NAMA : ANAM RONI CHUROHMAN

NIM : 2308010269
FAKULTAS : ILMU HUKUM

1. Based on your opinion, explain what law is!

2. Describe the history of law!
3. Mention 5 branches of law! Give explanation and an example!
4. What are the major difference between British and American Constitution law?
5. Make sentences from the following words:
a. Barrister
b. Queen
c. Hammurabi
d. Legal executives
e. Rigidity
f. Statutory
Answer :
1. Law is a set of rules and regulations established by the government or competent
authority to regulate behavior and relationships between individuals, groups, or
entities in a society or country. The main goal of law is to create a just and orderly
framework that allows society to function well and prevent or resolve conflict.

2. Legal history is the study of the development and evolution of legal systems from the past to
the present. Legal developments reflect changes in society's values, culture, politics, and
needs throughout history. Legal history can be divided into several main periods:

Primitive Law: At the beginning of human history, primitive societies relied on customary
laws and social norms that were enforced orally. These laws developed as an attempt to
maintain order and justice within small groups. Primitive laws were often based on traditions
and religious beliefs.

Ancient Laws: As civilization developed, written laws emerged. Examples are the Laws of
Hammurabi in Babylonia (c. 1754 BC) and the Old Laws of Ancient Egypt. These ancient
laws were often closely tied to religion and royal government.

Roman Law: Roman law had a major influence on the development of European law. Roman
law is divided into Civil Law (civil law) and Praetorian Law (praetor law). Roman law
survived and flourished even after the fall of the Roman Empire.

Middle Ages: During the Middle Ages, law in Europe was heavily influenced by canon law
(the law of the Catholic church) and feudal law (related to the feudal system that regulated the
 relationship between a ruler and his vassals). During this time, feudal law regulated land
ownership and social relations.

Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment: This period witnessed major changes in legal
thinking. Natural law and human rights came into the spotlight, and legal thinking that was
more rational and based on reason emerged.

Revolutions and Modern Legal Codes: The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a number of
revolutions that shaped modern law. Examples include the American Revolution (1775-1783)
and the French Revolution (1789-1799), which produced important legal documents such as
the United States Constitution and the Napoleonic Code.

Contemporary Law: Modern law is very complex and covers many areas, including criminal
law, civil law, constitutional law, international law, and more. Contemporary law also reflects
technological developments, the global economy, and complex social issues.

International Law: International law is a legal system that regulates relations between states.
This includes the laws of war, human rights, international trade, and many other aspects.
Organizations such as the UN play an important role in the development and enforcement of
international law.

3. A. Criminal law:
Explanation: Criminal law is a branch of law that regulates criminal behavior and
determines sanctions or punishments for violations of the law. The aim is to protect
society from criminal acts and ensure justice.
Examples: Cases of murder, theft, fraud, narcotics, and other violations that can result
in sanctions such as imprisonment, fines, or other penalties.
B. Civil law:
Explanation: Civil law regulates relationships between individuals or entities in
society, such as contracts, agreements, and liability for civil actions. The goal is to
resolve disputes between the parties involved.
Examples: Divorce cases, business contract disputes, lawsuits claiming compensation
for injuries, and disputes regarding property ownership.
C. Constitutional Law:
Explanation: Constitutional law regulates the structure and functions of government in
a country. This includes the constitution, the basic rights of citizens, and the authority
of government institutions.
Example: The United States Constitution, which defines executive, legislative, and
judicial powers, and guarantees individual rights such as freedom of speech and
religion.
 D. Family Law:
Explanation: Family law is a branch of law that regulates relationships between
family members, such as marriage, divorce, adoption, child custody, and joint
property. The goal is to maintain justice and family welfare.
Examples: Divorce and division of assets, pre-nuptial agreements, child custody, and
adoption.
E. International law:
Explanation: International law regulates relations between states and international
organizations. This includes treaties, the laws of war, human rights, and international
trade.

4. Examples: International trade agreements such as the Free Trade Agreement, the
United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child, and International Law of
the Sea.
Constitutional law in England and America has several major differences, mainly due
to differences in history, government systems, and legal sources that regulate them.
Following are the main differences between British and American constitutional law:
A. Sources of Constitutional Law:
England: England does not have a written constitution in one single document.
The British Constitution is an unwritten or "unwritten" constitution. This means
the British constitution is based on a number of documents, conventions, statutes
and legal precedents that have developed throughout history. Some important
documents in the English constitution include the Magna Carta (1215), the
Petition of Right (1628), and the Habeas Corpus Act (1679).
America: The United States has a written Constitution, which is the supreme law
of the land. The United States Constitution was drafted in 1787 and has
undergone several amendments. This constitution strictly regulates the structure
of government, the rights of citizens, and the limits of government power.
B. Government system:
UK: The UK has a parliamentary system of government where the executive
(Prime Minister and Cabinet) originates from the legislature (Parliament) and is
accountable to Parliament. The head of state is a constitutional monarch
(currently Queen Elizabeth II), but this monarch's role is ceremonial.
America: The United States has a constitutional republic system of government in
which power is divided between three branches of government: executive
(President), legislative (Congress), and judicial (Supreme Court). The United
States is a presidential republic in which the President is elected separately from
Congress and has a strong executive role.
 C. Role of the Monarchy:
England: The British monarchy has a ceremonial role and does not have
significant political power. The monarchy serves as a symbol of the state and
performs ceremonial duties such as the opening of Parliament.
America: The United States does not have a monarchy or ceremonial head of
state. The American President is the head of state and government who has
executive and political powers.
D. Amendment:
United Kingdom: The British Constitution can be changed by Parliament by a
simple majority vote. There is no formal process for amending the constitution,
and Parliament has absolute power in this matter.
America: The United States Constitution can only be changed through a complicated
process involving the approval of two-thirds of both houses of Congress and
ratification by three-quarters of the states. It is a much more difficult process to
change the American Constitution.
These differences reflect differences in history, political philosophy, and
governmental development in these two countries. England has a more flexible and
unwritten constitution, while the United States has a written Constitution that sets out
a federal government structure.

5. A. The lawyer managed to win his client's difficult case in a trial that lasted several
weeks.
B. Queen Elizabeth II has been head of the British monarchy since 1952.
C. Hammurabi, the ancient Babylonian king, is known for issuing the Code of
Hammurabi, the oldest written legal code discovered, which contains legal rules to
regulate the lives of his people.
D. The president is the chief legal executive in the country, responsible for the
implementation and enforcement of laws.
E. Rigidity in decision making can hinder business development and reduce the ability
to adapt to rapid market changes.
F. Consumer protection laws provide consumers with important rights, such as the
right to request a refund if a product or service does not meet the promised standards.