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Additive manufacturing —
General principles
Part 3: Main characteristics and
corresponding test methods
BS ISO 17296-3:2014 BRITISH STANDARD
National foreword
This British Standard is the UK implementation of ISO 17296-3:2014.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical
Committee AMT/8, Additive manufacturing.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be
obtained on request to its secretary.
This publication does not purport to include all the necessary
provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
© The British Standards Institution 2014. Published by BSI Standards
Limited 2014
ISBN 978 0 580 80731 2
ICS 25.040.20
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from
legal obligations.
This British Standard was published under the authority of the
Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 30 September 2014.
Amendments issued since publication
Date Text affected
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17296-3
First edition
2014-09-01
Reference number
ISO 17296-3:2014(E)
© ISO 2014
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
ISO 17296-3:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Main characteristics and corresponding test methods................................................................................................. 2
4.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Selection criteria.................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Performance criteria and quality characteristics....................................................................................................... 7
5 Part and process testing — Specifications and quality criteria............................................................................ 9
5.1 General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
5.2 Testing the material............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
5.3 Monitoring the process..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
5.4 Testing the part..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing.
ISO 17296 consists of the following parts, under the general title Additive manufacturing — General
principles:
— Part 1: Terminology
— Part 2: Overview of process categories and feedstock
— Part 3: Main characteristics and corresponding test methods
— Part 4: Overview of data processing
Introduction
Additive manufacturing is a process of joining bulk raw materials to make parts from 3D model data,
usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative methodologies. It is an
inherent part of the parts development or production process. It is used to manufacture prototypes and
production parts.
This part of ISO 17296 aims to offer recommendations and advice to machine manufacturers, feedstock
suppliers, machine users, part providers, and customers, to improve communication between these
stakeholders concerning test methods.
This International Standard has been developed within a set of consistent documents from terminology
to test methods and data exchange.
The manufacturing of parts by additive manufacturing processes is subject to numerous variables.
The processes described in ISO 17296-2 can be used to manufacture parts that meet technological
requirements only if these factors are controlled, optimized and, if necessary, customized for each order.
When assessing parts quality, comparison with the specific requirements is one of the most important
aspects.
Additive manufacturing processes require the selective application of thermo-physical and/or chemical
mechanisms to generate the part. Thus it is possible to produce parts with different characteristics,
depending on the method used and the process parameters. However, complete testing of all parts
characteristics is neither cost-effective nor technologically feasible. Therefore, when formulating parts
specifications, the nature and scope of testing is an important issue.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17296 covers the principal requirements applied to testing of parts manufactured by
additive manufacturing processes.
This part of ISO 17296
— specifies main quality characteristics of parts,
— specifies appropriate test procedures, and
— recommends the scope and content of test and supply agreements.
This part of ISO 17296 is aimed at machine manufacturers, feedstock suppliers, machine users, part
providers, and customers to facilitate the communication on main quality characteristics. It applies
wherever additive manufacturing processes are used.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 17296-11), Additive manufacturing — General — Part 1: Terminology
ISO/ASTM 52915, Standard specification for additive manufacturing file format (AMF) Version 1.1
1) To be published.
3.3
machine user
user of additive manufacturing equipment
[SOURCE: ISO 17296‑12)]
3.4
part provider
provider of parts manufactured by additive manufacturing equipment
[SOURCE: ISO 17296‑12)]
3.5
customer
end user of parts manufactured by additive manufacturing equipment
Note 1 to entry: One company can have several roles at the same time.
4.1 General
Each development and fabrication phase of a part has a specific purpose. The performance criteria
determine the type of part and the choice of additive manufacturing process. This part of ISO 17296
develops the following main quality characteristics:
— feedstock:
— bulk raw material requirements: powder particle size, morphology, surface and distribution,
density (tap and apparent), flowability/pourability, ash content, and carbon content;
— parts:
— surface requirements: appearance, surface texture, and colour;
— geometric requirements: size, length and angle dimensions, dimensional tolerances, and
geometrical tolerancing (deviations in shape and position);
— mechanical requirements: hardness, tensile strength, impact strength, compressive strength,
flexural strength, fatigue strength, creep, ageing, frictional coefficient, shear resistance, and
crack extension;
— build material requirements: density and physical and physico-chemical properties
[microstructure analyses (non-destructive testing)].
NOTE The following other characteristics of parts have been identified but, due to the specificity of additive
manufacturing, will be provided in a future version of this part of ISO 17296:
— thermal properties (e.g. operating temperature range, dimensional stability in heat, softening temperatures,
melting point, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of linear thermal expansion);
— electrical requirements (e.g. disruptive strength, dielectric properties, magnetic properties, and electrical
conductivity);
2) To be published.
— physical and physico-chemical properties (e.g. internal defaults, flammability, toxicity, chemical composition,
chemical resistance, water absorption, crystalline structure, suitability for food, biocompatibility, sterility,
photostability, translucence, solidification point, glass transition, and corrosion).
4
Table 1 — Metal parts
Build material
Surface requirements Geometric requirements Mechanical requirements
requirements
Size, length Geometrical
Sur- Frictio- Physical and
and angle tolerancing Com- Shear Crack
Appea- face Hard- Tensile Impact Flexural Fatigue nal physico-
Colour dimensions, (deviations pressive Creep Ageing resis- exten- Density
rance tex- ness strength strength strength strength coeffi- chemical
dimensional in shape and strength tance sion
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
H o + - + + + + + + + + + - + + + + +
M o o - + + + + + + o o o - o o o + o
L o o - + + + + o o o - - - - o - + -
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
Table 2 — Plastic parts
Build material
Surface requirements Geometric requirements Mechanical requirements
requirements
Size, length Geometrical
Sur- Frictio- Physical and
and angle tolerancing Com- Shear Crack
Appea- face Hard- Tensile Impact Flexural Fatigue nal physico-
Colour dimensions, (deviations pressive Creep Ageing resis- exten- Density
rance tex- ness strength strength strength strength coeffi- chemical
dimensional in shape and strength tance sion
ture cient properties
tolerances position)
H o + o + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
ISO 17296-3:2014(E)
5
6
Table 3 — Ceramic parts
Build material
Surface requirements Geometric requirements Mechanical requirements
requirements
Size, length Geometrical
Sur- Fric- Physical and
and angle tolerancing Com- Shear Crack
Appea- face Hard- Tensile Impact Flexural Fatigue tional physico-
Colour dimensions, (deviations pressive Creep Ageing resis- exten- Density
rance tex- ness strength strength strength strength coeffi- chemical
dimensional in shape and strength tance sion
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
H o + o + + + + + + + - - - o o o + +
M o o o + + o o o o o - - - o o o + o
L o o o + + o o o o o - - - - o - + -
© ISO 2014 – All rights reserved
BS ISO 17296-3:2014
ISO 17296-3:2014(E)
Specificity of additive manufacturing (e.g. anisotropy, test direction vs building direction) shall be
indicated for all measured characteristics and shall be reported in the test report. Test results shall be
reported by using the orientation and location defined in ISO/ASTM 52915.
Table 4 — List of main quality characteristics and corresponding recommended test standards
Table 4 (continued)
Quality characteristics Metal Plastics Ceramics
Geometric requirements Size, length and ISO 129-1 ISO 129-1 ISO 129-1
angle dimensions,
ISO 286-1 ISO 286-1 ISO 286-1
dimensional
tolerances ISO 14405-1 ISO 14405-1 ISO 14405-1
(specification) (specification) (specification)
ISO 1938-1c ISO 1938-1c ISO 1938-1c
(measurement) (measurement) (measurement)
ISO 2768-1 ISO 2768-1 ISO 2768-1
Geometrical ISO 1101 ISO 1101 ISO 1101
tolerancing (devia- (specification) + (specification) + (specification) +
tions in shape and Isostatism Isostatism Isostatism
position)
ISO 2768-2 ISO 2768-2 ISO 2768-2
Mechanical requirements Hardness ISO 6507 ISO 2039 ISO 14705
ISO 868
Tensile strength ISO 6892-1a ISO 527-1 ISO 15490
ISO 527-2
ISO 527-3
ISO 527-4
ISO 527-5a
Impact strength ISO 148-1 ISO 179-1 ISO 11491b c
ISO 148-2 ISO 179-2
(charpy)a (charpy)a
ISO 180 (izod)
Compressive ISO 4506 ISO 604 ISO 17162
strength
Flexural strength ISO 3327 ISO 178 ISO 14704
ISO 14610
Fatigue strength ISO 1099 ISO 13003 ISO 22214
ISO 1143 ISO 15850 ISO 28704
Creep ISO 204 ISO 899-1 ISO 22215
ISO 899-2
Ageing Not relevant ISO 4892-1 Not relevant
ISO 4892-2
ISO 4892-3
ISO 4892-4
Frictional coefficient No International ISO 6601 ISO 20808
Standard
identified
a ISO/TC 261 will define specific standards for sample geometry and sample direction.
b Specific to implants for surgery.
c To be published.
Table 4 (continued)
Quality characteristics Metal Plastics Ceramics
Mechanical requirements Shear resistance ISO 148-1 ISO 14129 ISO 14129
Crack extension ISO 22889 ISO 15850 ISO 15732
ISO 18756
ISO 24370
ISO 23146
Build material Density ISO 3369 ISO 1068 ISO 18754
requirements
Physical and Radiographic exami- ISO 5579 Not relevant Not relevant
physico- nation
chemical
Penetrant testing ISO 3452-1 ISO 3452-1 ISO 3452-1
properties:
microstruc- ISO 3452-2 ISO 3452-2 ISO 3452-2
ture analyses
Tomography IEC 61675–1 IEC 61675–1 IEC 61675–1
(non-
destructive IEC 61675–2 IEC 61675–2 IEC 61675–2
testing)
Magnetic particle ISO 9934-1 ISO 9934-1 ISO 9934-1
testing
a ISO/TC 261 will define specific standards for sample geometry and sample direction.
b Specific to implants for surgery.
c To be published.
5.1 General
The quality of a part is determined by its suitability for a specific application and therefore by its ability
to meet those specific requirements. Since parts need to satisfy a number of requirements, these shall
be precisely defined during the design and order stage.
NOTE A definition or discussion that lacks clarity can result in considerable additional costs and delays
and/or inferior quality.
The form of specifications depends on the application, the nature of the features being tested, and
the materials used. Specifications may also vary within one part (e.g. critical mass). Some intrinsic
properties depend on the choice of material and the technology used. Relevant test procedures shall be
stipulated and adhered to.
The process stability can also be monitored repeatedly at different intervals at a constant geometry.
Test specimens for process monitoring should be as representative as possible compared to the
part. Complementary test specimens could be used to improve the testing of dimensional accuracy,
reproduction accuracy and process stability. The shape of test specimen and the nature and frequency
of testing shall be defined in agreement between the customer and part provider for each application in
accordance with applicable standards.
Bibliography
[1] ISO 129-1, Technical drawings — Indication of dimensions and tolerances — Part 1: General
principles
[2] ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
[3] ISO 148-2, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 2: Verification of testing
machines
[4] ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
[5] ISO 179 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties
[6] ISO 204, Metallic materials — Uniaxial creep testing in tension — Method of test
[7] ISO 286-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — ISO code system for tolerances on linear
sizes — Part 1: Basis of tolerances, deviations and fits
[8] ISO 527 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of tensile properties
[9] ISO 604, Plastics — Determination of compressive properties
[10] ISO 899 (all parts), Plastics — Determination of creep behaviour
[11] ISO 1068, Plastics — Homopolymer and copolymer resins of vinyl chloride — Determination of
compacted apparent bulk density
[12] ISO 1099, Metallic materials — Fatigue testing — Axial force-controlled method
[13] ISO 1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of
form, orientation, location and run-out
[14] ISO 1143, Metallic materials — Rotating bar bending fatigue testing
[15] ISO 1302, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Indication of surface texture in technical
product documentation
[16] ISO 1938-13), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional measuring equipment —
Part 1: Plain limit gauges of linear size
[17] ISO 2768 (all parts), General tolerances
[18] ISO 3327, Hardmetals — Determination of transverse rupture strength
[19] ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
[20] ISO 3451-1, Plastics — Determination of ash — Part 1: General methods
[21] ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles
[22] ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
[23] ISO 3923-2, Metallic powders — Determination of apparent density — Part 2: Scott volumeter
method
[24] ISO 4288, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Rules and
procedures for the assessment of surface texture
[25] ISO 4324, Surface active agents — Powders and granules — Measurement of the angle of repose
[26] ISO 4490, Metallic powders — Determination of flow rate by means of a calibrated funnel (Hall
flowmeter)
[27] ISO 4497, Metallic powders — Determination of particle size by dry sieving
[28] ISO 4506, Hardmetals — Compression test
[29] ISO 4610, Plastics — Vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins — Sieve analysis using air-
jet sieve apparatus
[30] ISO 4892 (all parts), Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources
[31] ISO 5579, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing of metallic materials using film and X- or
gamma rays — Basic rules
[32] ISO 6186, Plastics — Determination of pourability
[33] ISO 6507 (all parts), Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test
[34] ISO 6601, Plastics — Friction and wear by sliding — Identification of test parameters
[35] ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
[36] ISO 7625, Sintered metal materials, excluding hardmetals — Preparation of samples for chemical
analysis for determination of carbon content
[37] ISO 8130-1, Coating powders — Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution by sieving
[38] ISO 9276-6, Representation of results of particle size analysis — Part 6: Descriptive and quantitative
representation of particle shape and morphology
[39] ISO 9277, Determination of the specific surface area of solids by gas adsorption — BET method
[40] ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
[41] ISO 114914), Implants for surgery — Test method for impact resistance of ceramic femoral head for
hip joint prostheses
[42] ISO 11664-1, Colorimetry — Part 1: CIE standard colorimetric observers
[43] ISO 11664-2, Colorimetry — Part 2: CIE standard illuminants
[44] ISO 11664-4, Colorimetry — Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour space
[45] ISO 11664-5, Colorimetry — Part 5: CIE 1976 L*u*v* Colour space and u’, v’ uniform chromaticity
scale diagram
[46] ISO 13003, Fibre-reinforced plastics — Determination of fatigue properties under cyclic loading
conditions
[47] ISO 13319, Determination of particle size distributions — Electrical sensing zone method
[48] ISO 13320, Particle size analysis — Laser diffraction methods
[49] ISO 14129, Fibre-reinforced plastic composites — Determination of the in-plane shear stress/shear
strain response, including the in-plane shear modulus and strength, by the plus or minus 45 degree
tension test method
[50] ISO 14405-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional tolerancing — Part 1: Linear
sizes
4) To be published.
[51] ISO 14610, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
flexural strength of porous ceramics at room temperature
[52] ISO 14629, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
flowability of ceramic powders
[53] ISO 14703, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Sample preparation
for the determination of particle size distribution of ceramic powders
[54] ISO 14704, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
flexural strength of monolithic ceramics at room temperature
[55] ISO 14705, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
hardness of monolithic ceramics at room temperature
[56] ISO 15490, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
tensile strength of monolithic ceramics at room temperature
[57] ISO 15732, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by single edge precracked beam
(SEPB) method
[58] ISO 15850, Plastics — Determination of tension-tension fatigue crack propagation — Linear elastic
fracture mechanics (LEFM) approach
[59] ISO 16348, Metallic and other inorganic coatings — Definitions and conventions concerning
appearance
[60] ISO 17162, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Mechanical properties
of monolithic ceramics at room temperature — Determination of compressive strength
[61] ISO 18753, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
absolute density of ceramic powders by pyknometer
[62] ISO 18754, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
density and apparent porosity
[63] ISO 18756, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by the surface crack in flexure (SCF)
method
[64] ISO 18757, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
specific surface area of ceramic powders by gas adsorption using the BET method
[65] ISO 20808, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
friction and wear characteristics of monolithic ceramics by ball-on-disc method
[66] ISO 22214, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
cyclic bending fatigue of monolithic ceramics at room temperature
[67] ISO 22215, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
tensile creep of monolithic ceramics
[68] ISO 22889, Metallic materials — Method of test for the determination of resistance to stable crack
extension using specimens of low constraint
[69] ISO 23145 (all parts), Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) —
Determination of bulk density of ceramic powders
[70] ISO 23146, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test methods for
fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics — Single-edge V-notch beam (SEVNB) method
[71] ISO 24235, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Determination of
particle size distribution of ceramic powders by laser diffraction method
[72] ISO 24370, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
fracture toughness of monolithic ceramics at room temperature by chevron-notched beam (CNB)
method
[73] ISO 28704, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for
cyclic bending fatigue of porous ceramics at room temperature
[74] IEC 61675 (all parts), Radionuclide imaging devices — Characteristics and test conditions
ICS 25.040.20
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