by

Dr. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta

Superior University
Lahore
Pakistan
Lahore
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Pakistan
Lahore, 1-2-.2010
 Heat and Mass Flow

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Heat and Mass Flow
Energy is defined as the capacity of a substance
to do work. It is a property of the substance
and it can be transferred by interaction of a
system and its surroundings.

Thermodynamics deals with the end states of

the processes and provides no information on
the physical mechanisms that caused the
process to take place.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Reviewing Heat
(Thermal) Energy
Heat it is a type of Energy

Heat (thermal) energy is created by the movement of

particles (atoms) that produces heat.

Molecules of every substance are moving due to heat energy

having temperature above absolute zero (-273̊ C).

Heat (thermal) energy increases as temperature increases

because as temperature increases, atoms move faster
(have more kinetic energy)
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Transfer of Heat
(Thermal) Energy
Heat (thermal energy) is transferred from one object to
another when the objects are at different temperatures.

The amount of heat (thermal energy) that is transferred

when two objects are brought into contact depends on the
difference in temperature between the objects.

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Transfer of Heat
(Thermal) Energy
Heat is transferred only when two objects are at
different temperatures
Thermal energy always moves from warmer to
cooler objects
The warmer object loses thermal energy and
becomes cooler as the cooler object gains
thermal energy and becomes warmer.
Energy will continue to move from a warmer
object to a cooler object until both have the
same temperature.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Methods of Heat transfer
Methods of Heat transfer are
• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation

Conduction
This method of heat transfer is mainly used in solids. When heat
is supplied to a molecule of the solid it transfers the heat to
adjacent molecules. And the next molecules transfer heat to
their adjacent molecules. Hence heat travels through the solid.
During transfer of heat molecules do not leave their mean
position
Convection
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Convection

What is a fluid?
It is a liquid or gas.

If The particles spread out and become less dense the liquid will
convert into gas.

What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas

when you heat them?
They get energized and This will increase the fluid particle
movement.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Fluid movement

Cooler the fluid denser it will be The cooler

fluids sink into less dense fluid (hot fluid)

In other words the warmer liquids and gases

move upward in cooler liquid
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Seaside Air Movement

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Cold air sinks

Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment put
in a fridge?
It is warmer at the
bottom, so this
It is put at the warmer air rises and
top, because a convection current
cool air sinks, so is set up.
it cools the food
on the way down.

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Convection

Convection is the flow of currents

in a liquid or gas
A current is created when the warmer
(less dense) material rises forcing the
cooler (more dense) material to sink.

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Radiation

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Examples of Radiation

Electromagnetic Waves such as

• visible light
• Infrared light
• ultraviolet light
• Microwaves
are the examples of radiation

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Heat transfer applications
1. Evaporation:
heat is supplied in order to convert a liquid into a vapor.

2. Distillation:
heat is supplied to the liquid mixture for separation of individual vapor
component.
3. Drying:
for drying the wet Substances.

4. Crystallization:
saturated solution is heated to bring out super saturation, which promotes
crystallization of drugs .

5. Sterilization:
Autoclaves are used with steam as a heating medium.
6. Heat transfer is required for refrigeration/Air conditioning.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Autoclave
An autoclave is a pressure chamber used to
carry out industrial and scientific processes
requiring elevated temperature and pressure
in relation to ambient.
Autoclaves are used in medical applications to
perform sterilization and in the chemical
industry to cure coatings
and vulcanize rubber.
Industrial autoclaves are used in industrial
applications, especially regarding composites.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Thermodynamic System
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation,
confined in space by walls, which separate it from its
surroundings.
Internal Energy
The internal energy of a system is the energy contained within
the system. It is the energy necessary to create or prepare the
system in any given state, but does not include the kinetic
energy of motion of the system as a whole, nor the potential
energy of the system as a whole due to external force fields
which includes the energy of displacement of the system's
surroundings.
It keeps account of the gains and losses of energy of the system
that are due to changes in its internal state.
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Enthalpy
Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic
system, is equal to the system's internal
energy plus the product of its pressure and
volume. In a closed system, the heat absorbed
or released equals the change in enthalpy.

The unit of measurement for enthalpy in the

International System of Units (SI) is the joule.

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Specific Heat Capacity

• To raise the temperature by 1 K, different

substances need different amount of energy
because substances have different molecular
configurations and bonding (eg copper, water,
wood)

• The amount of energy needed to raise the

temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K is
known as the specific heat capacity . Specific
heat capacity is denoted by c
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Sensible Heat

Sensible heat is associated with a

temperature change, It is the heat energy
which causes change in temperature

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Calculation of Sensible Heat

Q = m c ΔT
Where ΔT is the temperature change in the substance

Q is the heat lost or gained by a substance

m is the mass of substance
c is the specific heat of substance which changes with
temperature
T is the temperature
When temperature changes causes negligible changes in c,

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 When temperature changes causes significant changes in c,

Q = m c ΔT cannot be used.

Instead, we use the following equation:

Q = ΔH = m Δh

where ΔH is the enthalpy change in the substance

and Δh is the specific enthalpy change in the substance.

To apply the above equation, the system should remain at

constant pressure and the associated volume change must be
negligibly small
DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan
 Calculation of Sensible Heat
Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of 300 g Al from 25˚ C to 70˚ C.
Data: c = 0.896 J/g ˚C for Al

Q = m c ΔT (since c is taken as a constant)

= m c ( T2 – T1)
= (300 g) (0.896 J/g ˚C)(70 - 25) ˚C
= 12,096 J
= 12.1 kJ

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan

 Thank You

DR. Muhammad Mahmood Aslam Bhutta Lahore,Pakistan