Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Metals And Reactivity Series

9.1 Properties of Metals

 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

9.2 Uses Of Metals

Copper:
Property Uses
1) Ductile and good conductor Electrical Wires
of electricity
2) Good Conductor of heat and Cooking utensils
High Melting Point e.g: Pots

Aluminium:
Property Uses
1. Resist Corrosion Kitchen foil,Food pacakaging
2. Good Electric Conductor and Making overhead power
has a low density lines/cables
3. High Tensile Strength and Construction
light (low density)
4. Good conductor of heat Kitchen/Cooking ustensils
e.g: Saucepans
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

9.3 Alloys and Their Properties

 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

9.4 Reactivity Series

The reactivity series is a list of metals in order of
their ability to form positive ions. The more reactive
the metal, the more easilyit gives up electrons to
form positive ions.
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Name of Acid Formula Salt Formed

Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 Sulphate
Hydrochloric HCL Chloride
Acid
Nitric Acid HNO3 Nitrate
Phosphoric Acid H3PO4 Phosphate
Carbonic Acid H2CO3 Carbonate

The displacement power of metals:

In a displacement reaction, a more reactive metal
displaces a less reactive metal from its oxide or
aqueous solutions of salts of the less reactive metal.
A.The displacement of oxides (Competition for oxygen)
A metal oxide can be reduced to the metal by
heating it with another metal which is above it in
the reactivity series (more reactive). The reaction is
exothermic.
B. Displacement reactions between metals and
aqueous solutions of metal salts
Any metal will displace another metal that is below
it in the reactivity series from a solution of one of
its salts.
This is because more reactive metals lose electrons
and form ions more readily than less reactive
metals, making them better reducing agents. The
less reactive metal is a better electron acceptor than
the more reactive metal,thus the less reactive metal
is reduced.
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

9.6 Extraction of Metals

Extraction of metal and the reactivity series:
 The position of the metal on the reactivity series influences the
method of extraction
 Those metals placed higher up on the series (above carbon) have
to be extracted using
 electrolysis
 Metals lower down on the series can be extracted by heating with
carbon
 The extraction of metals is a reduction process
 Metals are found in the Earth crust as Ores.
 Ores are rocks from which metals are extracted.
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

The Extraction of Iron (Haematite) in the blast furnace

 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

1. Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone are mixed together

and added into the top of the blast furnace. Hot air is
blasted into the bottom of the blast furnace.
Carbon (coke) burns in the hot air blast to form carbon
dioxide. This is a strongly exothermic reaction:
C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
2. At the high temperatures in the furnace, carbon
dioxide reacts with coke to form carbon monoxide:
CO2 (g) + C (s) → 2CO (g)
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

3. Carbon Monoxide (the reducing agent) reduces

the Iron (III) Oxide in the Iron Ore to form Iron
Fe2O3 (s) + 3CO (g) → 2Fe (IIl) + 3CO2 (g)
Limestone is added to the furnace to
remove impurities in the ore:
 The Calcium Carbonate (limestone) decomposes to
form calcium Oxide:
CaCO3 (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
 The Calcium Oxide reacts with the Silicon Dioxide,
which is an impurity in the Iron Ore, to form Calcium
Silicate(slag)
 This melt and collects as a molten slag floating on top
of the molten Iron, which is tapped off separately:
CaO (s) + SiO2 (s) → CaSiO3 (l)
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Cast Iron (pig iron):

 The iron produced in the blast
furnace is called a Cast iron (pig iron)
 It is of little use because it is too brittle
and impure for most uses, so most of it
is converted into steel
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Making Steel:
The molten iron from the blast furnace is transferred to
basic oxygen furnace where the conversion to steel
takes place

 Oxygen and powdered calcium oxide are added to the

iron
 The oxygen oxidises the carbon, phosphorus, silicon
and sulfur to their oxides which are all acidic
 CO2 and SO2 are gaseous so escape from the furnace
 The acidic silicon and phosphorus oxides react with
the powdered calcium oxide and from a slag which is
mainly calcium silicate:
SiO2(l) + CaO(s) → CaSiO3(s)
 The slag floats on the surface of the molten iron and
is removed.
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Corrosion of Metals:
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Methods of Rust Prevention:

This can be done by:

- Painting for bridges, railings, cars.
- Coating the iron surface with oil and grease
for machine parts
- Covering with plastics
- Electroplating the iron surface with another
metal e.g chromium & tin
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Galvanizing (coating the iron surface with zinc):

Galvanization is done by coating iron or steel by zinc.
Zinc is more reactive than iron, so zinc corrode by
losing electrons to the iron.Some steel girders used in
the construction of bridges and buildings are galvanized.
Sacrificial Protection:
Magnesium and zinc are often used as sacrificial
metals. They are more reactive than iron and lose their
electrons in preference to iron. This prevents iron from
losing its electrons and becoming oxidized. Bars of zinc
are attached to the hulls of ships and to oil rigs.Zinc is
above iron in the reactivity series and will react in
preference to it and so is corroded.
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Electrolysis
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination
 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Examples of Aqueous Solutions:

 Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination

Examples of Dilute Solutions:

Chemistry Notes For 1st Term Examination