Gilbert Ryle

He believes that the working of the mind is not distinct from the actions of the body but are one and the same.
The mind is a set of capacities and abilities belonging to the body.

Maurice Merleau Ponty

an inextricable union between mind and body. There is no experience that is not an embodied experience.
Everything that we experience in the world happens with our bodies.

Paul Churchland
Nothing except matter exists. IF a thing can’t be asserts that since the mind can’t be experienced by our senses,
then the mind doesn’t really exist. It is the physical brain and not the mind that gives us our sense of self.

Western Concept of Self - Body constitutes in individuality –, there is a heavy emphasis of being who you truly
want to be.

Eastern of Oriental Concept of the Self - Define our self in relation to others. There’s less emphases in
uniqueness and more emphases on what are the similar characteristics between you and the people around you.

Sociology - Study about the physical development of a human and it’s cultures.

Anthropology
Approach to the study of the self. Refers to the self as the totality of what an organism in physically,
biologically, psychological and socially and culturally.

Understanding the self-using Cultural relativism

A person’s culture influences on his/her physical being, it affects the kind of culture they build and the ways in
which they relate to fellow human beings.

Socialization
Is the whole and lifetime process by which people learn the values, attitudes and behaviors that the appropriate
and expected by their culture and community

George Herbert Mead

The self is not there at birth. The self is not based on inherited traits and other biological factors. Rather, the self
is developed over time from social experiences and activities.

Charles Cooley
Explains how we develop our sense self or self image by his looking-glass self theory. a person creates their self-
image based on the responses of others and the person's perception of how others see and judge them.

James broke the "me-self" down into three sections:

• Material self - consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to.
• Social self - are who we are in a given social situation.
• Spiritual self - refers to the most intimate part of the self that includes the person's purpose, motives,
emotions, values, conscience, and moral behavior.
There are 4 important aspects related to "self" that we need to understand. These are:
1. Self-Identity -Self-identity is the core of an individual's understanding of who they are. It encompasses their
beliefs, values, interests, and personal experiences that contribute to their sense of self.

2. Self-Image -Self-image refers to an individual's perception of their physical appearance, abilities, and overall
self-worth. A positive self-image is essential for building self-esteem, while a negative self-image can lead to
self-doubt and insecurity.

3. Self-Concept -Self-concept is the broader understanding of oneself, encompassing not only physical attributes
but also personal attributes, roles in various life domains, and how one sees themselves in relation to others and
the world.

4. Self-Esteem- Self-esteem represents a person's evaluation of their own worth and value. It plays a pivotal role
in one's mental and emotional well-being. High self-esteem fosters confidence and resilience, while low self-
esteem can result in self-doubt and insecurity. Self-esteem is shaped by personal achievements, social
interactions, and self-perception.