect karta hai.

 1. Sawal: Digestive system mein food ka journey kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Digestive system mein food ka journey is tareeke se hota hai:

- Mouth: Food ko chaba kar saliva ke saath mix karte hain.

- Esophagus: Chaba hua food esophagus se stomach tak travel karta hai.

- Stomach: Stomach mein food ko gastric juices ke saath mix karte hain aur use chyme (khadha) bana
dete hain.

- Small intestine: Chyme se nutrients absorb hote hain aur blood circulation ke through body ke cells
tak pahuchte hain.

- Large intestine: Remaining waste products aur excess water absorb hote hain, aur feces (mal) bante
hain.

- Rectum: Feces ko store karta hai.

- Anus: Feces ko body se bahar nikalta hai.

2. Sawal: Human respiratory system ke parts kaun kaun se hote hain?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ke parts hain:

- Nasal cavity: Hawa ko filter karta hai aur use moist aur warm karta hai.

- Pharynx: Hawa ko nasal cavity se lungs tak transport karta hai.

- Larynx: Vocal cords (swar peti) ke location hai, jaha se sound production hoti hai.

- Trachea: Hawa ki nali hai jo lungs tak jaati hai.

- Bronchi: Trachea ke branches hain, jo lungs mein jaate hain.

- Lungs: Main respiratory organs hain, jahan gas exchange hota hai.

- Alveoli: Lungs ke small air sacs hain, jaha oxygen lungs se blood mein enter karta hai aur carbon
dioxide blood se exit karta hai.

3. Sawal: Human circulatory system mein kitne types ke blood vessels hote hain?

Jawab: Human circulatory system mein 3 types ke blood vessels hote hain:

- Arteries: Yeh blood ko heart se organs tak carry karte hain. Blood arteries mein high pressure mein
flow karta hai.

- Veins: Yeh blood organs se heart tak carry karte hain. Blood veins mein low pressure mein flow karta
hai.
 - Capillaries: Yeh arteries aur veins ke junction points hote hain. Ismein blood vessels ka exchange hota
hai, jisme nutrients aur oxygen organs se blood mein enter karte hain aur waste products aur carbon
dioxide blood se exit karte hain.

4. Sawal: Human nervous system ke kya functions hote hain?

Jawab: Human nervous system ke functions hain:

- Sensory input: Sensory receptors ke through external stimuli (jaise ki light, sound) aur internal stimuli
(jaise ki pain) ko detect karna.

- Integration: Sensory information ko process karke response ko decide karna.

- Motor output: Response ko effect karna aur muscles aur glands ko control karna.

5. Sawal: Human skeletal system mein kitne bones hote hain?

Jawab: Human skeletal system mein 206 bones hote hain. Yeh bones body ko support karte hain,
movement allow karte hain, aur organs ko protect karte hain.

1. Sawal: Endocrine system mein hormones kaise produce hote hain?

Jawab: Endocrine system mein hormones glands dwara produce hote hain. Glands body ke various
parts mein distribute hote hain aur hormones un glands se release hote hain. Hormones blood
circulation ke through target organs tak pahuchte hain aur unke functions ko regulate karte hain.

2. Sawal: Human immune system kya hai aur uska kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human immune system body ko infections aur diseases se protect karne ka kaam karta hai. Is
system mein white blood cells (WBCs), lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, aur antibodies shamil hote
hain. Immune system pathogens (jaise ki bacteria, viruses) aur foreign substances ko identify karta hai
aur unko eliminate karne ke liye response generate karta hai.

3. Sawal: Human reproductive system ke kya functions hote hain?

Jawab: Human reproductive system ke functions hain:

- Gamete production: Male reproductive system mein sperm aur female reproductive system mein
eggs (ova) produce hote hain.

- Fertilization: Male aur female gametes ka milna aur fertilization process ke through conception (garbh
dharan) hota hai.
 - Pregnancy: Fertilized egg uterus mein implant hota hai aur pregnancy ke dauran fetus ka
development hota hai.

- Childbirth: Baby ki delivery uterus se vagina ke through hoti hai.

- Milk production: Female reproductive system mein mammary glands milk production karte hain jo
newborn baby ko nutrition provide karta hai.

4. Sawal: Human integumentary system kya hai aur uska kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human integumentary system skin, hair, nails, aur associated glands (jaise ki sweat glands, oil
glands) se milta julta hai. Iska kaam body ko protect karna, temperature regulation, sensation provide
karna, aur vitamin D synthesis karna hai.

5. Sawal: Human urinary system ke kya functions hote hain?

Jawab: Human urinary system ke functions hain:

- Metabolic waste elimination: Urinary system metabolic waste products (jaise ki urea, uric acid) aur
toxins ko eliminate karta hai.

- Fluid balance: Urinary system body ka fluid balance maintain karta hai, excess fluids ko eliminate
karke.

- Blood pressure regulation: Kidneys blood pressure ko regulate karte hain, renin hormone release
karke.

- Acid-base balance: Urinary system acid-base balance ko maintain karta hai, pH levels ko regulate
karke.

1. Sawal: Human respiratory system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ka primary function oxygenation hai. Yani, yeh oxygen ko inhale
karke body mein distribute karta hai aur carbon dioxide ko exhale karke eliminate karta hai.

2. Sawal: Human circulatory system ke kya components hote hain?

Jawab: Human circulatory system ke components hain:

- Heart: Yeh blood pumping organ hai, jo oxygenated blood ko body ke organs tak aur deoxygenated
blood ko lungs tak pump karta hai.

- Blood vessels: Arteries, veins, aur capillaries se milkar blood circulation ko possible karte hain.

- Blood: Blood vessels mein flow karne wala fluid hai, jo oxygen, nutrients, hormones, aur waste
products ko transport karta hai.
 3. Sawal: Human endocrine system ke kya functions hote hain?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ke functions hain:

- Hormone production: Glands ke through hormones produce karna.

- Hormone regulation: Hormones ki release, synthesis, aur metabolism ko regulate karna.

- Homeostasis maintenance: Body ke internal environment (jaise ki temperature, fluid balance, aur
metabolism) ko maintain karna.

- Reproduction regulation: Reproductive processes aur sexual development ko control karna.

- Growth and development: Body ke growth aur development ko regulate karna.

4. Sawal: Human skeletal system ka kya kaam hai?

Jawab: Human skeletal system ka kaam hain:

- Body ka structure aur support provide karna.

- Movement aur locomotion ko possible karna.

- Organs ko protect karna.

- Blood cell production (hematopoiesis) karne mein madad karna.

- Calcium aur phosphorus jaise essential minerals ko store karna.

5. Sawal: Human nervous system ke kya types hote hain?

Jawab: Human nervous system ke do types hote hain:

- Central Nervous System (CNS): Ismein brain aur spinal cord shamil hote hain. Yeh body ke main
control center hai aur information processing, decision-making, aur coordination ko handle karta hai.

- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Ismein nerves aur sensory receptors shamil hote hain. Yeh CNS se
information receive karke muscles ko control karta hai aur sensory input ko CNS tak transmit karta hai.

6. Sawal: Human digestive system ke primary organs kaun kaun se hote hain?

Jawab: Human digestive system ke primary organs hain:

- Mouth: Food ko receive karta hai aur initial digestion process ko start karta hai.

- Esophagus: Food ko mouth se stomach tak transport karta hai.

 - Stomach: Food ko digest karta hai, gastric juices ke saath mix karta hai, aur chyme (khadha) bana deta
hai.

- Small intestine: Nutrient absorption hota hai, jaise carbohydrates, proteins, fats, aur vitamins.

- Large intestine: Water absorption aur feces formation hoti hai.

- Rectum: Feces ko store karta hai.

- Anus: Feces ko body se eliminate karta hai.

1. Sawal: Blood clotting kaise hoti hai?

Jawab: Blood clotting, ya hemostasis, ek complex process hai jismein blood vessels ke damage hone
par blood clot banata hai. Ismein platelets, clotting factors, aur fibrinogen ka saath hota hai. Platelets
damaged area par jama ho jaate hain aur clotting factors ke saath interact karte hain. Fibrinogen clotting
factors ke action se fibrin me badal jaata hai, jo ek network form karta hai aur blood clot ko banata hai.

2. Sawal: Human ear ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human ear sound waves ko detect, transmit, aur interpret karne ka kaam karta hai. Ismein tin
major parts hote hain: outer ear, middle ear, aur inner ear. Outer ear sound waves ko collect karta hai,
middle ear sound waves ko amplify karta hai aur inner ear sound waves ko auditory signals mein convert
karta hai jo brain tak pahunchte hain.

3. Sawal: Human liver ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human liver bahut saare functions perform karta hai, jaise ki:

- Detoxification: Harmful substances, drugs, toxins, aur alcohol ko detoxify karke inactivated karta hai.

- Metabolism: Carbohydrates, proteins, aur fats ko metabolize karke energy production aur storage
karta hai.

- Bile production: Bile ko produce karke fats ko digest karne mein madad karta hai.

- Nutrient storage: Vitamins, minerals, glucose, aur iron jaise nutrients ko store karta hai.

- Blood purification: Blood mein toxins aur waste products ko remove karke clean blood ko supply karta
hai.

4. Sawal: Human eye ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human eye light ko detect, focus karna aur visual information ko interpret karna ka kaam karta
hai. Ismein cornea, lens, retina, aur optic nerve hote hain. Cornea aur lens light ko focus karte hain,
retina light ko detect karti hai aur optic nerve ise brain tak transmit karta hai jahaan par visual processing
hota hai.

5. Sawal: Human muscular system ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human muscular system body movement, posture maintenance, aur internal organ function ko
control karta hai. Ismein three types ke muscles hote hain: skeletal muscles (jo voluntary movement
control karte hain), smooth muscles (jo involuntary functions, jaise ki digestion aur blood flow control
karte hain), aur cardiac muscles (jo heart ke pumping action ko control karte hain).

1. Sawal: Human kidneys ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human kidneys blood filtration aur waste products (jaise ki urea, creatinine) ko eliminate karne
ka kaam karte hain. Iske saath hi kidneys electrolyte balance, fluid balance, aur blood pressure regulation
mein bhi madad karte hain.

2. Sawal: Human respiratory system mein oxygen aur carbon dioxide exchange kaise hota hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system mein oxygen aur carbon dioxide exchange alveoli (lung air sacs) aur
blood vessels (capillaries) ke beech mein hota hai. Alveoli se oxygen lungs mein enter karta hai aur
capillaries se bloodstream mein dissolve ho jata hai. Carbon dioxide blood vessels se alveoli mein
diffuses ho jata hai aur lungs se exhale hota hai.

3. Sawal: Human digestive system mein enzymes ka kya role hai?

Jawab: Human digestive system mein enzymes nutrients ko digest karne mein madad karte hain.
Enzymes specific substrates (jaise ki carbohydrates, proteins, fats) ko break down karte hain, jisse
nutrients absorb ho sakte hain. Kuch important digestive enzymes hai: amylase (carbohydrate digestion),
pepsin (protein digestion), lipase (fat digestion), aur sucrase, lactase, maltase (sugar digestion).

4. Sawal: Human endocrine system mein kitne glands hote hain?

Jawab: Human endocrine system mein several glands hote hain, jinmein shamil hain:

- Pituitary gland

- Thyroid gland

- Parathyroid glands

- Adrenal glands

- Pancreas
 - Ovaries (in females)

- Testes (in males)

5. Sawal: Human skeletal system mein kitne bones hote hain?

Jawab: Human skeletal system mein typically 206 bones hote hain. Ye bones different shapes aur sizes
ki hoti hain aur unka kaam body structure, support, movement, aur protection provide karna hai.

6. Sawal: Human lymphatic system ka kya kaam hai?

Jawab: Human lymphatic system immune response ko support karta hai. Ismein lymph nodes, lymph
vessels, lymphocytes, aur lymphatic organs shamil hote hain. Lymphatic system foreign substances,
pathogens, aur excess fluid ko filter karta hai aur immune cells ko transport karta hai.

7. Sawal: Human nervous system kaise kaam karta hai?

Jawab: Human nervous system information receive, process, aur transmit karne ka kaam karta hai. Yeh
sensory input (external aur internal stimuli) ko detect karta hai aur motor output (response) ko
coordinate karta hai. Central nervous system (CNS) aur peripheral nervous system (PNS) is system ke
important components hain.

8. Sawal: Human cardiovascular system ka kya kaam hai?

Jawab: Human cardiovascular system blood circulation ko facilitate karta hai. Yeh oxygenated blood ko
body ke organs tak aur deoxygenated blood ko lungs tak pump karta hai. Ismein heart, blood vessels
(arteries, veins, aur capillaries), aur blood shamil hote hain.

9. Sawal: Human reproductive system mein kitne chromosomes hote hain?

Jawab: Human reproductive system mein typically 46 chromosomes hote hain, jo pairs

Mein arrange hote hain. Each parent 23 chromosomes contribute karte hain, jismein 22 non-sex
chromosomes aur 1 sex chromosome pair (XX for females, XY for males) shamil hota hai.

10. Sawal: Human integumentary system ka kya kaam hai?

Jawab: Human integumentary system skin, hair, nails, aur glands ko include karta hai. Iska kaam body
ko protect karna, temperature regulation karna, sensory information provide karna, aur water balance
maintain karna hai.
 1. Sawal: Human immune system kya hai?

Jawab: Human immune system body ko infections, diseases, aur foreign substances se protect karne ka
system hai. Ismein antibodies, white blood cells, lymph nodes, aur immune organs shamil hote hain.

2. Sawal: Human circulatory system ka primary organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human circulatory system ka primary organ heart hai. Heart blood ko pump karta hai aur
oxygenated blood ko body ke organs tak pahunchata hai.

3. Sawal: Human respiratory system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ka primary function oxygenation hai. Yeh oxygen lungs se absorb
karke bloodstream mein pahunchata hai aur carbon dioxide ko lungs se exhale karta hai.

4. Sawal: Human urinary system ka primary organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human urinary system ka primary organ kidneys hai. Kidneys blood filtration karke waste
products aur excess fluid ko eliminate karte hain.

5. Sawal: Human skeletal system ka sabse lamba bone kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human skeletal system ka sabse lamba bone femur hai, jo thigh bone hai.

6. Sawal: Human digestive system ka primary organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human digestive system ka primary organ stomach hai. Stomach food ko store, mix, aur
partially digest karta hai.

7. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone-producing gland kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone-producing gland pituitary gland hai, jo brain ke
nichle hisse mein located hai.

8. Sawal: Human nervous system ka primary signaling molecule kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human nervous system ka primary signaling molecule neurotransmitter hai. Examples of
neurotransmitters include dopamine, serotonin, aur acetylcholine.
 9. Sawal: Human lymphatic system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human lymphatic system ka primary function immune response support karna hai. Ismein
lymphocytes (immune cells) ko transport kiya jaata hai aur foreign substances ko filter kiya jaata hai.

10. Sawal: Human reproductive system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human reproductive system ka primary function hai offspring production aur genetic material
transfer.

11. Sawal: Human muscular system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human muscular system ka primary function body movement aur posture maintenance hai.

12. Sawal: Human integumentary system ka primary organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human integumentary system ka primary organ skin hai.

13. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone thyroid hormone hai, jo thyroid gland dwara
produce hota hai.

14. Sawal: Human cardiovascular system mein kitne types ke blood vessels hote hain?

Jawab: Human cardiovascular system mein three types ke blood vessels hote hain: arteries (away from
the heart), veins (towards the heart), aur capillaries (exchange vessels between arteries and veins).

15. Sawal: Human skeletal system ka kaam kya hai?

Jawab: Human skeletal system body structure provide karta hai, support karta hai, aur movement ko
enable karta hai.

16. Sawal: Human respiratory system ka primary breathing muscle kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ka primary breathing muscle diaphragm hai.

 17. Sawal: Human digestive system mein nutrients ka

Absorption kahaan hota hai?

Jawab: Human digestive system mein nutrients ka absorption primarily small intestine mein hota hai.

18. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone insulin kaunse gland dwara produce hota
hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone insulin pancreas dwara produce hota hai.

19. Sawal: Human nervous system ka primary division kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human nervous system ka primary division central nervous system (CNS) aur peripheral
nervous system (PNS) hai.

20. Sawal: Human cardiovascular system ka main pumping chamber kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human cardiovascular system ka main pumping chamber heart ka left ventricle hai.

21. Sawal: Human urinary system ka primary waste product kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human urinary system ka primary waste product urine hai, jismein excess water, urea, aur
other waste products shamil hote hain.

22. Sawal: Human reproductive system mein female gamete ka naam kya hai?

Jawab: Human reproductive system mein female gamete ka naam egg (ya ovum) hai.

23. Sawal: Human lymphatic system ka main organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human lymphatic system ka main organ spleen hai.

24. Sawal: Human muscular system ka main voluntary muscle kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human muscular system ka main voluntary muscle skeletal muscle hai.
 25. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone estrogen kaunse gland dwara produce hota
hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone estrogen ovaries dwara produce hota hai.

26. Sawal: Human circulatory system ka main gas exchange organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human circulatory system ka main gas exchange organ lungs hai.

27. Sawal: Human respiratory system ka primary gas exchange process kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ka primary gas exchange process diffusion hai.

28. Sawal: Human skeletal system ka main supportive tissue kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human skeletal system ka main supportive tissue cartilage hai.

29. Sawal: Human digestive system ka primary carbohydrate-digesting enzyme kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human digestive system ka primary carbohydrate-digesting enzyme amylase hai.

30. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone testosterone kaunse gland dwara produce
hota hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone testosterone testes dwara produce hota hai.

31. Sawal: Human nervous system ka primary sensory organ kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human nervous system ka primary sensory organ brain hai.

32. Sawal: Human cardiovascular system ka main blood-carrying component kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human cardiovascular system ka main blood-carrying component red blood cells (RBCs) hai.

33. Sawal: Human urinary system ka primary function kya hai?

Jawab: Human urinary system ka primary function metabolic waste elimination, fluid balance
regulation, aur blood pressure maintenance hai.
 34. Sawal: Human reproductive system ka main male hormone kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human reproductive system ka main male hormone testosterone hai.

35. Sawal: Human lymphatic system ka main function kya hai?

Jawab: Human lymphatic system ka main function immune response support karna aur excess fluid ko
drain karna hai.

36. Sawal: Human muscular system ka main involuntary muscle kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human muscular system ka main involuntary muscle smooth muscle hai.

37. Sawal: Human digestive system mein protein digestion kaunsi enzyme k

Arta hai?

Jawab: Human digestive system mein protein digestion primarily pepsin enzyme karta hai.

38. Sawal: Human endocrine system ka main hormone progesterone kaunse gland dwara produce
hota hai?

Jawab: Human endocrine system ka main hormone progesterone ovaries dwara produce hota hai.

39. Sawal: Human circulatory system ka main oxygen-carrying protein kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human circulatory system ka main oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin hai.

40. Sawal: Human respiratory system ka main respiratory pigment kaunsa hai?

Jawab: Human respiratory system ka main respiratory pigment hemoglobin hai.

Medical Surgical Nursing

1. Sawal: Surgical asepsis kya hai?

 Jawab: Surgical asepsis surgical procedures mein infection risk ko kam karne ke liye measures lene ka
concept hai. Ismein sterile techniques, hand hygiene, aur proper use of personal protective equipment
shamil hote hain.

2. Sawal: Pre-operative assessment mein kya include hota hai?

Jawab: Pre-operative assessment surgical procedure se pehle patient ki overall health status, medical
history, allergies, current medications, vital signs, aur lab tests ka evaluation shamil hota hai.

3. Sawal: Post-operative complications mein se ek common complication kaunsi hai?

Jawab: Ek common post-operative complication deep vein thrombosis (DVT) hai, jismein blood clot
vein mein develop ho jata hai.

4. Sawal: Surgical site infection ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Surgical site infection ko prevent karne ke liye sterile techniques, proper wound care, hand
hygiene, prophylactic antibiotics, aur appropriate dressings ka use kiya jata hai.

5. Sawal: Patient ko post-operative pain management ke liye kya interventions diye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative pain management ke liye medications (such as analgesics), non-pharmacological

interventions (such as positioning, relaxation techniques), aur monitoring vital signs ka use kiya jata hai.

6. Sawal: Ambulation kyu important hai post-operative patients ke liye?

Jawab: Ambulation post-operative patients ke liye important hai kyunki yeh blood circulation ko
improve karta hai, respiratory complications ko kam karta hai, aur deep vein thrombosis risk ko reduce
karta hai.

7. Sawal: Surgical drains kya hote hain aur unka purpose kya hai?

Jawab: Surgical drains tubes hote hain jo surgical site se fluid (such as blood or serous fluid) ko remove
karne ke liye use kiye jaate hain, jisse wound healing ko promote kiya ja sakta hai.

8. Sawal: Wound healing process mein kya stages hoti hain?

Jawab: Wound healing process mein kuch stages hote hain, including inflammation, proliferation, aur
maturation. In stages mein wound clean hone, granulation tissue formation, aur scar development hoti
hai.
 9. Sawal: Surgical positioning ka kya importance hai?

Jawab: Surgical positioning patient ko comfortable rakhta hai, surgical site ko accessible karta hai,
circulation ko maintain karta hai, aur pressure ulcers ka risk kam karta hai.

10. Sawal: Deep breathing aur coughing exercises post-operative patients ke liye kyu important hai?

Jawab: Deep breathing aur coughing exercises post-operative patients ke liye important hai kyunki yeh
lung expansion aur mucus clearance ko promote karte hain, respiratory complications ko kam karte hain,
aur atelectasis (lung collapse) ko prevent karte hain.

1. Sawal: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) kya hai aur uske common risk factors kya hain?

Jawab: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ek condition hai jismein blood clot vein ke andar develop hota hai.
Iski common risk factors immobilization, surgery, pregnancy, obesity, smoking, aur certain medical
conditions hote hain.

2. Sawal: Surgical site infection ko identify karne ke liye kya signs aur symptoms hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical site infection ke signs aur symptoms mein redness, swelling, warmth, pain, pus
discharge, aur elevated body temperature (fever) shamil hote hain.

3. Sawal: Pressure ulcer formation ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Pressure ulcer formation ko prevent karne ke liye regular repositioning, use of pressure-
relieving devices (such as cushions or mattresses), proper skin care, aur good nutrition ka dhyan rakha
jata hai.

4. Sawal: Pneumonia development ko prevent karne ke liye post-operative patients ko kya

encourage kiya jaata hai?

Jawab: Pneumonia development ko prevent karne ke liye post-operative patients ko early ambulation,
deep breathing exercises, coughing exercises, aur incentive spirometry ka encourage kiya jaata hai.

5. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein ileus (bowel obstruction) ko prevent karne ke liye kya
measures liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein ileus ko prevent karne ke liye early ambulation, adequate fluid
intake, use of nasogastric tubes, aur careful monitoring of bowel sounds kiya jaata hai.
 6. Sawal: Post-operative patients ke liye infection ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures liye jaate
hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients ke liye infection ko prevent karne ke liye strict hand hygiene, sterile
techniques, prophylactic antibiotics, aur proper wound care ka dhyan rakha jata hai.

7. Sawal: Surgical wound ke dressings ke liye kya guidelines hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke dressings ke liye sterile techniques ka use kiya jaata hai. Dressings ko regular
intervals par change kiya jaata hai aur wound healing process ke hisab se appropriate dressings ka
selection kiya jata hai.

8. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein urinary retention ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures liye
jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein urinary retention ko prevent karne ke liye regular voiding,
monitoring of urine output, aur use of bladder catheters (if necessary) kiya jaata hai.

9. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein fluid balance ko monitor karne ke liye kya parameters check
kiye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein fluid balance ko monitor karne ke liye intake and output (I&O)
charting, daily weights, aur monitoring of vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart rate) ka use kiya jaata
hai.

10. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein pain management ke liye non-pharmacological interventions
kya hote hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein non-pharmacological pain management interventions mein

positioning, relaxation techniques, distraction techniques, aur cold or heat therapy shamil hote hain.

11. Sawal: Patient ko informed consent

Kaise obtain kiya jaata hai surgical procedure se pehle?

Jawab: Patient ko informed consent obtain karne ke liye healthcare provider detailed information
provide karta hai, risks and benefits discuss karta hai, aur patient se consent form sign karwata hai.
 12. Sawal: Surgical team mein kon-kon se professionals involved hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical team mein surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, surgical technologists, aur other
healthcare professionals shamil hote hain.

13. Sawal: Surgical instruments aur equipment sterilization ke liye kya methods hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical instruments aur equipment sterilization ke liye steam sterilization, ethylene oxide
sterilization, aur chemical sterilization methods ka use kiya jaata hai.

14. Sawal: Post-operative patients ko kaise monitor kiya jaata hai recovery room (PACU) mein?

Jawab: Post-operative patients ko recovery room (PACU) mein vital signs (such as blood pressure, heart
rate, oxygen saturation) monitor kiye jaate hain, pain management diya jata hai, aur immediate post-
operative complications ka assessment kiya jata hai.

15. Sawal: Surgical site dressing ko kab aur kaise change kiya jaata hai?

Jawab: Surgical site dressing ko healthcare provider ke instructions ke hisab se regular intervals par
change kiya jaata hai. Dressing change procedure sterile techniques ke sath kiya jata hai.

1. Sawal: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ka main symptom kya hota hai?

Jawab: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) ka main symptom affected leg mein swelling aur pain hota hai.

2. Sawal: Surgical site infection ko prevent karne ke liye hand hygiene kaise ki jati hai?

Jawab: Surgical site infection ko prevent karne ke liye proper hand hygiene ke liye 20 seconds tak
thorough hand washing soap aur water se kiya jata hai ya hand sanitizer ka use kiya jata hai.

3. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein pressure ulcer development ka main cause kya hai?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein pressure ulcer development ka main cause prolonged pressure aur
friction hota hai, jiska result blood circulation compromise ho jata hai.

4. Sawal: Wound healing process mein granulation tissue kya hoti hai?

Jawab: Wound healing process mein granulation tissue wound surface par new blood vessels, collagen,
aur healing cells ki growth ko represent karti hai.
 5. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein respiratory complications ko prevent karne ke liye incentive
spirometry kaise use ki jati hai?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein incentive spirometry use karne ke liye patient ko deep breath leni
hoti hai aur device se aane wali visual feedback ko follow karna hota hai.

6. Sawal: Surgical drains ko kaise care kiya jata hai?

Jawab: Surgical drains ko care karne ke liye drainage output ko monitor kiya jata hai, dressing ke sath
drains ko secure kiya jata hai, aur aseptic technique se drainage system ko maintain kiya jata hai.

7. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein ileus (bowel obstruction) ke liye nursing interventions kya
hote hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein ileus ko manage karne ke liye ambulation encourage ki jati hai,
nasogastric tube ka use kiya jata hai, aur bowel sounds ko monitor kiya jata hai.

8. Sawal: Surgical wound ke healing mein collagen formation ka kya role hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke healing mein collagen formation wound ko strengthen karta hai aur scar
tissue ka development ko support karta hai.

9. Sawal: Surgical positioning ke liye patient safety kaise ensure ki jati hai?

Jawab: Surgical positioning ke liye patient safety ensure karne ke liye proper padding aur positioning
aids ka use kiya jata hai aur pressure points ko avoid kiya jata hai.

10. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein urinary retention ko prevent karne ke liye kya interventions
diye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein urinary retention ko prevent karne ke liye regular voiding
schedule maintain ki jati hai, catheterization ka use kiya jata hai, aur adequate fluid intake ka dhyan
rakha jata hai.

11. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein fluid overload ko identify karne ke liye kya signs aur
symptoms dekhe jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein fluid overload ke signs aur symptoms mein edema (swelling),
elevated blood pressure, shortness of breath, aur crackles in the lungs shamil hote hain.
 12. Sawal: Surgical wound ke healing mein angiogenesis ka kya role hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke healing mein angiogenesis blood vessel formation ko stimulate karta

Hai, jisse wound mein oxygen aur nutrients supply ho sakte hai.

13. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein pain management ke liye pharmacological interventions kya
hote hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein pain management ke liye opioids (such as morphine),
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aur local anesthetics ka use kiya jata hai.

14. Sawal: Surgical site infection ke liye high-risk factors kya hote hain?

Jawab: Surgical site infection ke high-risk factors mein immunosuppression, obesity, malnutrition,
diabetes, aur smoking shamil hote hain.

15. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein gastrointestinal complications ko prevent karne ke liye kya
measures liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein gastrointestinal complications ko prevent karne ke liye early
ambulation, clear liquid diet se start karna, aur antiemetic medications ka use kiya jata hai.

16. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein pneumonia development ko prevent karne ke liye kya
nursing interventions liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein pneumonia development ko prevent karne ke liye deep breathing
exercises, incentive spirometry, aur coughing exercises encourage kiye jaate hain.

17. Sawal: Surgical wound ke healing mein epithelialization ka kya role hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke healing mein epithelialization wound surface ko cover karne ke liye epithelial
cells ki growth aur migration ko represent karta hai.

18. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein delirium ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures liye jaate
hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein delirium ko prevent karne ke liye optimal pain management,
regular orientation, aur familiar objects ka use kiya jata hai.
 19. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein surgical site ke bleeding ko identify karne ke liye kya signs
aur symptoms dekhe jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein surgical site ke bleeding ke signs aur symptoms mein excessive
drainage, fresh bleeding, aur soaked dressings shamil hote hain.

20. Sawal: Surgical wound ke healing mein contraction ka kya role hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke healing mein contraction wound edges ko closer karne aur wound size ko
reduce karne ka process hai.

21. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein venous thromboembolism (VTE) development ko prevent
karne ke liye kya interventions diye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein venous thromboembolism (VTE) development ko prevent karne
ke liye early ambulation, leg exercises, aur anticoagulant medications ka use kiya jata hai.

22. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein anemia development ko prevent karne ke liye kya measures
liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein anemia development ko prevent karne ke liye iron-rich diet, iron
supplementation, aur blood transfusions ka use kiya jata hai.

23. Sawal: Surgical wound ke healing mein remodeling ka kya role hota hai?

Jawab: Surgical wound ke healing mein remodeling wound strength aur flexibility ko restore karta hai,
jisse long-term wound stability achieve hoti hai.

24. Sawal: Post-operative patients mein surgical site ke infection ko treat karne ke liye kya
interventions liye jaate hain?

Jawab: Post-operative patients mein surgical site ke infection ko treat karne ke liye antibiotics, wound
debridement, aur appropriate wound

Care measures liye jaate hain.

25. Sawal: Surgical procedure ke dauran patient safety ko maintain karne ke liye kya measures liye
jaate hain?
 Jawab: Surgical procedure ke dauran patient safety ko maintain karne ke liye surgical time-out, surgical
site marking, aur instrument count ka use kiya jata hai.