Tutorial No.

: 10

LABORATORY REPORT
SEMESTER 1, 2020/2021

SUBMISSION DATE : 09/12/2021

CENTER : PREPARATORY CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY (SCIENCE)
COURSE CODE : SK0011
COURSE NAME : PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY I
EXPERIMENT NO. : 6
TITLE OF : INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF OXIDE
EXPERIMENT
COMPOUNDS OF ELEMENTS IN PERIOD 3

GROUP : 1
DEMONSTRATOR : SHAHIRA SHERLIYANI KAMAL

NO MATRIC STUDENTS NAME

. NUMBER
1 FS21110460 IFFATUL SAFIYYA BINTI MOHAMMAD BOKHORI
2 FS21110353 MOHAMAD IZZUL HAQIM BIN MOHAMAD MOHIDI
3 FS21110430 NUR RABIAHTUL NAZILLA BINTI MAPATANG
4 FS21110449 NURUL ASYIQIN BINTI MUHAMMAD ISKANDAR
INTRODUCTION

Periods are the horizontal rows of the periodic table. Period 3, often known as the third
period, refers to the periodic table's third row from the top (Stubbings, n.d.). There are eight
elements across period three, they are Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon
(Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S), Chlorine (Cl) and last but not least Argon (Ar). All the elements
in Period 3 exist as a solid except chlorine and argon which are gasses. Next, the proton
number of elements increases across period three from left to right. The proton number
increases by one unit, from one element to the next element across the period. The electron
arrangement shows that all atoms of the element across period three have three shells
occupied with electrons. Besides, the atomic size decreases across period three from left to
right. This will increase the electronegativity across period three. The metallic nature of the
elements across period three changes from metal which is sodium and magnesium to semi-
metal which is aluminium and silicon to non-metal which is phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and
argon. All elements of period three form oxides except argon. Turning now to the acid-base
properties of the oxides of period three elements. Theoretically, metallic oxides are basic which
react with acids to form salt and water while nonmetallic oxides are acidic where they only
react with alkali to form salt and water meanwhile semi-metallic oxide are able to react with
acids and alkali to form salt and water. The solubility of period three oxides decrease across
the period from left to the right (ChemTube, 2020). Other than that, the general trends are
observed across period three from left to right are the melting and boiling points change from
high to low, electrical and heat conductors on the left to insulators on the right and colour
changes from grey on the left to coloured on the right except argon which is colourless
(Stubbings, n.d.).

OBJECTIVES
1. To examine the properties of some of the elements of Period 3 oxides.
2. To study the changes of oxide properties of elements when across Period 3.
CHEMICALS AND APPARATUS

Apparatus
1. Glass rod
2. Test tube
3. Test tube holder
4. Water bath
5. Test tube rack
6. Thermometer
Chemicals
1. Sodium oxide
2. Magnesium oxide
3. Aluminium oxide
4. Silicon (IV) oxide
5. Universal indicator solution
6. pH paper
7. 1.0 M of nitric acid solution
8. 1.0 M OF sodium hydroxide solution

METHODOLOGY

A) Physical State Investigation

1. The physical state and appearance of the oxide samples at room temperature were
observed. The observations were recorded in Table 1.
B) Solubility of Oxides in Water
1. 10 mL of distilled water was added in a test tube and a thermometer was placed inside
the test tube. The initial temperature was read.
2. Then approximately 5.0 g of sodium oxide was added into a test tube and was carefully
stirred with the glass rod.
i) The temperature of the mixture was recorded.
ii) The solubility of an oxide sample in water was observed and recorded.
3. Two drops of universal indicator were added into the solution and the pH of the
solution was recorded.
4. Steps 1 - 3 were repeated for other oxides samples.
C) Reaction with Acid and Base
1. A 5.0 g of sodium oxide was added into a test tube and 10 mL of nitric acid solution
was added into the test tube.
2. The solubility of sodium oxide in nitric acid was observed and recorded.
3. Steps 1 - 2 were repeated by using sodium hydroxide solution.
4. Steps 1 - 3 were repeated for other oxides samples.
5. All the observations were recorded.

RESULTS

Table 1: Physical state investigation.

Oxide Physical State Colour

Sodium oxide Solid White

Magnesium oxide Powder White

Aluminium oxide Powder White

Silicon (IV) oxide Powder White

Table 2: Solubility of oxides in water.

Oxide Temperature pH of Acid base

solution nature

Before After addition

addition of of oxide
oxide

Sodium oxide 28 ℃ 51 ℃ 14 Basic

Magnesium oxide 28 ℃ 28 ℃ 13 Basic

Aluminium oxide 28 ℃ 28 ℃ 10 Basic

Silicon (IV) oxide 27 ℃ 28 ℃ 14 Acid

Table 3: Reaction with Acid and Base.

Oxide
Observation

With 1.0 M of nitric acid With 1.0 M of sodium

hydroxide

Sodium oxide Soluble Insoluble

Magnesium oxide Soluble Insoluble

Aluminium oxide Soluble Soluble

Silicon (IV) oxide Insoluble Soluble

DISCUSSION

Period 3 elements that were used in this experiment are sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg),
aluminium (Al) and silicon (Si). There are some physical properties that elements in period 3
have. It includes atomic radius, electronegativity, electrical conductivity, melting points and
first ionization energy. Atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost
electron of an atom. The atomic radius is calculated by measuring the distance between the
nuclei of two atoms of the same element and then halving that value. This is also known as
the metallic radius in metals and the covalent radius in non-metals. Hypothetically, the atomic
radii for Na, Mg, Al and Si are 0.157 nm, 0.136 nm, 0.125 nm and 0.117 nm (Francesca, n.d.).
The atomic radius decreases over time. This is because every time you move an element to
the right, the nuclear charge and electrons increase by one. A period's elements all have the
same number of shells. This indicates that the nucleus attracts electrons more strongly as the
period progresses, drawing them closer to the nucleus. As a result, the atomic radius and
consequently the size of the atoms shrinks over time. Electronegativity is a measure of the
tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons (Clark, 2020). Across period 3, the
electronegativity is increasing. This is due to the fact that each atom's valence electrons are
in the 3-level. The same inner electrons filter them out. The number of protons in the nucleus
is the only difference. It progressively increases from sodium to silicon, attracting the bonding
pair closer together. Electrical conductivity refers to how well a substance can conduct
electricity. Sodium, magnesium, and aluminium are excellent electrical conductors. From
sodium through magnesium to aluminium, conductivity rises. A semiconductor is silicon.
Because delocalized electrons as in the "sea of electrons” model are free to flow throughout
the solid or liquid metal, the three metals conduct electricity. Most entry level chemistry
courses do not cover semiconductor chemistry for compounds like silicon. However, silicon
has the highest melting point which is 1683 K. The melting point across period 3 increases
but decreases after silicon. Lastly, the first ionization energy is the energy required to remove
the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms to produce 1 mole of gaseous
ions each with a charge of +1. Generally, the pattern of first ionization energy across Period
3 followed an upward trend. But the trend is broken by decreases between magnesium and
aluminium. This is because of the extra proton, the value of aluminium is projected to be
higher than that of magnesium. The fact that the outer electron of aluminium is in a 3p orbital
rather than a 3s orbital offsets this effect. The 3p electron is significantly further out from the
nucleus than the 3s electron, and it is partially veiled by both the 3s and inner electrons. The
additional proton's influence is mitigated by both of these variables.
 From the result in Table 1, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide and silicon
(IV) oxide were investigated based on their physical state and color. Begin with sodium oxide,
Na2O physically in white solid form. Theoretically, sodium oxide is yellow-crystalline solid
(American E., n.d.). Its molecular weight is 61.97 grams per mol. It has a high melting point
which is 1132°C while its boiling point is 1950°C. Next, magnesium oxide, Mg0 appears as a
white solid, often found as a powder. The ensuing magnesium oxide fume is an inhalation
hazard when fine particles of magnesium oxide are distributed in air, whether directly or as a
result of the burning or cutting of magnesium metal. Its molecular weight is 40.305 grams
per mol. Same as magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, Al2O3 also appears as a white powder
form. Its molecular weight and density are 101.96 grams per mol and 3.95 g/cm3.The majority
of aluminium oxide is utilized to make aluminium metal. When oxygen reacts with the metal
aluminium, it usually catalyzes corrosion. When aluminium oxide is coupled with oxygen, a
protective coating was formed, which prevents further oxidation. This increases the material's
strength and reduces its susceptibility to degradation (Matmatch, 2021). Silicon (IV) oxide,
SiO2 as known as crystalline silica also appears in white powder form and its molecular weight
is 60.09 grams per mol. Its melting point and boiling point are 2230°C and 1610°C,
respectively (ProChem, n.d.).

Moving on to Table 2, the same oxides were used to observe their solubility in water.
Solubility is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance (referred to as the
solute) to dissolve in solvent (usually a liquid) and form a solution. A substance's solubility is
mostly determined by the solvent employed, as well as temperature and pressure. The
saturated solution concentration is used to determine a substance's solubility in a given
solvent. When adding more solute to a solution does not raise the concentration of the
solution, it is said to be saturated (lumen, n.d.). In this experiment, observation was being
done by pouring them into the distilled water and recording their temperature changes.
Moreover, the colour changes are also being observed to record the pH of the solution. Based
on the result on Table 2, the oxides’ initial temperature is the same except for silicon (IV)
oxide. Sodium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide have 28.0°C before being added
to the water. While silicon (IV) oxide has 27.0°C as the initial temperature. After pouring them
into the water, the temperature of sodium oxide increases to 51.0°C. It is because sodium
oxide reacts with water exothermically to produce sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction
caused the sodium oxide to change its color to violet after a universal indicator was added to
it. Based on the pH chart, the violet colour means the pH of sodium oxide is 14 and it is a
simple strongly basic oxide. For magnesium oxide, it seems like the temperature did not
change. That means magnesium oxide does not react with water. However, based on the pH
colour, the pH of the resultant solution is around 13, suggesting the presence of hydroxide
ions. Although some magnesium hydroxide is generated during the reaction, due to the
species' near-insoluble nature, just a few hydroxides ions dissolve (Clark, 2020). The final
temperature of aluminium oxide also did not change. It is because aluminum oxide is
amphoteric. It does not react with water. The pH colour after adding universal indicator also
showed that the pH is 10. On the other hand, the temperature of silicon (IV) oxide was
increasing but not as much as sodium oxide. From the 27°C to 28°C. It shows a reaction does
occur. Theoretically, silicon (IV) is insoluble in water. It is due to the thermodynamic difficulty
of breaking up its network covalent structure.

In Table 3, it shows the reaction between Group 3 oxide with acid and bases. When the
oxides react with 1.0M of nitric acid, sodium oxide, magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide is
soluble while silicon (IV) oxide is insoluble. Sodium oxide and magnesium oxide are soluble
because both are base oxides. Aluminium oxide on the other hand is an amphoteric oxide
while silicon (IV) oxide is an acidic oxide which makes it insoluble. When the oxide reacts with
1.0M of sodium hydroxide,sodium oxide and magnesium oxide are insoluble in the solution
while aluminium oxide and silicon (IV) oxide are soluble in the solution. Sodium oxide and
magnesium oxide are insoluble because they are base oxide. Aluminium oxide and silicone
(IV) oxide are soluble because aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide and silicon (IV) oxide
is an acidic oxide.

While carrying out the experiment, precaution steps must be prioritized. Firstly, masks and
gloves must be used to avoid contact with the substances and avoid inhaling any harmful
fumes. Next, while taking the reading of the thermometer, eyes must be parallel to the scale
and perpendicular to the meniscus to obtain an accurate reading. While carrying out
experiment C, tongs must be used to avoid contact with the solutions. Once all the
experiments are complete, all the solutions are disposed of in a waste disposal to properly
discard any waste.
QUESTIONS

1. Write all equations of reaction between oxide samples and nitric acid.

Sodium oxide:
Na2O + 2HNO3 ⟶ 2NaNO3 + H2O
Magnesium oxide:
MgO + HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2O
Aluminium oxide:
Al2O3 + HNO3 ⟶ Al(NO3)3 + H2O
Silicon dioxide:
SiO2+ 4HNO3 → Si(NO3) 4 + 2H2O

2. Explain the trending of acid- base nature across Period 3.

The trend is from strongly basic to strongly acidic oxides on the left, with an
amphoteric oxide (aluminium oxide) in the middle. Amphoteric oxides have
characteristics that are both acidic and basic.

CONCLUSION

To summarize, periods are the horizontal rows of the periodic table. Period 3, often known
as the third period, refers to the periodic table's third row from the top. There are eight
elements across period three and four elements was used in this experiment which are
sodium, magnesium, aluminium and silicon. The goals were to examine the properties of some
of the elements of Period 3 oxides and to study the changes of oxide properties of elements
when across Period 3 were achieved as shown in the result and discussion. Furthermore, there
are a few precautions that must be prioritized while handling the experiment such as wear
mask, glove and eyes must be parallel to the scale and perpendicular to the meniscus to
obtain an accurate reading.
REFERENCES

1. American E. (n.d.) Sodium Oxide. Retrieved from

https://www.americanelements.com/sodium-oxide-1313-59-3

2. ChemTube. (2020, March 29). Chemistry SPM: Learn Period 3 In 7 Minutes [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITkzF8c3QNA

3. Clark, J. (2020). Acid-base Behavior of the Oxides. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules
_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_
by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Acid-base_Behavior_of_the_Oxides

4. Clark, J. (2020). Physical Properties of Period 3 Elements. Retrieved from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules
_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_
by_Period/Period_3_Elements/Physical_Properties_of_Period_3_Elements

5. Francesca. (n.d.). Period 3 elements: physical properties. Retrieved from

https://www.savemyexams.co.uk/notes/as-chemistry-cie/2-inorganic-chemistry-as/2-
1-the-periodic-table-chemical-periodicity-as/2-1-1-period-3-elements-physical-
properties-as/

6. Lumen. (n.d.). Solubility | Introduction to Chemistry. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/solubility/

7. Matmatch. (2021). Aluminium Oxide: Properties, Production and Applications.

Retrieved from https://matmatch.com/learn/material/aluminium-oxide

8. ProChem inc. (n.d.) Silicon (IV) Oxide. Retrieved from

https://prochemonline.com/product/siliconivoxide-3199/

9. Stubbings, J. (n.d.). Periodic Table: Trends Across Period 3 Chemistry Tutorial.

Retrieved from https://www.ausetute.com.au/trendpd3.html
APPENDIX

Report division chem 6

1 introduction, conclusion, editor ( iffatul )
1 methodology,result,question ( asyiqin )
1 discussion ( 3 obj ) ( rabiahtul )
1 discussion ( 2 obj ) ( izzul )