June 2017 Issue

2017 JUNE VOLUME 82 ISSUE 05 100
AN APPEAL
Dear Friends,
It gives me immense pleasure and satisfaction to inform you that a long cherished
desire of the members of the Institute of owning the IIA Head Office premises at
Prospect Chambers Annexe, Fort, Mumbai of which we are the tenants for the last
several decades has fructified.
Friends, we have finally entered into an agreement to purchase, with the Owners of
the premises for a price of Rs. 1.25 crores. Applicable Stamp Duty and other fees
amounting to Rs.6.55 lakhs along with a token advance of Rs. 1 lakh has already been
paid.
I congratulate all the members of the Institute for this achievement in the Centenary
Year of I.I.A.
I also take liberty of appealing to all the Chapters/Centres/Sub-Centres and also

individual members of the Institute to handsomely contribute to meet the
requirement of the balance payment to be made to the Owners.
“Wishing you all the Best once again”.
With warm regards,
Ar. Divya Kush

President
The Indian Institute of Architects
VOL-82/ISSUE-05 JUNE 2017
04 Editorial - Ar. Anand Palaye
05 President’s Message - Ar. Divya Kush
07 Urban Transformation - A. K. Jain
11 Sustainability Through Climate Responsive Design For Housing - Prof. Parag

Narkhede & Prof. Aparna Mhetras
17 Student Membership Form
18 Welcome New IIA Members
20 JIIA One Year Subscription Form
21 Pre-colonial and Post-colonial Elements in the Syrian Christian Churches of

Kerala : Establishing the Plurality and Multi Religious Base of Syrian Christian
Architecture in Kerala - Ar. Rakhi Mariam Johnson & Ar. Anjith Augustine
26 Five Year Plans' Imprint on the Master Planning Exercise for Cities - A Study of
Delhi - Ar. Taiyaba Munawer
30 Appreciating the Indian Temple Architecture - An Indian Viewpoint - Ar. Ujjwala

Khot & Dr. Ujwala Chakradeo
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2006. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or IIA OFFICE BEARERS 2015-2017
by any means, electronic or mechanical, photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval
Ar Divya Kush - President
system without permission in writing from THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS.
Only materials accompanied by stamped and self-addressed envelopes can be returned. No responsibility is Ar Prakash Deshmukh - Imm Past President
taken for damage or safe return by the Editor of JIIA. The Editor of the THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF
ARCHITECTS takes no responsibility for author's opinion expressed in the signed articles. Ar Vilas V. Avachat - Vice President
Printed & Published by Ar Anand Palaye on behalf of The Indian Institute of Architects and Ar Amogh Kumar Gupta - Jr Vice President
printed by Foto Copy Design Studio, M-2, Sai Vihar, 22, Mint Back Road, Fort, Mumbai 400 001 and
Published at The Indian Institute of Architects, Prospect Chambers Annexe, 5th Floor, Dr D N Road, Fort, Ar Sunil R. Degwekar - Hon Treasurer
Mumbai – 400 001.
Tel. : +91.22.22046972/22818491/22884805 Fax : +91.22.22832516 Ar C. R. Raju - Jt Hon Secretary
Email : iiapublication@gmail.com / iiaho1214@gmail.com
Ar Lalichan Zacharias - Jt Hon Secretary
Website : www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com
Editor : Ar Divya Kush R.N.I. No.9469/57 Ar Anand Palaye - Chairman -
Email : divyakush@yahoo.co.in Publication Board &
Printer’s Email : fotocopy.ks@gmail.com Executive Editor, JIIA
EDITORIAL
EDITORIAL
Ar. Anand Palaye
Dear Members and Readers,
As we near the final stages of our term, in this issue of JIIA we present the following papers
for you.
Ar. A. K. Jain in his paper 'Urban Transformation - Making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable' analyses various aspects that contribute to a complete Urban Planning process
with a case study of Delhi.
In their paper 'Sustainability through climate responsive design for housing' Prof. Parag
Narkhede and Prof. Aparna Mhetras focus on the energy efficiency aspects of designing.
Ar. Rakhi Johnson and Ar. Anjith Augustine present an interesting study of pre and post-
colonial architectural elements on Syrian Christian Churches in Kerala. Evolution of these
elements and this style of architecture is illustrated in this paper comprehensively.
Ar. Taiyaba Munawer in her article 'Five Year Plans Imprint on the Master Planning exercise
for Cities – A study of Delhi' presents an analysis of effects of transition in the planning policy
adopted by the Government of India again with a case study of Delhi.
Finally we have an article from Ar. Ujjwala Khot and Dr. Ujwala Chakradeo titled
‘Appreciating the Indian Temple Architecture - An Indian Viewpoint’ that highlights a deeper
insight into the philosophical aspects of Temple architecture in Indian society.
We are sure our readers will find these articles interesting.
Ar. Anand Palaye

Chairman - Publication Board & Executive Editor, JIIA
04 www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS JUNE 2017

PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Ar. Divya Kush
Dear Fellow Architects,
Greetings
This issue of the Journal brings to you some of the very well researched articles on a variety
of subjects which include temple architecture, urban transformation, effects of planning
policies in context of the quality of urban environment & sustainable & smart cities by some
of the very eminent architects & researchers.
I hope the contents of this issue of the Journal will make for an interesting and informative
reading.
I am also very happy to inform you that the next issue of the journal will be a special edition
covering the activities organised to celebrate the centenary year throughout the country at
the various Chapters & Centres of IIA followed by another special edition covering Arcasia
Forum – 19 organised at Jaipur.
I am sure the two special issues covering IIA Centenary Celebration & ACA Forum-19 at
Jaipur will adore your library for long.
Ar. Divya Kush

President,
The Indian Institute of Architects
JUNE 2017 JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS www.indianinstituteofarchitects.com 05

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URBAN TRANSFORMATION
Urban Transformation
A. K. Jain - Email : ak.jain6@gmail.com
A. K. Jain, as Commissioner (Planning), Delhi Development Authority, worked on the Master Plan for
Delhi-2021, National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, National Urban Transport Policy and various
projects. He was a member of Committee constituted by the Ministry of Urban Development (2015) to
review the Delhi Development Act and Government of Delhi's Committee on Delhi Vision 2030 vis-à-vis
Sustainable Development Goal -11 (2017). He was also a member of UN Habitat (HS Net) (2007-11). He
is a member of editorial Board of International Journal of Environmental Studies (UK) and is visiting
faculty at Delhi School of Planning and Architecture and other Institutes. He was awarded Urban
Professional Award 2014 at World Urban Forum in Medellin, Colombia. Union Minister for Urban
Development felicitated him with IBC Lifetime Achievement Award (2016).
To make the cities more livable and inclusive, the Government The cities are threatened by carbon emissions by use of fossil
of India has embarked on Smart Cities Missions and the Atal fuels, increasing traffic, insanitation, poor drainage, open
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT). defecation and by inadequate solid and liquid of waste
The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana aims to provide housing for disposal. Poor people are often unable to improve their living
all by 2022 by building 20 million houses and taking up the conditions and have no control on the decisions that impinge
slum rehabilitation projects. For conservation of urban on their culture, life and environment. The programs and
heritage and cultural resources, the Government of India has efforts usually fail since they do not integrate with the cultural
launched the Historic City Development Augmentation Yojana dimension and the social values that influence the individuals,
(HRIDAY).Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is another major societies and institutions.
initiative of the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory
Housing and Slums : As per Ministry of Housing and Poverty
towns, besides villages. The focus of these missions is on core
Alleviation (MoHUPA, 2012), total housing shortage in urban
infrastructure services like adequate and clean water supply,
India is 18.78 million units. About one-third of the population
sanitation and solid waste management, efficient public
of India's major metropolitan centres, like Delhi, Kolkata,
transportation, affordable housing for the poor, power supply,
Mumbai and Chennai are living in various types of illegal,
IT connectivity, e-governance and citizen participation along
squatter and slum settlements. Census estimate puts slum
with municipal reforms and financial support.
and squatter population in 2011 at 65 million, i.e. about 18% of
Linked with these programs is the employment generation India's urban population.
and economic development. The 7936 Indian cities having 377
Urban Transport : The urban transport scenario in Indian cities
million people generate 60% of GDP and 70% of jobs. Millions
is quite depressing. Vehicle population in India increased 80
of people every year flock from villages to cities in hope of
folds in the last 40 years, but road area increased by only 5 per
finding jobs and basic sustenance. However, many of them
cent. Only 17 of the largest cities have organized bus services,
find the living conditions awfully poor and face the problems
and only six cities have an intra-urban rail system. In
of employment and sustenance.
metropolitan cities, 40 to 50 percent people walk and use non-
motorised transport, while 30% people use public transport.
Private vehicles are growing three to four times the population
Amravati - Proposed Streetscape Master Plan for Delhi - 2021

East Delhi TOD Hub (DDA) Architect DOM and CP Kukreja Associates
growth in urban areas. It is estimated that 2.5 billion square developments, slums, Jhuggi-Jhompri (JJ) settlements, etc. is
meter of roads, 7,400 km of metro rail network and subways hardly collected. It is estimated that urban India generates
are needed to be built by 2031. India with more than 140,000 68.8 million tons of municipal solid waste per year, which is
road deaths and more than 500,000 major road accidents per projected to grow to 160.5 million tons per year by the year
year is one of the most unsafe countries to travel in the world. 2041. Presently, only half of the municipal solid waste is
81 % of the accidents happen because of the poor, rash collected processed, treated or recycled. This is a major cause
driving, of which mostly the pedestrians are victims. In Indian of insanitation and poor hygiene, which degrades and pollutes
cities about one-third of trips are solely by walk. Still 90% of the environment.
city roads do not have footpaths. Except few highways and
Sewage : It is estimated that out of 38,000 mld of the
major roads there are no signage, signboards, road marking
municipal sewerage generated in India, only 12,000 mld is
and basic information for drivers and travelers. About half of
treated. Wastewater and effluents from the industries,
urban roads have potholes and are in poor repair. By and large
dairies, refineries, quarrying, power generation, etc. are major
there is no accountable system of road maintenance. The
sources of air pollution, ground water quality deterioration
intensive use of fossil fuels for urban transport (private
and soil contamination.
vehicles, cars, 2 stroke engines, two wheelers, etc.) has made
city air very unhealthy. Energy : Cities account for three quarters of the total energy
demand which is generated by coal and produce enormous
Sanitation : In India 626 million people, that is 53.1 percent of CO2 emissions. The installed generating capacity increased
total population, defecate in open, which is highest in the nearly sixty-fold from 1362 MW in 1947 to 2,00,000 MW in
world. According to National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) 2017. The per capita consumption of electricity, which was
data 69.3% of rural and 18.6% urban households do not have less than 15 units in 1951, increased to 1000 units (2.74 kws
toilets. According to the 2011 census, only 46.9% of the 246.6 per capita) by 2017. Despite these achievements the power
million households havelavatories while 49.8% defecate in the sector has not been able to meet growing aspirations of the
open. The remaining 3.3% use public toilets. School and people in the country. There is severe shortage of power
public toilets often suffer from major flaws such as blocked supply vis-a-vis demand both in urban and rural areas and
sewerage, broken doors and no water. The Annual Status of there are frequent power cuts, low voltage, low frequency and
Education Report for 2010 (ASER) confirms the link between high incidences of breakdowns.
providing separate toilets in schools and girls' dropout rates.
2.6 million latrines are still cleaned by manual scavenging and Rivers and Water Pollution : Almost every Indian city is
bulk of the human excrement enters into the river, water situated along a river or water body, which is not only the
bodies and drain. source of water, but also has social, cultural and religious
value. However, with indiscriminate urbanization these have
Solid Waste : The problem of solid waste management in become polluted and dirty. River Ganga was ranked among the
Indian cities is assuming serious proportions due to increasing top five most polluted rivers of the world in 2007. The faecal
population, urbanisation, changing lifestyles and coliform level in the river Ganga near Varanasi is more than
consumption patterns. The garbage from unauthorised 100 times the norms. In Uttar Pradesh out of 742 towns and

East Delhi TOD Hub (DDA) Architect DOM and CP Kukreja Associates
cities, only 17 have sewage treatment plants (STP). As a result odd villages is vulnerable to droughts, floods, cyclones and
most of the sewage, estimated at 2900 million liters, flows into earthquakes. Landslides, avalanche and forest fires also occur
river. 10,000 dead bodies are thrown into the river each year, frequently. Among the 36 States/Union Territories in the
besides cremation of 40,000-50,000 bodies on its banks and country, 22 are multi-disaster prone. As much as 40 million
disposal of ashes of lakhs of the dead every year. According to hectare of land in the country has been identified as flood
the studies of water samples of the rivers, the levels of life prone, and on an average 18.6 million hectare of land is
threatening bacteria and superbugs are 60 times higher than flooded annually. About 57% of area of the country is
the permissible norms. Encroachments and construction in vulnerable to seismic activity. 18% of country's total area and
river bed, illegal mining of sand and water are other major about 68% of total sown area is drought prone, affecting
issues. approximately 50 million people. India has a long coastline of
Urban Dangers and Insecurity : People in urban areas are 8040 km, which is exposed to tropical cyclones and tsunami.
exposed to various kinds of natural and man-made dangers Climate Change : Devastating floods, typhoons and a
and risks. The natural dangers arise mainly from geological, hurricanes are being associated with climate change.
hydrological and air disturbances, which impact the human According to the United Nations Framework on the
life and property. The man-made dangers mainly cover crimes, Convention on Climate Change, the predicted impacts of
unsafe buildings, roads, traffic, energy, amenities, services and climate change in India include a surface air temperature rise
unhealthy and polluted environment. The children, elderly, up to 4° Celsius by 2100, up to 30% decline in yield in rain-fed
women, disabled and the poor, including homeless and areas for some crops and an increase in incidences of extreme
squatters constitute the most vulnerable group of people. The events, such as droughts, floods and cyclones.Urban
factors that make a city unsafe include a poor urban livelihoods, property, quality of life and future prosperity are
environment – dark or badly lighted streets, derelict parks and threatened by the risks of flooding, landslides, heat waves and
empty lots, badly maintained public spaces, inadequate droughts and adverse events due to climate change. While
signage, lack of public toilets especially for ladies on roads and large population densities in urban areas create increased
in public buildings, markets, schools, etc. Empty streets and vulnerability, they also create the potential for changes that
service lanes/backyards become crime prone due to isolation can mitigate human impacts on climate. Since these impacts
and darkness. Gender discrimination, lack of respect and will strongly vary in its extent and form throughout the
sensitivity towards the women, children, disabled and elderly country, they require customised interventions in different
are the common issues of urban security. Traffic and transport situations.
hazards are mainly due to poor roads, rash driving, lack of safe
pedestrian crossings and sidewalks, lanes for NMVs /cycles, A Vision for a New Urban India
etc. Delayed response or non-intervention of authorities in It is necessary to develop a new vision for urban India, which is
crimes and violence is a major reason of urban dangers. inclusive and provides minimum livelihood, water, electricity,
Disasters : More than ever, India with more than 1210 million toilets, shelter and security to all. Visualizing the city from the
people, 3.3 million sq. km of area, 29 States, 7 Union other end begins with protecting the rights of the poor,
Territories, 671 districts, 7936 cities and towns, and 641,000 informal sector, women and other vulnerable communities.

Humanising the city and imbibing it with inclusion,

idiosyncrasies, imaginaries and innovations go hand in hand.
Innovative planning and smart governance can greatly help in
making the city safer, connect the people, provide and enrich
its cultural space and ecology. Inclusive approach involves a
combination of the 'rights' (such as shelter, water, sanitation,
electricity, participation, information and jobs), 'reforms' in
policies, procedures and governance, and a 'roadmap' for
spatial integration, protection of its environment, housing and
infrastructure services. The key result areas of urban
transformation are enhanced efficiency, employment
generation, social inclusion, education, healthcare, gender
equity, and protecting the human rights. The solutions have to
emerge from the voices of people, learning from the living,
breathing cities and engaging with the local culture, climate
and ecology. As the government and private sectors can not
provide jobs to everyone, self-employment opportunities
have to be created on a massive scale through provision of
low-cost kiosks, shops and workshops in every city.
City development is an inter-disciplinary transgression of the
sociologist, economist, architects, engineers, NGOs and
others, coordinated by urban planning. It is a manifestation of
cultural affinity to a place. It is the localised urban context
which enthrals and engages people in their traditions and
cultures. The key parameters of urban development are the
jobs, public greens, services, mobility and social housing. This
About one third of population of Mumbai lives in slums.
involves an equitous use of land and other resources.
This requires a radical change in the urban planning process can break down the rigid boundaries and make the profession
and develop alternative ways of urban design, land more humane, value based and relevant to cultural and
management, housing, infrastructure development, pollution environmental context. Architects have a creative mindscape
prevention, urban renewal and governance. Making Indian which can produce to an attractive and sustainable
cities low carbon is a major challenge. This needs an integrated environment. The design process involves three dimensions- a
and sustainable approach towards urban transport, ecology, horizontal dimension of technical knowledge, hard skills, a
water conservation and recycling, the recovery of the rivers vertical dimension of soft skills-arts, aesthetics, ecology and
and water bodies, renewable energy and efficiency. This humanities, and a third dimension of tools, processes,
implies adopting the concepts of green building, walkable city, methods and values.
green transport, bio-drainage, use of solar energy, recycling
Every building is a part of ecological system and has a
and smart systems. A combination of transit oriented
footprint. The buildings are responsible for consuming about
development, travel demand management, integration of
50% of all resources, 45% of energy, 40% of water and 70% of
land use and public transport and bringing together multiple
timber. It is necessary to take a wide-angle view of the
agencies on a common, unified platform are the major areas
architecture in the context of urbanism, ecology and
of public policy that can direct the cities on a sustainable and
environment, including, bio-diversity and natural resources,
inclusive path.
water and energy. There is a continual dialectic between the
The local governments have a key role in urban transformation habitat and nature, the inside and outside and the ethics and
which need to undergo a radical change. This requires their resources. It is estimated that 60 per cent of buildings which
capacity building, financial empowerment, governance and will exist in the year 2030 are yet to be built. This provides a
legal reforms which are vital for delivery of inclusive unique opportunity to redefine the architecture for a more
development. Information and communication technology resource efficient, comfortable, healthy, intelligent, smart and
(ICT) and e-governance are emerging as the tools of efficient sustainable environment.
service delivery and reduced corruption.
The time has come to conceive architecture urbanistically and
The architects have to play key role in urban transformation. urbanism architecturally. According to Rem Koolhaas,
As such,the architectural profession should connect more “Urbanism is something that creates potential and
closely with the realms of ecology, technology, economics, architecture exploits that potential. Urbanism is generous and
management and humanities. A sense of interdependence architecture egotistical.”

SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN FOR HOUSING
Sustainability Through Climate Responsive Design For Housing

Prof. Parag Narkhede - Email : parag114@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Parag Narkhede graduated from Academy of Architecture, Mumbai in 1997. Completed M.E.
in Town Planning in 1999 and Ph.D. in Architecture in 2017 from Savitribai Phule Pune University.
Presently working as full time faculty member at BKPS College of Architecture, Pune and Adjunct
Faculty member in Town Planning at Govt. College of Engineering, Pune. He has published 75 papers
including 25 refereed publications.
Prof. Aparna Mhetras - Email : amhetras@rediffmail.com

Prof. Aparna Mhetras graduated from Shivaji University, Kolhapur in 1999 and completed M. Arch. in
2015 from Savitribai Phule Pune University. She now serves as the Academic Coordinator and
Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil School of Architecture, Lohegaon, Pune. She has worked as the
Project Architect for Ruby Hall Clinic, Wanowrie, Pune at Chaney Architects along with various
National and International projects.
ABSTRACT : Urbanization in the emerging economies like India is taking place at an accelerated rate. Urbanization involves
major shifts in the ways people work and live, and offers unprecedented opportunities for improved standards of living, higher
life expectancy and higher literacy levels, as well as better environmental sustainability and a more efficient use of increasingly
scarce natural resources. Cities are indispensable to nations—they are hubs of economic growth and improve the quality of life
of people. Smart city provides a decent quality of life, a clean & sustainable environment. Sustainable development concepts,
applied to the design, construction, and operation of buildings, can enhance both the economic well-being and environmental
health of communities in the India and around the world. Housing is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas emission
which has significant impact on environment. In absence of energy efficient aspects, the housing is becoming more dependent
on artificial ways of light and ventilation.
This paper disscuss the environmental concerns or issues related to housing and is an attempt to achieve energy efficient
housing by making a survey of selected housing development in Pune city and to analyze the same, leading to a set of
guidelines to achieve climate responsive design for housing.
KEY WORDS : Urbanization, sustainability, Energy efficient, Housing, Natural resources, climate responsive.
I. INTRODUCTION the mission guidelines for smart cities released by Ministry of

Urban Development, a clean and sustainable environment will
Our planet, inhabited by over 7 billion people, is in the midst of be a significant feature for upcoming smart cities. Housing is
a massive transition in terms of the ecosystem, climate one of those basic social conditions that determine the quality
change, tectonic plate movements and biological evolution. of life and welfare of people and places.
Among these, climate change, largely attributable to human
activities, is one of the most critical issues impacting our II. CLIMATE RESPONSIVE DESIGN APPROACH FOR
planet. Cities account for the majority of greenhouse gas HOUSING
emissions and energy consumption across the globe. As cities
are economic growth drivers in most of the nations, From the perspective of housing, environmental concerns are
urbanization is projected to increase further in the near focused on the provision of a healthy, safe, supportive living
future. This, in turn, will drive the depletion of non-renewable environment that is sustainable within the natural
resources as well as add to the extent of carbon dioxide environment. There is an emphasis on resource conservation
emissions. Sustainability covers not just the environmental and pollution prevention, both in providing the built
aspect but also social equity and the economy. environment of the home and in supporting the way people
live within that environment. Environmentally sustainable
The government of India has launched an ambitious and housing minimizes the impact on the environment by
transformational scheme to develop 100 Smart Cities. As per incorporating features such as rain water harvesting, energy

efficient hot water system, passive solar design for local availability using two techniques. The first, the Sundial is
climate. The impact on the environment what is used, taken three dimensional, the second; the sun path diagram is
away, or altered is equal to the upgrading what is replaced, graphic. The goal in the preliminary solar study is to
preserved, or enhanced. figure out where solar heat gain is most extreme and the
best way to mitigate it. The assessment is used to
A large number of technologies are now available which when
determine shadows resulting from the project.
integrated into buildings would result in substantial
reductions in their demand for conventional energy. These The wind techniques are geared towards translating
pertain to renewable energy sources and energy conservation tabular data from the weather bureau into a graphic
measures. In order to minimize the energy demand, cost format is that wind direction, speed and frequency can
effective energy efficient building needs to start with the be more easily visualized by the designer. The goal of
architectural design and the construction of the building study is to understand the prevailing wind patterns of
envelope. project site can be useful when it comes to designing
ways to take advantage of natural ventilation or to screen
A climate responsive design of buildings indeed starts with site
occupants from uncomfortable windy conditions. The
sensitive analysis and planning. Every site has something
Wind analysis ends with an explanation of air movement
unique to offer; therefore building design has to be site
principles for adjusting the weather data to a particular
specific. A climate responsive strategy is based on the specific
site. The sun and wind analysis includes techniques for
climate characteristics.
analyzing the combined effects of these elements on a
• Temperature (T - 0C) site and helps the designer evaluate alternate locations
for the building and exterior spaces. Micro-climate
• Sun angles** (α - 0) analysis technique helps to determine micro-climate on
• Solar radiation (horizontal and diffuse) – (Kwh/m2) a site, using the weightings for climatic elements by
climate and season. Procedure to determine micro
• Relative humidity (RH - %) climatic analysis :
• Wind speed and direction (m/s) • Determine shadow patterns using sun-dial and site
model to plot the shaded areas of the site for the time
• Precipitation (mm/year).
periods and critical months of the seasons, under
III. SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE RESPONSIVE consideration.
HOUSING
• Determine wind flow patterns for the site with summer
A. Study approach and winter directions.
To design at site level we need to consider two basic • Convert the site shadow and wind pattern drawing to
approaches i.e. sun and wind. After studying these two grid-cell system. Give each climatic condition a different
criteria, apply the analysis for the designing of graphic representation.
guidelines.
• Analysis
B. Analysis techniques for site
The goal of these Analysis Techniques is to determine

what potential benefits or problems may arise from the
sun and wind on the site. People tend to be comfortable
within a fairly narrow range of temperature and relative
humidity called the “comfort zone.” It is possible, by
analyzing the site's seasonal sun and wind pattern to
place the building and outdoor spaces to take advantage
of the prevailing climate. The analysis techniques are
directed at understanding a context that greatly
influences how much energy buildings use and when
they use it. The techniques are divided into three
sections: sun, wind, sun and wind together. The methods
in the sun analysis allow the designer to evaluate sun Fig.1. Site Plan showing height development

IV. CASE STUDY AREA : BLUE RIDGE, HINJEWADI, PUNE. • Spaces behind apartment T18 to T23 buildings will be in
Blue Ridge is a township located in Hinjewadi. The total site shade during winter season, but partially exposed to
area is 138 acre. The apartments have range of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 heat of sun during summer season. It is observed that,
BHK apartments and duplexes set in 25-storey high towers. the present layout of these buildings fulfill the some
There are total 31 buildings of apartments. Phase-I have six design principles.
buildings with height of 30.0 m. while Phase-II have three
buildings with height of 35.0 m and 39.0 m. The multiplex and • South side of studio apartment buildings is protected
mall is in one building and height of building is 24.0 m. The with the vegetation. This means that the spaces over
school is an international school with height of 18.0 m. It has here will be protected till the vegetation height.
the 9-hole golf course. The river side is developed as an
entertainment zone. It contain garden, play area, restaurant, • River side spaces will always exposed to heat of sun. But
etc. this side is well protected with the help of vegetation.
A. Solar Survey
Solar
Shading
Plan
Study Period January : 9.00 am to 5.30 pm August : 9.00 am to 5.30 pm May : 9.00 am to 5.30 pm December : 9.00 am to 5.30 pm
Duration of shadow
8 hours, 30 minutes 8 hours, 30 minutes 8 hours, 30 minutes 8 hours, 30 minutes
(Due to Project)
Maximum Increment 70% 50% 40% 80%
Affected features 1. Areas between Studio apartments 1. Behind and in between IT buildings 1. Behind and in between IT buildings 1. Behind and in between IT buildings
2. Behind and in between IT buildings 2. Few area from road side area of 2. Few area from road side area of 2. Areas between Studio apartments
3. Between apartment T1 to T6 apartment T9 to T17 apartment T9 to T14 3. Most of area from road side area
4. Road side area of apartment 3. Area between apartment 3. Area between apartment of apartment T9 to T14
T9 to T17 T18 to T23 T18 to T23 4. Backside area of apartment
5. Backside area of apartment T18 to T23
T18 to T23
Not affected 1. Theme square 1. Theme square 1. Theme square 1. Theme square
2. South side of studio apartment 2. South side of studio apartment 2. South side of studio apartment 2. South side of studio apartment
3. River side area 3. Areas near IT buildings and in between buildings 3. River side area
4. River side area 3. Areas near IT buildings 4. 8% of Golf Course
5. 50% of Golf Course 4. River side area
6. Near Multiplex 5. 50% of Golf Course
7. Area between apartment t1 to 18 6. Near Multiplex
Times of Shadow 9.00 am to 5.30 pm 9.00 am to 5.30 pm 9.00 am to 5.30 pm 9.00 am to 5.30 pm
Penetration
Fig.2. Blue Ridge - Solar shading Plan
B. Solar Survey analysis Result C. Wind Survey analysis result
• One side of apartment buildings T9 to T17 will always get • The orientation of, studio apartment buildings,
sunlight, but the other side won't get direct sunlight. It is apartment T3 to T6 buildings, apartment T18 to T23
observed that the present layout of these buildings buildings are such that the spaces over here are facing
contradicts the design principles. wind shadow throughout the year. It is observed that, the
present layout of buildings contradicts the design
• Orientation of apartment T18 to T23 buildings is NW-NE principles.
and spaces between T18 to T23 buildings will be in shade
during summer season and exposed to heat of sun during • The one side of apartment T9 to T11 buildings is in shade
winter season. It is observed that, the present layout of during rainy season and winter season, while free wind
these buildings complies with the design principles. movement is expected in summer season. While the

other side of buildings i.e. South side will be in free wind high pressure zone of wind for some period of time. It is
movement during rainy season and winter season, while observed that, the present layout of buildings
in wind shade during summer season. It is observed that, contradicts the design principles.
the present layout of buildings contradicts the design
principles. • The orientation of apartment T9 to T17 buildings N-S and
NE-SW, Therefore, the buildings are in solar shadow
D. Sun and Wind overlap survey analysis result throughout the year and partial wind shadow.
• The orientation of studio apartment buildings is NW-SE; V. ENERGY SUSTAINABILITY

therefore, the buildings are exposed to heat of sun and
shadow of wind, throughout the year. While it creates Efficiency and conservation are key components of energy
high pressure zone of wind for some period of time. sustainability- the concept that every generation should meet
its energy needs without compromising the needs of future
• Orientation of apartment T18 to T23 buildings is NW-NE; generation. It also includes promoting the use of alternative
therefore, the buildings are in partial solar shadow in energy sources and encouraging sound environmental
summer season and wind shadow throughout the year. It policies and practices. Energy conservation includes any
is observed that, the present layout of buildings fulfills behavior that results in the use of less energy .Energy
some design principles. efficiency involves
• Apartment T1 to T6 buildings are exposed to heat of sun the use of technology that requires less energy to perform the
and wind shadow throughout the year. While it creates of same function. The aim of this paper was to explore and
LEGEND - WIND SURVEY

Shadow through out
the year
Partial shade (in Jan.,
Aug., Nov.)
May)
Partial shade through
out the year
High pressure
LEGEND
High pressure some
Wind Shading - Plan All time sun
time period
All time shade
Nov.)
Partial shade (in May,

Aug.)
Shadow through out
the year
Aug., Nov.)
May)
Partial shade through
out the year
Overlapping of Solar Shading and
LEGEND - SOLAR SURVEY High pressure
Wind Shading - Plan
All time sun High pressure some
time period
All time shade
Nov.)
Partial shade (in May,
Aug.) Solar Shading - Plan
Fig. 3. Wind, Sun and Overlap of Wind and solar shading plan

VI. CASE STUDY AREA : ORANGE COUNTY 2 & ORANGE LIFE, used for building's common lighting, 1 lift, building's water
PASHAN, PUNE pumping and also to every flat of the building. Root zone
cleaning system of 36 KLD for treating grey water of the
Orange County 2, a nine storied residential building having 36 building is provided.
flats, ( 27 flats : 2 BHK and 9 flats : 3 BHK ) which is in true sense
self sufficient building in terms of electricity, water, sewage VII. ANALYSIS AND INFERENCES
and garbage processing.
Mostly societies are using Solar Hot water systems with a
Architectural Planning : Building is planned to have maximum centralized hot water tank. This system does not allow users 24
Natural Light, Natural Ventilation considering local wind data hour hot water supply. Thus the SHWS used in Orange County
and solar path analysis, which has been confirmed later on by is more effective and the space required is same as required
computer simulation. Common amenities such as Lift, Water for centralized SHWS i.e. 2.5 sq m area per flat on terrace.
Pumps etc. are running on “Green Energy”.
Use of Solar Photo voltaic systems for common lighting and
Hybrid Power System: The system has two windmills located building utilities: Although the infrastructure cost and payback
on top of the terrace, each of capacity 5KW peak and 36 solar cost is high for SPV system, one can think of doing it in phases
PV Panels. The Hybrid Power Collector (HPC) is designed to but the space provision to be utilized for SPV system should be
generate electricity even at wind speed as low as 2m/sec made at the planning stage. And after the payback period is
(being hybrid energy source and using boost charging over one gets electricity free of cost for whole life.
method).The HPC has a display panel which shows all the
details of hourly electricity produced by both windmills and Hybrid system using wind mill and SPV has been implemented
solar PV separately, for 365 days. The battery caters the need by orange county which can help give better performance and
of entire building for 24 hours. Thus the building does not as wind mill occupies less space and very little maintenance,
require any other backup.establish the renewable energy can be a good option.
technologies/systems which can be implemented by housing
For sewage treatment, although RTZS requires more space, it
societies to help reduce electricity bills. The methodology
results in zero electricity bills as no electricity is required for
adopted was conducting case studies and then giving a
the running of RTZS as compared to the other STPs.
proposal for an existing housing society in Pune, Maharashtra,
India. Water treatment plant requires very less space for housing
societies but helps in saving electricity as it eliminates
Common lighting in outdoor passage as well as parking areas
individual water treatment units in the flats.
has “T5-28W” tube lights. These all light points have time and
motion sensors i.e. after sunset they will automatically turn on Rain Water Harvesting has been done in all the three societies
and then turn off during availability of optimal sunlight. to conserve water and recharge the ground water.
One of the two lifts is “Green Lift” i.e. it is without a machine To treat the solid waste all the societies have used vermin
room, gear less and is fitted with weight-sensing device. Due composting method, as it requires no electricity and gives
to this the energy consumption will be as per the weight inside compost as end product which can be used for landscaping.
the lift and this lift always run on “Green Energy”.
VIII. PROPOSAL
Innovative Solar Water Heating System: All flats are provided
with fully programmable solar water heating system of 5000 After analyzing and studying the various renewable energy
liters per day, eliminating all problems associated with the technologies available to suit the residential housing societies,
conventional solar systems ensuring instantaneous hot water a proposal has been presented for Park Springs, Dhanori,
on 24 hours X 365 days basis. Pune. The proposal has been worked out solely on the basis of
information collected by the authors, so certain assumptions
Sewage Treatment Plant by Natural Process of Root Zone have been made with the help of experts and guides to arrive
Cleaning System is used. All trees planted are “Native Fauna” at a solution.
of Pune. e.g. Bahava, Kadamb, Saptaparni, Sitaphal, Shirish,
Mango, Sonchafa, Limbu. The technologies/measures can be implemented in phases to
the similar sized housing societies and can also serve as a
Orange Life : No. of flats : 31 model for proposed ones. The calculations for water
requirements, sewage generation, solid waste generation,
Solar hot water flat plate collector system of 125 liter capacity
electricity consumed have been done for all ten buildings.
for every individual flat with control panel for controlling
water level, hot water temperature settings.6 KW of solar But the proposal is given for two buildings (treating it as a
photovoltaic (PV) system which produces approx. 60 units module), in terms of space requirement. Which can be
daily. Battery storage of 48 units is provided. Solar PV system is repeated for other eight buildings.

Fig. 4. Plan of Park Springs showing ten buildings
It is proposed to have water meters for use of domestic water India's conventional energy reserves are limited and we must
for each flat, which will help in controlling miss use of water. develop all available and economic alternatives. A major stress
must be laid on energy efficiency and conservation. In India
Root zone technology has been proposed which has following
there is huge potential for power generation through
advantages: It achieves standards for tertiary treatment with
renewable such as wind, solar, biomass, hydro etc. Letting of
low cost, such as no electricity, no chemicals for PH
roof surfaces to solar power plant operators. Energy efficiency
adjustment. Low maintenance cost, since it involves no
and renewable energy are said to be the "twin pillars” of a
machinery and its maintenance. It requires negligible
sustainable energy policy. Both strategies must be developed
attendance for operation and monitoring. It has no sludge
concurrently to stabilize and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
handling problem, it enhances landscape and gives site a
green look. It provides natural habitat for birds and after few
years gives an appearance of bird sanctuary. Though it is a REFERENCES :
sewage treatment plant it doesn't have odors problem. It 1. Parrott Kathleen, Environmental Concerns and Housing,
becomes a green Zone and it does not have mosquito Housing and Society, Volume 24 No. 3, 47-68, (1997)
problem. Above all it provides eco friendly solution to waste 2. Kolhatkar Prof. S. L., Responding To Thermal Environment and
water treatment “Naturally” Vermi composting has been Companion Reference Book on Climate, 43-50 (2006)
proposed to treat the solid waste generated. 3. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi and Maharashtra
Pollution Control Board, Mumbai, District Environmental
It is proposed to have SPV system for building common lighting Atlas, Zoning Atlas Division, August, 2006
(Staircase, 1 lift, parking, lobby lighting). The space for panels
4. Beaufort Scale, Available At http://En.Wikipedia.Org/
and battery storage is on terrace of each building. Common
Wiki/Beaufort_Scale
utilities lighting (club house, amphi theatre & swimming pool
area), space for SPV is proposed on the terrace of club house 5. Paranjape Schemes, Available At http://Blueridge.In/
and the parking roof. The street lights and landscape in front of 6. International Journal of Research in Economics and Social
each building will have SPV panels on the terrace of that Sciences (ISSN 2249-7382) International Journal of Research
in Economics & Social Sciences Volume 6, Issue 2 (February,
building itself.
2016) Smart cities –a step towards Sustainable urbanization -
IX. CONCLUSION Dr. MEENU JAIN
7. Exercise 6.3.2: Sun Path and Solar Radiation Studies,
Climate responsive buildings can improve human comfort and
Available at http://Bimcurriculum.Autodesk.Com/
in doing so improve the human condition, in all parts of the Exercise/Exercise-632-Sun-Path-And-Solar-Radiation-
world. Climate responsive design substantially reduces the Studies
economic and environmental costs of buildings to individual,
8. Theater Victoria, Chapter 6, Shadows, Available At
regions and to nations. Site layout has a big impact on daylight, http://Www.Nyc.Gov/Html/Dcp/Pdf/Env_Review/Nyu_Core
sunlight, and ventilation of buildings and the spaces around /06_Feis.Pdf
them. The main objective of this study is to understand
9. Dr. Reza Marandi, Dr. Mohammad Reza, Handbook of Green
environmental aspects for housing in urban planning to Energy
ensure good access to solar gain, daylight, and ventilation. Its
10. Jayant Sathaye, India's Energy Efficiency and Renewable
aim is to enable to produce comfortable, energy-efficient Energy Potential: Policies and Programs, (2011), LBNL Report
building surrounded by pleasant outdoor spaces, within an
11. McKinsey & Company. "India's urban awakening: building
urban context that minimizes energy consumption through
inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth." (2010),
orientation of building. Proper orientation and use of non- Mumbai, India.
conventional energy can reduce environmental impacts on
12. Integrated Energy Policy: Report of the Expert Committee,
building. In general, exploration of, and improvement to,
Government of India, Planning Commission, New Delhi,
climate comfort can effectively increase the urban quality of August 2006.
life in light of future climate conditions.

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PRE-COLONIAL AND POST-COLONIAL ELEMENTS IN THE SYRIAN CHRISTIAN CHURCHES OF KERALA :
ESTABLISHING THE PLURALITY AND MULTI RELIGIOUS BASE OF SYRIAN CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN KERALA
Pre-colonial and Post-colonial Elements in the Syrian Christian

Churches of Kerala : Establishing the Plurality and Multi Religious
Base of Syrian Christian Architecture in Kerala
Ar. Rakhi Mariam Johnson - Email : rakhimariam@gmail.com
B. Arch., TKM College of Engineering, Kerala (2009-14).
M. Arch. in Architectural Conservation, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (2014-16).
Trained at Vedika, Chennai and Environmental Creations, Trivandrum.
Joined City + Futures Design Collaborative in 2016 as conservation consultant.
Member, ICOMOS India.
Member, National Scientific Committee on Shared & Built Heritage,and National Scientific
Committee on Cultural Routes, ICOMOS-India.
Ar. Anjith Augustine - Email : ogustians@yahoo.com

B. Arch., School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (2006-11).
M. Arch. in Urban Design, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (2011-13).
Trained at Integral Designs, New Delhi and Stapati, Calicut.
Started City + Futures Design Collaborative, an award winning architecture firm in 2013 and is the
principal architect of the firm.
Associate of Indian Institute of Architects.
Member, Institute of Urban Designers India.
ABSTRACT : Kerala is a land that showcases multi-cultural interactions manifested in its architecture. The Syrian Christianity in
Kerala is a unique religion which has its roots in Kerala and which traces its origin from as far as the 1st century A.D. This
community has contributed an architecture that evolved from its West Asian origin, got shaped by the tropical culture of Kerala
and finally was altered by the colonial habitation of Kerala. A few of its age old churches have survived the wars and political
changes until today when it stands proof as the only tangible evidence of this ethnic group's plurality. This paper looks into the
elements of Syrian Christian churches that existed from the beginning and the introduced elements by the colonists. The paper
establishes how these churches are as native as much as they are foreign through an architectural investigation.
KEYWORDS : Syrian Christian church; church architecture; Portuguese; Kerala church
Introduction welcomed these foreign trading communities to facilitate

overseas trade. Tarisapalli copper plates, an 849 grant given to
Christianity in Kerala originates from two sources, the first Christian merchants, mention that the Christians were given
from the groups of Christian communities who arrived in special privileges in the new land. The new community who
Kerala from West Asia before the 9th century A.D. This is started converting and intermarrying created more Christians
evident from the works of Cosmas Indicopleustes and among the natives and the Jews. The native converted
Tarisapalli copper plate grants of 849 A.D. The second source Christians established themselves in the hinterlands doing
of Christianity comes from the colonists who invaded India spice cultivation and the trading merchant West Asian
after the 15th century. There is also an ancient tradition that Christians established in the port cities. Over the years the
St. Thomas the apostle visited Kerala in 52 A.D. and Syrians adapted well to the Kerala culture and geography. They
established Syrian Christianity though there are still debates built their churches in the local vocabulary including the
about this. Oral history says that there was already a Jewish elements they brought with them from West Asia.
community from West Asia established in Kerala before the
arrival of Christians. The Portuguese were the first colonists to arrive in Kerala in
1498 and they were surprised to find a well thriving Christian
Kerala had a strong trade relation with the Persian Gulf from community in the Malabar Coast. The Portuguese being
an ancient period. This trade route through sea brought the Roman Catholics tried every possible means to Latinize the
Syrian Christians from West Asia to Kerala. The kings of Kerala Syrian Christians. This they did by enforcing Roman Catholic

customs and worship forms on the local Christians in Malabar.

They introduced Roman Catholic rituals and Western
architecture in the Syrian churches. This led to the formation
of a hybrid architecture in the Syrian churches of Kerala. The
next to arrive was the Dutch and then the British. Being
Protestants both these colonial powers built their own
churches and did not interfere with the church architecture of
Syrians.
First Syrian Churches in Kerala : An adaptation of the existing
architecture
The earliest Hindu temples are rock cut cave temples built
between 6th and 8th centuries A.D. Either there must have
been no temple construction or the structures must have been Fig. 1 - sketch of the old Jacobite church,
of perishable materials before this period. The oldest Parur done in 1806 by Claudius Buchanan
Image Source : http://www.nazraney.com/journal47.htm
structural temples are from medieval or post medieval period.
In a later phase, between 1200-1800 A.D. temples of Kerala The earliest churches and temples existing today have many
see a stylistic development with complexities in its common features. Both have 'padippura' or entrance gateway.
architecture. These are double storey structures with sloping roof along the
compound wall through which one enters the temple or the
Similarly we are certain that there existed churches from church compound. (Figure 2)
around 9th century onwards in Kerala because many of the
objects granted in the copper plates of 849 A.D. grant are
essential only for a structural church. There is no solid proof for
church construction before this. Written records by foreign
travelers give small details of the churches that existed prior to
colonization in 15th century. Antionio de Gouvea in his book
'Jornada of Dom Alexis De Menesis' published in A.D. 1606
gives an account of the Syrian churches of 16th century before
being altered by the Portuguese. He mentions that all the
churches were modeled after the Hindu temples but was full
of crosses.
But what Gouvea gives is a Colonial perspective of the church
structure. Infact the churches were not modeled after the
temples. The church and the temple architecture developed Fig. 2 - Padippura of PazhayaSuriyaniPalli, Chengannuur
simultaneously during the same time period. Both structures Image source : Rakhi Mariam
had the same raw materials available and both communities
The upper storey was used as music rooms or as guest rooms.
must have employed the same craftsmen. This resulted in
Another early church element was the 'mukhamandapam' or
look-alike structures with the only difference being the crosses
the entrance portico. These porticos are mentioned as being
in front of churches. present in the Syrian churches by many European travellers.
An account from “Lingerings of Light in a Dark Land”, by the The Pazha Suriyani Palli (Old Syrian Church) at Chengannur has
Rev Thomas Whitehouse, M.A. (1873) describes about an old parts which were constructed before Portuguese. It has a
church in Parur that existed prior to the alterations by remarkable double storeyed 'padippura' and a
Portuguese. The author mentions that this could have been 'mukhamandapam' constructed with wooden carvings. The
the oldest church that existed then. This is the only description wooden carvings and the sloping roof of these early churches
are very much like their temple counterparts.
of the oldest church that existed in early 19th century of Kerala
that was not altered by the Portuguese. The author mentions Persian elements become part and parcel of Kerala's
about the church not having a raised chancel (meaning the churches
altar portion). From the illustration it is a rectangle hall with The three main parts of traditional Syrian churches are the
sloping roof, large wooden doors and small windows. Except 'Madbaha' (sanctuary), 'Qestroma' (chancel) and 'Haikla'
for crosses there are no other images, sculptures or carvings (nave). Madbaha is the most important which is placed in the
(figure 1). eastern end of the church with the altar in the middle of it.

Fig. 4 - St. Thomas crosses at Kadamattom Church, Alengad church and Kothanalloor church respectively
Image source : http://www.nasrani.net/2010/10/09/saint-thomas-cross-a-religio-cultural-logo-of-saint-thomas-christians/
Qestroma is the chancel in between the sanctuary and the

nave. It is below the madbaha and higher that the nave. Haikla
is the nave where the public assembles. Similar is arrangement
of West Asian churches from around 4th century A.D. One
major element that was brought is the St Thomas cross or the
stone crosses with Pahlavi inscriptions on them. (Figure 4)
These are known as 'Mar ThomaSliba' (or St Thomas cross).
These crosses are made in granite stones and has a three step
base that depicts Calvary, a lotus over the steps, the cross
resting on the lotus and a dove above the cross. From the
travellers accounts it is clear that crosses were the only objects
in the early Christian churches. These are datable to the 7th
century A.D. at the latest.
Symbols and symbolisms finding its place Fig. 5 - A free standing granite rock cross, stone lamp stand and a
Gouveain the sixteenth century work, "Jornada” mentions brass flagstaff in front of the Marthoman Cathedral, Koothattukulam
about large open air granite crosses outside the Syrian Gouvea mentions that the bells in Malabar were wooden. He
churches with places to hold lamps in it. These lamps used to saw a bell made of a large wooden stick hanging by two ropes
be lit throughout the night. The open air granite crosses are with a packet of sticks by the side. This indicates that the
fixed into intricately carved stone pedestals. (figure 5)There custom of gathering the people using bell system already
are carvings on many open air granite crosses including existed before colonial entry. Other than these elements there
peacocks, elephants, cross with dove ascending from above, are numerous carvings found on the walls of old churches.
etc. while the cross with the dove ascending from above Interesting shapes that include tiger, peacock, snakes,
seems to have been a universal Christian icon since 4th hunters, etc have been discovered. Thick walls of stone, and
century A.D around the world. The other depictions of lime mortar used to be built around the churches like in the
peacocks and elephants were adapted from the local culture. church at North Paravoor similar to walls around temples
Perhaps the crosses must have started taking its position in known as anappallamathil.
front of the churches to make it evident as a Christian church
The colonial entry
and not a Hindu temple. The earliest use of these open air
The Portuguese entered Kerala in 1498. As part of their
crosses is not known. Another element of the Syrian church is
latinization of Syrian churches they made alterations and
the 'deepasthambham' or the granite lamp stand found in the
additions to all the churches that existed. For this purpose the
church precincts such as the one at Niranam church. The same
Portuguese convened a synod at Diamper in 1599 where it was
kind of rock lamps are found in Hindu temples. (figure 5). The
prescribed to alter the churches in the Catholic model.
'dwajasthambham' or the flagstaff is also part of Syrian
churches. The church flag is hoisted during festivals. In some They added statues, images, Baroque facades, baptismal
churches the flagstaff has a carved rock pedestal. The fonts, pulpits, ornamental altars and paintings to the Syrian
flagstaffs are sheathed in metal and there is always a Syrian churches. They introduced all the European elements 'in
cross planted above the staff. (Figure 5) trend' during the period.

The Yule-Cordier edition of 'The Travels of Marco Polo' gives an Pulpits introduced by the Portuguese are raised platforms in
illustration of a church which was taken from 'Life of Bishop D. the nave for the reading of the Bible like the ones at St Mary's
Wilson' that is described as 'deformed' in the quasi-Jesuit church in Champakulam and the wooden carved pulpit at St
style. Cordier mentions that nearly all the churches 'were Antony's church at Ollur. They are found to be carved in the
perverted in the 17th century or since by a coarse imitation of shapes resembling flower, elephants, etc with religious
a style of architecture bad enough in its genuine form' paintings. The pulpits perhaps replaced the 'bema' in later
(Figure6). churches.
Introduction of mural paintings in churches started after the
16th century. There are mural paintings in Ollur, Kanjoor,
Kottayam, Alangad, Koratty, Chengannur, Akaparambu,
Paliakkara, Pazhuvil, Thumpamon, Palai, Kaduthuruthy and
Mulanthuruthy churches. Though mural paintings started in
Kerala from 7th to 8th century A.D. mainly in rocks, the mural
paintings found in the churches depict stories from much later
periods. The murals in St. Mary's Sunoro Church, Angamaly are
from the 17th century. They represent themes from last
judgement, heaven and hell. The attack of Tippu sultan during
18th century is depicted in many churches. The mural
paintings started appearing in churches only after the arrival
of the Portuguese. Until then crosses were the only objects
and images in the churches. Saints, Biblical scenes, heaven and
Fig. 6 - Syrian church at Caranyachirra, showing the
quasi-Jesuit facade, adopted after Portuguese arrival.
earth started to be painted in the church walls, altar, doors and
ceilings. (Figure 8)
These altered churches from after the 17th century are the
oldest churches that exist today in Kerala. They have a main
rectangular structure with sloping roof to which is attached an
ornamental front facade of Baroque style in the western side
and a slightly raised rectangular portion which is the altar at
the eastern end. This altar portion is given another sloping
roof which stays higher than the rest of the structure. A
smaller rectangular portico (mukhamandapam) with sloping
roof is attached to the front of the façade. This portico usually
has carved wooden louvers on all three sides. A baroque
façade is usually attached to the western end of the
mukhamandapam like in the KottayamCheriyaPalli (figure - 7).
Similar Baroque facades were constructed in Goa during the
same period by the Portuguese.
Fig. 7 - KottayamCheriyaPalli Fig. 8 - Painted wooden door at Old Syrian Church, Chengannur
Image source : http://kottayamcheriapally.com/PhotoGall Image source : Rakhi Mariam

Baptismal font was an addition brought by the European The final structure : An amalgamation of the west, the east
missionaries from the 15th century onwards. Though a foreign and the local elements results in the Kerala Syrian Church
addition these were created in indigenous styles incorporating
Unlike the popular belief that Christian churches were
the traditional lotus symbolism and other carvings.
modeled after the temples, from the evidences, one has to
A balcony in the rear side of the nave was added to incorporate believe that there was a parallel development of churches and
the choir. These balconies had rich wooden carvings on them temples during the first millennium A.D. Both structures had
similar to temples and palaces of the late medieval period the same elements, same materials of construction which was
Kerala. (Figure 9). done by the same set of craftsmen. The community
constructed the churches in the local architecture by
incorporating the Persian elements brought by the West Asian
Christians. These elements were put in a Kerala architecture
using wood and stone construction. After the Portuguese
colonization it was a Portuguese vision to alter this
architecture. This they started achieving through the Synod of
Diamper. Introduction of their elements and 'style' led to a
unique Kerala-Portuguese Syrian church architecture after the
15th century which still exists today. The resultant structure is
as much native as it is foreign. It adopted the worship elements
from west Asia and made a structure that adheres to the
indigenous Kerala architecture of first millennium. Foreign
additions to this structure made it 'stand out' from its temple
counterparts. If not for the Portuguese intervention the Syrian
Fig. 9 - Balcony in Paliekkara church churches of Malabar today would have very much looked like
Image source : Rakhi Mariam the temples except for the crosses in the front. The addition of
foreign façade has not eliminated its indigenous form. The
Much change was brought about in the altars. Rich wooden striking 'mukhamandapa' in front of the facades and the
carvings were made and these were given bright golden and sloping roof only reinforces the roots of its 'indigenousness'.
other colours. Altars stood out as the most striking feature in None of these different styles try to dominate over the other.
the interiors. (Figure 10) There is an easy yet obvious blending of all the cultures that
has interacted with the Syrian churches.
REFERENCES :
1. Pius Malekandathil, Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the
Indian Ocean, Primus Books, 2010, p.10
2. V.V. Subha Reddy, Temples of South India, Gyan Publishing House,
2009, p.202
3. Paul F. Bradshaw, New SCM Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship,
Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd, 24-Apr-2013, p.160
4. Marco Polo, Sir Henry Yule, Henri Cordier, The Travels of Marco Polo:
The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition : Including the Unabridged Third
Edition (1903) of Henry Yule's Annotated Translation, as Revised by
Henri Cordier, Together with Cordier's Later Volume of Notes and
Addenda (1920)., Courier Corporation, 1993, p. 378, 379
5. Markus Vink, Encounters on the Opposite Coast: The Dutch East India
Company and the Nayaka State of Madurai in the Seventeenth
Century, BRILL, 15-Oct-2015, p. 194
Fig. 10 - Altar in Champakulam church
6. Stephen Neill, A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD
Image source : Rakhi Mariam
1707, Cambridge University Press, 29-Jan-2004
The Dutch took hold of parts of Kerala after the decline of 7. M. O. Koshy , The Dutch Power in Kerala, 1729-1758, Mittal
Publications, 1989, p.204
Portuguese in 1663. They favored the West Asian church.
8. Edna Fernandez, The Last Jews of Kerala: The Two Thousand Year
Dutch built their own churches in the forts under them and in
History of India's Forgotten Jewish Community, Skyhorse Publishing,
Fort Kochi. They did not make any alterations to the Syrian Inc., 13-Dec-2013, p.5
Churches. Syrians received full protection under the Dutch. 9. P. J. Cherian, B Rajeevan, Essays on the cultural formation of Kerala:
(Koshy, p. 203) The British who took power after the Dutch in literature, art, architecture, music, theatre and cinema, Kerala State
1795 too built their own churches and did not interfere with Gazetteers Department, 1999
Syrian churches. 10. Thomas Whitehouse, 2012, Lingerings of light in a dark land.

FIVE YEAR PLANS' IMPRINT ON THE MASTER PLANNING EXERCISE FOR CITIES - A STUDY OF DELHI
Five Year Plans' Imprint on the Master Planning Exercise for

Cities - A Study of Delhi
Ar. Taiyaba Munawer - Email : taiyaba9@gmail.com, tmunawer@jmi.ac.in
Ar. Taiyaba Munawer is Senior Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics, Jamia
Millia Islamia, New Delhi and is also pursuing her Ph.D. She has over a decade of pedagogical and
research experience in the field of architecture. She is particularly interested in researching the
history, fabric, dynamics of development, monuments, culture and ethos of the multi layered,
vibrant Indian Cities.
ABSTRACT : The Five year plans in India were adopted as policy making mechanisms for the country on Five yearly bases at the
national level. The policies so framed found place in the states' policies and programs for development. The Master Planning
exercise in India began with Delhi where Five year plans find a clear and strong imprint in them along with the method of land
use planning and zoning. The plan so prepared, became blueprint of city planning for the other Indian states irrespective of
divergent ground realities. The Niti Aayog with its strategic approach of planning intends to find relevant and sustainable
solutions for urban planning to make cities that belong to all.
In the Independent India, under the Nehruvian model, the Five Country Planning Legislation was enacted and in many states
Year Plans were adopted as national policy making instrument the institutions responsible for the Preparation of the Master
for the country. These Plans then used to become the guiding Plans were set up. Also, in 1956, the Slums Area (Improvement
principles for the state governments policy making. The Urban and Clearance) Act was passed in which the principle, having
development, housing and urban policy are State subject as socialist leanings, for slum improvement and clearance were
per the Constitution of India, hence the making of policy, clearly laid as minimum dislocation of people, providing
policy documents like master plans for the Cities come under housing as near as possible to the existing sites… so that they
the purview of the State. The central government can only are not uprooted from their employment….and providing only
guide the state government, issue directives and provide minimum standards of environmental hygiene and essential
funding for some projects for the urban areas. It is up to the civic amenities [Batra, 2009] .
state to decide the trajectory of the urban growth of its cities. The clear imprint of the national Five year plan and the Slums
With the increasing urbanization, the Planning of Cities has Act can be seen in the First Master Plan of Delhi in which the
become an important foundational principle of the state and Master Planning exercise for Delhi had already started by the
hence lot of stress is laid on the making of the Master Plans of Indian Planners in TCPO in 1955 and later was joined by the
the Cities. However, the states majorly depended on the Ford Foundation. The MPD-1962 conducted an extensive
policies outlined in the National Five year plans and other survey of the fabric and provided a scheme for the
policies and programs of the Central Government. redevelopment of the slum areas (Old Delhi). The scheme
mentions the same point of minimum dislocation, provision of
The First Five year plan (1951-56) had the challenge of
basic housing, clearing the lanes, structuring the land uses as
rehabilitating the refugees pouring in from the Pakistan.
per zoning, providing basic civic amenities adopting lesser
Hence, the Ministry of works and Housing was set up to take
space standards. The non conforming land uses and village like
care of the rehabilitation colonies, sub towns being set up for trades had to be shifted and new developments were
the same. For bringing the nation to the same frequency in proposed as per the rigid zoning regulations. [MPD-1962]
aspects of City Planning as other countries, National Building
organization, School of Planning and Architecture and the Urban renewal operates to shape the urban structure so that
Town and Country Planning organization were set up for all human activities may take place in environments conducive
providing guidance and assistance to central and state to their proper functioning and in harmony with other
government on issues pertaining to urban problems and activities all within human possibility, comprehension and
development. dignity. “One of the basic policies arrived at is that in the near
future there will be no large scale mass demolition of
The Second Five year plan (1956-61) recognized the increasing structures here, even in the redevelopment areas”. The
slums and haphazard growth in and around the city, with planning has to be dynamic and comprehensive. The solution
people buying land on the fringes of the town in speculation. lies in evolving urban renewal plans as an integral part of the
The plan called for regional planning and preparing of master general plan for the city and the region and not just clearing
plans of the cities. In order to make this feasible, the Town and slums. [MPD-62]

The Third Five year plan (1961-66) emphasized the role of being made in the late 70s, it talked in pacifying ways and
industrial development in urban development and had called the Old City as Special area (instead of slums), in need
policies related to promoting industrialization by providing aid of area-specific measures for the development leading to
in land acquisition in backward areas, subsidies for improvement of the fabric and amelioration of people . By this
infrastructure, tax benefits, electricity, roads, etc. Also, it was time, the definition of slums became all encompassing,
suggested the Master Plans should be prepared for 100,000 comprising of all the slums in Delhi and not just areas
plus cities along with regional plans for industrial restricted to Old Delhi as per MPD-1962.
development areas in which the decentralized industrial
The Sixth Five year plan (1980-85) saw the replacement of
development should be pursued so as to discourage growth of
IUDP by the Integrated Development of Small and Medium
metropolitan areas. But the policy was implemented in such a
Towns (IDSMT) which emphasized the provision of
way that it achieved just the reverse. "Between 1956-61, two
infrastructure and promoting growth of small and medium
third of all licenses for new industrial units or for the expansion
sized towns (with less than 100,000 populations).
of the old ones went to Maharashtra and Gujarat
(predominantly Bombay) and to West Bengal (almost The Seventh Five year plan (1985-90) called for radical
exclusively to Calcutta)" [Ansari, 2002]. reorientation towards liberalization by increasing the private
sector participation in providing housing [Batra, 2009]. It also
The Fourth Five year plan (1966-71) recognized the problem of
saw passing of The National Environment Act 1986 which
financing the development schemes and lack of housing for
placed the conservation of physical environment in priority on
the poor. In this regard, Housing and Urban Development
the national agenda. The National Housing Policy (1988), the
Corporation (HUDCO) was set up in 1970 to provide funds to
National Housing Bank and the National Commission on
metropolitan authorities, state housing boards etc for the
Urbanization (1989) were established during this Plan.
construction of houses. By this time, the government had
realized that it was not able to meet the housing demand The Eighth Five year Plan (1992-97) saw the passing of the
which led to the growing slums in the city. Hence it was not 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 which laid stress
feasible to do slum removal as blanket scheme for the city. on creating the urban local bodies as instruments of self
Rather it called for the amelioration of living conditions of the governance which will provide the services and lead to
slum dwellers by providing the basic services and sustainable development of metropolitan cities. The TCPO
reconditioning of slums. Environmental Improvement of drafted a National Urban Policy in 1992 which talked about
Urban Slums (EIUS) was set up in 1972-73 for serving this regional development and planning towards evolving a spatial
purpose. pattern of population distribution and economic activities.
In 1973, a review of the First Master Plan was taken up and it In 1996, the India Infrastructure Report : Policy imperatives
was found that the Master Plan has failed on many accounts for Growth and Welfare came out which turned out to be the
and especially nothing has been done for the walled city. landmark turning point, championing the commercialization
[DDA,1973]. of infrastructure projects. By this time, it was the duty of the
government to provide the infrastructure on the basis of the
The Fifth Five year plan (1974-79) carried forward the slum
need of the people. The report changed the whole direction of
improvement program and launched Integrated Urban
growth by suggesting that it was beyond the capacity of the
Development Programme (IUDP) for developing the
government to mobilize the kind of resources required for the
infrastructure in cities. The emergency period, between 1975-
urban sector. There is a very strong need of privatization and
77, saw the passing of the Urban Land (Ceilings and
commercialization of infrastructure – its creation,
Regulation) Act 1976 (ULCRA, 1976) which set up a ceiling limit
management, service provision and regulatory mechanisms.
for land ownership of vacant land in urban agglomerations and
And in order to achieve this privatization, there is a need of
acquisition of excess land for provision of housing to the poor.
overhauling the governance, legislative and administrative
In 1976, the emergency saw uprooting of 7 lakh people and framework in all the cities.
demolition of 1.5lakh houses by DDA, from the inner city
The report is important because it brought the
slums (Old Delhi) in Delhi by Sanjay Gandhi and Jagmohan
commercialization to the front in bold letters, raising serious
[Batra,2009], leading to widespread anguish among the
doubts about the ability of the government to supply the
people.
infrastructure services sufficiently and shifted the method
In 1980, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi came back to power from the 'need based' to the 'projected demand' based. It
after emergency, defeating the Janata party government after asked the municipalities to become attractive for inviting the
their 2.5yr rule. There was a very strong need and urgency to private investments in urban projects and become an
reclaim pro-poor image, and removing the bitterness of apparatus of capital gains for the private players. “The IIR thus
emergency. Hence, the Sixth Five year Plan specifically talked overturns the principle of access to basic urban services as a
of slum improvement , and not dislocation, by providing the matter of citizen's right regardless of the ability to pay to one of
basic facilities of sanitation, drainage, roads, water supply etc. “consumer satisfaction” determined by the ability to pay.”
So when the second Master Plan of Delhi (1981-2001) was [Batra, 2009].

IIR found six sectors which were in need of private investment Infrastructure and Governance and Providing Basic services to
for infrastructure improvement as urban development, the Urban Poor. The whole mission is based on market driven
power, telecommunications, roads, industrial parks and roads. forces of urban development running on Public Private
Although, IIR is criticized about making faulty assumptions, Partnership models with government acting as facilitator and
suggesting that private capital is more efficient than the regulator.
government but it did bring the focus to the importance,
enhancement and augmentation of the infrastructure in Meanwhile, the preparation of Third Master Plan for Delhi
urban areas in order to make the cities grow and develop over (2001-2021) was underway, which was promulgated in 2006
the time. instead of 2001, but had all the components derived heavily
from the India Infrastructure report, Ninth and Tenth Plans,
Soon, this became 'THE' backbone of all the central and state Draft National Slum Policy and the Foreign Direct Investment.
policies related to infrastructure in urban sectors. The states The MPD-2021 aims to make Delhi a World Class city, with
went all out of the way to change the legislative and infrastructure projects and Mass Rapid transit systems
administrative apparatus so as to carry the imprint of IIR into connecting the whole city. The projects are envisaged on the
their policies, plans and projects. Public Private Partnership model through Foreign Direct
Investment. The commercial land use being intensified along
The Ninth Five year Plan (1997-2002) was greatly influenced the network so as to capitalize on the increased connectivity.
by the IIR and encouraged private sector participation in all the The mixed land use being allowed and no further dislocation of
infrastructure related projects. The ULCRA was repealed and commercial from the residential locations with the approach
IDSMT was found to be a big failure. The government in 2002, of 'managing' the growth. The slums are proposed to be
keeping its role to be a facilitator, allowed 100% Foreign Direct upgraded with the infrastructure and basic amenities as per
Investment in integrated townships which comprised of the slum policy. The national Five year plans and policies again
housing, commercial premises, hotels, resorts, etc. On the find a strong and a clear imprint in the Third Master Plan of
local governance level there were measures adopted for Delhi.
decentralization of governance through the local bodies as
well as evolving market based forms of financing for them. In The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) introduced the
1999, the Draft National Slum Policy was made which talked of concept of development through capacity building in order to
integration of slums in the mainstream urban life through in- increase the efficiency and productivity of the cities. The plan
situ up gradation. This basically implies that there is lacunae in aimed to end the monopoly of public sector over urban
the public housing, where the government could not do infrastructure, and using technology as a means of rapid
anything substantial regarding housing for the lower, middle urbanization. The Twelfth Five year plan (2012-2017) had
income and the poor of cities. The housing projects that do proposed to consolidate JNNURM and envisaged its wider role
come up were so unaffordable that they ultimately catered to in urban reforms.
the better offs. In Conclusion
The 2002-2003 Union Budget happened at the end of the On 15th August 2014, Prime Minister Narendra Modi
ninth plan and pushed the urban reforms by reforming the dissolved the 64 yr old Planning Commission, which was an
Rent Control Act, creating market led models for the public important instrument for nation building in independent
private partnerships in infrastructure projects, simplifying the India, and constituted Niti Aayog in its place. The aim is to give
legal and procedural framework for conversion of agricultural more autonomy and flexibility to States to decide about the
land for non agricultural purposes, etc. This gave the whole policies and programs relevant to their contexts and spend
new dimension to the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) in their resources accordingly leading to bottom to top approach
which the Union Budget steps were reiterated so as to push of planning. The earlier top to down approach of decision
the investment of private players in city building. The Plan making was time taking and sometimes unsuitable to the
placed a lot of emphasis on making the Urban Local Bodies divergent socio-economic context of the states. The Niti
financially strong and less dependent on state coffers. This was Aayog, it is intended, would follow the strategic approach of
made possible by introducing measures like improving planning at micro and macro level. The states will make
property tax collection, reducing the stamp duties, levying schemes of infrastructure and investments decisions as per
betterment charges, etc. The whole idea was to make ULBs the need and priorities of their people. But even this needs to
worthy of their values so as to mobilize the funds for capital be safeguarded, as there are possibilities of states spending
markets and investors. less on social sectors or becoming too dependent on the
private sector investment. The same applies to the Urban
In December 2005, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Planning where there is a strong need to change the way cities
Regeneration Mission (JNNURM) was introduced by the Prime are being planned and becoming pro-capitalist in the long run.
minister Dr. Manmohan Singh. It was almost a revolutionary The twenty year Master Planning exercise of making a
scheme of regenerating the urban areas of the cities by means coloured map needs to change to short term strategic
of reforms linked to the incentives and providing assistance to planning approach with projects being taken up on priority
the state governments and urban local bodies. The mission basis in sync with ground realities and with the consent and
has detailed out the schemes and procedure so as to take up participation of the community. Then only we would be able
urban projects under two major headings: Providing Urban to have 'actual' smart cities, sustainable and meant for all.

SOURCES : 8. Delhi Development Authority, Review of the Master

Plan of Delhi-1962, 1973
1. Ansari J.H, Mahavir, Reading Material on Planning
Techniques, ITPI, 2002 9. Delhi Development Authority, Master Plan of Delhi-
2001, 2001
2. Batra Lalit, A review of the Urbanization and Urban
Policy in Post Colonial India, Centre for the study of Law 10. Delhi Development Authority, Master Plan of Delhi-
and Governance, JNU, April 2009 2021, 2021
3. R.Ramachandran , Urbanization and Urban Systems in 11. http://www.insightsonindia.com/2014/10/29/
India, OUP, 2016 reprint edition urbanization-in-india-facts-and-issues/ accessed on
12.05.2017
4. Kumar, Ashok, Major concerns of the Planning
Profession, Background paper presented at the 12. http://www.firstpost.com/india/end-planning-
National Workshop on "Planning Practise and commission-modi-govt-ignore-opposition-misgivings-
Education in India" SPA, 6-7Jan 2001 1840127.html accessed on 17.05.2017
5. Mohan Rakesh, Infrastructure Development in India : 13. http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-
Emerging Challenges, World Bank Annual Conference policy/abolition-of-planning-commission-doesn-t-
on Development Economics, Bangalore, May 2003 mean-planning-process-is-over-m-govinda-rao-
115020700539_1.html accessed on 17.05.2017
6. Delhi Development Authority, Master Plan of Delhi-
1962, 1962 14. h t t p s : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . o r g / w i k i / P l a n n i n g _
Commission_(India)accessed on 12.05.2017
7. Delhi Development Authority, Work Studies of Master
Plan of Delhi-1962, 1962
OR NG
U TF O MI
O KO R
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LO FO SUE IIA
IS
CENTENARY
REPORT
&

APPRECIATING THE INDIAN TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE - AN INDIAN VIEWPOINT
Appreciating the Indian Temple Architecture - An Indian Viewpoint

Ar. Ujjwala Khot - Email : ujjwala.khot@gmail.com
Ar. Ujjwala Khot - Palsuley, is working as Principal I/C, S. B. Patil College of Architecture and Design,
Nigdi, Pune. She has completed her B. Arch from Smt. Manoramabai Mundle college of Architecture
(2001) with Second rank in university and M. arch in Architectural Conservation from School of
Planning & Architecture, New Delhi (2003), is currently pursing Doctoral Research from Nagpur
university.
Her focus area is influences of Indian temple architecture in South East Asia.
She has published & presented her work in this area at various National & International conferences.
Dr. Ujwala Chakradeo - Email : uchakradeo@gmail.com

Dr. Ujwala Chakradeo is professor and Principal of W.E.S. Smt. Manoramabai Mundle College of
Architecture, Nagpur from over 20 years. She has been instrumental in starting M' Arch course in
Architecture Education at Nagpur University. Understanding the 'process in designing' has always
fascinated her.
She has also conducted special lectures on heritage of India to architects of South Africa, Botswana
and Mozambique and Swazi land. She has presented technical papers on architecture education and
heritage at national and international forum.
ABSTRACT : Indian temple is considered to be a synonym for Indian architecture worldwide. Most of the authors describe
temples only with the physical form of the temple. During the 18th & 19th C, there was literature published to evaluate the
architecture of these temples. The interpretation is very superficial; restricting the explanations only to the visible structure
excluding any consideration of the philosophy/ science behind the construction of the temples. This method to describe and
analyze the temples, is continued to be followed by majority of the scholars widely. The ignorance about the philosophies
mentioned in the oriental literature is evident.
This paper aims to establish a need to have an “Indian” view point to appreciate the temples holistically.
Introduction : in Bhubaneswar, Temples at Vrindawan, Vishvanath temple at

Indian temple is considered to be a apex of Indian Kas̅hi, Dwaraka, group of temples at Khajuraho are associated
architecture, which is identified as a soul of Indian culture with the lives of people. It is evident that there was a reason
worldwide. Amongst all other architectural heritage of India; beyond the specific form and structural manifestation of these
temples are one of the earliest form of architectural temples. The structure of temple; though varied from region
manifestation of Indian culture and are directly associated to region e.g. Nagara, Dravida, Vesara etc, had their roots in
with the philosophy of Indian Culture. the various Shastra and Sciences; on the basis of which the
rituals of the gods were performed, and hence based on this
The temples like Brihadishwara in Tanjavure, Lingaraja temple overall architectural form was derived.
Fig 1. Kailasa Temple, Ellora Fig 2. Brihadishwara Temple, Tanjore

Fig 3. Lingaraja Temple, Bhubaneshwara Fig 4. Minakshi Temple, Madurai
From 6th AD to 16th AD, it was also demonstrated in the other maintaining any documents. James Fergusson in his book
countries like Cambodia (Cambuja), Thailand (Shyam), Laos History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, published in 1910,
(Lav Desh), Bali and others parts of South East Asia also were states - “The greatest difficulty that exist, in exciting an interest
under Indian influence. in Indian Antiquities arises from the fact that India has no
The temple construction was comprising the philosophy history properly so called, before, the Muhammadan invasion
stated in the Purans, various Granthas and gradually in the 13th Century. The sequence of events, wars can be taken
developed for its spatial arrangement, structural forms and from Puranas, which is still not a historical document. Buddhist
decorations. The sthapatis were trained to interrelate the literature, gives account of the historical events, and these can
Shastras with Prayoga, this traditional knowledge system was be taken as a historical account.
beyond the books and western means of documentation. He further states that 'The south Indians had no aspirations,
Over a period of time, the link of the knowledge with its they had no history to which they could look back with pride,
practical implementation is lost. Today, the Indian arts are and their religion was an impure and degrading fetishism. It is
studied in isolation with various perceptive keeping the focus impossible that anything very grand or imposing should come
on chronologies, styles etc. The major reason being the out of such a state of things.”
literature available is written and published by western He believed that – “The Dravidian temples are a fortuitous
authors during the British rule in India, with a complete aggregation of the parts, arranged without plan, as accident
ignorance towards the traditional knowledge system. Even dictated at the time of their errection, and without plans, no
today, basic understanding of the temples is perceived with a adequate idea could be conveyed to those who have not seen
western perspective. them”.
For the holistic study of the temples, it is important to study The whole exercise of constructing temples was merely put up
these with the background of the traditional knowledge as a meaning less work done to exhibit flashiness as there was
system & understand the metaphysical aspect which goes no other way to spend the money of the kings collected by the
beyond the guidelines established by the western authors. revenues out of farming. With this bias and limited
understanding of the religion, it is evident the description of
This paper aims to emphasize a need for an “Indian” view point
the temples would be restricted to only the physical form.
to appreciate the temples with a holistic method of
understanding the Temple architecture. James Fergusson had travelled extensively and documented
the temples all across in the form of drawings and sketches,
Western outlook for the temples :
the only point of difference is the way the structures are
During the British era, there was a considerable amount of
perceived and observations are made.
literature published to evaluate the temple architecture. Due
to lack of knowledge of the Indian traditional sciences, these This book by James Fergusson was referred by succeeding
temples were interpreted in a very superficial manner historian for years together.
restricting the explanations only to the visible structures The authors like Percy Brown in his book Indian Architecture
ignoring the understanding of the Philosophy of the (Buddhist & Hindu) do not deviate from the method of
construction of the temples. This method was being followed describing these temples but mentions the “spiritual” aspect
by majority of the scholars to understand the temple of the Indian temples. He states that-
architecture, which depends only on the visible parameters of “The fundamental purpose of the building art was, to
a structure. represent in concrete form the prevailing religious
Another major obstacle was lack of written information about consciousness of the people. It is Mind materialized in terms of
the Indian History of the phase where there are no system of Rock, Brick or Stone”.

During the same period, the historian E. B. Havell, in his book- Temples were perceived as a visual representation of the
The History of Aryan Rule in India, from earliest times to the cosmic power on earth. The God who inhibits this abode is said
death of Akbar, believed that to be seated with his consort on the summit of the
“It is important to show as accurately as possible the metaphysical mountain, surrounded by a circle of peaks in
relationship between different schools of religious thoughts which the divine power descends in diminishing potency as it
and their influence upon political ideas, for there can be no true comes down gradually and takes his abode at the peak of the
history of India which separates politics from Religion.” He circle, appropriate to his direction and also relative
puts forward the aspect of “psychological” standpoint upon importance in the hierarchy. This enables devotee to see the
which the Aryan political system was based which influence image of his devotion within his immediate reach. This
the architectural activity in the region. metaphysical mountain is called the great Me̅ru - Maha̅me̅ru,
which forms the basic concept of the temples. This is aptly
All the above authors, apart from being ignorant about the demonstrated in the Brihadiswara temple, Tanjavur.
meaning behind the temple, observed only the structural
elements like columns, roofs/ Shikharas, podiums (pitha) and As stated by Ra̅machandra Kaulaca̅ra̅, an 11th century Orrisan
judged or evaluated the temples on the standards of Greek & Architect “He, the creator (Viśhvakarma), lays out the plan of
Roman styles. the universe according to measure and number. He is the
prototype and the model of the temple builder, who also units
The important aspect is that western scholars did not consider in his single person, the architect, the priest, and the sculptor.
the oriental literature as an authentic source of information This small universe (the temple) has to be situated with respect
and the written documents are in scarcity due to various to the vaster universe, of which it forms a part. It has to fall into
invasions in last 2000 years. So the available resources which line with the position of the earth in relation to the course of
they authenticate; are limited. sun and also the movements of the planets.”
Overview of Indian Philosophy of Temples : The Hindu philosophy revolves around the three important
The philosophy of Indian art forms goes back to the Vedic gods Brahma (The creator), Vishnu (The Savior) and Shiva (The
period where all the principles were established through the destroyer). The Vishnu and Shiva being the savior and
Shashtra & Puranas. destroyer of the universe have varied forms. To understand
the role of each of these it is important to understand the basic
cosmological principles. The manifestation of this philosophy
of Ka̅l can be seen in the Vishnu temple, the perfect example of
which is Angkor Wat temple, Cambodia.
The details of the temple can be drawn from the Purana, which
help comprehending the transformation from Form (the ru̅pa)
and the formless (the aru̅pa) and then beyond. As per the
traditional sciences, there is an interrelationship of Shastra
and Prayoga i.e. the oriental literature and the practical
application. To facilitate the later, there were efforts to
document the principles in various forms.
Sutradharmandan has written various Grantha on the
Shilpashatra. Prasadamanadan is the book which gives an
overview of the construction of temples (Nagar Style).
Fig 5. Diagram of 4 Yuga Cycle on Western Axis Fig 6. Angkor Wat Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Vastumandana, Vastushastra and Vastusaar are the books Percy Brown : in his book Indian Architecture - Buddhist and
which give the construction of buildings. Devata Murti Hindu, categorizes this temple as a Dravidian Style temple
Prakaranam and Roopmandan are the books based on under Cholas.
Sculptures in temples. Aparajitapruchha gives the His point of reference to explain the temples built during Chola
Comparative methods of Principles and practice of the science reign is Cathedrals. While talking about the Shikhara of
of Vastu. Aayatatva gives the calculations of Aay (earning), Brihadishwara temple, which is 190 ft high, he states that - As a
Vyaya (spendings), Nakshatra (Planets), Tara (Stars), for the measure of its size the Vimana is equal in height to the central
building construction. tower of Worcester Cathedral, but the temple as a whole is
Comparison of western outlook and Indian view point : only one thirds the area of this Gothic example.
Example : Bruhadeshwara temple, Tanjavur : Moving forward, he explains the “Axiallity” of the temple
Temple constructed by Rajaraja Chola-I in AD 1010, who was complex. The sculptures and motifs on the Shikhara are
guided by his guru –I̅śa̅na Si̅va Pan̩d̩ita, and it was executed by mentioned as the decorations and “architectural
architect Rajaraja-perum-taccan. manipulations”. The façade of the temple consists of an
James Fergusson : describes the temple as an exception to the assembly of admirable artistic elements, but not in every
rule that the larger Dravidian Temples are arranged as accident instance architecturally adequate.
dictated. The Shikhara mentioned as 'Pagoda' is commenced He even analyses the architectural texture, and aesthetical
on a well-defined and stately plan. He explains the temple on quality of the temple based on the horizontal lines maintained
the basis on plan which shows that the 'compound' has two in the Shikhara and culminated with the rounded cupola at the
courts, one a square originally devoted to the minor shrines summit. The shape of the Vimana is compared to the Pyramids
and residences. The proportions of the temple, as he claims and he mentions that it is for the convenience which conveys
are extremely well, the distance between the gateway and the the impression of solid strength.
temple being broken by the shrine of the Bull Nandi which is
From above two examples, it is evident, the temple is
sufficiently important for the purpose, but not so much as to
described with a focus on the plan form, elevational treatment
interfere with the effect of the Great Vimana.
and the decorative elements.
The great temple is dedicated to the worship of Siva, as
Indian View Point :
Brihadiswara, in the form of an enormous Linga, and
everything in the inner courtyard belongs to the Sá iva Cult. From the study done by R. Nagaswamy published in the book-
He looked at the sub-shrines 'as a piece of decorative Br̩hadi̅śvara Temple- Form and Meaning, the temple is a visual
architecture'. The pillars are alternatively square and octagon, representation of cosmic power on earth. The Metaphysical
with the shafts attached on the two side faces and the whole mountain is called the great Me̅ru-Maha̅me̅ru, which forms
very richly ornamented. the basic concept of the Brihadisvara temple of Tanjavur. All
Fig 7. Plan of Brihadishwara Temple, Tanjore.

Ref : Tranjavur Br̩hadiś v́ ara, an Architectural Study, Pierre Pichard
Fig 9. Brihadishwara Temple, Tanjavur
Fig 8. Section of Brihadishwara Temple, Tanjore. Ref: Tranjavur Br̩hadíśvara, an Architectural Study by Pierre Pichard

the literature mentioned in ancient Indian literature about There is scope to evolve a method of accessing the temples
Meru and its encircling peaks are incorporated in the physical which is independent of guidelines established by the western
temple by Rajaraja, the builder, in this temple which he called authors. The efforts to develop an understanding of the
as Daks̩in̩a Me̅ru - Southern Meru. He consecrated two metaphysical aspect needs a focus.
important metal images in this temple- “Maha̅me̅ru Vit̩ankar” The Indian way of appreciating the temples is to understand
and “Daks̩in̩a Me̅ru Vit̩ankar” as if emphasizing the concept. the Shastra and Pra̅yoga i.e. oriental literature and the
Me̅ru, a mythical mountain is said to be a golden mountain. Practical application. It is to organize the philosophy of
True to its nature, Rajaraja covered the superstructure with temples, the art form, the iconography, the sculptures, spatial
gold that made this loftiest temple at that time. The images on relationships, materials and even the way of manifestation
the upper tiers with bows and arrows in their arms are the with the help of existing structures and vast traditional
innumerable Rudras call Sata-Rudra, who are said to move in literature.
the upper spheres and represents the sun's rays, a
representation unique to this temple. This temple also It is to imbibe an important aspect of Indian culture
portrays the five forms of Pan̅ca Brahmans- Tatpurus̩a, Agho̅ra, manifested in the architecture - Sarvam̩ Sarva̅tmakam –
Sadyo̅ja̅ta, Va̅made̅va ad I̅śa̅na, in individual sculptural forms. everything is related to whole.
With four sides of the sanctum provided with openings and its
REFERENCES :
height exactly double its width at the base, the tower fulfills all
the requirements of the Me̅ru type of Temple architecture. i) R. Nagaswamy- Br̩hadi̅śvara temple- Form & Mearning
ii) Fergusson James, History of Indian and eastern Architecture,
Other manifestations of Siva are personified as A̅yudha- published by John Murray, Albemarle Street, W. 1910, Page
purus̩a as Dva̅rapa̅las. no: 351
This temple locates for the first time in Indian History, 108 iii) Ra̅machandra Kula̅ca̅ra, Śilpa Praka̅śa, trans. Alice Boner and
forms of nr̩tta kara̩nas which reflects the concept of cosmic Sadashiv Rath Sharma, London, Brill 1966
space in which Śiva's Dance takes place. iv) Ujjwala Khot & Dr Ujwala Chakradeo, Research paper- 'Indian
The dance sculptures strictly follows the sequence given in Architecture as an inspiration for Cambodia', published in the
conference proceedings of National Conference on Emerging
Bharata's Na̅t̩yasa
́ ̅stra.
Trends in Engineering, Technology & Architecture – NCETETA
The subsidiary shrines are later additions to the temple by 2015, Vol-I, ISBN 978-81-920561-6-6
subsequent kings as per the rituals and traditions followed v) ibis
during the era.
vi) R. Nagaswamy, Br̩hadi̅śvara Temple- Form and Meaning,
Conclusion : published by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New
Delhi. 2010
As stated by Kapila Vatsyayan, in Kalatatvakosa - the Indian Arts
have been largely studied in isolation, with much emphasis BIBLIOGRAPHY :
being given to chronologies and stylistic analysis along 1. Coedes, George (1968) The Indianized States of Southeast
Western Lines. Asia. Honolulu: East-West Center Press.
2. A.P.Patnaik, Kalingan Link with Countries of South-East Asia,
Various historians, authors, scholars, anthropologists and
in: Orissa Review (hereafter OR), vol. XLVIII, no.9, (April) 1992,
other allied professionals have studied the temples with their p.25
individual perspectives, but independently. The questions of
3. A.K.Coomaraswamy, History of Indian and Indonesian Art,
meaning and the interdependence between the arts and
New Delhi (Munshiram Manoharlal), 1972, p.157.
other disciplines have received relatively less attention.
Literary and art-historical studies have rarely been combined, 4. Fletcher, Sir. Banister. 1992. The History of Architecture. New
Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors.
so as to do justice to both. Considering the complexity of the
whole process of temple construction, it is significant to 5. Temple architecture of Cholas, Madras, Authors' publishing
understand the process and the 'meaning' with which the home, 1948 by Pillai J.M. Samsundaram
temples were constructed. 6. Temples of South India Srinivasan K R National book trust,
1998, New Delhi
It is unfortunate that there is an ignorance to understand the
traditional knowledge which created our most important 7. Temples of south India, India govetnment Inf & broad info of
temples, 1960
temples not only in India but also in other parts of the world.
8. Satish Grover, Buddhist and Hindu Architecture in India, CBS
Traditionally, the knowledge from Shastra was transferred to publishers & distributers pvt ltd, 2003
next generations having the intellect of understanding the
9. Eleanor Mannikka, Angkor Wat: Time, Space and Kingship,
complexity of these principles, creating a different league of University of Hawai'i Press, 2000
Sthapatis. The link between the philosophy and practical
10. Dr. Sharad Hebalkar, Krunvanto Vishvamaryam, New Delhi
application is missing due to which it is difficult to appreciate
(Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sanshodhan Yojana), 2010
the temples holistically.

“BHUBANESWAR” Known as the “Temple City” has a unique
position by virtue of the ability to seamlessly integrate its rich cultural
heritage with a strong regional economic base. Founded during the
Kalinga Empire over 3,000 years ago, Bhubaneswar today boasts of a
cluster of magnificent temples, constituting a complete record of
Odisha temple architecture from its early beginnings to its
culmination.
IIA Bhubaneswar is an ancient city in India's eastern state of Odisha,
NATIONAL formerly Orissa. Many temples built from sandstone are dotted
around Bindu Sagar Lake in the old city, including the 11th-century
CONVENTION
Hindu Lingaraja Temple. Outside Rajarani Temple are sculpted figures
of the guardians of the 8 cardinal and ordinal directions. Jain antiques,
weaponry and indigenous pattachitra paintings fill the Odisha State
2017 Museum.
The Modern city of Bhubaneswar, which has already been laid by

NOVEMBER Pioneers like German architect Otto Konigsberger and Julius Vaz in
10-12, 2017 1946 for this wonderful “Lord of the Earth (TRIBHUBANESWAR)”
better known as Bhubaneswar now.
JANATA MAIDAN, The citizens of Bhubaneswar can take pride in the several distinctions
BHUBANESWAR bestowed to the city, including:
1. Only Tier-2 city in the country to host the top five Indian IT
companies : Infosys, Wipro, Tata Consultancy Services, Tech
Mahindra and Mindtree;
HOSTED BY :
2. Ranked 3rd Best Place to “Do Business in India” by World Bank;
IIA ODISHA CHAPTER
3. One of the planned four “Information Technology Investment
Regions” in India.
Further, Bhubaneswar also plays an important role as a regional

gateway to the Golden Tourist Triangle of Puri, Konark, and Chilika
Lake. Its strategic geographic location along the east coast of India, has
positioned Bhubaneswar to serve as the gateway to South-east Asia
with easy access to existing and emerging ports, petrochemical and
steel hubs at Paradeep, Kalinganagar, Dharma and Gopalpur.
Additionally, a number of new ports are being proposed along the
Odisha coast, which will further improve connectivity required for
exports.
So IIA Odisha Chapter is privileged to host the IIA NATCON 2017

on 10th to 12th of November 2017 @ Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar.
We seek your valuable presence and participation to make the event
Grand Success.
With Best Regards

Ar. Sagarendra Mohapatra
Chairman IIA Odisha Chapter.
82/05 RNI NO.9469/57
IIA PUBLICATION POSTED AT PATRIKA CHANNEL SORTING OFFICE, MUMBAI-400001
PUBLISHED ON 14TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH AND
POSTAL REGD. NO.MCS/007/2015-17 POSTED ON 15TH & 16TH OF EVERY FOLLOWING MONTH
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I also take liberty of appealing to all the Chapters/Centres/Sub-Centres and also

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04 Editorial - Ar. Anand Palaye

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30 Appreciating the Indian Temple Architecture - An Indian Viewpoint - Ar. Ujjwala

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Pre-colonial and Post-colonial Elements in the Syrian Christian

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Introduction welcomed these foreign trading communities to facilitate