Phenomenological generalizations of

conventional quantum statistical

distributions

Andrij Rovenchak and Bohdana Sobko

Ivan Franko National University of Lviv

Physics of Disordered Systems (PDS’2013)

September 19–20, 2023, Lviv, Ukraine

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 1 / 19

 Talk Outline

1 Introduction

2 Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

3 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

4 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

5 Discussion

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 2 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction
General idea:
Simplify mathematical handling some real-world physical systems that
might be achieved by transferring certain system properties, such as
interparticle interactions, finite number of particles, etc., to
parameters associated with fractional (or intermediate) statistics.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 3 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction
General idea:
Simplify mathematical handling some real-world physical systems that
might be achieved by transferring certain system properties, such as
interparticle interactions, finite number of particles, etc., to
parameters associated with fractional (or intermediate) statistics.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 3 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction
These types of fractional statistics emerge as substitutes for
conventional bosonic or fermionic ones.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 4 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction
These types of fractional statistics emerge as substitutes for
conventional bosonic or fermionic ones.

One approach to achieve this entails deriving the relevant parameters

from microscopic considerations, which would be the most direct,
though technically much more complicated, method.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 4 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction
These types of fractional statistics emerge as substitutes for
conventional bosonic or fermionic ones.

One approach to achieve this entails deriving the relevant parameters

from microscopic considerations, which would be the most direct,
though technically much more complicated, method.

However, there exists also a simpler detour: phenomenological

generalizations of expressions for occupation numbers, introducing a
few unknown parameters. Subsequently, these newly introduced
parameters are linked to certain properties of the system under
consideration. Such an approach allows for an effective description of
a real physical system as an ideal system obeying certain fractional
statistics.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 4 / 19

 Introduction

Introduction

We will mostly discuss a phenomenological modification of

expressions for occupation numbers nj using the Tsallis q-exponential
in the Gibbs factor X = e εj /T in place of the ordinary exponential:



 exp(x) for q = 1,


eqx = [1 + (1 − q)x]1/(1−q) for q ̸= 1 and 1 + (1 − q)x > 0,



 1/(1−q)
0 for q ≠ 1 and 1 + (1 − q)x ≤ 0,

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 5 / 19

 Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

Define the occupation number of the jth level of a system with the
elementary excitation spectrum εj as

1
nj = ε /T
, (1)
z −1 eqj −α

where T is the temperature and z is the fugacity. Small deviations

from the Bose-distribution are considered, so the parameters are:

q = 1 − b; α=1+a (2)

with a and b being small corrections.

This statistics was suggested to model a weakly-interacting

Bose-system with a finite number of particles
[A. Rovenchak, Phys. Rev. A 89, 052116 (2014)].
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 6 / 19
 Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

Note that Tsallis q-exponentials do not obey the factorization rule,

eqx+y ̸= eqx eqy ,

but satisfy the following relations instead:

 x p px
(eqx eqy )1−q = (eqx+y )1−q + (1 − q)2 xy , eq = e1−(1−q)/p . (3)

ε/T
The Gibbs factor e (ε−µ)/T = z −1 e ε/T will be substituted to z −1 eq .
We cannot relate the chemical potential and fugacity by a simple
µ/T
link, z ̸= eq . On the other hand, such an approach facilitates
comparisons between various types of fractional statistics via virial
and cluster expansions.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 7 / 19

 Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

Weakly-nonadditive Polychronakos statistics

The shifts of the critical temperature in a finite Bose-system of N
particles and due to interactions are given by [Giorgini et al. 1996]
∆Tcfin 1 ζ(2) ∆Tcint as
B
=− N −1/3 , = −1.33 N 1/6 , (4)
Tc 2 [ζ(3)]2/3 TcB aho
p
where the harmonic oscillator length aho = ℏ/mω and as is the
s-wave scattering length.

For a system of 5000 Rb-87 atoms [Giorgini et al. 1996] in a

harmonic trap the ratio as /aho ≃ 2.6 · 10−3 . Assuming that the a
parameter is entirely due to the finite-size correction and that the b
parameter is entirely due to interactions, the following values are
obtained:
a = −0.13, b = 0.022. (5)
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 8 / 19
 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

Ref: [B. Sobko & A. Rovenchak, Low Temp. Phys. 48, 621 (2022)].

The grand canonical potential Ω = −pV , where p is pressure and V

is volume, can be expressed via the grand partition function Ξ:

Ω = −T ln Ξ, (6)

where T is temperature. The virial expansion for a D-dimensional

system is then
h
2 i
pV = NT 1 + b2 ρλD + b3 ρλD + . . . , (7)

wherepthe de Broglie thermal wavelength for a particle of mass m is

λ = 2πℏ2 /(mT ) and ρ = N/V stands for the number density.
Coefficients bn are known as virial coefficients.
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 9 / 19
 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

Using the so called cluster expansion for the grand partition function,
∞
X
ln Ξ = V Bℓ z ℓ , (8)
ℓ=1

where z is fugacity and Bℓ are cluster coefficients, one can easily

show the following connections:
B2
b2 λD = − , (9)
B12

B3 B22
b3 λ2D = −2 + 4 , (10)
B13 B14
... .

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 10 / 19

 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

In the nonadditive Polychronakos statistics, the occupation numbers
1
nj = ε /T
. (11)
z −1 eqj +γ

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 11 / 19

 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

In the nonadditive Polychronakos statistics, the occupation numbers
1
nj = ε /T
. (11)
z −1 eqj +γ
Using the density of states
V  m s s−1 D
g (ε) = ε , where s = , (12)
Γ(s) 2πℏ2 2
we can ultimately obtain (up to the leading orders)
 
1 3
b2 = s+1 (1 + η) 1 + s(s + 1)r , (13)
2 4
    
1 2 3 16 s(s + 1)
b3 = (1 + 2η) − s+1 + − s+2 r , (14)
22s 3 22s 3 2
where q = 1 + r and γ = 1 + η.
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 11 / 19
 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

For a 2D Fermi gas with contact (zero range) interaction [Chafin &
Schafer 2013, Daza et al. 2018], a single bound state exists with the
binding energy Eb . Introducing notation Λ = Eb /T , one can write the
second virial coefficient in the following form [Daza et al 2018]:
∞ 2 2
dy 2e −Λ y
Z
1 2
b2int = − eΛ + . (15)
4 0 y π 2 + 4 ln2 y

Finally, we obtain for b2int in the limit of Λ → 0

(0) 1 1 C
b2int = b2 + δb2 = − − 2 + ... . (16)
4 ln Λ2 ln Λ2
(0)
The third virial coefficient b3int = b3 + δb3 in the leading order
coincides with that of the ideal Fermi system, i. e., δb3 = 0.
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 12 / 19
 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

From (13), the 2D case (s = D/2 = 1) results in the linear
approximation over corrections are
1 η 3
b2 = + + r, (17)
4 4 8
1 η 17
b3 = + + r. (18)
36 18 108

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 13 / 19

 2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

2D Fermi-system with contact interactions

From (13), the 2D case (s = D/2 = 1) results in the linear
approximation over corrections are
1 η 3
b2 = + + r, (17)
4 4 8
1 η 17
b3 = + + r. (18)
36 18 108
Solving the respective set of equations,
b2 = b2int , b3 = b3int , (19)
we easily obtain relations between the statistics parameters and the
interaction parameter of the real Fermi system:
17
η= δb2 , r = −3 δb2 . (20)
2
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 13 / 19
 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Consider the Gentile statistics, with the occupation numbers given by
1 M +1
nG (ε, µ, T ) = − , (21)
e (ε−µ)/T −1 e (M+1)(ε−µ)/T −1
where 1 ≤ M < ∞ is the maximum possible level occupation. One
can easily show that M = 1 corresponds to the Fermi distribution
1
nF (ε, µ, T ) = . (22)
e (ε−µ)/T +1

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 14 / 19

 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Consider the Gentile statistics, with the occupation numbers given by
1 M +1
nG (ε, µ, T ) = − , (21)
e (ε−µ)/T −1 e (M+1)(ε−µ)/T −1
where 1 ≤ M < ∞ is the maximum possible level occupation. One
can easily show that M = 1 corresponds to the Fermi distribution
1
nF (ε, µ, T ) = . (22)
e (ε−µ)/T +1
Obviously, in its original formulation, the Gentile statistics accepts
only positive integers for the M parameter.
In what follows we depart from such a standard formulation and let
the M parameter deviate from unity by a small correction only,
M = 1 + u, (23)
where u ≪ 1.
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 14 / 19
 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Demanding that the number of particles N and energy E coincide in
both systems, we obtain:
Z ∞ Z ∞
∆NF = dε g (ε)nF (ε + ∆ε, µ + ∆µF , T ) − dε g (ε)nF (ε, µid , T ),
0 0
Z ∞ Z ∞
∆NG = dε g (ε)nG (ε, µ + ∆µG , T ) − dε g (ε)nF (ε, µid , T ),
0 0
Z ∞
EF = dε εg (ε)nF (ε + ∆ε, µ + ∆µF , T ),
0
Z ∞
EG = dε εg (ε)nG (ε, µ + ∆µG , T ),
0

yielding three equations: ∆NF = 0, ∆NG = 0, and EF = EG

for three unknown variables: ∆µF , ∆µG , and u.
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 15 / 19
 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Consider a simplified model with a constant density of states
g (ε) = NA. The two relevant physical systems are 1D harmonic
oscillators and free 2D particles in a box.

A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 16 / 19

 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Consider a simplified model with a constant density of states
g (ε) = NA. The two relevant physical systems are 1D harmonic
oscillators and free 2D particles in a box.
Let the spectrum of the Fermi system be ε + ∆ε with the correction
(
0 for ε < ε0 ,
∆ε = (24)
b/ε for ε ≥ ε0 ,
3.0
Cf. series expansion of +
(m2 c 4 + c 2 p 2 )
1/2
with 2.5
ε = cp or the BCS spec- 2.0
trum Ek = (εk + ∆)1/2 with 1.5
ε = εk . For b < 0, it qual- 1.0
itatively corresponds, e. g.,
0.5
to the helium-3 elementary / 0
excitation spectrum. 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 16 / 19
 Another approach to handle weakly-interacting fermions

Another approach to weakly-interacting fermions

Results of calculation of the u parameter are shown in the Figure
below. As expected, the values of u are small thus justifying the
described approach.
0.06 u b = 0.1
0.04 b = 0.5
b = + 0.1
b = + 0.5
0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06 T [1/A]
100 200 300 400 500
Figure: Statistics parameter u as a function of temperature T (given in
the units of 1/A) for some values of b in Eq. (24)
A. Rovenchak & B. Sobko (Lviv Univ.) Phenomenological generalizations. . . PDS’2023 17 / 19
 Discussion

Discussion

Some phenomenological approaches to generalize quantum

ensembles using nonadditive statistics are analyzed.

Possibilities to use modified versions of various fractional

statistics for effective modeling of some real-world physical
systems – weakly-interacting bosons, interacting fermions – is
demonstrated.

Links between the parameters of the fractional statistics and

some properties of the real-world systems are established using
various approaches.

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 Discussion

Thank you for your attention!

Äÿêóþ çà óâàãó!

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