water omer? Ch, AGE: " OF SEWER SYSTEMS vatecns of seal 376 18-3. 7 Following are the three (1) Separate system (2) Combined system i . stem. (3) Partially separate sy: : Each of the above three systems of sewerage will Now f, briefly described. ; (era (1) Separate system: In this system, 0 sets Of sey, A i wage and the other for Carryin, . are laid -one for carrying sewag | Storr, water, The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and the Stor water is directly discharged into the natural outlet in the form j ‘ river or stream. ‘ Advantages: Following are the advantages of this system: (i) The load on treatment units becomes less. (i) The natural water is not unnecessarily polluted, (iii) The sewers are small in size. (iv) The storm water can be discharged into natural Streams without any treatment. (v) The system proves to be economical when pumping js required for the lifting of sewage. Disadvantages: Following are the disadvantages of this system: (i) The cleaning of sewers is difficult as they are of small size. (ii) The maintenance costs are high. iii) Me self-cleansing velocity is not easily achieved. _ Aiv) The system peailres two sets of sewers and hence, it my ; ar 'Y. to be costly, orm water Sewers will come into operation dutitg nly. Hence, they may become the dumping places immer and id may thus be ] ‘only one set of sews. 18-31 Collection and Conveyance of Refuse 377 Disadvantages: Following are the disadvantages of this system: (i) During extraordinary heavy storms, the combined sewer may overflow and it may thus put public health in danger. (ii) The combined sewer, if not properly designed, gets easily silted and it may even become foul in dry weather. (iii) The load on treatment plant increases. (iv) The sewers are large in diameter. (vy) The storm water is unnecessarily polluted. (vi) The system proves to be uneconomical when pumping is required for the lifting of sewage. (3) Partially separate system: In this system, the arrangement made to permit early washings by rain into the sewers rrying sewage. But when the quantity of storm water exceeds particular limit, it is collected and conveyed in open drains to je natural river or stream. Advantages: Following are the advantages of this system: i) It combines the advantages of both the above systems. ) The entry of storm water avoids silting in sewers. (iii) The problem of disposing storm water from houses is simplified. (iv) The sewers are of reasonable size. Disadvantages: Following are the disadvantages of this system: (i) The quantity of storm water admitted in sewer may increase the load on pumping and treatment units. (ii) The velocity of flow is low in dry weather. (i) Conditions favourable for separate system: The separate system is favoured under the following conditions: (a) Conversion of existing sewer: It is not desirable to convert the existing sanitary sewer into a combined sewer. It becomes costly and inconvenient. In such a case, it is better to lay a separate storm water sewer. Flat topography: If the area is flat, the separate system proves to be Convenient as deep excavations are to be carried out to lay combined sewers. (©) Fund: If the available fund does not permit the installation of combined sewers, it is at least better to have sewers for carrying sanitary sewage: The storm water may be carried by natural drains. (b) Scarined witit CalnSce7 ter Supply and Sanitary Engineering ‘Water (d) it is not possible oh Gradient of a ta ieuteanai ta a 5 i ients, . ng eee Under such Circumstang® desirable to adopt separate system, hi Outlet for storm water: The eu can be just, when the sanitary sewage is to be dae and cy nm to a particular point for treatment. and there is 4 outlet in the form of natural river or g disposal of storm water. (f) Pumping: When it is necessary to pum th E Pp Sani, sewage, the adoption of this system wil] Teduce load on pumps. (e) tream ire i ing: be laid throu, Ch (g) Soil of laying: If sewers are to MOURh hay, : rocky soih it becomes difficult to lay combined See, which are usually of large size, (h) Steep slopes: If the area Possesses steep Slopes, j becomes easier to flow storm water to the naturg streams through open drains, Time of laying sewers: the area is developed separate system. Uneven rainfall: When rainfall is uneve for a short period during the year, to adopt the separate system, (ii) Conditions favourable for combined system: The combine! system is favoured under the following conditions: If sewers are to be laid before |, it is desirable to adopt the g ‘OF is Concentrated it becomes economics! (a) Conversion of existing storm water sewer: If existing storm water sewer is to be converted into a combine! sewer, this system is preferred, Such a case will ari only when the quantity of Sanitary sewage is small ® compared to that of storm water, Even rainfall: IF rainfall is evenly spread through! the year, the combined system can be adopted. Pumping: When Pumping is requi df itary s well as storm water, th commited for sani Hi (d) Regulators: © combined system may be: If regulato, TS are in| II Predetermined iauantinvis stalled to allow to divert the (b) 3 (e) Restricted space: When g i S ace : Sewers is restricted, it j slab aa IS desirable to lay a3] Collection and Conveyance of Refuse 379 ) Choice of the system: The modern trend is towards the adoption of separate system. Following three arguments are mainly advanced in favour of adoption of separate system: (a) The length of sewers of large diameter is decreased as there are two sets of sewers. (b) The storm water is disposed off in natural streams and it is not to be carried to the treatment works. Thus, the load on treatment units is decreased when separate system is adopted. When separate system is adopted, the sanitary sewers can be designed for the maximum rate of sewage. Such a design will develop self-cleansing velocity which will keep the sewers clean. In case of combined system, the self-cleansing velocity is developed only at the time of storm. There are thus chances for combined sewers to be easily silted and they become foul in dry weather. These arguments should be carefully studied and analysed before a final choice is made. The arguments are not applicable in all cases and can be defeated by the following considerations: (1) There is no doubt that the length of sewers of large diameter is reduced in separate system. But at the same time, the two sets of sewers are to be laid-one for sanitary sewage and the other for storm water. This might increase the cost. Further, the sanitary sewers are to be laid deeper than storm water sewers in separate system. If this precaution is not taken, the storm water will be polluted. Thus, the depth of sanitary sewers is to be increased unnecessarily which may create two effects: (i) It becomes difficult to bring the sewer at treatment plant at a reasonably high level. (ii) The cost of laying sewers is greatly increased. The storm water is no doubt polluted when mixed with sewage in a combined system. But at the same time, the storm water considerably reduces the sewage strength. Hence, the disposal of storm water through treatment plant does not create a serious problem for properly designed and maintained treatment units. (3) It is not correct to say that the combined sewers become foul in dry weather. It is rather more correct to say that the sewers which are designed improperly become foul in dry weather. It is possible to design iS Q cated wir CamSce(iv) Conclusion: The ter Supply and Sanitary Engineering Wate! i ers such that reasonak the combined eect Tn — intained in aa above discussion clearly indi 4 tem to be adopted is to studied independently before a final choice of made. In case of doubt, the detailed estimate systems should be worked out to give a com, and then only, the choice of system shoul Hence, the decision regarding the adoption system or combined system will mainly dep prevailing circumstances of the locality under | Sufficient data regarding the factors affectin, separate system or combined system shoul studied and analysed to arrive at the deci one system or the other. A well-balanced di prejudice to any particular system, certaii economical, successful and in the best community to be served by the system. | case of sewerage SYS! Scanned with CamScz