Technological Institute of the Philippines - Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Small-Signal Analysis of Common-Base and Common-Emitter Amplifiers

Laboratory No.1

Group Members:
Alejo, Aljiven
Amos, Philippe Jules
Hosmillo, Jhunnard
Palacio, Jecho Christian

Subj & Sec: ECE 010 / ECE22S1

Date: October 3, 2023

Engr. Richard Garcia

Industry Lecturer / Professor
Theoretical Background

Small-signal analysis is an approach used in electronic circuit theory to examine how

amplifiers and other electronic devices operate when input and output voltages and
currents are slightly different from one another. The active components (transistors) are
thought to be working in a linear region for the purpose of this research. Bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs) have a frequent application in common-base (CB) and common-
emitter (CE) arrangements. The emitter (E), base (B), and collector (C) of these
transistors each have three terminals. A significant approach for comprehending and
constructing amplification circuits is small-signal analysis of common-base and
common-emitter amplifiers. It helps with the optimization and use of electronic devices
in a variety of industries since it enables us to project how these circuits will behave
under different circumstances. The input signal is applied to the emitter terminal and the
output is obtained from the collector terminal in the CB setup. It is typical to use the
base terminal for both input and output. The input signal is applied to the base terminal
and the output is obtained from the collector terminal in the CE setup. It is typical for
input and output to use the emitter terminal. In addition to establishing the design and
optimization of amplification circuits, this information is essential for the development of
modern electronic engineering and has an impact on a variety of applications, from
audio amplification to radio frequency systems. In essence, small-signal analysis is an
essential component of electronic engineering that supports ongoing technological
advancement and innovation.

A simplified, linear model of transistor behavior captures the essence of small-signal

analysis. Transconductance is one of the parameters included in this model,
representing the amplification capability of the transistor as the ratio of the change in
collector current to the change in base-emitter voltage captures the charge storage and
distribution properties within the transistor. The analysis process commences with the
determination of the DC operating conditions of the amplifier. This involves finding the
biasing conditions for the transistor, including parameters like collector current,
collector-emitter voltage, and base current. Following this, the transistor is replaced with
its small-signal model, effectively removing the DC biasing components and resulting in
an AC equivalent circuit. In this form, the circuit is more amenable to analysis. Small
variations are then applied to the input signal, and the ensuing changes at the output
are scrutinized. This step provides valuable insights into how the amplifier responds to
fluctuations in the input. Ultimately, the goal of small-signal analysis is to ascertain the
amplification capabilities of the circuit, quantified through voltage and current gains. The
Common-Base and Common-Emitter amplifiers each offer distinct advantages, with the
former providing high voltage gain but low current gain, and the latter demonstrating
moderate voltage and current gains.

Objectives

● To develop a critical understanding regarding Small-Signal Analysis of Common-

Base and Common-Emitter Amplifiers.
● To construct practical and computational applications that involve Small-Signal
Analysis of Common-Base and Common-Emitter Amplifiers.
● To perform actual presentation and demonstration of the given schematic
diagram by the reference book given using the laboratory equipment.
● To demonstrate the operation of Small-Signal Analysis of Common-Base and
Common-Emitter Amplifiers in a laboratory experiment.

The objective is to provide students with hands-on experience in understanding

the importance of Small-Signal Analysis of Common-Base and Common-Emitter
Amplifiers, analyzing the impact of these amplifiers on practical performance, and
developing skills in optimizing circuit problem conditions for desired circuit operation.
Observe and evaluate the operation on Small-Signal Analysis of Common-Base and
Common-Emitter Amplifiers and how to compute the values needed in solving these
amplifiers.
Procedure

During the laboratory experiment,We performed the Small Signal analysis of both
Common base and Common Emitter amplifiers, First we performed a DC analysis
circuit on a De Lorenzo module setting a voltage value of 5V to different resistance that
is given in the De Lorenzo module using the common base part, We determined the
value of Voltages across Base, Emitter and Collector calculating the current that runs
thru on each of the resistors, and use that Current to calculate for the value of the
different Voltages.

Second part of the experiment, we construct the same kind of circuit using again
the Common Base module of the De Lorenzo, but this time adding a function generator
and an Oscilloscope for us to see and analyze the signals or waves, meaning we are
now analyzing an AC circuit. First we adjusted the oscilloscope to a certain value Ch1
(50mV/DIV), Ch2(5V/DIV), Time/Div (100ms) at 10kHz 100 mV peak to peak. We used
these values to determine the relationship between signal inputs and the signal outputs.
These would get us the values needed for the different given measurements of Rb, Av
and Rout.

Third Part was doing another DC analysis using the Common Emitter part of the
De Lorenzo module this time, calculating and measuring the values using the voltage
divider bias, we determined the different values of Voltages across Collector, Base and
emitter.

Fourth was another AC analysis but on the Common Emitter part of the De
Lorenzo module this time, setting the same values that we set on the AC coupling on
Common base module, also we're gonna calculate the same variables or values for
signal gain to get the same Measured and Calculated Values that we get on the Second
part of the Experiment.

Data Result and Computation

Schematics used to attain the data results and computation:

Hands-on Laboratory Experiment:

a) Signal and Waveform Output from the DeLorenzo

 b) Set-up of the experiment using an oscilloscope, function generator, and
DeLorenzo.

c) DeLorenzo connections and set-up

Transconductance represents how much the collector current changes in response to a

change in base-emitter voltage. In this case, a voltage
Discussion
Based on data we gathered on the desired experiments we find out on the
experiments on 1 khz frequency sweeping of 500mv per div/ we can amplify bjt by
times 2 of the desired signals of means we got a 900mv- 1000mv or of sinewave
amplification on the two types of transistor configurations on common base and
common emitter configuration on the common base emitter we got sa desired
amplitude of 800mv - 900mv on frequency sweep of 500mv per div @ 1khz sine
wave on how ever on the side of common base we got the frequency of 900mv -
1000mv of sine wave amplitude on the oscilloscope because we used some
configuration at common emitter of attenuation circuit to smooth of the signal to
little less on the experiments and also we try to get the assumed and precise
measurement of the desired circuit on common base we got a dc bias of 5v per
div on common emitter we got the voltage measurements of 7v per div so on so
for but we try to analyze more further on the experiment using d lorenzo machine.
That weave got analyzing principle of 0v vdc on and acv of .9v or 900mv to 1 or
1.1v or 1000mv pk-pk power of to-92s single transistor measurement of common
base and common emitter configuration of the experiments of same as practical
analyze on oscilloscope as shown pic diagram of the desired experiment we

Conclusion

References
Documentation