Lesson

Motion in More than one

3 dimension

INTRODUCTION:
Motion in real life situation is not limited to one dimension. Motion can be also described
and analyzed in two or three dimensions. To do this, we need to resolve motion into
components and look at straight-line in each dimension separately.

The module has one lesson, namely:

 Projectile motion
 Circular Motion

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the motion in 1D and 2D;

2. calculate range, time of flight, and maximum height of projectiles
3. define projectile motion;
4. explain the independence of projectile motion in vertical and horizontal
components;
5. familiarize with the components of vector;

LEARNING CONTENT:

Projectile Motion
A very common example of two-dimensional motion is projectile motion. A Projectile is
an object that is thrown horizontally or at some angle with respect to the horizontal. A
soccer ball being kicked, a basketball being thrown, and a bullet being fired from a rifle
are all projectiles.

Projectile is a combination of uniform horizontal motion and free fall. These to

components of projectile motion are independent from each other. Just like free fall,
projectile motion also exhibits time and speed symmetries along its vertical component.
The curve path of a projectile is called trajectory. For a projectile fired from the ground
at an angle above the horizontal, the projectile rises to some maximum height and then
descends. It finally lands at some horizontal displacement from its launching point. The
horizontal displacement is called range. The magnitude of the range, usually
represented by R, is the horizontal distance traveled by the projectile between the
launching position and landing position, on assumption that it returns to the same level
at which is fired.
Projectile Motion is the motion of an object or projectile travelling into the air. The
object thrown will follow a parabolic path called trajectory. The path was affected by air
resistance and the pull force acting is the gravity, its value is 9.8 m/s/s.

Figure 3.1. Downloaded from:

https://1millionmonkeystyping.files.wordpress.com/2013/11/projectile-motion1.jpg

Figure 3.2. a projectile thrown at different angle results to different trajectory and range.
Downloaded from:
https://www.scienceworld.ca/wp-content/uploads/PopBottleRocketPartII_2.png
Types of Projectile Motion

b. Object dropped from rest a. Object thrown upward (vertical)

c. Object thrown at an angle to the horizontal projection

Example of Projectile Motion

1. Basketball
2. Baseball
3. Volleyball
4. Firing of rifle into the air
5. Jumping horizontally
Factors that affect the Projectile Motion
1. Gravity
2. Air Resistance
3. Angle
4. Speed
5. Height
Components of Projectile Motion
1. Horizontal Motion- the motion of the object that travels along x-axis direction,
wherein the motion is constant in the whole travel. No horizontal force acting on
the object that makes it travel in a constant velocity.
 a. Horizontal distance, dx= Vxt
b. Horizontal velocity, Vx= Vix

Where:
Vx – velocity along x-axis
Vix – initial velocity along x-axis
g – acceleration due to gravity
t – time taken

2. Vertical Motion – the motion of the object that travels along y-axis direction,
wherein the motion changes in the whole travel. The only force acting on the
object is the gravitational force and it changes by 9.8 m/s/s in each seconds of
fall. The velocity is zero at the highest point of the projectile.

1 2
a. Vertical distance, dy =V iy t− g t
2
b. Vertical velocity, V y =V iy−¿

Where:
V y – velocity along y-axis
V iy – initial velocity along y-axis
g – acceleration due to gravity
t – time taken

How to find the velocity of horizontal and vertical motion a

Projectile Motion

Vertical Motion Initial Velocity

V ix =V i cosθ

Horizontal Motion Initial Velocity

V iy =V i sinθ

Note: finding the final velocity is same as finding the initial velocity
Sample problem 1.1
A girl throws a ball with an initial velocity of 10m/s at an angle of 30˚ into the air. What is
the horizontal and vertical initial motion of the ball?

Solution:
Vertical Motion Initial Velocity
V ix =V i cosθ

V ix =10 cos 30

= 8.7 m/s, vertical motion of the ball

Horizontal Motion Initial Velocity
V iy =V i sinθ

V iy =10 sin 30

= 5.0 m/s, horizontal motion of the ball

Sample problem 1.2

A stone is thrown off the edge of a cliff that is 16.0 m tall with an initial horizontal
velocity of 9.0 m/s.
a. How long did it take for a stone to fall?
b. Hoe far from the base of the cliff does it hit the ground?
c. How fast does the stone hit the ground?
Given:
dy= 16m
vox= 9.0 m/s
Unknown:
t=?
dx=?
vf=?

Solution:
dy=Vixt + ½ at2 --------- from this equation, derived to

t=
√ 2 dy
a

=
√ 2(16 m)
9.8 m/s 2

=
√ 32
9.8 s
Answer: t=1.81 s
For the distance from the base to the where it landed, we will use the formula
dx=vx t
dx= 9.0 m/s (1.81s)
Answer: dx= 16.3 m

To solve for the Vfy use:

Vfy2= vfx2 + vfy2
However, vfy is unknown. To solve for it
Vfy2=vfx2 + 2 aydy
Since viy is zero
Vfy=2aydy
Vfy = √ 2 ad

√
Vfy= 2(
−9.8 m
s2
)(−16 m)

vfy=17.7 m/s

vf= √ vf x 2 +vf y 2

vf=√ 9.0 m/s 2+ 17.7 m/s 2

Answer: vf= 19.9 m/s

LEARNING ACTIVITY:
Activity 1
I. Tell whether the following projectile in motion has either horizontal or vertical motion,
or both horizontal and vertical motion. Answer yes if there is either horizontal or
vertical motion and No if there is no either horizontal or vertical motion.

Projectile in Motion Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion

1. The ball was kick horizontally.
2. The player tosses the ball upward
3. The basketball player shoots his three
points shoot.
4. The ball is placed at rest on the top of
the table.
5. The egg rolls and drop at the edge of
the table.
6. The egg is in the nest on top of the
tree.
7. The volleyball player pitches the ball
30˚above the head.
8. The coins were flick on the top of the
table.
 9. Ball thrown 45˚at the edge of the 15-
meter height building.
10. The ball was drop on 10-meter-high
building.

Activity 2
1. A ball is thrown horizontally from a building 63.0 meter high with a speed of 25
m/s. find the (a.) vertical and horizontal components of the ball’s initial velocity,
(b.) tome of flight, (c.) distance from the foot of the building where the ball will
strike the ground.

ACTIVITY 3
Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Explain projectile motion.
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2. Identify the path that an object thrown, or a projectile follows.
___________________________________________________________
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3. What are the components of projectile motion?
___________________________________________________________
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4. Cite the factors that affect the projectile motion?
___________________________________________________________
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5. Enumerate 5 examples of projectile in motion you encountered in your daily life.
 ___________________________________________________________
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ASSESSMENT:
Multiple Choice. Choose and encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. What is the unit used in vertical and horizontal velocities of components of
projectile motion?
a. meter
b. meter per second
b. meter per second square
d. meter second
2. Which of the following is an example of projectile in motion?
a. A young boy slides in the floor
b. A young boy throws the garbage
c. A young girl slides down the slide
d. A young girl throws a ball into the air
3. What do you call the path of a projectile?
a. curved path
b. projector
c. road to success
d. trajectory
4. What is the only force acting on the projectile?
a. Gravitational force
b. Magnetic force
c. Normal force
d. Tensional force
5. What are the major components of a projectile motion?
a. Horizontal and vertical axis
b. Horizontal and vertical motion
c. Vertical and horizontal projection
d. Vertical and irregular motion
6. Which of the following is the best way to analyze two-dimensional projectile
motions?
a. breaking it into two independent motion along vertical and horizontal axes
b. following the path of projectile motion
c. it’s hard to analyze because of the motion
d. looking at the motion
7. Which of the following is the horizontal velocity of a horizontal motion of a
projectile?
a. Changes in value
b. Changing per second
c. Increasing per second
d. Never changing in value
8. Which of the following is the vertical velocity of a vertical motion of projectile?
a. Changes in value
b. Changing per second
 c. Increasing per second
d. Never changing in value
9. What is the velocity of the projectile in its highest point?
a. 0 m/s
b. -0 m/s
c. 9.8 m/s
d. 9.8 m/s
10. What is the initial velocity of an object being dropped at certain height?
a. 0 m/s
b. -0 m/s
c. 9.8 m/s
d. -9.8 m/s
References

 Caintic, Helen E, PhD; General Physics 1 for Senior High School, 34 pp.
 Carasco, Jetser, 2016. Introduction-to-physics.com, Retrieved from
https://www.introduction-to-physics.com/projectile-motion.html

 The Physics Classroom, © 1996-2020, What is projectile motion? Retrieved from

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/What-is-a-
Projectile

 The Physics Classroom, © 1996-2020, Horizontal and Vertical Velocity.

Retrieved from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-2/Horizontal-and-
Vertical-Components-of-Velocity

 Wikipedia: The Free encyclopedia, last edited on 21 May 2020, at 04:21 (UTC),
Projectile Motion, Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectile_motion
 Silverio A.A (2017), Exploring life through Science Series, Published and
distributed by. Phoenix Publishing House