ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND

COMPUTING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL POWER AND CONTROL

ENGINEERING

POWER SYSTEM I (EPCE-3206)

6/4/2023
INSTRUCTOR :- ALEMANTE ABEJE
Alemante A. 1
 CHAPTER 7

INSULATOR OF
OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSION LINE
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 OUTLINE
• Types of insulators

• Potential distribution over a string of insulators

• Methods of equalizing the potential.

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 Introduction

†The overhead line conductors should be supported on the

poles or towers in such a way that currents from conductors
do not flow to earth through supports.

† i.e., line conductors must be properly insulated from

supports.

† This is achieved by securing line conductors to supports

with the help of insulators.
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 Insulators

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 INSULATOR
‡ Insulator are required to support the line conductor and provide clearance
from ground and structure.

‡ Insulator material-
‡ High grade Electrical Porcelain
‡ Toughened Glass
‡ Fiber Glass
‡ Choice of insulator material is govern by availability, price and ease of
maintenance.
Alemante A.
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 Properties
† In general, the insulators should have the following desirable properties :-

1. High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind load etc.

2. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage

currents to earth.

3. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric

strength is high.
4. The insulator material should be non-porous (Blocking air pass), free from
impurities and cracks otherwise the permittivity will be lowered.

5. High ratio of puncture strength (No hole) to flashover.

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 Types of Insulator
1) Pin type – up to 33 KV

2) Suspension type :- For voltage greater than 33 KV

3) Strain type:- For dead ends, corner or sharp curve

4) Shackle type:-
‡ For low voltage distribution lines &
‡ can be used either in a horizontal or vertical position

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 Pin type

‡ The pin type insulator are

normally used up to 33KV.

‡ In any case it is not desirable to

use them beyond 33KV as the cost
of such insulator increases much
faster than the voltage.

‡ Causes of insulator failure.

Insulators are required to
withstand both mechanical and
electrical stresses.
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 Pin type
• The this type is primarily due to line
voltage and may cause the breakdown of the
insulator.
• The electrical breakdown of the insulator can
occur either by flash-over or puncture.
• In flashover, an arc occurs between the line
conductor and insulator pin (i.e., earth)
and the discharge jumps across the *air gaps,
following shortest distance. Fig. shows the
arcing distance (i.e. a + b + c) for the insulator.
• In case of flash-over, the insulator will continue
to act in its proper capacity unless extreme heat
produced by the arc destroys the insulator

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 In case of puncture, the discharge occurs from conductor to pin
through the body of the insulator.
 When such breakdown is involved, the insulator is permanently
destroyed due to excessive heat. In practice, sufficient thickness of
porcelain is provided in the insulator to avoid puncture by the line
voltage.
 The ratio of puncture strength to flashover voltage is known as
safety factor i.e.

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 Suspension type
‡ Most times we use suspension type insulator for voltages above 33KV, because
of the following advantage:-
‡ Each disc is designed for 11 KV and for any operation voltage a string of
insulator can be used.
‡ If any one disc is damaged, the whole string does not become useless
because the damaged disc can be replaced by the sound one
‡ In case of failure of on one of the units in string, only that particular unit
needs replacement rather than the whole string.
‡ The operating voltage of the existing transmission line can be increased by
adding suitable number of discs.

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• The number of discs in series would obviously depend
upon the working voltage.

• For instance, if the working voltage is 66 kV, then six

discs in series will be provided on the string .

• The suspension type insulators are generally used with

steel towers.

• As the conductors run below the earthed cross-arm of

the tower, therefore, this arrangement provides partial
protection from lightning.

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 Strain type
† identical in shape with the suspension type insulator.
† These strings are placed in horizontal place rather than vertical place.
† These are used to take the tension of the conductor at line terminals, at
angle towers, at road crossings and at junction of overhead lines.
† These insulators are known as tension or strain insulator.

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• When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or
sharp curve, the line is subjected to greater tension. In
order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used.

• For low voltage lines (< 11 kV), shackle insulators are

used as strain insulators. However, for high voltage
transmission lines, strain insulator consists of an
assembly of suspension insulators.

• The discs of strain insulators are used in the vertical

plane. When the tension in lines is exceedingly high, as
at long river spans, two or more strings are used in
parallel.

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 Shackle Type
† Known as a spool insulator
† It usually used in low voltage distribution network.
† The use of such insulator has decreased recently after increasing the using
of underground cable for distribution purpose.

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• In early days, the shackle insulators were used as
strain insulators.

• But now a days, they are frequently used for low

voltage distribution lines. Such insulators can be
used
either in a horizontal position or in a vertical
position.

• They can be directly fixed to the pole with a bolt

or to the cross arm. The conductor in the
groove is fixed with a soft binding wire.

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 Potential Distribution over Suspension Insulator String

 A string of suspension insulators consists of a number of porcelain discs connected in

series through metallic links. Fig. (i) shows 3-disc string of suspension insulators.

 The porcelain portion of each disc is in between two metal links. Therefore, each disc

forms a capacitor C As shown in Fig. (ii). This is known as mutual capacitance or self-

capacitance.

 If there were mutual capacitance alone, then charging current would have been the same

through all the discs and consequently voltage across each unit would have been the same

i.e., V/3
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 Potential Distribution over Suspension Insulator String

 In actual practice, capacitance also exists between metal fitting of each disc and

tower or earth.

 This is known as shunt capacitance C1. Due to shunt capacitance, charging

current is not the same through all the discs of the string [See Fig (iii)].

 Therefore, voltage across each disc will be different. Obviously,

 The disc nearest to the line conductor will have the maximum voltage

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 Potential Distribution over Suspension Insulator String

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 String Efficiency
The voltage applied across the string of suspension insulators is not uniformly distributed across
various units or discs. The disc nearest to the conductor has much higher potential than the other discs.

This unequal potential distribution is undesirable and is usually expressed in terms of string efficiency.

String efficiency is an important consideration since it decides the potential distribution along
the string. The greater the string efficiency, the more uniform is the voltage distribution.

Thus 100% string efficiency is an ideal case for which the voltage across each disc will be exactly the
same. Although it is impossible to achieve 100% string efficiency, yet efforts should be made to
improve it as close to this value as possible.

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 String Efficiency for three discs
K = C1 / C

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 Methods of equalizing the potential. (Methods of Improving String Efficiency
This necessitates to equalise the potential across the various
units of the string i.e. to improve the string efficiency. The
various methods for this purpose are.

 By using longer cross-arms:- (To minimize C1 results small K)

By grading the insulators:- the top unit has the minimum
capacitance, increasing progressively as the bottom unit (i.e.,
nearest to conductor) is reached. Since voltage is inversely
proportional to capacitance )

using a guard ring :- By which is a metal ring electrically

connected to the conductor and surrounding the bottom
23
insulator .
 Attention
While solving problems relating to string efficiency, the following points must be kept

in mind:-

(i) The maximum voltage appears across the disc nearest to the conductor

(ii) The voltage across the string is equal to phase voltage i.e.,

Voltage across string = Voltage between line and earth = Phase Voltage

(iii) Line Voltage = √3 × Voltage across string.

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 Example
 A string of 5 insulators is connected across a 100 kV line. If the capacitance of each disc to
earth is 0·1 of the capacitance of the insulator, calculate (i) the distribution of voltage on
the insulator discs and (ii) the string efficiency.

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 Thank You
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