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S97CB8C IBniADCGH5NiCB9 H9CFi75 DFCDFi5 89ll5 l9NiCB9 8i HI69FH D5AiG7h.
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G5;9 1999, D. 69; D9F l5 BCNiCB9 8i ?hFCG 7:F. C5F5GHFC 20095.
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S9A9F5BC 1994, D. 370.
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G5;9 2006, D. 6.

14
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21
K5M 2001, D. 52.
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23
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24
'5GHCIF95I 2007, D. 213.

16
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25
G5;9 1993, D. 79.
26
LI7M, S7hK989F 1979.
27
Hj9lAGl9J 1961, D. 58.
28
.iHH;9BGH9iB 1977.
29
1966.
30
1977, D. 27.
31
i6., D. 78.

17
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32
FlC7h 1979; B9l 7CBHFi6IHC, IBC GHI8iC GIl FIClC 89l 7FCA5HiGAC B9l FCA5BNC 8i E. !cB;9F,
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33
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34
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89i H9FAiBi 8i 7ClCF9.

18
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35
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9G9ADiC, D5HHiB5B8C GI IB l5;C, Gi 5779FH5 G9 Gi HF5HHi 8i 57EI5 C ;hi577iC (E7C 1985, D. 163).
36
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20
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7CBH9BIHil39.

37
E7C 1985, D. 169.
38
6., DD. 171, 173; 7CA9 566i5AC BCH5HC, .iHH9B;GH9iB (1977, D. 106) 7CB8iJi89 il A989GiAC
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39
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D. 362).
40
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7IF5H9 85 H5F8iB, M5::i, 1997.

21
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D9FH5BHC H5l9 5DDFC77iC 9JiH5 8i iGCl5F9 il 7ClCF9 5l 8i :ICFi 89l GIC 7CBH9GHC

41
.i9FN6i7?5 2008, D. 410.
42
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43
GF9iA5G, CCIFHUG 1979, D. 344.

22
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89ll9 iAA5;iBi, G9;I9B8CB9 5FHi7Cl5NiCBi, GCJF5DDCGiNiCBi 9 GJilIDDi.

44
A;B9llC 2013, D. 61, l5 GHI8iCG5 iBClHF9 iGHiHIiG79 IB D5F5ll9lC HF5 IB 7ClCF9 9 IB5 D5FCl5:
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85 :CFA5F9 9BHiHR Dia 5ADi9.

23
1. Il fenomeno di riduzione croma ica come problema
s oriografico: lessico e erminologia

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45
S7hS::B9F 2009, D. 21; l5 A5B75BN5 8i IBC GHI8iC GD97i:i7C 89i H9FAiBi H97Bi7i 7CGHiHIiG79
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DFiAC H9BH5HiJC 8i GiGH9A5HiNN5NiCB9.

24
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46
Bi5B7hi B5B8iB9lli 1959; 89 M5FiBiG 1963.
47
Bi5B7hi B5B8iB9lli 1959.
48
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217.

25
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8i IB Di;A9BHC 85lln5GD9HHC FCGGC: il 7iB56FC51.
l 6F5BC FiJ9GH9 D5FHi7Cl5F9 Fil9J5BN5 BCB GClC D9F l5 89G7FiNiCB9 89ll5
AC85liHR 8i 9G97INiCB9 89l A5BI:5HHC DiHHCFi7C, D9F l9 BCNiCBi 8IBEI9 l9;5H9
5lln5GD9HHC H97Bi7C, A5 GCDF5HHIHHC D9F lniB:CFA5NiCB9 Dia D9FHiB9BH9 5l
H9FAiB9 7CB il EI5l9 H5li CD9F9 DiHHCFi7h9 J9BiJ5BC 89:iBiH9 (JC75BH):
ACBC7hFCA5H5.
,lH9FiCFi BCNiCBi J9B;CBC Fi:9FiH9 B9l li6FC ///- (15, 29, 64). N9l
H9BH5HiJC 8i Fi7CGHFIiF9 lniB79FH5 CFi;iB9 89ll5 DiHHIF5, ln5IHCF9 GCGHi9B9 7h9 l5
DFiA5 :CFA5 DiHHCFi75 DF5Hi75H5 :CGG9 EI9ll5 liB95F9, il 7Ii DFC798iA9BHC
7CBGiGH9J5 B9l 7iF7CG7FiJ9F9 lnCA6F5 DFCi9HH5H5 85i 7CFDi A98i5BH9 89ll9

49
KF5i?9F 1950, DD. 14 G;;., 21 G;;., D9 C5FC 1999, D. 140.
50
NH, ///-, 117.
51
l 7iB56FC, GCl:IFC FCGGC 8i A9F7IFiC (H;S), Gi HFCJ5 iB B5HIF5 C Gi DF9D5F5 5FHi:i7i5lA9BH9.
Si HF5HH5 8i IB Di;A9BHC 7h9 BCB DF9G9BH5 F9GiGH9BN5 5ll5 lI79 B5HIF5l9, l5 EI5l9 DIò F9B89FlC
8i 7ClCF9 B9FC, F5;iCB D9F 7Ii -iHFIJiC B9 7CBGi;li5 lniADi9;C iB lIC;hi 7hiIGi C DF9G7FiJ9
ln5DDli75NiCB9 8i IB FiJ9GHiA9BHC DFCH9HHiJC 5 65G9 8i 79F5 DIBi75 (-iHFIJiC - , 9, 2-3); 'liBiC
5::9FA5 7h9 il 7CAAiHH9BH9 lC GCAAiBiGHF5J5 5 GI9 GD9G9 5lln5FHiGH5 (NH, ///, 30); C9BBiBC
C9BBiBi, B9 l li6FC 89llm5FH9, 898i75 5l 7iB56FC il 75DiHClC /L, 9 A9HH9 iB ;I5F8i5
85llniBGH56iliHR 89l Di;A9BHC kA5 Hi9Bi 5 A9BH9 7h9 l5 B5HIF5 GI5 BCB V 8i J989F9 5Fi5, A5 Dia
GCGHi9B9 iB H5JCl5 7h9 AIFC; D9FC77hU D9F lIB;h9NN5 8i H9ADC, GH5B8C 5lln5Fi5, Ji9B B9FCl 7:F.
C9BBiBi /- G97ClC, DD. 40-2; BFiB?A5BB 2004, D. 319, DF97iG5 7h9 B9l M98iC9JC H5l9
Di;A9BHC :I 8CH5HC 8i IB5 D9lli7Cl5 DFCH9HHiJ5 8i l5775 8i FC66i5 5l :iB9 8i F9B89F9 Dia 8IF5HIF5
l5 HCB5liHR FCGG5-5F5B7iCB9.

26
liB9952. N9ll5 :5G9 GI779GGiJ5 Gi D5GGò 5llniADi9;C 8i GiB;Cli 7ClCFi, D9FH5BHC
l5 DiHHIF5 :I 89HH5 ACBC7hFCA5HCB, l5 EI5l9 FiGIlH5J5 5B7CF5 DF5Hi75H5
5lln9DC75 89lln5IHCF9:

D9 Di7HIF5 iBiHiiG iB79FH5 B97 iBGHiHIHi CD9FiG EI59GHiC 9GH.A9;MDHii G9L Aili6IG
5BBC FIA 5DIH iDGCG iBJ9BH5A, DFiIGEI5A iB GF597i5A HF5BGi;9, 58:iFA5BH, J5B5
DF598i75HiCB9, IH D5l5A 9GH; GF597i 5IH9A 5lii SM7MCB9, 5lii 5DIH CCFiBHhiCGB
F9D9FH5A, CAB9G IA6F5 hCAiBiG liB9iG 7iF7IA8I7H5, iH5EI9 DFiA5A H5l9A,
G97IB85A GiB;IliG 7ClCFi6IG 9H ACBC7hFCA5HCB 8i7H5A, DCGHEI5A CD9FCGiCF
iBJ9BH5 9F5H, 8IF5HEI9 H5liG 9Hi5A BIB7 (NH, ///-, 15)

l 6F5BC GI779GGiJC FiJ9l5 IBn9GDF9GGiCB9 iB ;F58C 8i DCH9F 89:iBiF9 CFA5i

lC GH5HIHC CBHClC;i7C 89i ACBC7hFCA5H5, l5 lCFC i89BHi:i75NiCB9 9
EI5li:i75NiCB9 7iCV 7CA9 ;9B9F9 DiHHCFi7C.

(Ii6IG 7ClCFi6IG GiB;IliG DFiAi DiBLiGG9BH 8iLiAIG, 7IA 89iiG Di;A9BHiG

HF589F9AIG iB A9H5lliG, EI59 ACBC7hFCA5H5 5 ;9B9F9 Di7HIF59 JC75BHIF. (Ii
89iB89 9H EI5 iBJ9B9FiBH 9H EIi6IG H9ADCFi6IG, 8i79AIG iB A9BHiCB9 5FHi:i7IA,
EICHi5AC iB8i75F9 B5HIF5G 7ClCFIA DFiCF 75IG5 CD9FiG iBGHiHIHi 9GH. T5B89A G9
5FG iDG5 8iGHiBLiH 9H iBJ9BiH lIA9B 5HEI9 IA6F5G, 8i::9F9BHi5 7ClCFIA 5lH9FB5 Ji79
G9G9 9L7iH5BH9. 'CGH95 89iB89 58i97HIG 9GH GDl9B8CF, 5liIG hi7 EI5A lIA9B. (IC8
iBH9F h597 9H IA6F5G 9GG9H, 5DD9ll5FIBH HCBCB, 7CAAiGGIF5G J9FC 7ClCF9A 9H
HF5BGiHIG h5FAC;9B (NH, ///-, 29)

L9 Fi:l9GGiCBi GJClH9 85 'liBiC H9GHiACBi5BC ln9GiGH9BN5 8i IBn5BHi75 DF5Hi75

DiHHCFi75 l5 7Ii F95liNN5NiCB9 iADli75J5 lnIHiliNNC 8i GiB;Cli 7ClCFi (7ClCFi6IG
GiB;IliG). S97CB8C l5 Fi7CGHFINiCB9 GHCFi75 DFCDCGH5 85lln5IHCF9, ln5FH9 8i D9F
GU GH9GG5 (5FG iDG5) ;iIBG9 5 8iGHiB;I9F9 9 G7CDFiF9 l5 lI79 9 lnCA6F5 (lIA9B
5HEI9 IA6F5G), 85l ACA9BHC 7h9 l5 8i::9F9BN5 89i 7ClCFi (8i::9F9BHi5 7ClCFIA)
FiGIlH5J5 57IiH5 9 GHiACl5H5 85ll5 lCFC 5lH9FB5 ;iIGH5DDCGiNiCB9. B G9;IiHC, :I
iBHFC8CHHC ln9::9HHC 8i Fi:l9GGC, 7h9 HF59 CFi;iB9 85ll5 lIAiBCGiHR (GDl9B8CF),
5lHF5 7CG5, GCHHCliB95 'liBiC, FiGD9HHC 5ll5 lI79 (lIA9B). SI779GGiJ5A9BH9

52
'9F IB 5DDFC:CB8iA9BHC 89ll5 H9A5Hi75 l9;5H5 5llniADCFH5BN5 89llnCA6F5 iB DiHHIF5, iB
F9l5NiCB9 5l H9GHC 8i 'liBiC, 7:F. SHCi7hiH5 1997, iB D5FHi7Cl5F9 DD. 13-39.

27
:IFCBC 7hi5A5Hi kHCBil (HòBCG) lniBH9FJ5llC HF5 l5 lI79 9 lnCA6F5 9 kh5FAC;Vl
il 7CBH5HHC 9 i D5GG5;;i 89i 7ClCFi.
A BCGHFC 5JJiGC, 'liBiC GH5 89G7FiJ9B8C l5 GHCFi5 89ll5 DiHHIF5 G97CB8C IB
DFC79GGC 9JClIHiJC53, 7h9 7CBCG79 IB ACA9BHC 8i GJClH5 7CB lniBHFC8INiCB9 9
l5 G7CD9FH5 89l 7hi5FCG7IFC 9 7h9 Fi9G79 5 ;iIB;9F9 GiBC 5ll5 DiHHIF5 HCB5l9,
D5GG5B8C 85l Dia FI8iA9BH5l9 7CBHF5GHC HF5 l5 G5HIF5NiCB9 89ll9 HiBH9, 5ll5
J5lCFiNN5NiCB9 89ll5 lCFC lIAiBCGiHR.
LnCDDCFHIBiHR 8i 'liBiC 8i 7iA9BH5FGi B9ll5 GH9GIF5 8i 6F5Bi 7CB79FB9BHi i
ACBC7hFCA5H5, 5llniBH9FBC 8i IB HF5HH5HC GD97i5liGHi7C 5 JC75NiCB9
9B7i7lCD98i75, B9 F9B89 A5Bi:9GH5 ln9::9HHiJ5 DCGGi6iliHR 8i 7CADF9BGiCB9 9
D9F79NiCB9 85 D5FH9 89i GICi 7CBH9ADCF5B9i 7CA9 IB5 :CFA5 8n5FH9 69B
89:iBiH5, 75F5HH9FiNN5H5, Fi7CBCG7i6il9: IB ;9B9F9 Di7HIF59. TF5 i 8iJ9FGi 5FHiGHi
Fi7CF85Hi EI5li 5IHCFi 8i H5li 8iDiBHi, 'liBiC A9BNiCB5 19IGi, D5FHi7Cl5FA9BH9
BCHC D9F 5J9F F95liNN5HC 89i kACBC7hFCA5H5 9L 5l6Cl54, CD9F9 7iCV 9G9;IiH9
GI :CB8C 6i5B7C55. (I9GHnIlHiAC D5GGC DliBi5BC BCB DIò Fi:9FiFGi 5 IB5 H97Bi75
DFCDFi5 8i IBC GH58iC DFiAiHiJC 89ll5 DiHHIF5, 85l ACA9BHC 7h9 Gi Fi:9FiG79 5
19IGi, JiGGIHC B9ll5 G97CB85 A9HR 89l - G97ClC 5. C56.
N9l 89HH5;liC, ln9GDF9GGiCB9 7h9 Fi:9FiG79 8i EI9GH5 8iGHiBH5 5HHiJiHR DiHHCFi75
89lln5BHi7C A59GHFC V GH5H5 H5lJClH5 iBH9FDF9H5H5 7CA9 9G97INiCB9 8i IB 8iG9;BC
DF9D5F5HCFiC, iB D5FHi7Cl5F9 DiHHIF9 7CB 7ClCF9 6i5B7C GI IB :CB8C G7IFC,
A9BHF9 ':hIl 9 l5 A5;;iCF D5FH9 89ll5 7FiHi75, D9BG5BC DiIHHCGHC 7h9 Gi HF5HHi 8i
DiHHIF9 GI :CB8C 6i5B7C. Si FiHi9B9 iBClHF9 7h9 i ACBC7hFCA5H5 8i 19IGi
8CJ9GG9FC Fi9BHF5F9 B9ll9 F9;Cl9 HF58iNiCB5li 89ll5 HiBH5 Di5HH5, CJ9 il HF577i5HC
89l 8iG9;BC 7CGHiHIiJ5 D5FH9 9GG9BNi5l9 9 F9GH5J5 JiGi6il9 :iBC 5 EI58FC :iBiHC57.

53
S97CB8C IB HCDCG l9HH9F5FiC 7h9 5JFR AClH5 :CFHIB5 B9ll5 GHCFiC;F5:i5 89ll9 5FHi, Gi D9BGi iB
D5FHi7Cl5F9 5ll9 -iH9 89l -5G5Fi.
54
NH, ///-, 64.
55
L9Di?-KCD57NMBG?5 (1954) 8iGHiB;I9 89i ACBC7FCAi 9G9;IiHi GI :CB8C 6i5B7C 5 H9AD9F5 C
5 9B75IGHC, 9 8i 9GGi B9 FiBHF577i5 IB Fi:l9GGC iB CD9F9 7CA9 l5 GH9l9 ACBIA9BH5l9 8i LMGi5G.
56
MCF9BC 1966.
57
89 M5FiBiG 1963; IB H9FAiB9 8i D5F5;CB9 DIò 9GG9F9 C::9FHC, G97CB8C 5l7IBi GHI8iCGi, 85
5l7IB9 CD9F9 85H56ili 5lln9HR 8i 19IGi. SCBC GH5H9 DFCDCGH9: l5 GH9l9 8i MB5GCB 8i T969,
F5::i;IF5BH9 IB ;I9FFi9FC 5HH5775BH9, 5FA5HC 8i G7I8C FCHCB8C 9 l5B7i5, BCB7hU 8iJ9FG9
Dl577h9HH9 :F5AA9BH5Fi9 8n5JCFiC DFCJ9Bi9BHi 85 K9Fč, CF5 5l MIG9C 8i S5B 'i9HFC6IF;C, GIll9

28
 S97CB8C IB5 HF58iNiCB9 DiIHHCGHC 7CBGCli85H5, ln5GD9HHC 89i 79l96Fi
ACBC7hFCA5H5 8i 19IGi DCHF9669 J9FCGiAilA9BH9 9GG9F 7ClHC B9i k7CGi889HHi
ACBC7FCAil GI A5FAC 89l MIG9C AF7h9ClC;i7C N5NiCB5l9 8i N5DCli 9 89l
KIBGHhiGHCFiG7h9G MIG9IA 8i -i9BB558. 'FCJ9Bi9BHi 85 EF7Cl5BC 9 85
'CAD9i, H5li 8iDiBHi :IFCBC G7CD9FHi 8IF5BH9 7CBG97IHiJi G75Ji 5F7h9ClC;i7i
F95liNN5Hi 5 D5FHiF9 85l 1749. NCB FiGIlH5 7hi5FC il lIC;C 8i FiBJ9BiA9BHC
5llniBH9FBC 89ll9 7iHHR, BU 8CJ9 :CGG9FC 7CllC75Hi B9;li 98i:i7i. S9 iB D5GG5HC
:IFCBC FiH9BIHi CFi;iB5li 89ll5 :iB9 89l - G97ClC 5.C., C;;i Gi H9B89 DiIHHCGHC 5
iBH9FDF9H5Fli 7CA9 Fi:57iA9BHi 97l9HHi7i 8i HiDC 7l5GGi7iGHi7C, 7CB 85H5NiCBi 7h9
CG7ill5BC 85l G97ClC 5.C 5l G97ClC 8.C 59.
q CDDCFHIBC BCH5F9 7h9 5l7IBi 9G9ADl5Fi, ClHF9 5ll5 :CB85A9BH5l9 HiBH5
FCGG5, DF9G9BH5J5BC, G9DDIF iB AiBiA5 HF577i5, 5B7h9 5lHFi 7ClCFi,
DIBHI5lA9BH9 BCH5Hi 85l JCB GF59J9 B9l 198460. Gli GHI8i F979BHi, 7CFF985Hi 85

EI5li Gi 8iGHiB;ICBC 5l7IB9 :i;IF9 8i 8iJiBiHR (AH9B5, A:FC8iH9), 9 IB5 EI58Fi;5 iB 7CFG5. L5
H97Bi75 V EI9ll5 8i IB 8iG9;BC ;F5::iHC Fi7CD9FHC 8i 7ClCF9.
58
L9BNi 2016 9 6i6liC;F5:i5 DF97989BH9; ln5IHFi79 898i75 IB iBH9F9GG5BH9 GHI8iC ACBC;F5:i7C
5l 7CFDIG 89i k7CGi889HHi ACBC7FCAil, 8C8i7i 8iDiBHi GI A5FAC, 7CBG9FJ5Hi DF9GGC il MIG9C
AF7h9ClC;i7C N5NiCB5l9 8i N5DCli 5l KIBGHhiGHCFiG7h9G MIG9IA 8i -i9BB5. N9l AIG9C
B5DCl9H5BC ;li 9G9ADl5Fi DF9G9BH5BC i G9;I9BHi GC;;9HHi: LCHH5 7Cl 79BH5IFC (:iB9 G97ClC 5.C
- G97ClC 8.C), DCBB9 G57Fi:i75BHi (:iB9 G97ClC 5.C - G97ClC 8.C., CDDIF9 9HR 9ll9BiGHi75),
GiC75HFi7i 8i AGHF5;5li (:iB9 G97ClC 5.C - iBiNiC G97ClC 8.C.), S79B5 H95HF5l9 (7FCBClC;i5
8I66i5, :iB9 G97ClC 5.C - G97ClC 8.C., CDDIF9 9HR 9ll9BiGHi75 G9 Gi HF5HH5GG9 8i IB CFi;iB5l9,
85l ACA9BHC 7h9 5B7h9 il 6CF8C 89GHFC D5FF9669 H5;li5HC 9 Fil5JCF5HC iB 5BHi7C), (I58Fi;5 iB
7CFG5 (:iB9 G97ClC 5.C- G97ClC 8.C), NiC69 9 i NiC6i8i (:iB9 G97ClC 5.C - G97ClC 8.C),
DCBB5 iB HFCBC 9 ;iCJ5B9 (i89A), A8CF5BHi (:iB9 5.C.- iBiNiC ), EF7Cl9 9 lm 8F5 (A9HR
G97ClC 8.C), S:iB;9 (i89A). )iGD9HHC 5ll5 DFCJ9Bi9BN5, 9779HHC NiC69 9 i NiC6i8i (85 'CAD9i),
i A5FAi 8iDiBHi GCBC GH5Hi HIHHi FiHFCJ5Hi 5 EF7Cl5BC. N9l AIG9C Ji9BB9G9 GCBC 7IGHC8iHi
DiCBiGC 9 ADCllC (9BHF5A6i 8i 7FCBClC;i5 8I66i5, DFC656ilA9BH9 - G97ClC 8.C.). LnIBi75
:CBH9 8iGDCBi6il9 5HH9GH5 7h9 l9 8I9 CD9F9 :IFCBC 57EIiGH5H9 5 )CA5 B9l 1865, DF9GGC l5 BC6il9
:5Ai;li5 89i C5GH9ll5Bi, :57ClHCGi ;iCi9lli9Fi 9 7Cll9NiCBiGHi 8n5FH9 5BHi75 ('F5G7hBi?9F 1933, D.
80). )979BH9A9BH9 L9BNi h5 GCHHCliB95HC 7CA9 BCB Gi5 DCGGi6il9 FiBHF577i5F9 i F9l5HiJi
D5;5A9BHi 8i 8C;5B5 7h9 5JF9669FC 8CJIHC 577CAD5;B5F9 ln57EIiGHC 89;li 5BHi7hi A5FAi,
8IBEI9 FiHi9B9 7h9 5llC GH5HC 5HHI5l9 89;li GHI8i l5 DFCJ9Bi9BN5 89i 8iDiBHi 7CB:lIiHi 5 -i9BB5
FiGIlHi G7CBCG7iIH5 (L9BNi 2016, DD. 47-54).
59
KF5i?9F 1950, DD. 14 G;;., 21 G;;., D9 C5FC 1999, D. 140. '9F l9 G7h989 GiBH9Hi7h9 8i
7i5G7IB5 CD9F5 L9BNi 2016, DD. 239-50.
60
-CB GF59J9 1984, BCB Gi HF5HH5 8i FiGIlH5Hi 89FiJ5BHi 85ll9 H97Bi7h9 5B5liHi7h9 iADi9;5H9
85llC GHI8iCGC, iB585HH9 5 iB8iJi8I5F9 i Di;A9BHi, A5 8i GI9 CGG9FJ5NiCBi iB A9FiHC 5ll5 7FCAi5
CFi;iB5Fi5, 89FiJ5BHi 85ll5 JiGiCB9 8iF9HH5 89i A5BI:5HHi. Si 5;;iIB;5 iBClHF9 7h9 i FiGIlH5Hi 5
7Ii GCBC D9FJ9BIH9 l9 BICJ9 iB85;iBi 9::9HHI5H9 B9l 2013 85l CN) j C-BC 8i FiF9BN9 BCB

29
CDDCFHIB9 iB85;iBi 8i5;BCGHi7h9, h5BBC 8iACGHF5HC 7h9 l5 ;5AA5 7FCA5Hi75
iADi9;5H5 V 7CGHiHIiH5 85 IB BIA9FC AClHC Fi8CHHC 8i HiBH9 (;9B9F5lA9BH9
EI5HHFC, 5lHF9 7iBEI9)61. NCB Gi HF5HH5 5::5HHC 8i 8iDiBHi F95liNN5Hi 5HHF5J9FGC IB
IBi7C 7ClCF9, G9DDIF Gi5BC DF9G9BHi J5Fi5NiCBi HCB5li, D9FH5BHC iGHiHIiF9
IBn9EIiJ5l9BN5, C;;i, HF5 EI9GH5 7l5GG9 8i A5BI:5HHi 9 l5 H97Bi75 89G7FiHH5 85
'liBiC FiGIlH5 IBn9Ji89BH9 :CFN5HIF5.
&77CFF9 GC::9FA5F9 ln5HH9BNiCB9 GIl A5BI:5HHC FiH9BIHC iB Ai;liCF9 GH5HC 8i
7CBG9FJ5NiCB9 HF5 EI9lli 7IGHC8iHi B9l MIG9C AF7h9ClC;i7C N5NiCB5l9 8i
N5DCli. &D9F5 J9BIH5 5ll5 lI79 8IF5BH9 ;li G75Ji 89l 1749, :iFA5H5 85
Al9L5B8FCG 8i AH9B9, L9 GiC75HFi7i 8i 5GHF5;5li (:i;. 1), F5DDF9G9BH5 IB5
DF9NiCG5 H9GHiACBi5BN5 89l B9C5HHi7iGAC iB DiHHIF5, 9GG9B8C DFC656ilA9BH9
Fi9l56CF5NiCB9 8i IB CFi;iB5l9 89l - G97. 5.C. 7h9, G97CB8C 5l7IBi GHI8iCGi,
DCHF9669 5HHFi6IiFGi 5ll5 6CHH9;5 8i 19IGi62.
L9 GiC75HFi7i DF9G9BH5BC iG7FiNiCBi iB ;F97C 7h9 GCJF5GH5BC l9 :i;IF9
7CiBJClH9 B9ll5 G79B5, 5iIH5B8C 5 i89BHi:i75FB9 il GC;;9HHC EI5l9 IBC 89i
ACA9BHi 7h9 DF97989 l5 HF5;i75 GCFH9 8i NiC69: 'hCi69 79F75 8i D57i:i75F9 L9HC
9 NiC69, A9BHF9 l9 ;iCJ5Bi :5B7iIll9 l95iF5 9 A;l5i9 ;iC75BC 5;li 5GHF5;5li,
i;B5F9 89l lCFC 89GHiBC. L5 F9G5 89i 7CBHCFBi V 9GHF9A5A9BH9 F5::iB5H5, Fi9G79
5 9Ji89BNi5F9 D5GG5;;i B9HHi, DF97iGi :iBC 58 5FFiJ5F9 5 NCB9 CA6F9;;i5H9 5
HF5HH9;;iC, D9FH5BHC il FiGIlH5HC :iB5l9 Fi7CF85 :CFH9A9BH9 lniADF9GGiCB9
89FiJ5BH9 85 IB 8iG9;BC F95liNN5HC 5HHF5J9FGC l5 H97Bi75 89l 7hi5FCG7IFC.
Di;A9BHi iADi9;5Hi GCBC HIHH9 C7F9 (CGGi8i 9 i8FCGGi8i 8i :9FFC), HF5BB9 il
B9FC (5 65G9 8i 75F6CB9). L9 iB85;iBi iB:F5FCGGC :CHC;F5:i7C ACGHF5BC 7CA9
EI9GHnIlHiAC Di;A9BHC Gi5 GH5HC HF5HH5HC 8iJ9FG5A9BH9 5 G97CB85 89ll5
DCFNiCB9 DiHHCFi75 7h9 5JF9669 8CJIHC F9GHiHIiF9: 89liB95 i 7CBHCFBi 89ll9
:i;IF9, 75ADiG79 iBH9F9 5F99, CDDIF9 iADFiA9 GD5Ni iB CA6F5, A9BHF9 Ji9B9

7CB:9FA5BC AClHi 8i EI9lli DF97989BHi. L9BNi 2016, D. 106, BCB 9G7lI89 7h9 lniB7CAD5Hi6iliHR
89i 85Hi DCGG5 89FiJ5F9 85 IB IlH9FiCF9 D9;;iCF5A9BHC 89llC GH5HC 8i 7CBG9FJ5NiCB9.
61
L9BNi 2016, D. 257, i Di;A9BHi FiG7CBHF5Hi GCBC 7iB56FC, l5775, B9FC (5 65G9 8i 75F6CB9),
H9FF9 FCGG9, ;i5ll9, J9F8i. 'IFHFCDDC, BCB V GH5H5 i89BHi:i75H5 7CB 9G5HH9NN5 l5 HiDClC;i5, EIiB8i
BCB B9 7CBCG7i5AC l5 DFCJ9Bi9BN5 ;9C;F5:i75. L5 l57IB5 Dia JiGHCG5, 5 BCGHFC 5JJiGC, FiGi989
B9l BCB 5J9F 79F75HC 8i iB8iJi8I5F9 il l9;5BH9: GClC ln9l9A9BHC 7h9 Hi9B9 iBGi9A9 i Di;A9BHi
DCHF9669 :5F 7hi5F9NN5 GIll5 H97Bi75 iADi9;5H5 (9B75IGHC? CliC? H9AD9F5?).
62
Bi5B7hi B5B8iB9lli 1959; D9 C5FC 1999, D. 140.

30
iADi9;5HC DIFC, G9BN5 5;;iIBH5 8i 5lHFi Di;A9BHi, D9F l9 897CF5NiCBi 89ll9
75lN5HIF963. Si HF5HH5 8i IB iADi9;C :FIHHC 8IBEI9 8i IB5 G5Di9BH9 H97Bi75 9 8i
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i895li, 85 FiH9B9FGi 8IBEI9 Dia Ji7iBi 5;li 9G9ADi 5BHi7hi, l9 DiHHIF9 8i )5::59llC
9 8i GiIliC )CA5BC iB -5Hi75BC, 7iCV ;li 5::F9G7hi iB 7hi5FCG7IFC 8iDiBHi B9llC
NC77ClC 89ll5 S5l5 8i CCGH5BHiBC, BCB7hU i 8iG9;Bi 57EI9F9ll5Hi 9 lIA9;;i5Hi
7CB 6i5775 7h9 Gi F95liNN5J5BC 8IF5BH9 l5 GI5 9DC75. H9F?lCHN h5 GCHHCliB95HC
7CA9 EI9GHnIlHiA5 5::9FA5NiCB9 7CGHiHIiG75 IBn9JClINiCB9 B9ll5 GHCFi5 89ll5
DiHHIF5 ACBC7FCA5 9 8i 7CBG9;I9BN5 B9ll5 GHCFi5 89lln5FH9: 'CIGGiB FiH9B9J5
8i DCH9F iBG9FiF9 5llniBH9FBC 89ll5 A989GiA5 HF58iNiCB9 5FHiGHi75 5B7h9 i 8iG9;Bi
A9BNiCB5Hi.
EDDIF9 EI9GH5 BICJ5 7CB79NiCB9, lC 566i5AC BCH5HC, 9F5 ;iR DF9G9BH9 iB
5A6i9BH9 BCF8i7C 5 D5FHiF9 85l 6F5BC 8i EF5GAC 85 )CHH9F85A (1528) 9 iB
7CBH9GHC iH5li5BC B9ll9 Fi:l9GGiCBi 8i -5G5Fi (1568), 8IBEI9 5G7FiJ9Fl5 5ll5 A9HR
89l G97ClC /- BCB 7CiB7i89F9669 7CB EI9llC 7h9 G5DDi5AC 9GG9F9 GH5HC lC
GJilIDDC 89ll9 5FHi ;F5:i7h9 B9l CiBEI979BHC.
Alla luce elle te.ti(o)ia)2e a)ali22ate, è po..ibile eli)ea-e u) p-ofilo i
po.i2io)i c-itiche co.6 co(po.to: a u)a pa-te e Mo)jo.ieu-, Ma)ci)i, Dati
e Pou..i) -ite)go)o i .co-ge-e )ella pittu-a (o e-)a i) chia-o.cu-o

175
D. 173; NH, ///-, 55, 56.

77
(o)oc-o(o il -ecupe-o i u)’a)tica tec)ica pitto-ica176, all’alt-a Va.a-i - e i
t-attati.ti che )e .egui-o)o la le2io)e - .ottoli)ea l’i e)tifica2io)e i tali
pittu-e co) ope-e che i(ita)o la (ate-ia ((a-(o, b-o)2o) e pu- )o)
-i)t-accia) o u)a i-etta ipe) e)2a co) i monocromati egli a)tichi,
i).e-i.ce all’i)te-)o ella .te..a classe o categoria (ope-e i) chia-o.cu-o)
(a)ufatti -eali22ati att-a1e-.o tec)iche i1e-.e (pittu-a, g-afica, .ta(pa,
(a-(i co((e..i) acco(u)ate a u)’u)ica peculia-it3: la li(itata ga((a
c-o(atica, ,ualco.a i e.t-e(a(e)te i1e-.o alla co).ueta pittu-a
polic-o(a.
A )o.t-o a11i.o, .ebbe)e a Va.a-i (a)ca..e-o i -affi)ati..i(i .t-u(e)ti
ei filologi .eice)te.chi, )o) .fugg6 l’i) i1i ua2io)e i u)a certa forma i
pittu-a ca-atte-i22ata al chia-o.cu-o (o)oc-o(o poiché egli a1e1a
co)o.ciuto i-etta(e)te tali ope-e, o pe- lo (e)o )e a1e1a a)che co)o.ce)2a
a u) pu)to i 1i.ta ,ua)titati1o, .e p-e) ia(o i) e.a(e tutti gli e.e(pi citati
)elle Vite177, ele(e)to .pe..o .otto1alutato )ello .tu io ell’ope-e oggetto el
)o.t-o i)te-e..e.
U)’ulti(a -ifle..io)e co)ce-)e l’o..e-1a2io)e i Pou..i) ci-ca gli e.e(pi
(o e-)i i) icati: le pittu-e ello 2occolo ella .ala i Co.ta)ti)o i) Vatica)o,
i) i1i uate co(e ope-e a -ite)e-.i i -ife-i(e)to, (o ello, pe- i)te) e-e
l’a-te p-ofu.a )egli a)tichi monochromata. A)che i) ,ue.to ca.o Pou..i)
off-e al .uo i)te-locuto-e u)a g-a) e i)tui2io)e e-i1a)te ce-ta(e)te ella .ua
p-ofo) a co)o.ce)2a ei (o)u(e)ti a)tichi. Nella pa-titu-a a-chitetto)ica
ella pa-ete a)tica è p-op-io la 2o)a ello 2occolo a accoglie-e l’i(ita2io)e
i fi)ti (a-(i (-i u2io)e c-o(atica), )el ca.o (e)2io)ato gli .tu i pi7 -ece)ti
ha))o i)olt-e -ile1ato pu)tuali ta)ge)2e t-a le pittu-e e i -ilie1i ella colo))a
i T-aia)o.178

176
C9FH5A9BH9 H5li DCGiNiCBi 7FiHi7h9 FiGIlH5BC Ji7iB9 9 D5FNi5lA9BH9 GCJF5DDCBi6ili 5 EI9ll9
7h9 9F5BC GH5H9 9l56CF5H9 iB 5A6i9BH9 BCF8i7C, G97CB8C EI5BHC 566i5AC 5JIHC AC8C 8i
CGG9FJ5F9.
177
Ciò FiJ9GH9 IB 85HC Gi;Bi:i75HiJC: G9DDIF il BIA9FC 8i 5FHiGHi HF5A5B85HC Gi5 Fil9J5BH9
DCGGi5AC 5::9FA5F9 7h9 J9FCGiAilA9BH9 9GGi :IFCBC AClHC Dia BIA9FCGi. T5li 9l9A9BHi
iB8I7CBC 5 D9BG5F9 7h9 BCB Gi HF5HHò 5::5HHC 8i IB ;9B9F9 G97CB85FiC.
178
M5FHiB9G 1986.

78
 Que.to a.petto -app-e.e)ta u) ele(e)to eci.i1o pe- te)ta-e i i) i1i ua-e
l’e.i.te)2a i u)a t-a i2io)e pitto-ica co ificata che ha att-a1e-.ato la .to-ia
ella pittu-a, ecli)a) o.i att-a1e-.o fo-(e e.p-e..i1e i.ti)te.
N9l 7CFGC 89l S9i79BHC Gi FiBHF577i5BC iBClHF9 IlH9FiCFi H9GHiACBi5BN9.
GiCJ5B 'i9HFC B9llCFi IHiliNN5 B9ll9 -iH9 (1672) il H9FAiB9 7hi5FCG7IFC D9F
iB8i75F9 89ll9 DiHHIF9 7h9 iAiH5BC l5 G7IlHIF5.179 T5l9 DIBHC 8i JiGH5 Ji9B9
Fi658iHC iB IB 5lHFC G7FiHHC, B9l EI5l9 iB8i75 )5::59llC 7CA9 5FHiGH5 iB ;F58C 8i
7iA9BH5FGi 7CB ln5BHi7C ;9B9F9 89i MCBC7FCA5Hi, GD97i:i75B8C 8i EI5l9
HiDClC;i5 8i CD9F9 Gi HF5HH5GG9: k85ll5 GI5 A5BC 5B7CF5 :IFCBC F9GHiHIiHi ;li
5BHi7hi MCBC7FCA5Hi, ò Gi5BC DiHHIF9 8i IB GCl 7ClCF9 R 7hi5FCG7IFC, 7h9 iAiH5
il A5FAC, il 6FCBNC, lC GHI77C, 98 C;Bi 5lHFC CFB5A9BHCl.180
(I5l7h9 5BBC Dia H5F8i, FiliDDC B5l8iBI77i B9l -C756Cl5FiC HCG75BC
89llm5FH9 89l 8iG9;BC (1681), 5ll5 JC79 MCBC7FCA5HC, GD97i:i75 7h9 Gi HF5HHi 8i
IB5 kJC79 7h9 Ji9B9 85l ;F97Cl FiA5B85B8C 5 EI9ll5 8i Chi5FCG7IFC: k'iHHIF5
8nIB 7ClCF9 GClC, 5l EI5l9 8i 8R Fili9JC 7CB 7hi5Fi 9 7CB iG7IFi 89l 7ClCF
A989GiACl.181 L5 GDi9;5NiCB9 7h9 B9 G9;I9 V HF5HH5 85llnCD9F5 8i C5FlC
)C69FHC D5Hi, B9 FiD9H9 iB:5HHi l9 A989GiA9 8iGEIiGiNiCBi 9 DCGiNiCBi. S9
D9BGi5AC 7h9 lnCD9F5 8i B5l8iBI77i :CGG9 898i75H5 5;li A77589Ai7i 89ll5
CFIG75, 7CADF9B8i5AC 7CA9 D5Hi, 577589Ai7C, F5DDF9G9BH5GG9 IB5
HF58iNiCB9 Dia 7h9 5IHCF9JCl9 85 G9;IiF9 9 D9FD9HF5F9.
Nel co-.o el Secolo, i)olt-e, la te) e)2a .i) ,ui o..e-1ata i a..i(ila-e e
i e)tifica-e gli a)tichi monochromata co) i (o e-)i chiaroscuri t-o1a
co)fe-(a i) alt-i tipi i te.ti(o)ia)2e, ,uali ocu(e)ti g-afici, e iche e
i a.calie p-e.e)ti i) i)ci.io)i che -ip-o uco)o ope-e i a-ti.ti co(e Poli o-o

179
B9llCFi 1672, H. , DD. 135-136, -iH5 8i A;CGHiBC C5FF577i: fEI58F9HHi 8iDiBHi 5 7hi5FC G7IFC
iAiH5BHi il 7ClCF 89ll5 GH9GG5 7ClCBB5, 7CA9 5DDIBHC G9 7CB lC G75FD9llC Ji :CGG9FC GH5Hi
iBH5;li5Hi D9F 9BHFC: 7i5G7IBC 9F5 8i A5BC J5Fi5H5, 8iGHiBHi lnIBC 85lln5lHFC, 7CB IB5 Di77iCl5
7CFBi79 89llC GH9GGC 7ClCF9; 98 C;Bi EI58FC 7CBH9B9J5 DFCGCDCD99 Gi;Bi:i75BHi, 98 9A6l9Ai
577CAD5;B5Hi 7CB ACHHi iB lC89 89l ACFHC; il 7h9, D9F l5 J5Fi9HR 89ll9 A5Bi9F9, l5 8iJ9FGiHR 89i
D9BGi9Fi FiIG7Y CD9F5 AClHC Fi;I5F89JCl9 9 lC85H5g.
180
B9llCFi 1695, DD.97-98.
181
B5l8iBI77i 1681, DD. 33.

79
 a Ca-a1aggio, Giulio Ro(a)o, Piet-o a Co-to)a.182 Il ca.o -app-e.e)tato
alle pittu-e i Giulio Ro(a)o, (e)2io)ate a)che a Pou..i), ha ato o-igi)e
a u)’i)te-e..a)te t-a u2io)e a .ta(pa e icata al Po)tefice U-ba)o VII,
.t-ao- i)a-io (ece)ate e co((itte)te ell’epoca.183
Nella pagi)a i e ica (fig. 13), )otia(o il -ito-)o i u) locus classicus,
pe- i-la co) le pa-ole i Gage, pe- i) ica-e l’a-tefice Giulio Ro(a)o: AIHCF
9GH ill9 IliIG, )CA5BIG AD9ll9G, EIi h9FCi7R iAiH5HiCB9, 9L79ll9BG, 7CFDCFIA,
5BiACFIAEI9 liB9iG, AiF57IlC 9GH. Di BICJC IB Fi:9FiA9BHC 58 AD9ll9, iB
EI9GHC 75GC D9F IB 5FHiGH5 7h9 5J9J5 F95liNN5HC, 7CB 9FCi75 iAiH5NiCB9, 89i
7CFDi 9 89;li 5BiAi A98i5BH9 liB99: IBn9779ll9BN5 7h9 h5 89l AiF57ClCGC.
CIFiCG5A9BH9 IB DiHHCF9 7h9 h5 8iDiBHC (BCB 8iG9;B5HC) DiHHIF9 iB 7hi5FCG7IFC
ACBC7FCAC Ji9B9 79l96F5HC D9F l5 A59GHFi5 7CADCGiHiJ5 89ll9 liB99: G9BN5
EI9GHnIlHiA5 DF97iG5NiCB9, 8i CF8iB9 HIHHn5lHFC 7h9 G97CB85FiC, il 7Cll9;5A9BHC
7CB ln5BHi7C A59GHFC AD9ll9 BCB 5JF9669 5JIHC l5 GH9GG5 D9FHiB9N5, A5 5B7h9
9::i757i5. '9FH5BHC, l9 CD9F9 iB 7hi5FCG7IFC 8i GiIliC )CA5BC 5GGIACBC
IBniADCFH5BN5 7CGY Fil9J5BH9 85 9GG9F9 C;;9HHC 8i IB5 FiDFC8INiCB9 ;F5:i75
7h9 B9 DF9G9FJ5GG9 l5 A9ACFi5, kD9F J9B8i75F9 l9 iB;iIFi9 89l H9ADCl, G97CB8C
l5 8i85G75li5 7CBH9BIH5 B9l :FCBH9GDiNiC, iB 7Ii il HiHClC FiGIlH5 MCBC7FCA5H5
iB CCBGH5BHiBi5B5 -5Hi75Bi 5Il5 (h), (:i;. 135).
L5 85H5 8i 98iNiCB9, 1655-1667184, Ji9B9 ;9B9F5lA9BH9 :5HH5 7CiB7i89F9
EI9ll5 89l DCBHi:i75HC 8i ,F65BC - 9 FiGIlH5 7C9J5 5ll5 lIB;5 ;9GH5NiCB9 89ll9

182
N9l 75GC 8i 'Cli8CFC l9 8 GH5AD9 (1639-1691) FiDFC8I7CBC l5 897CF5NiCB9 89ll5 :577i5H5
8i '5l5NNC C9Gi 5 )CA5; D9F GiIliC )CA5BC l9 12 GH5AD9 (1655-1667) FiDFC8I7CBC i 8iDiBHi
(NC77ClC) 89ll5 G5l5 8i CCGH5BHiBC iB -5Hi75BC; D9F 'i9HFC 85 CCFHCB5 l9 10 GH5AD9 (6IliBC,
1667) F5::i;IF5BC ;li 5::F9G7hi 89ll5 JClH5 89l G5lCB9 8i '5l5NNC B5F69FiBi 5ll9 (I5HHFC
FCBH5B9 iB )CA5.
183
SIl A979B5HiGAC 8i Al9GG5B8FC - 7:F. KF5IHh9iA9F, !CB9G 1975; KF5IHh9iA9F 1987;
H5G?9ll 1963, DD. 241-247.
184
DIF5BH9 l9 BCGHF9 Fi79F7h9, 566i5AC FiBHF577i5HC HF9 9G9ADl5Fi 89llnCD9F5,
7CBG9FJ5Hi FiGD9HHiJ5A9BH9 DF9GGC l5 Bi6liCH975 89llnAF7hi;iBB5GiC 8i BClC;B5, l5
Bi6liCHhVEI9 N5HiCB5l 89 FF5B79, l5 N5HiCB5l Li6F5FM C: AIGHF5li5. L9 HF9 iGHiHINiCBi h5BBC
85H5HC 7i5G7IB 9G9ADl5F9 Fi:9F9B8CGi 5;li 5BBi 8i DCBHi:i75HC 8i Al9GG5B8FC - (1655-1667),
iB 5GG9BN5 8i IB5 85H5 DF97iG5 9 iB F5;iCB9 89ll5 DF9G9BN5 89ll5 898i75 5l DCBH9:i79. L5 898i75
FiGIlH5 l5 G9;I9BH9: LL,ST) SS.AC )E-E)END S. D.D. AC&B& N N &
SENENS /S.D.N. ALE/AND) - /'CBH9:i7ij CI6i7Ili 'F59:97HC, DBC, 57 MC979B5Hi
69Bi;BiGGiAC./CIA 6CB5G 5FH9G, 57 MIG5G, iB )CA5B5 AIl5, D9F hIA5BiH9F :CJ95G,9H

80
-iH9 89l D5Hi, 7CB:9FA5B8C iB H5l AC8C IB5 79FH5 8i::IGiCB9 89l H9FAiB9
ACBC7FCA5H5, iB 5A6i9BHi 9GHF9A5A9BH9 7ClHi (A77589Ai5 89ll5 CFIG75,
CIFi5 FCA5B5). BClHF9, 7CB:FCBH5B8C i FiGIlH5Hi DFC8CHHi B9l NCF8 EIFCD5,
9A9F;9 iB A5Bi9F5 9Ji89BH9 7CA9 EI9GHi IlHiAi DF97985BC 8i 7iF75 IB G97ClC
l9 H9GHiACBi5BN9 FiBHF577i5H9 iB 5A6iHC iH5li5BC (il :FCBH9GDiNiC 8i G5ll9 iB:5HHi
5DD5FJ9 B9l 1585).
B 5A6iHC :F5B79G9, FiH9Bi5AC Gi5 iADCFH5BH9 G9;B5l5F9 il 7CBHFi6IHC C::9FHC
85 )C;9F 89 'il9G185, il EI5l9 B9l 1668 Gi 9F5 5D9FH5A9BH9 G7hi9F5HC 85ll5 D5FH9
89i 7ClCFiGHi, 5HHF5J9FGC l5 HF58INiCB9 iB :F5B79G9 8i IB DC9A5 l5HiBC, D9 AFH9
GF5Dhi75, 8i Ch5Fl9G AlDhCBG9 DI:F9GBCM. E;li J5lCFiNN5J5 l5 8iA9BGiCB9
7FCA5Hi75 89ll5 DiHHIF5, F58i75liNN5B8C l9 DCGiNiCBi 89lln5IHCF9, 5FFiJ5B8C 58
5::9FA5F9 7h9 il 7ClCFiHC :CGG9 ln5BiA5 9 l5 D9F:9NiCB9 89ll5 DiHHIF5.
N9l GI779GGiJC Di5lC;I9 GIF l9 7ClCFiG (1699), H9GHC iB :CFA5 8i5lC;i75 HF5
D5ACB 9 '5ADhil9, Gi 5GGiGH9 5 IB JiJ579 9 iGHFIHHiJC G75A6iC 8i i899 9
DFCGD9HHiJ9 iBHCFBC 5 DFC6l9A5Hi7h9 GD97i:i7h9 89ll5 8iA9BGiCB9 7FCA5Hi75
89ll5 DiHHIF5, i GICi A9NNi, l9 GI9 DCGGi6iliHR 9 i GICi liAiHi 9GDF9GGiJi. Gli
5F;CA9BHi D9FHiB9BHi 5ll5 BCGHF5 iB85;iB9 FiGIlH5BC i G9;I9BHi. D5ACB 7hi989
5 '5ADhil9 7CG5 Gi5 il 7ClCFiHC. EGGC 7CGHiHIiG79 IB5 89ll9 D5FHi 89ll5 DiHHIF5,
5HHF5J9FGC l5 EI5l9 il DiHHCF9 iAiH5 il 7ClCF9 8i HIHHi ;li C;;9HHi B5HIF5li. A EI9GHC
DIBHC, D5ACB 7hi989 7CG5 Gi5 il 7ClCF9. B DiHHIF5, 9 BCB iB :ilCGC:i5, 9GGC
7CBGiGH9 B9l G5D9F9 G9 EI5l7h9 7CG5 8i F95l9 9GiGH5, C G9 V GCl5A9BH9 l5
Fi:F5NiCB9 89ll5 lI79 5 AC8i:i75F9 i 7CFDi 7ClCF5Hi. B 89:iBiHiJ5, il 7ClCF9 V 7iò

CFB9G,CAB9G,/EIi6IG 7IA JiFHIHi6IG 7CAA9F7iIA 9GH, H9 GIGDi7iIBH, 9H 7ClIBH. -9B9F56IB8IG

9;C/iB liAiB9 GiGHC, BIll5A EIi89A iB;9Bij A9i H9GG9F5A, l5I85HiGGiAi H5A9B
5FHi:i7iiG/iBGi;Bi5 DF59:9F9BG ACBIA9BH5. AIHCF 9GH ill9 IliIG, )CA5BIG AD9ll9G, EIi h9FCi75
iAiH5HiCB9, 9L79ll9BG, 7CFDCFIA, 5BiACFIAEI9 liB9iG, AiF57IlC 9GH./CCGH5BHiBi Di9H5H9A
5FHi:9L 89Gi;B5H, 9L 7IiIG DFCHCHMDiG, h5G79/iA5;iB9G iB lI79A DFC89 IBH9G, DF97l5FC BCAiBi
HIC 8i7C; IH illiG,/EI9 iB -5Hi75B7 5Il5, A5LiAC CFB5A9BHC GIBH, HI 5Il9./9iIG89A 897IG
GIAAIAIA, I6i7IBEI9 DF9GiG, 9H :5J95G. D.T.L. A9/D9JCHiGGiAIG S9FJIG 9H 7li9BG/ C:
57C6IG 89 )I69iG ; (7CFGiJC BCGHFC).
185
)C;9F 89 'il9G (Cl5A97M 1635- '5Fi;i 1709) F5DDF9G9BH5, B9ll5 EI9F9ll9 HF5 FI6VBiGH9G 9
DCIGGiBiGH9G, IB kF9A5FEI56l9 7h9: 89 :il9l 89i 7ClCFiGHi, G97CB8C ln9GDF9GGiCB9 IG5H5 85
Li7hH9BGH9iB 1989, D. 203, 7Ii Gi FiA5B85 D9F IB 5DDFC:CB8iA9BHC Ji, DD. 195-231, 246-254;
D9F IBn5ADi5 8iG5AiB5 7:F. T9MGGV8F9 1957.

81
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GI5 5FH9. E;li BCB 89J9 iAiH5F9 HIHHi i 7ClCFi, 7h9 Gi DF9G9BH5BC
iB8i::9F9BH9A9BH9, A5 89J9 G79;li9F9 EI9lli 7h9 ;li 7CBJ9B;CBC. ,B 56il9
DiHHCF9, iBClHF9, BCB 89J9 9GG9F9 G7hi5JC 89ll5 B5HIF5, A5 5F6iHFC 9 ;iI8iNiCGC
iAiH5HCF9.
l 7ClCFiHC, lIB;C EI9GH5 DFCGD9HHiJ5, V 8IBEI9 B979GG5FiC 5ll5 DiHHIF5
EI5BHC il 8iG9;BC. A EI9GHC DIBHC, D5ACB :CFAIl5 IB5 8CA5B85 85lln9GHF9A5
Fil9J5BN5 D9F 7CADF9B89F9, iB H9FAiBi 8i Fi79NiCB9, il DIBHC 8i JiGH5 89i 8I9
iBH9FlC7IHCFi: A5 7CG5 8iF9 89i EI58Fi 8i 'Cli8CFC 85 C5F5J5;;iC, 7h9 D5GG5BC
D9F 69lliGGiA9 CD9F9 8i DiHHIF5, G9669B9 BCB Gi5BC 8iDiBHi 7h9 8i IB IBi7C
7ClCF9 8i 7l5iF-C6G7IF?186 '5ADhil9 GCGHi9B9 7h9 l9 CD9F9 8i 'Cli8CFC Gi5BC
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DiHHIF5, D9F7hU GCBC 69B lCBH5B9 85llniB;5BB5F9 l5 JiGH5; iBClHF9, lniAiH5NiCB9
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lnCD9F5 CCA65H 89 BW;F9G (g) 8i '5Il Bilh5I8, B9 FiA5G9 :Cl;CF5HC 9
7CAiB7iò 5 F95liNN5F9 l9 GI9 CD9F9 Dl5GHi7h9 D9F l9 9GDCGiNiCBi 89l ;FIDDC, 7h9
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h5DD9BiB;G 5BH9-liHH9F5A: B9l 1884 l5 lCFC 9GDCGiNiCB9 7CBGiGH9J5 iB IB Ji5
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G7FiHH5 k!9 D9iBGl216. SD9GGC IHiliNN5J5BC C;;9HHi F95li, HFi8iA9BGiCB5li, :iGG5Hi
5ll5 H9l5: FiA5G9 :5ACG5 l5 G75FD5 5HH5775H5 5l FiHF5HHC 89l F57H9IF FIF5l (1882)
F95liNN5HC F9F8iB5B8IG; CDDIF9 G7IlHIF9 iB :CFA5;;iC, 7CA9 lnA::5AV (1882,
D9l697), IB 65GGCFili9JC 7CB IB5 :i;IF5 7h9 8iJCF5J5 IB D5B9. L5 lCFC

215
)iCIH 1996, DD. 315-16.
216
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93
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7CBJ9BNiCB5li (G7CD5, G577C 8i 75::V, DiH5l9, IB 75J5llC 8iDiBHC 8i FCGGC
DF9G9BH5HC 7CA9 CD9F5 8n5FH9 B9l 1889). Si 7CADF9B89 D9F7hU il ;FIDDC Gi5
GH5HC 89:iBiHC DFCHC8585iGH5 9 G9669B9 FiGIlHi 8i::i7il9 FiH9B9F9 7h9 DI7h5AD,
;F5B89 5AAiF5HCF9 8i All5iG, C KCIB9lliG BCB 566i5BC GI6iHC il :5G7iBC 8i
GiAili D9F:CFA5B79G, 9GiGHCBC HF5 EI9GH9 :CFA9 8i 9GDF9GGiCB9 89ll9
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DFCAICJ9F9 l5 Fi79F75 5FHiGHi75 C 9GH9Hi75 A5 5 G7iC775F9 l5 6CF;h9Gi5, 5
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7h9 BCB G5D9GG9FC 8iG9;B5F9: 5::9FA5NiCB9 7h9 9EIiJ5l9J5 5 IB J9FC 5HH577C
5ll5 HF58iNiCB9 AiA9Hi75 89lln5FH9, :CB85H5 85 G97Cli GIl 8iG9;BC. E77C il
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D5FH9 8i IB5 89FiGiCB9 7FiHi75, D9F 7CGY 8iF9, Dia 5ADi5. S9 D9BGi5AC 5i HiHCli
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l5 B966i5): lnC6i9HHiJC 9F5 EI9llC 8i D5FC8i5F9 l5 DiHHIF5 8i D59G5;;iC 9
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94
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D5l BCGHFC DIBHC 8i JiGH5, D9F AlDhCBG9 All5iG il 7CB79HHC 8i ACBC7FCAC
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D9F79HHiJ5, 5l 8i lR 89ll5 DiHHIF5, l5 EI5l9 F5DDF9G9BH5J5 G9AA5i D9F lIi IB
DF9H9GHC D9F A9HH9Fl5 iB CD9F5. ,BniGH5BN5 7iCV D9FG9;IiH5 iB 8iJ9FG9 5HHiJiHR
85 lIi GJClH9, 7h9 ;li 7CBG9BHiJ5 8i 9GDlCF5F9 9 GD9FiA9BH5F9 IB liB;I5;;iC
5lHFC, C GHFIA9BHi 8i 7CAIBi75NiCB9 5lHFi, iB JiFHa 89ll5 :CFH9 JC75NiCB9
7CB79HHI5l9 DCGG98IH5 85l A98iIA, G9669B9 il FiGIlH5HC :iB5l9 :CGG9 EI9llC 8i
GIG7iH5F9 IB5 GCBCF5 FiG5H5, 7h9 BCB 9G7lI89J5 HIHH5Ji5 l5 DCGGi6iliHR 8i :5F
D5GG5F9 5B7h9 IB5 7FiHi75. -C;li5AC Fi7CF85F9 iB D5FHi7Cl5F9 l5 7iF7CGH5BN5 7h9
lC Ji89 5IHCF9 8i 7CADCBiA9BHi DC9Hi7i 7CGHiHIiHi 85 J9FGi iBH9F5A9BH9
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CHHC79BH9G75, HiDi75 8i 79FHi 5A6i9BHi 7IlHIF5li, 7h9 J989J5 IBn5GGC7i5NiCB9,
IBni89BHi:i75NiCB9 HF5 7ClCFi 9 GICBi218.
L5 :i;IF5 8i AlDhCBG9 All5iG BCB FiGIlH5 9GG9F GH5H5 D9F79DiH5 EI5l9 IBC
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85H5 1990: V A9FiHC 8IBEI9 89ll5 Fi79F75 GD97i5liGHi75 GIll5 DiHHIF5 ACBC7FCA5
5J9F F97ID9F5HC lnCD9F5 8i IB5 D9FGCB5liHR H5BHC GiB;Cl5F9 EI5BHC ;9Bi5l9,
;9B9F5lA9BH9 Fi7CF85H5 D9F l5 GI5 5HHiJiHR 8i G7FiHHCF9. (I5BHC 5ll5 GI5
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F9iH9F5NiCB9 89ll5 l9HH9F5 A, HIHH5 ln9::i757i5 89ll9 GI9 iBHIiNiCBi.
LnCGG9FJ5NiCB9 8i IB IlHiAC 9DiGC8iC, FiG5l9BH9 5 :iB9 &HHC79BHC, DIò 5

217
)iCIH 1996, D. 322.
218
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219
B:CFA5NiCBi FiBHF577i5H9 iB F9H9, CJ9 Gi DIò 577989F9 5i F9l5HiJi GiHi iB8iD9B89BHi 7h9 7IF5BC
8iJ9FG9 5HHiJiHR l9;5H9 5ll5 7CBCG79BN5 89ll9 7F95NiCBi 9 89ll5 :i;IF5 8i AlDhCBG9 All5iG.

95
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9H ACBC7hFCA9l220, D9F 7Ii il kGCliH5FiC iBiNi5HCF9 89llniADF9GGiCBiGAC 8i
IlHiA5 A5Bi9F5l 8i 7Ii il 7FiHi7C :F5B79G9 5AAiF5 HIHH5Ji5 B5HIF9 ACFH9 9
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GH9GGC H9ADC D9G5BH9 9 ACBC7FCAC! Ciò FiJ9l5 G9BN5 8I66iC 7CA9 Gi5BC i
DFiAi 5;;9HHiJi 5 iB8i75F9 5GD9HHi DCGiHiJi 89llnCD9F5 89l DiHHCF9, A9BHF9 l5
Fi8INiCB9 7FCA5Hi75 7CGHiHIiF9669 DiIHHCGHC IB5 BCH5 B9;5HiJ5, H5l9 85 :5F
FiGIlH5F9 l5 GI5 DiHHIF5 mD9G5BH9n, D9F7hU BCB GI::i7i9BH9A9BH9 J5Fi5, B9l G9BGC
8i mJ5Fi5H5n B9i 7ClCFi. S9A6F5 Fi97h9;;i5F9 7CGY, G9669B9 5 8iGH5BN5 8i IB
G97ClC 9 iB 7CBH9GHC 8iJ9FGC, il DF9;iI8iNiC ;iR 9GDF9GGC 85 MiliNi5, G97CB8C
7Ii l5 Fi8INiCB9 7FCA5Hi75 9EIiJ5FF9669 D9F IB DiHHCF9 5 IB5 A5B75BN5 C
IBniB75D57iHR 7ClCFiGHi75.
l ;iI8iNiC 8i M5I7l5iF G75H9Bò lniF5 8i '5Il G5I;IiB, 7h9 FiJCl;9B8CGi
8iF9HH5A9BH9 5l 7FiHi7C G7FiGG9 kL9i BCB h5 l5 DF9H9G5 8i 5J9F G7CD9FHC CUN5BB9.
M5 C;;i ln5AAiF5. AAAiF5B8ClC (9 D9F :5FlC 6iGC;B5 75DiFlC), 8i79: mCUN5BB9
V ACBC7FCACn. AJF9669 DCHIHC 8iF9 DCli7FCAC 9 D9F:iBC DCli:CBi7C. CCB
lnC77hiC 9 7CB lnCF977hiC!l.222 L5 F95NiCB9 8i G5I;IiB 8iACGHF5 EI5BHC

220
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l5 DiHHIF5 iADF9GGiCBiGH5 CHH9BB9 Fi7CBCG7iA9BHi, M5I7l5iF 75A6iò F58i75lA9BH9 CDiBiCB9
IB9B8CGi 5llnIB5BiA9 5AAiF5NiCB9, 7:F. D. 26. D5 EIi lniBGC::9F9BN5 DFCJ5H5 85 G5I;IiB, il

96
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1.6 N9l 7CFGC 89l NCJ979BHC

7ClCFi GHiACl5BC 5ll5 :ilCGC:i5. FCFG9 EI9GHC GDi9;5 l5 D5GGiCB9 8i
GC9Hh9 D9F l5 H9CFi5 89i 7ClCFi. 7ClCFi G9A6F5BC 85F7i 85 FiGClJ9F9
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GJCl;9B8CGi iB 5A6iHC AC89FBiGH5 Fi79F7h9 5I857i, 5B7h9 iB 75ADC 8i
Fi8INiCB9 7FCA5Hi75, 85 D5FH9 8i .hiGHl9F, TIFB9F 9 MCB9H. B:5HHi l5 Fi79F75
GD97i5liGHi75 iB8iJi8I5 B9ll9 IlHiA9 CD9F9 89lln5FHiGH5 :F5B79G9, 75F5HH9FiNN5H9
85 IBniBH9BG5 lIAiBCGiHR 9 85 J5lCFi HCB5li DC7C 7CBHF5GH5Hi, lnCFi;iB9 F9ACH5
89i ACBC7FCAi 89l // G97ClC. Si HF5HH5J5 8i EI58Fi ;iI8i75Hi Bi9BHn5lHFC 7h9
D9F il FiGIlH5HC 8i 9::9HHi CHHi7i 8i 7ClCF9 9 8i lI79, Fi8i7Cli D9FH5BHC 5;li C77hi
89i 7CBH9ADCF5B9i, H5BHC 85 G75H9B5F9 iFCBi5 9 D5FC8i9. EDDIF9 lnIGC 89l
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97
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MCB9H, IB5 75F5HH9FiGHi75 D9FG9;IiH5 9 5DDFC:CB8iH5 85l DiHHCF9 B9ll9 IlHiA9
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lniBiNiC 8i IB5 G7CAD5FG5 DFC;F9GGiJ5 89ll5 8iGH5BN5 HF5 il GC;;9HHC 9 lnC;;9HHC,
G97CB8C IB5 H9B89BN5 7h9 G5F9669 8iJ9BIH5 Fil9J5BH9 9 75F5HH9FiGHi75 iB 5A6iHC
8i 5GHF5NiCB9 DCGH7I6iGH5 8i ;F5B89 :CFA5HC, Gi D9BGi 5ll9 CD9F9 8i N9KA5B C
)CHh?C226, A5 7h9 DCGGi5AC FiBHF577i5F9 ;iR D9F:9HH5A9BH9 9BIB7i5H5 iB
M5l9Jič, 5llCFEI5B8C 9;li 5::9FA5 khC 8iGHFIHHC ln5B9llC 89llnCFiNNCBH9 9 GCBC
IG7iHC 85l 79F7hiC 89ll9 7CG9, 85lln5B9llC 89llnCFiNNCBH9 iB 7Ii GCBC iB7lIGi
ln5FHiGH5 9 l9 :CFA9 89ll5 B5HIF5l.227 Ln9Gi;9BN5 8i IHiliNN5F9 IB ;F5B89 :CFA5HC
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DC7hi A9Gi DFiA5 89lln9GDCGiNiCB9 DI66li75 89ll9 NiB:99 (1909) l5 897iGiCB9
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225
L5 DFiA5 9GDCGiNiCB9 DI66li75 89ll9 NiB:99 9669 lIC;C B9l 1909, B9ll5 ;5ll9Fi5 D5Fi;iB5 8i
DIF5B8-)I9l, 7:F. K9B85ll 1990, D. 240.
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270
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114
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8i lR 89l D9BG56il9.
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115
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5lln5DDFC77iC 8i IBn5HHiHI89 BCIJ9ll9, IB5 BICJ5 DF98iGDCGiNiCB9 A9BH5l9 7h9
Gi A5Bi:9GH5J5 5HHF5J9FGC IB5 BICJ5 :CFAIl5NiCB9 9GDF9GGiJ5. S97CB8C
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HF58iNiCB9 89ll5 HF5BGl5HiC 58 DFCHCHMDIA.272
Ln9GDCGiNiCB9 :I 897iGiJ5 D9F l5 :IHIF5 9GD9Fi9BN5 5FHiGHi75 8i Kl9iB D9F7hU
iBHIY 7h9 l5 DF9G9BH5NiCB9 8i ACBC7FCAi 8i 7ClCFi 8iJ9FGi, 5llniBH9FBC 8i IB
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J9BiJ5BC 5 iBGH5IF5FGi HF5 l9 CD9F9 FiG7hi5J5BC 8i :5Fl9 5DD5FiF9 8iJ9FG9 85
EI9llC 7h9 9F5 lniBH9BHC 89lln5FHiGH5, Gi 75Fi75J5BC 7iCV 8i iADli75NiCBi
897CF5HiJ9 8CJIH9 5ll5 DCli7FCAi5 89llniBGi9A9, 7h9 5llCBH5B5J5 l9 CD9F9 85ll5
lCFC 9GG9BN5 (ACBC7FCA5 5DDIBHC). D5 EIi ln9Gi;9BN5 8i 7CB79BHF5FGi GI IB
GClC 7ClCF9: 85 H5l9 G79lH5 G75HIFY EI9llC 7h9 DIò 9GG9F9 89:iBiHC ln5JJ9BHC 89ll5
GI5 PDCEI9 6l9I9, 5 D5FHiF9 85l 1957, 5BBC iB 7Ii 7CAiB7iò 5 :iFA5F9 7CA9
0J9G l9 MCBC7hFCA9, EI5Gi l5 ACBC7FCAi5 :CGG9 CFA5i ;iIBH5 5 F5DDF9G9BH5F9
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H5B;i6ili, A9BHF9 il 6lI FiA5B85J5 5;li 9l9A9BHi Dia 5GHF5HHi 89ll5 B5HIF5

271
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116
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8iGDCBi6iliHR 7h9 C77CFF9 D9F :5F9 l9 FiJClINiCBi 9 8969ll5F9 i HiF5BBi. ,CAiBi
AC89FBi, CDDF9GGi 85 IB5 9F98iHR iBH9ll9HHI5l9, iBHCGGi75H5 8i C;;9HHiJiHR, 8i :CFA5
9 8i FiHAC, 7h9 GD97i9 8i F95NiCB9 5JF9H9 JCi 8iBB5BNi 5 EI9GHC :9BCA9BC 8i DIF5
7CBH9ADl5NiCB9? (h) 0J9G Kl9iB Ji iBJi5, iB IB 7liA5 85 lIi JClIHC 8i
7CAIBi75NiCB9 HIHH5 iAA98i5H5, l5 G75l5 8i HIHHi i H9GCFi 5::9HHiJi 89l 7ClCF9: 8i IB
7ClCF9, IB BlI, IB BlI 5IHCBCAC, 8iG5B7CF5HC 85 EI5lGi5Gi ;iIGHi:i75NiCB9
:IBNiCB5l9. E BCB Gi HF5HH5 8i IBn9G5GD9F5NiCB9 8i MCB8Fi5B C M5l9JiH7h: il BlI
8CAiB5, 7CA5B85, JiJ9. Si5AC 8iB5BNi 5l BlI-Si;BCF9, D58FCB9 5GGClIHC 89ll5 Dia
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7ClAC, EI9GHC Ni9BH9 7h9 5::9FA5 il TIHHC 'CGGi6il9, EI9GHC GCDF5BB5HIF5l9
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273
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0KA'; 7CFGiJC BCGHFC.

117
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7CBH9ADl5HiJC. )9GH5BM GH5 GI;;9F9B8C 89i A9NNi D9F 7CBG9BHiF9 5l DI66li7C
8i 5DDFC77i5FGi 5 CD9F9 7CADl9H5A9BH9 BICJ9, 9 D9F G7CB;iIF5F9 il
:F5iBH9B8iA9BHC Gi 5JJ5l9 8i HIHHC EI5BHC DCGG5 7CBHFi6IiF9 DCGiHiJ5A9BH9 5ll5
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Fi79F7h9 89ll9 5J5B;I5F8i9, 9 HFCJ5B8CGi iB 7CBH9GHC iH5li5BC, 5FFiJ5 D9FGiBC 5
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5FFiJ5J5 5 7CDFiF9 5B7h9 i 6CF8i 9GH9FBi 89i H9l5i.

118
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l5 EI5l9 ;li 7CBG9BHiJ5 8i 5;iF9 9 8i 8iDiB;9F9 iB A5;;iCF9 li69FHR A5
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AiHClC;i7i 9J9BHi 9 7iF7CGH5BN9 89ll5 GI5 JiH5. D5 D5FH9 BCGHF5, BCB 9G7lI8i5AC
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lniBH9FDF9H5NiCB9 F9l5HiJ5 5lln9GiGH9BN5 8i IB 6F9J9HHC 89lln BK276, A9BHF9
FiGIlH5 :CFG9 5B7CF5 Dia iBH9F9GG5BH9 il 85HC 7h9 Gi5 il :iGG5HiJC, il l9;5BH9 9 BCB
il 7ClCF9 5 9GG9F9 GH5HC G5lJ5;I5F85HC, 9GGC D9FA9HH9 8i :iGG5F9 7CB7F9H5A9BH9
lnCD9F5 8i Kl9iB: l5 GI5 HF577i5, D9F 7CBG9FJ5Fl5 9 DFCi9HH5Fl5 5l :IHIFC.

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119
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IB5 :CFA5 7ClCF9 Di5B5; 7iò 7h9 89Gi89F5J5 A5;;iCFA9BH9 9F5 DF9G9BH5F9,
5B7h9 G9 iB A5Bi9F5 IB DCn 5FHi:i7iCG5 kIB9 CIJ9FHIF9 GIF l9 ACB89 89 l5
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, El97H5, Mil5BC.

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C5HCBi, E., 2002, Gli 5::F9G7hi EI5HHFC79BH9G7hi B9ll'9F9AC 5;CGHiBi5BC 8i

L9779HC, iB 7CBC;F5Dhi75, , DD. 64-106.

C9BBiBi, C., / - G97ClC, l li6FC 89llm5FH9, BFIB9llC, F., 5 7IF5, N9Fi 'CNN5
E8iHCF9, -i79BN5, 1982.

Ch5FDiB, C., A6UlVG, L.,1992, 5 7IF5, AFHG B7ChVF9BHG, 5758VAi9 8I 8VFiGCiF9,

)UIBiCB 89 MIGU9G B5HiCB5IL, '5FiG.

Ch5GH9l, A., 1960, L9G 9BHFU9 89 Ch5Fl9G (IiBH 9B H5li9, iB !. !57EICH, 5 7IF5,
FXH9G 9H 7VFVACBi9G 5I H9ADG 89 Ch5Fl9G (IiBH, P8iHiCB 8I C9BHF9 N5HiCB5l
89 l5 )97h9F7h9 S7i9BHi:iEI9, '5FiG, 1975, DD.197-206,

Ch5GH9l, A., 2001, L9 ;9GH9 85BG lm5FH, P8iHiCB Li5B5 L9Ji, '5FiG, HF. iH. l ;9GHC
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Ch9l5NNi DiBi, G., 1996, kLiDDC -5BBil, EB7i7lCD98i5 89llmAFH9 M98i9J5l9,

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ChFiGHi5BG9B K., 2003, B9lliBi 5B8 M5BH9;B5, iB Th9 C5A6Fi8;9 CCAD5BiCB

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Ci9Fi -i5, C., 1983, Ln5BHi7C iB AB8F95 M5BH9;B5 :F5 GHCFi5 9 5ll9;CFi5, iB
'iF5B9Gi 9 l5 7IlHIF5 5BHiEI5Fi5, AHHi 89l CCBJ9;BC 1979, MIlHi;F5:i75,
)CA5, DD. 69-75.

Ci9Fi -i5, C., 1991, M5BH9;B5, GiIBHi, FiF9BN9.

Ci9Fi -i5, C., 1994, N9i 89HH5;li B5G7CGHC, D9F IB5 GHCFi5 89l D9BGi9FC
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Ci9Fi -i5, C., 2002, A6M .5F6IF;: il 7CB79HHC 8i '5HhCG:CFA9l :F5 F9li;iCB9,
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305
Ci9Fi -i5, C., 2011, BHFC8INiCB9 5 A6M .5F6IF;, E8iHCFi L5H9FN5, B5Fi.

CC9?9l69F;hG, D., 1968, L9G ;FiG5ill9 89 J5B EM7?, G5NN9HH9G 89G B95IL AFHG,
71, DD. 79-92.

CC9?9l69F;hG, D., 1970, L9G ;FiG5ill9G 9H l9 HFCAD9-lnC9il 85BG lnC9IJF9 89 J5B

EM7? 9H 89 )C;i9F J5B 89F .9M89Bl, iB MUl5B;9G 8n5F7hUClC;i9 9H 8nhiGHCiF9
89 ln5FH C::9FH 5I 'FC:. !57EI9G L5J5ll9M9, LöK9B, DD. 21-34.

CCllC8C, S., 20075, &Fi;iBi 9 :CFHIB5 89ll5 :5Ai;li5 S7FCJ9;Bi, iB G.

-5l9BN5BC, F. TCBiClC, l S97ClC 8i GiCHHC B9l -9B9HC, GHiHIHC -9B9HC 8i
S7i9BN9, L9HH9F9 9 AFHi, -9B9Ni5, DD. 47-80.

CCllC8C, S., 20076, &F8iB9 DCliHi7C 9 7iJilHR 7iHH58iB5 5 '58CJ5 B9l TF979BHC
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CCBHi, A., 1993, GiCHHC 9 l5 DiHHIF5 iH5li5B5 B9ll5 DFiA5 A9HR 89l TF979BHC, iB
L. C5GH9l:F5B7hi -9;5G, 5 7IF5, LmAFH9 A98iC9J5l9 iB H5li5 9 B9llm&77i89BH9
EIFCD9C, !575 BCC?, Mil5BC, 2001, DD. 89-106.

CCFF5iB 2005, L., 5 7IF5, S9AiCHi7h9 89ll5 DiHHIF5, 7l5GGi7i. L9 Fi79F7h9,

M9lH9Ai, )CA5.

CCFF5iB, L., 2008, S57F5liNN5F9 ln5GHF5HHC: l5 )CHh?C Ch5D9l, iB D9GHiBi 89l

G57FC. DiG7CFGC F9li;iCGC 9 G9AiCHi75 89ll5 7IlHIF5, M9lH9Ai, )CA5, DD. 279-
295.

CCFF5iB, L. 2016, l J9lC 89llm5FH9, ,B5 F9H9 8i iAA5;iBi HF5 D5GG5HC 9

7CBH9ADCF5B9iHR, L5 75G5 ,Gh9F, FiF9BN9-LI775.

CIHl9F, L. C., 2003, -iFHI9 5B8 Dili;9B79: !5B BFI9;h9l 5B8 F989Fi7C
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D5Bi9lG, -., 9H 5l., 2004, Th9 Bl57?9BiB; C: '5iBH CCBH5iBiB; E;MDHi5B BlI9,
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306
D5Hi, C. )., 1667, -iH9 89m DiHHCFi 5BHi7hi, SC7i9HR TiDC;F5:i75 89n Cl5GGi7i
H5li5Bi, Mil5BC, 1806.

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D5JiG-.9M9F, C., 1998, k'iHHIF5 5lHCA98i9J5l9 (G97Cli - -/)l, EB7i7lCD98i5

89llmAFH9 M98i9J5l9, TF9775Bi, )CA5.

D9 Al69FHi 8i -ill5BICJ5, F., 1796, kChi5FCG7IFCl, kMCBC7FCA5HCl,

DiNiCB5FiC H5li5BC-FF5B79G9, 7CADCGHC GI i 8iNiCB5Fj 89llmA77589Ai5
FF5B79G9 9 89ll5 CFIG75, 98 5FFi77hiHC 8i HIHHi i H9FAiBi DFCDFi 89ll9 G7i9BN9,
9 89ll9 5FHi, DF9GGC MCGGM, M5FGi;li5.

D9 B9BCiGH, C., 1911, Ln98I75HiCB 8I 6CBh9IF, M9F7IF9 89 FF5B79, 8, DD.

538-553, '5FiG.

D9 C5FC, S., 1999, MIG9C AF7h9ClC;i7C N5NiCB5l9 8i N5DCli, SCDFiBH9B89BN5

5F7h9ClC;i75 8i N5DCli 9 C5G9FH5, El97H5, N5DCli.

D9L5B79M, !. A., 2011, B Hh9 SHF99HG .h9F9 Th9M S9ll CClCFG: 'l57iB;
kJ9B897ClCFil iB Hh9 IF65B :56Fi7 C: 95FlM AC89FB -9Bi79, .5llF5:-)i7h5FHN-
!5hF6I7h, JCl. 72, FF9IB89 89G .5llF5:-)i7h5FHN-MIG9IA IB8 89G MIG9IA
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D9l CCFBC, D., 1978, BHFC8INiCB9, iB i8., 5 7IF5, -iH5 8i ADCllCBiC 8i Ti5B5,
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89 M5FiBiG, S., 1963, kMCBC7hFCA5H5l, EB7i7lCD98i5 89llmAFH9 ABHi75

Cl5GGi75 9 &Fi9BH5l9, TF9775Bi, )CA5, 1963, JCl. -, DD. 163-165.

89 'il9G, )., 1699, Di5lC;I9 GIF l9 7ClCFiG, 7h9N Ni7Cl5G L5B;lCiG, '5FiG.

D9F69G, A., S5B8CB5, M., 2001, kAJ9 7h5FiH5H9 Dl9B5l: -5Fi5HiCBG CB Hh9
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,BiJ9FGiHM C: Chi75;C 'F9GG, DD. 599-637.

D9F69G, A., S5B8CB5, M., 2004, 5 7IF5, Th9 C5A6Fi8;9 CCAD5BiCB HC GiCHHC,
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307
D9F69G, A., S5B8CB5, M., 2008, Th9 IGIF9FmG h95FH: GiCHHC, EBFi7C S7FCJ9;Bi
5B8 Hh9 AF9B5 7h5D9l iB '58I5, ,BiJ9FGiHM '5F?, Th9 '9BBGMlJ5Bi5 SH5H9,
,BiJ9FGiHM 'F9GG.

D9FCIL, M., 2010, Th9 Bl57?B9GG .iHhiB: E5FlM MC89FB CClCF-CCB79DH,

'hMGiClC;M 5B8 A5FCB Hh9 MCCF iB Sh5?9GD95F9nG kTiHIG AB8FCBi7IGl,
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Fl5AA5FiCB, '5FiG, HF. iH. B95HC AB;9li7C. Fi;IF9 89l 8iGGiAil9, A6G7CB8iH5,
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Di8i-HI69FA5B, G., 2000, D9J5BH l9 H9ADG. HiGHCiF9 89 lm5FH 9H 5B57hFCBiGA9

89G iA5;9G, L9G P8iHiCB 89 MiBIiH, '5FiG, HF. iH. SHCFi5 9 5B57FCBiGAC 89ll9
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Di8i-HI69FA5B, G., 20025, Lm A5;9 GIFJiJ5BH9. HiGHCiF9 89 lm5FH 9H H9ADG 89G

:SBHCA9G G9lCB A6M .5F6IF;, L9G P8iHiCB 89 MiBIiH, '5FiG, HF. iH. LmiAA5;iB9
iBG9lDCH5. A6M .5F6IF;, l5 A9ACFi5 89i :5BH5GAi 9 l5 GHCFi5 89llm5FH9, BCll5Hi
BCFliB;hi9Fi, TCFiBC, 2006.

Di8i-HI69FA5B, G., 20026, GFiG5ill9, iB -9FHi;C, JCl. 23, B. 1, 2002, DD. 28-
38.

Dij?GH9FhIiG, F. !., 2011, .ill Hh9 9M9 69 Hh9 GCl9 jI8;9? S7i9B79 5B8 5FH iB
Hh9 CDHi75l iBEIiFi9G C: L5A69FH H9B K5H9 5B8 H9B8Fi? J5B LiA6CF7h 5FCIB8
1710, N989Fl5B8G KIBGHhiGHCFiG7h !55F6C9? (NK!) / N9Hh9Fl5B8G 095F6CC?
:CF HiGHCFM C: AFH, JCl. 61, DD. 308-330

Di Mili5, G., 2000, LniBJiGi6il9, JICHC 7CA9 IB5 H5G75, iB i8., 5 7IF5, K5NiAiF
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Di N5DCli, G., 2006, l 7ClCF9 8iDiBHC, EiB5I8i, TCFiBC.

DiHH9l657h, T., 1993, D5G ACBC7hFCA9 .5B8;9ATl89. ,BH9FGI7hIB;9B NIA

KClCFiH 89G :Fah9B 15. !5hFIB89FHG iB H5li9B, SHI8i9B NIF KIBGH;9G7hi7hH9,
&lAG, Hil89Gh9iA.

308
DiHH9l657h, T., 1994, N9ll9 8iGH9G9 9 B9;li 5ADi Fi79HH57Cli 89ll5 A9ACFi5. L5
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5;CGHiBi5Bi, iB M. G5lliIGGi, 5 7IF5, AFH9 9 GDiFiHI5liHR B9llm&F8iB9
A;CGHiBi5BC 9 il CCBJ9BHC G5B Ni7Cl5 5 TCl9BHiBC, (AHHi 89ll5 G97CB85
G9GGiCB9 89l CCBJ9;BC AFH9 9 SDiFiHI5liHR B9;li &F8iBi A9B8i75BHi, 4
G9HH9A6F9 1992), )CA5, DD. 101-108.

DC?HCF, )., 1938, 'i;A9BHG C: Hh9 '5iBH9F, '5FB5GGIG, JCl. 10, B. 5 (&7H.,
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DCB5HC, M. M., 2002, l DiHHCF9 89l BICB GCJ9FBC. L9 CD9F9 DCliHi7h9 8i

AA6FC;iC iB '5l5NNC 'I66li7C, iB C. FFI;CBi, 5 7IF5, 'i9HFC 9 AA6FC;iC
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DIF5BHi, A., 1997, LiB;IiGHi7 ABHhFCDClC;M, C5A6Fi8;9 ,BiJ9FGiHM 'F9GG,

C5A6Fi8;9, HF.iH. ABHFCDClC;i5 89l liB;I5;;iC, M9lH9Ai, )CA5, 2000.

E7C, ,., 19855, HCK 7IlHIF9 7CB8iHiCBG Hh9 7ClCF K9 G99, iB M. BlCBG?M, 5
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E7C, ,., 19856, SI;li GD977hi 9 5lHFi G5;;i, l G9;BC, l5 F5DDF9G9BH5NiCB9,

lmillIGiCB9, lmiAA5;iB9, BCADi5Bi, Mil5BC.

E7C, ,., 1995, l G9BGC 89i 7ClCFi, iB '. MCBH5Bi, 5 7IF5, S9BGC 9 SHCFi5
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E7C, ,., 2003, DiF9 EI5Gi l5 GH9GG5 7CG5, BCADi5Bi, Mil5BC.

E8;9FHCB, S., 0., !F., 1969, Al69FHinG CClCIF Th9CFM: A M98i9J5l BCHHl9
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EiGl9F, C., 1969, Th9 GCl89B ChFiGH C: CCFHCB5 5B8 Hh9 M5B C: SCFFCKG iB
H5lM: '5FH TKC, Th9 AFH BIll9HiB, JCl. 51, B. 3, DD. 233-246, CCll9;9 AFH
AGGC7i5HiCB, N9K 0CF?.

EGDCGiHC, D., 2005, L5 DiHHIF5 8i EF7Cl5BC, T9Gi 8i DCHHCF5HC 8i Fi79F75 iB

S7i9BN9 5F7h9ClC;i7h9 9 GHCFi7C-5FHiGHi7h9, /- 7i7lC, F57ClHR 8i L9HH9F9 9
FilCGC:i5, ,BiJ9FGiHR 89;li SHI8i 8i N5DCli F989Fi7C .

EGDCGiHC, D., 2006, ADDIBHi D9F lC GHI8iC 89ll5 DiHHIF5 8i EF7Cl5BC, CFCB57h9
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309
F5;iClC, M., 2013, BHFC8INiCB9 5ll9 :577i5H9 8iDiBH9 5 )CA5: HF5 7IlHIF5
5BHiEI5Fi5, 9::iA9FC 9 G79BC;F5:i5, iB . CClI77i, '. M5GiBi, 5 7IF5, D5l
;i5F8iBC 5l AIG9C, 'Cli8CFC 85 C5F5J5;;iC B9l C5GiBC 89l BI:5lC, SHI8i 9
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.5F6IF;, iB C. Ci9Fi -i5, '. MCBH5Bi, 5 7IF5, LC G;I5F8C 8i Gi5BC. A6M
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F9FFi, S., 1946, SHCFi5 89ll9 5FHi 5BHi7h9, )CA5, '5lCA6i, iB i8. 'liBiC il
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FilCGHF5HC, G97ClC 8.C, 1978, D. D9l CCFBC, 5 7IF5, -iH5 8i ADCllCBiC 8i

Ti5B5, A89lDhi, Mil5BC.

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FiGiClC;C, - - G97ClC 8. C, 1975, F. 15A6CB 5 7IF5, A89lDhi E8iNiCBi,

Mil5BC.

Fl5iA, C., 2008, 'CGH:5NiCB9, iB i8., 5 7IF5, 'hiliDD &HHC )IB;9, L5 G:9F5 89i
7ClCFi 9 5lHFi G7FiHHi GIllm5FH9, A6G7CB8iH5, Mil5BC, DD. 137-180.

FlC7h, !.-M., 19785, k(I9lEI9 DCGiHiCBG DCIF IB9 GUAiCHiEI9 JiGI9ll9l,

BIll9HiB 8I GFCID9 89 F97h9F7h9G GVAiC-liB;IiGHiEI9G, B. 4/5, '5FiG.

FlC7h, !.-M., 19786, )Cl5B8 B5FHh9G: SUAiCHiEI9 89 lniA5;9, BIll9HiB 8I

GFCID9 89 F97h9F7h9G GVAiC-liB;IiGHiEI9G, B. 4/5, '5FiG.

FlC7h, !.-M., 1979, DWG 7CIl9IFG 8I ACB89 5I 8iG7CIFG DCVHiEI9 89 l9IFG

EI5liHV: 5B5lMG9 89 lmIBiJ9FG 7FCA5HiEI9 8I FCA5B 8mEFBGH !aB;9F jSIF l9G
:5l5iG9G 89 A5F6F9k, iB A7H9G SUAiCHiEI9G j DC7IA9BHG, 6, DD.1- 45, HF. iH.
D5i 7ClCFi 89l ACB8C 5l 8iG7CFGC DC9Hi7C 89ll9 lCFC EI5liHR, iB FlC7h 2006,
DD.13- 44.

FlC7h, !.-M., 2006, BFi7Cl5;9, M9lH9Ai, )CA5.

FlCA65IA, ., !., 9H 5l., 2015, .hM GCA9 7ClCFG 5DD95F ACF9 A9ACF56l9 Hh5B
CHh9FG: 5 AC89l 7CA6iBiB; 75H9;CFi9G 5B8 D5FHi7Il5FG iB 7ClCF KCF?iB;
A9ACFM, !CIFB5l C: 9LD9FiA9BH5l DGM7hClC;M, JCl. 144 (4). DD. 744-763.

310
FCBH5BiBi, G., 1753, Bi6liCH975 89llm9lCEI9BN5 iH5li5B5 8i ACBGi;BCF9 GiIGHC
FCBH5BiBi, 5F7iJ9G7CJC 8mAB7iF5, 7CB l9 5BBCH5NiCBi 89l Gi;BCF ADCGHClC
19BC, -9B9Ni5.

FCI75IlH, M., 1969, Lm5F7hVClC;i9 8I G5JCiF, G5lliA5F8, '5FiG, HF. iH.

Lm5F7h9ClC;i5 89l G5D9F9. ,B5 A9HC8ClC;i5 D9F l5 GHCFi5 89ll5 7IlHIF5,
)iNNCli, Mil5BC, 1971.

FCI75IlH, M., 1971, Mi7FC:iGi75 89l DCH9F9. BH9FJ9BHi DCliHi7i, EiB5I8i,

TCFiBC, 1977.

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-5l9BN5BC, F. TCBiClC, l S97ClC 8i GiCHHC B9l -9B9HC, GHiHIHC -9B9HC 8i
S7i9BN9, L9HH9F9 9 AFHi, -9B9Ni5, DD. 335-368.

FF5B?liB, M., 2000, M5BH9;B5nG kDi8Cl: F5iHh:Il .i8CK CF A65B8CB98

LCJ9F? AFHi6IG 9H HiGHCFi59, JCl. 21, B. 41, DD. 111-122.

FF99869F;, D., 1989, Th9 'CK9F C: A5;9G. SHI8i9G iB Hh9 HiGHCFM 5B8 Th9CFM
C: )9GDCBG9, Th9 ,BiJ9FGiHM C: Chi75;C 'F9GG, HF. iH. l DCH9F9 89ll9 iAA5;iBi.
l ACB8C 89ll9 :i;IF9: F95NiCBi 9 9ACNiCBi 89l DI66li7C, EiB5I8i, TCFiBC,
1993.

FFCjACJič, E., 2007, GiCHHCnG CiF7IAGD97HiCB, Th9 AFH BIll9HiB, JCl. 89, B. 2
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FFI;CBi, C., 1980, Th9 BCC? C: .iG8CA 5B8 LCF9BN9HHinG FF9G7C iB Hh9
'5l5NNC 'I66li7C 5H Si9B5, !CIFB5l C: Hh9 .5F6IF; 5B8 CCIFH5Il8 BGHiHIH9G,
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FFI;CBi, C., 2005, Gli 5::F9G7hi 89ll5 C5DD9ll5 S7FCJ9;Bi5 '58CJ5, EiB5I8i,
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S7FCJ9;Bi, EiB5I8i, TCFiBC.

G5;9, !., 1978, CClCIF iB HiGHCFM: )9l5HiJ9 5B8 A6GClIH9, AFH HiGHCFM, , D.
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311
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326
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330
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