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Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

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Review Article

Herbal Medicine: A Comprehensive Review

QAZI MAJAZ A. 1  , MOLVI KHURSHID I. 2
1
Ali- Allana College of Pharmacy Akkalkuwa, District Nandurbar, MS, India2Ibn. Sina National College for
Medical Studies, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia.

ABSTRACT:
It has been estimated that in developed countries such as United States, plants drugs comprise up to 25% of the total
drugs, while in fast developing countries such as China and India, it comprise up to 80%. It is expected that there are
250,000 to 500,000 species of plants on Earth. Out of these small percentages (1 to 10%) are used as foods and
medicine by both humans and animal. It is possible that rest of plant may be used for foods and medicinal purposes.
Hence, it has turn out to be very important to review on herbal medicinewhich will play important role in research
on plant to find their possible medicinal importance.
Key Words:
Herbal Medicine, Traditional Medicine, Drug discovery and development

Introduction:
As per WHO Traditional medicine is the sum total of
the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the
theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to
different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in
the maintenance of health as well as in the
prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of
physical and mental illness.[1]
World Health Organization define Traditional herbal
medicines as naturally occurring, plant-derived
substances with minimal or no industrial processing
that have been used to treat illness within local or
regional healing practices. [2]Traditional herbal
medicine and their preparations have been widely
used for the thousands of years in developing and
developed countries owing to its natural origin and
lesser side effects. [3]These medicines initially took
the form of crude drugs such as tinctures, teas,
poultices, powders, and other herbal formulations.
[4]The use of plants for healing purposes predates
human history and forms the origin of much modern
medicine. Clinical, pharmacological, and chemical
studies of these traditional medicines, which were
derived predominantly from plants, were the basis of
most early medicines such as aspirin (willow bark),
digitoxin (from foxglove), morphine (from the opium
poppy), quinine (from cinchona bark), and
pilocarpine (Jaborandi) [5] Herbal medicine is still
the mainstay of about 75 - 80% of the world
population, mainly in the developing countries, for
primary health care. This is primarily because of the
general belief that herbal drugs are without any side
effects besides being cheap and locally available.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
the use of herbal remedies throughout the world
exceeds that of the conventional drugs by two to
three times. [6]
Recently WHO classified herbal medicines
into four different classes according to their origin,
evolution and forms of current usage.
 Indigenous herbal medicines
 Herbal medicines in systems
 Modified herbal medicines
 Imported products with a herbal medicine
base
Indigenous herbal medicines are those which
historically used in a local community or region and
are very well known through long usage by the local
population in terms of its composition, treatment and
dosage. It can be used freely by the local community
or in the local region. However, if the medicines in
this category enter the market or go away from the
local community or region, they have to meet the
requirements of safety and efficacy as per the
national regulations for herbal medicines.Herbal
medicines in systems have been used for a long time
and are documented with their special theories and
concepts, and accepted by the countries. For
example, Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. Modified
herbal medicines have been modified in shape, or
form including dose, dosage form, mode of
administration, herbal medicinal ingredients,
methods of preparation and medical indications.
They have to meet the national regulatory
requirements of safety and efficacy of herbal
medicines. Imported products with herbal medicine
base covers all imported herbal medicines including
raw materials and products. Imported herbal
medicines must be registered and marketed in the


Address For Correspondence:
Quazi Majaz A. Ali- Allana College of Pharmacy, Akkalkuwa, District Nandurbar, MS, India
E-Mail:quazimajaz@gmail.com(M): 9423496792
Received: 10.10.15, Revised: 15.11.15, Accepted: 15.12.15

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Apr – June 2016 | Vol 8 | Issue 2 |1

 Qazi Majaz A et al / Herbal Medicine
countries of origin. The safety and efficacy data have
to be submitted to the national authority of the
importing country and need to meet the requirements
of safety and efficacy of regulation of herbal
medicines in the recipient country. [7]
Historical Perspectives:
Plants and natural products were used by humankind
over the years as food and medicines to cure and
prevent diseases. [8] It is very difficult to point out an
exact time when the use of plants was started as
medicine, the Carbon dating from ancient Babylon
(Iraq) records that plants were cultivated as
medicines 60,000 years ago. Written material
medica of medicinal herbs go back approximately
5,000 years in India, China and Egypt and at least
2,500 years in Greece and Asia Minor. [9]
Neanderthal remains have been found to contain the
remnants of medicinal herbs. [10] Sumerians
described well-established medicinal uses for plants
such as laurel, caraway, and thyme at least 5,000
years ago. [11]Egyptian people where well known to
medicine before 2900 BC, these people used
papyrus (pithy stem of a water plant for writing or
painting) such as the Ebers papyrus(1500 BC) , the
Edwin Smith papyrus (1600 BC), the Berlin papyrus
(1200 BC), and the Kahun papyrus (1900 BC),
etc[12] but the best known Egyptian pharmaceutical
record is the “Ebers Papyrus” contain more than 800
formulae such as gargles, snuffs, poultices, infusions,
pills and ointments, with beer, milk, wine and honey
being commonly used as vehicles and 700 different
drugs like acacia, castor oil and fennel etc with their
uses along with apparent reference to some chemical
such as iron, sodium chloride and sulphur.[13]
Approximately 2600 BC Mesopotamia people
documented use of natural product as medicine in
cuneiform language on clay tablets which contain
oils from Cupressus sempervirens (Cypress) and
Commiphora species (myrrh) which are still used
today to treat coughs, colds and inflammation.
[10,14]Chinese people have their own system since
ancient time. Which consist manly drugs from plant
origin used after small processing i.e. soaking in
vinegar or wine. More than half the population
regularly uses traditional remedies, with the highest
prevalence of use in rural areas. About 5000
traditional remedies are available in China; they
account for approximately one fifth of the entire
Chinese pharmaceutical market. [15]The Nei Chingis
one of the earliest health science anthologies
available from thirtieth century. [10]
Ayurveda is Indian system of medicine
approximately five thousand year old. The Ayurvedic
text is a part of Atharvaveda which belongs to 1500
to 1000 BC. After being transmitted orally for
thousands of years, the ancient Ayurvedic texts finally
were written and preserved in Sanskrit. Ancient
Ayurveda was meant essentially to promote health,
however, rather than fight disease. Charak
Samhita(1000 BC) and Sushrut Samhita(100 AD) are
2| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Apr – June 2016 | Vol 8 | Issue 2
the main text available. Ayurveda material medica
gives detailed descriptions of over 1500 herbs and
10,000 formulations. Madhav Nidan (800 AD)
describes diagnostic features and over 5000 signs
and symptoms. There are eight branches of study in
Ayurveda: Kaya Chikitsa (General Medicine),
Kaumara Bhruthya (Paediatrics), Bhutha Vidhya
(Psychiatry), Salakya (ENT and Ophthalmology and
dentistry), Shalya (Surgery), Agada Tantra
(Toxicology), Rasayana (Rejuvenation Therapy) and
Vajeekarana (sexual vitality) [16] Twenty-five hundred
years agoHippocrates (father of medicine) worked
mainly on Anatomy and Physiology of human being
and wrote a more than 60 medicinal books. [17]He
postulated humoral theory that is human body
consist of four humor blood, phlegm, yellow bile and
black bile which responsible for all functioning of
body in health condition and in disease. [18]He used
only food and herbs and is best known for the
sayings: “Let your food be your medicine and let
medicine be your food” “Sickness is caused by the
body’s inability to digest its environment.” [9]Aristotle
(384-322 BC) postulated the humeral theory of
disease holding that there were four primaries
fundamental qualities in life: hot, cold, wet, and dry.
These met in binary combination to constitute the
four elements: earth, air, fire, and water, represented
respectively by black bile, yellow bile, blood, and
phlegm. The body was thought to be composed of
these humours, which were responsible for the
temperaments: melancholy, choleric, sanguine, and
phlegmatic. Disorders of the human body were
thought to be caused by an upset in the balance of
these humours. Aristotle compiled his work nearly in
150 volumes which represented an encyclopedia of
the knowledge of his day, much of it indeed his own
contribution. Unfortunately, less than a third of his
writings have survived. [19]Theophrastus (about 300
BC), among the greatest early Greek philosophers
and natural scientists, is called the “father of botany.”
He work on medical qualities and peculiarities of
herbs and compiled in near about 227 books. [20]
Dioscorides (40-90 AD) practiced medicine as a
physician of the Roman army. As such, he had the
opportunity to accumulate extensive knowledge
regarding the flora of foreign countries and it is
generally believed that his interest in plants started to
develop at a young age. In De material medica, a
work consisting of five volumes, Dioscorides shortly
describes the aspect, mentions the occurrence and
points out the properties and effects of about 700
plants and vegetal products, more than anyone
before him. It is for the first time in botanical history
that the succession of remedies follows practical and
pharmacological criteria. [21]Pliny the Elder is known
for Natural History which has influence on scientific
matters up to the middle ages.The Natural History,
divided into 37 books. He bring together the older
scattered material that belonged to “encyclic
culture”(enkyklios paideia, the origin of the word
 Qazi Majaz A et al / Herbal Medicine
encyclopedia) Pliny adopted a plain style but one
with an unusually rich vocabulary. Book I is a
summary of the remaining 36 books, listing the
authors and sometimes the titles of the books (many
of which are now lost) from which Pliny derived his
material. [17]Galen (130-200 AD) practiced and
taught both Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome; his
principles of preparing and compounding medicines
ruled in the western world for 1,500 years; and his
name still is associated with that class of
pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means
- galenicals. He was inventor of cold cream and
describes various methods of preparation of
medicaments from which several some preparations
are still in use with slight modification. [20]In the
eighth century the first privately owned drug store
was established in Bagdad by Arab people who
separate the apothecary and physician. They
introduced syrups, confections, conserves, distilled
waters and alcoholic liquids with the help of their
natural resources. When the Muslims empire spread
across Africa, Spain and southern France, they
carried with them a new pattern of Pharmacy which
adopted by these people effectively. [14, 20]Ibn-e-
sina (Avicenna) was an Iranian physician and the
most famous philosopher scientists of Islam. He was
particularly noted for his contributions in the fields of
Aristotelian philosophy and medicine. He composed
the Kitaab al-shifa’ (Book of Healing), and Al-Qaun
fi-al-tibb(The Law of Medicine) which are most
famous books in the history of medicine.Book of
Healing is probably the largest book in medicine
ever written by one man. It includes logic, the natural
sciences, including psychology, the quadrivium
(geometry, astronomy, arithmetic, and music), and
metaphysics, but there is no real exposition of ethics
or of politics. The Law of Medicineis the systematic
encyclopedia based on the achievements earlier
physicians and his own experience. [17]Carl
Linnaeus (1707-1778) is probably the best-known
for his contributions to systematic botany presented
in his “Systema Naturae” and “Species Plantarum”.
He introduced binomial system of nomenclature
which is still in use first time in Hortus uplandicus in
1732. [22]In nineteenth century the term metria
medica was used for pharmacognosy. C A Seyldera
German scientist who coined the term
Pharmacognosy in 1815. Who named his thesis as
Analetica Pharmacognostica.[23]
Current Status of Herbal Medicine:
Currently more than 80% of the world population
depends on traditional and plant derived medicine
because. Plants are important sources of medicines
and presently about 25% of pharmaceutical
prescriptions in the United States contain at least one
plant-derived ingredient. In the last century, roughly
121 pharmaceutical products were formulated based
on the traditional knowledge obtained from various
sources.[24]In fact, it is now believed that Nature
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Apr – June 2016 | Vol 8 | Issue 2 |3
contributes up to 90% to the new drud molecule.
Nature has provided many of the effective agent
such as dactinomycin, bleomycin, and doxorubicin,
vinblastine, irinotecan, topotecan, etoposide, and
paclitaxel (anticancer), Mefloquine chloroquine ,
amodiaquine artemisinin, dihydro artemisinin,
artemether, and arteether (antimalarial) , metformin
and eventually the other Biguanide, Harunganin,
cryptolepine, maprouneacin (anti diabetic)
Calanolide A, cucrcumin, phenethyle isocyanate,
phenoxidiol (anti-HIV drugs) etc. [25, 26]India has
around 25,000 effective plant based formulations
used traditionally with over 1.5 million practitioners
of traditional medicinal system and 7800 medicinal
drug manufacturing units in India, which consume
about 2000 tones of herbs annually. [23]In 1978
WHO officially recognized the potential of herbal
medicine and traditional health practitioners. A series
of resolutions concerning policy, objectives &
activities on herbal medicine have been issued by the
world health assembly. [27]In 1991 WHO developed
guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicine,
and the 6th International Conference of Drug
Regulatory Authorities held at Ottawa in the same
year ratified the same. The salient features of WHO
guidelines are Quality assessment (Crude plant
materials or plant extract and finished product)
Stability (Shelf life) Safety assessment (Documentation
of safety based on experience and toxicological
studies) Assessment of efficacy (Documented
evidence of traditional use and preclinical and
clinical. [28]Significant and steady progress in
implementing, regulating and managing Traditional
medicine in most regions of the world takes place
after WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2002-
2005, State Member also developed their own
documentation and safety concern. The diversity of
regulations and regulatory categories for Traditional
medicinal products makes it difficult to assess the size
of the market for products across Member States
accurately. However, available data suggests that the
Traditional medicine have significant market in
Member States. [1]Indian herbal market is nearly 50
billion rupees with 14% annual growth. 1 billion
rupees worth of herbal product are being exported.
The demand for medicinal plants is increasing
everyday and WHO has projected that global herbal
market will grow up to $ 5 trillion in 2050 from the
current level of $ 62 billion. India and China
produce more than 70% of the global diversity. The
significant global herbal export market include EU,
USA, Canada, Australia, Singapore, and Japan while
Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China and Indonesia are
New emerging market. [29]
Future importance of Herbal Medicine:
It is estimated that there are about 350,000 species
of existing plants (including seed plants, bryophytes,
and ferns), among which 287,655 species have been
identified as of 2004. Relatively small percentages
(1 to 10%) of these are used as foods by both
 Qazi Majaz A et al / Herbal Medicine
humans and other animal species.It is possible that
even more are used for medicinal purposes. 30World
Health Organization (WHO) has shown great interest
in documenting the use of medicinal plants used by
tribes from different parts of the world. Many
developing countries have intensified their efforts in
documenting the ethno-medicinal data on medicinal
plants. Research to find out scientific evidence for
claims by tribal healers on Indian herbs has been
intensified. Once these local ethno-medicinal
preparations are scientifically evaluated and
disseminated properly, people will be better informed
regarding efficacious drug treatment and improved
health status. [24]The traditional knowledge system
needs to be studied, documented, preserved and
used for the benefit of humankind, before it is lost
forever. This will require a holistic approach, and
involvement and participation of local inhabitants.
[30]The Associated Chambers of Commerce and
Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has projected that the
market size of herbal industry which is currently
estimated at Rs. 7,500 crores (Rs. 75 billion) will
double to levels at Rs.15,000 carore by 2015 since
this industry would be growing at a compounded
annual growth rate of over 20% hence forth.In a
study brought out by ASSOCHAM on Herbal Industry
and Global Market 2015, it is pointed out that
India’s rich resource of medicinal plants and
traditional treasure of knowledge in this area, its
share at present is considered very meager. A quick
estimate of the potential reveals that India can
generate raw stock of around Rs. 300 billion and
easily achieve around Rs.150 billion value added
products. Thus, India is hardly able to exploit less
than 50% of its potential. Interestingly both raw
materials (herbs) and herbal products have ready
market globally. [31]
Research in Herbal Medicine:
In the past, drug discovery of bioactive compounds
from plants was time consuming, and the process of
isolation and identifying the chemical structures of
bioactive compounds from an extract could take
several months, or years. Nowadays, new techniques
like such as high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) coupled to mass
spectrometry (MS)/MS (liquid chromatography, LC-
MS), higher magnetic field-strength nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) instruments, and robotics have
minimize time significantly. [32] With increase
demand of herbal medicine the lead compound
mostly based on traditional knowledge, the
intellectual property rights protection related to the
natural products become uncontrollable. With larger
number of countries becoming the parties to the
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the process
of accessing the basic lead resource, benefit sharing
during the commercial phase, etc. became highly
complex in many countries. These processes tend to
impede the pace of discovery process at various
4| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Apr – June 2016 | Vol 8 | Issue 2
phases irrespective of the concerns leading to such
processes. [33]Recently a rejuvenation effort for drug
discovery process from natural products has been
undertaken by the council of scientific and industrial
research (CSIR) Govt of India in the shape of
coordinated program involving 19 CSIR laboratories
under its hub and other R & D institute in the field of
traditional medicines along with a few academic
departments of universities in India this initiative
started in 1996 aimed at discovering new bioactive
molecule from natural resources Golden Triangle
Partnership (GTP) has been introduced recently as a
combined effort by Ayush, CSIR, and ICMR for the
validation of ayurvedic medicine and development of
new drugs. [34]Despite the evident successes of drug
discovery from medicinal plants, future endeavors
face many challenges. Pharmacognosists,
phytochemists, and other natural product scientists
will need to continuously improve the quality and
quantity of compounds that enter the drug
development phase to keep pace with other drug
discovery efforts. The process of drug discovery has
been estimated to take an average of 10 years
upwards and cost more than 800 million dollars.
Much of this time and money is spent on the
numerous leads that are discarded during the drug
discovery process. In fact, it has been estimated that
only one in 5000 lead compounds will successfully
advance through clinical trials and be approved for
use. [4]
Fig 1: Schematic of typical medicinal plant drug
discovery and development
Conclusion:
Herbs are staging a comeback and in the present
days herbal products represent safety and security as
compare to synthetic drug which leads toward
research in herbal medicines. The traditional
knowledge may play important role if a holistic
approach, and involvement andparticipation of
tribesfor documentation, preservation and use for the
benefit of humankind, before it is lost forever.
 Qazi Majaz A et al / Herbal Medicine
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