Volume 7 Lightning & Surge Protection in Electrical LV Installations

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PREFACE
As per directives of Railway Board, CAMTECH, Gwalior has studied the requirements of safety in low voltage
electrical installations by referring various Indian Standards on the subject and with the help of experts in
this domain. CAMTECH, Gwalior is preparing series of Booklets on “Safety in Electrical Low Voltage
Installations”. Under this series Six volumes have already been prepared & published.
Our prime object is to disseminate the knowledge among the electrical engineers and technicians about
various provisions/ requirements to ensure safety for living beings as well as of LV installations.
This volume-7 on “Lightning and Surge Protection in LV Electrical Installations” under the document “Safety
in Electrical Low Voltage Installations” has been prepared with the intention to disseminate knowledge about
requirements for Lightning and Surge Protection as per Indian Standards.
This volume consists the basic information on Lightning, its effects, and risk associated. Further this volume
explains about protection measures against lightning, classification zones, levels etc. This also comprises
details of external and internal lighting protection systems. Details on Surge protective devices, their types,
connection configurations, and how they act in the system during lightning or switching surges. Necessary
photographs and schematic diagrams are added to make subject interesting and easy to understand.
This will help electrical engineers & technicians to understand the requirements of lightning and surge
protection wherever applicable & will help them to ensure safety and reliability.
Technological up-gradation & learning is a continuous process. Please feel free to write to us for any
addition/ modification in this booklet. We shall highly appreciate your contribution in this direction.
Date: 31.05.2023 Himanshu Maheshwari

Place: Gwalior Jt. Director /Electrical
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTNING POTECTION ........................................................ 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 WHAT ARE LIGHTNING FLASHES TO EARTH .................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Downward Flash ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Upward Flash .................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 LIGHTNING CURRENT....................................................................................................... 3
1.4 EFFECTS/ DAMAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING ......................................................................... 3
1.4.1 Damage to a structure ....................................................................................................... 4
1.4.2 Effects of lightning on structures ....................................................................................... 4
1.4.3 Types of Damage to a Structure by different sources ......................................................... 4
1.4.4 Types of Loss ................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 RISK AND RISK COMPONENTS ......................................................................................... 6
1.5.1 Risk Assessment .............................................................................................................. 8
1.5.2 Economic justification of lightning protection ..................................................................... 8
1.6 PROTECTION MEASURES AGAINST LIGHTNING................................................................ 9
1.6.1 Protection measures to reduce injury of living beings by electric shock .............................. 9
1.6.2 Protection measures to reduce physical damage ............................................................... 9
1.6.3 Protection measures to reduce failure of electrical and electronic systems ....................... 10
1.7 LIGHTNING PROTECTION ZONES (LPZ) ........................................................................... 10
1.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES ...................................................................................... 13
1.8.1 Protection to reduce physical damage and life hazard ...................................................... 13
1.8.2 Protection to reduce the failure of internal systems .......................................................... 13
1.8.3 Protection Measures against Injury to Living Beings ......................................................... 13
1.9 LIGHTNING PROTECTION LEVELS (LPL) ......................................................................... 14
1.10 CLASS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM ................................................................. 16
CHAPTER 2 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS) ........................................................................ 17
2.1 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM ................................................................................. 17
2.1.1 EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (ELP) ...................................................... 17
2.1.2 INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (ILP) ........................................................ 18
2.2 COMPONENTS OF EXTERNAL LPS .................................................................................. 19
2.2.1 Air-Termination Systems ................................................................................................. 19
2.2.2 Down-Conductor Systems .............................................................................................. 22
2.2.3 Earth Termination System ............................................................................................... 22
2.2.4 Requirements of LPS Components .................................................................................. 25
2.3 LPS DESIGN FLOW DIAGRAM ......................................................................................... 29
CHAPTER 3 SURGE PROTECTION MEASURES FOR ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS WITHIN
STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................. 30
3.1 LIGHTNING ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPULSES (LEMP)....................................................... 30
3.2 BASIC SURGES PROTECTIVE MEASURES (SPM) ............................................................ 31
3.3 INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM................................................................. 31
3.3.1 Lightning Equipotential Bonding ....................................................................................... 32
3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO RISK OF LIGHTNING (AQ) ................... 36
3.5 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES OF ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN OR DUE TO
SWITCHING .................................................................................................................... 36
3.5.1 Classification of impulse withstand voltages (overvoltage categories) .............................. 37
3.5.2 Requirements of Overvoltage Control ............................................................................... 38
3.6 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES ........................................................................................ 39
3.6.1 COORDINATED SPD SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 40
3.6.2 TYPES & TEST CLASSES OF SPD ................................................................................... 40
3.7 SELECTION AND ERECTION OF SPDS IN BUILDING INSTALLATIONS............................... 43
3.7.1 Use of SPDs ................................................................................................................... 43
3.7.2 Connections of SPDs ...................................................................................................... 45
3.7.3 Selection of SPDs ........................................................................................................... 49
3.7.4 Protection against overcurrent and consequences of an SPD failure ................................. 52
3.7.5 Protection against indirect contact ................................................................................... 54
3.7.6 SPD installation in conjunction with RCDs ....................................................................... 55
3.7.7 Measurement of the insulation resistance ........................................................................ 55
3.7.8 SPD status indication ...................................................................................................... 55
3.7.9 Connecting conductors ................................................................................................... 55
3.7.10 Cross-section of earthing conductors .............................................................................. 56
3.8 HOW SPD CREATES EQUIPOTENTIALIZATION: ................................................................ 57
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Lightning flashes to earth ......................................................................................................... 1
Figure 2: Downward Flash ...................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3: Upward Flash ........................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 4: Impulse Current parameters (typically T2 < 2 ms)..................................................................... 3
Figure 5: Long duration stroke parameters (typically 2 ms <TLONG <1s) .................................................. 3
Figure 6: Classification of Source of damage .......................................................................................... 4
Figure 7: Types of loss and corresponding risks resulting from different types of damage ........................ 7
Figure 8: LPZ defined by a LPS ............................................................................................................. 11
Figure 9: LPZ defined by an SPM .......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 10: Probabilities for the limits of the lightning current parameters ................................................ 15
Figure 11: Isolated LPS ........................................................................................................................ 17
Figure 12: External Lightning Protection System .................................................................................... 18
Figure 13: Protection angle corresponding to the class of LPS .............................................................. 20
Figure 14: Methods for air termination system ................................................................................. 20
Figure 15: Protection angle method ...................................................................................................... 21
Figure 16: Type A Earthing Arrangement ............................................................................................... 23
Figure 17: Minimum length l1 of each earth electrode according to the class of LPS .............................. 23
Figure 18 Type B arrangement of Earth Termination System .................................................................. 24
Figure 19: Example of an equipotential bonding arrangement................................................................. 35
Figure 20: Example of One port SPDs ................................................................................................... 42
Figure 21: Examples of two port SPDs ................................................................................................. 43
Figure 22: Impulse Current Shape 8/20 & 10/350 microsecond ........................................................... 45
Figure 23: SPDs in TN System .............................................................................................................. 46
Figure 24: SPDs on the load side of a RCD (connection type-1) in TT system ....................................... 47
Figure 25: SPDs on the supply side of RCD (connection type-2) in TT system ...................................... 48
Figure 26: SPDs on the load side of a RCD in IT system ....................................................................... 48
Figure 27: Installation of Class I, II and III tested SPDs ......................................................................... 51
Figure 28: Priority to the continuity of supply ....................................................................................... 53
Figure 29: Priority to the continuity of protection .................................................................................. 53
Figure 30: Combination of continuity of supply and continuity of protection .......................................... 54
Figure 31: Example of Installation of SPDs at or near the origin of the Installation .................................. 56
Figure 32: Example of Installation of SPDs at or near the origin of the Installation ................................... 56
Figure 33: SPD type 2 connections ....................................................................................................... 57
Figure 34: Earth potential rise in case of lightning .................................................................................. 57
Figure 35: Neutral and PE are at the same potential ............................................................................... 58
Figure 36: Equipotential by operation of SPD1,2,3 and 4 ....................................................................... 58
ISSUE OF CORRECTION SLIP
The correction slips to be issued in future for this booklet will be numbered as follows:
CAMTECH/EL/2023-24/Vol.7-LPS-SPD/1.0/C.S. # XX date---
Where “XX” is the serial number of the concerned correction slip (starting from 01 onwards).
Sr.No. Date of Issue Page No. & Iten No. Modified Remarks
ABBREVIATION
Abbreviation Full Form

CIGRE International Council on Large Electrical Systems
CWG Combination Wave Generator
EB Equipotential Bonding Bar
ELP External Lightning Protection System
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility
IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
ILP Internal Lightning Protection System
ISG Isolating Spark Gaps
LEMP Lightning Electro Magnetic Pulse
LP Lightning Protection
LPL Lightning Protection Level
LPS Lightning Protection System
LPZ Lightning Protection Zone
LTE Let Through Energy
MEB Main Equipotential Bonding
MOV Metal Oxide Varistor
OCPD Over Current Protective Device
SPC Surge Protective Component
SPD Surge Protective Device
SPM System Protection Measures/ Electrical And Electronic System
Protection Measures (SPM)
TOV Transient Over Voltages
SAFETY IN ELECTRICAL LOW VOLTAGE INSTALLATIONS
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTNING POTECTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Lightning flashes to, or nearby, structures (or lines connected to the structures)
are hazardous to people, to the structures themselves, their contents and
installations as well as to lines. This is why the application of lightning protection
measures are essential.
The task of a Lightning Protection System (LPS) is to intercept lightning strike

and dissipate it safely to earth. The idea is to prevent thermal, mechanical,
electrical and electromagnetic effects that may cause damage to the building,
to be protected, or humans through touch or step voltages inside the building.
Electronic equipment are damaged by Electromagnetic effects of lightning i.e.

Lightning Electro Magnetic Pulse (LEMP) as well as switching of electrical
equipment. High-rise buildings with number of electronic aids are more
vulnerable. The lightning protection system also protects all electrical and
electronic installations in a building. This is achieved by Equipotential
Bonding, Shielding and routing of cables and wires.
Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) protect the installation from external

influences such as transient over-voltages caused by lightning and external
or internal influence such as switching actions.
1.2 WHAT ARE LIGHTNING FLASHES TO EARTH

Electrical discharge of atmospheric origin
between cloud and earth consisting of one
or more strokes is termed as lightning
flashes to earth. Single electrical discharge
in a lightning flash to earth is known as
lightning strike. These are two basic types
downward flash and upward flash.
Figure 1: Lightning flashes to earth

1.2.1 Downward Flash
(Ref: Para 3.2 and Annex A of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
In downward flash, lightning flash initiated by a downward leader from cloud

to earth. A downward flash consists of a first impulse, which can be followed by
subsequent impulses. One or more impulses may be followed by a long stroke.
Mostly downward flashes occur in flat territory, and to lower structures.
VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 1

In this case, current flows from cloud to earth and a part of this current goes to
earth and another part goes to power line nearby.
Figure 2: Downward Flash
1.2.2 Upward Flash

(Ref: Para 3.3 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
In upward flash, lightning flash initiated by an upward leader from an earthed

structure to cloud. Upward flashes are dominant in exposed and/ or higher
structures.
In this case, current flows from earthed structure to cloud. and a part of this
current comes from earth and another part from nearby power line.
Figure 3: Upward Flash
All impulse current parameters of upward flashes are less than those of
downward flashes. Therefore, the lightning current parameters of upward
flashes are considered to be covered by the maximum values given for
downward flashes. (Ref: Annex A of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
Further differentiation of strokes comes from their polarity (positive or

negative) and from their position during the flash (first, subsequent, and
superimposed).
2 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

1.3 LIGHTNING CURRENT

(Ref: Para 4 and Annex A of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
Lightning current (i) is the current flowing at the point of strike. A lightning current
consists of one or more different strokes:
 impulses with duration less than 2 ms (figure 4)
 long strokes with duration longer than 2 ms (figure 5)
Figure 4: Impulse Current parameters (typically T2 < 2 ms)
Figure 5: Long duration stroke parameters (typically 2 ms <TLONG <1s)
1.4 EFFECTS/ DAMAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING

(Ref: Annex A.3.1 of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
 The mechanical effects of lightning are related to the peak value of the
current (I), and to the specific energy (W/R).
 The thermal effects are related to the specific energy (W/R) when
resistive coupling involved and to the charge (Q) when arcs develop to the
installation.
 Over voltages and dangerous sparking caused by inductive coupling are
related to the average steepness (di/dt) of the lightning current front.
 Each of the single parameters (I, Q, W/R, di/dt) tend to dominate each
failure mechanism.

1.4.1 Damage to a structure

(Ref: para 5.1 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
Lightning flashes to earth may be hazardous to structures and to lines. Lightning
affecting a structure can cause:
 damage to the structure itself and to its contents
 failure of internal systems (associated electrical and electronic systems)
 injury to living beings in or close to the structure
The damages and failures may also extend to the surroundings of the structure
and even involve the local environment. The scale of this extension depends on
the characteristics of the structure and on the characteristics of the lightning
flash.
1.4.2 Effects of lightning on structures

(Ref: para 5.1.1 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
The common effects on different type of structures/ buildings are:
 Puncture of electrical installations, fire and material damage.
 Failure of electrical and electronic equipment and systems installed (e.g. TV
sets, computers, modems, telephones, etc.)
 Failure of fire alarms resulting in delayed fire-fighting measures
 failure of computers and loss of data etc.
1.4.3 Types of Damage to a Structure by different sources

(Ref: para 5.1.2 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
The lightning current is the source of damage. The following situations shall be
taken into account, depending on the position of the point of strike relative to
the structure considered:
S1: flashes to the structure
S2: flashes near the structure
S3: flashes to the lines connected to the structure
S4: flashes near the lines connected to the structure.
Figure 6: Classification of Source of damage

1.4.3.1 S1- Flashes to the structure can cause:

 Immediate mechanical damage, fire and/or explosion due to the hot
lightning plasma arc itself, due to the current resulting in ohmic heating
of conductors (over-heated conductors), or due to the charge resulting in
arc erosion (melted metal),
 Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks caused by over-voltages
resulting from resistive and inductive coupling and to passage of part
of the lightning currents,
 Injury to living beings by electric shock due to step and touch voltages
resulting from resistive and inductive coupling,
 Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to LEMP (Lightning Electro
Magnetic Pulse).
1.4.3.2 S2- Flashes near the structure can cause:

 Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to Lightning Electro
Magnetic Pulse (LEMP).
1.4.3.3 S3- Flashes to a line connected to the structure can cause:

 Fire and/or explosion triggered by sparks due to over-voltages and
lightning currents transmitted through the connected line,
 Injury to living beings by electric shock due to touch voltages inside the
structure caused by lightning currents transmitted through the connected
line.
 Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to over-voltages appearing
on connected lines and transmitted to the structure.
1.4.3.4 S4-Flashes near a line connected to the structure can cause:

 Failure or malfunction of internal systems due to over-voltages induced on
connected lines and transmitted to the structure.
 Summary: As a result, the lightning can cause following three basic type
of damages:
Table 1: Types of Damage
Type of Damage Description of damage
D1 injury to living beings by electric shock
D2 physical damage (fire, explosion, mechanical
destruction, chemical release) due to lightning
current effects, including sparking
D3 failure of internal systems (electrical and electronic
systems) due to LEMP
1.4.4 Types of Loss

(Ref: para 5.2 of IS 62305-1:2010)
The type of loss that may appear depends on the characteristics of the structure
itself. Following types of loss, which may appear as consequence of damages
relevant to structure:

Table 2: Types of loss

Type of Loss Description of Loss Nature of loss
L1 loss of human life (including permanent loss of social
injury) values
L2 loss of service to the public such as gas,
water, TV and power supply etc.
L3 loss of cultural heritage
L4 loss of economic value (structure, its content, economic
and loss of activity) loss
Relationship between source of damage, type of damage and

(Ref: table 2 of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
Table 3: Damage and loss relevant to a structure according to different points of strike of
lightning
Point of strike Source of Type of Type of Loss
damage damage
D1 L1, L4a
D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
Structure S1
D3 L1b, L2, L4
Near a structure S2 D3 L1b, L2, L4
D1 L1, L4a
Line connected D2 L1, L2, L3, L4
S3
to the structure
D3 L1b, L2, L4
Near a line S4 D3 L1b, L2, L4
a : Only for properties where animals may be lost.

b : Only for structure with risk of explosion and for hospitals or other structures
where failure of internal systems immediately endangers human life.
1.5 RISK AND RISK COMPONENTS

(Ref: para 4.2 of IS 62305-2: 2010)
The risk, R, is the relative value of a probable average annual loss. The risk i.e.
the probable average annual loss in a structure due to lightning flashes depends
on:
i the annual number of lightning flashes influencing the structure,
ii the probability of damage by one of the influencing lightning flashes
iii the mean amount of consequential loss

(i) The number of lightning flashes influencing the structure depends:

 on the dimensions and the characteristics of the structure and of the
connected lines
 on the environmental characteristics of the structure and the lines,
 on lightning ground flash density in the region where the structure and
the lines are located.
(ii) The probability of lightning damage depends:
 on the structure,
 on the connected lines,
 on the lightning current characteristics
 on the type and efficiency of applied protection measures.
(iii) The annual mean amount of the consequential loss depends on the extent
of damage and the consequential effects which may occur as result of a
lightning flash.
The risks to be evaluated in a structure may be as follows:
Table 4: Types of Risk
Type of Risk Description of Risk
R1 risk of loss or permanent injury of human life Risks shall be
R2 risk of loss of services to the public such as taken into
gas, water, TV and power supply etc. account
R3 risk of loss of cultural heritage
R4 Risk of loss of economic values (structure, its For economic
content, and loss of activity) justification
Risks corresponding to types of loss resulting from types of damage are given
in following figure:
1 Only for hospitals or other structures where failure of internal systems

immediately endangers human life.
2 Only for properties where animals may be lost.
Figure 7: Types of loss and corresponding risks resulting from different types of damage

1.5.1 Risk Assessment

(Ref: para 6.1 of IS 62305-1: 2010 and 5.3 of IS 62305-2: 2010)
In order to evaluate whether or not lightning protection of a structure is needed,

a risk assessment shall be made.
Protection against lightning is needed if the risk R (R1 to R3) is higher than the
tolerable level RT
R > RT
In this case, protection measures shall be adopted in order to reduce the risk R
(R1 to R3) to the tolerable level RT
R ≤ RT
If more than one type of loss could appear, the condition R ≤ RT shall be satisfied
for each type of loss (L1, L2 and L3).
The values of tolerable risk RT where lightning could result in the loss of
items of social value should be under the responsibility of a competent
national body.
Tolerable risk (RT)
Maximum value of the risk which can be tolerated for the structure to be
protected is called Tolerable risk (RT).
Representative values of tolerable risk RT, where lightning flashes involve loss
of human life or loss of social or cultural values, are as under:
Table 5 – Typical values of tolerable risk RT
Types of loss RT (𝒚−𝟏 )
L1 Loss of human life or permanent injuries 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
L2 Loss of service to the public 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
L3 Loss of cultural heritage 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
L4 loss of economic value (representative value of 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
tolerable risk RT)
1.5.2 Economic justification of lightning protection

(Ref: para 6.2 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
Besides the need for lightning protection for the structure to be protected, it may
be useful to evaluate the economic benefits of providing protection measures in
order to reduce the economic loss L4.
In this case, the risk R4 of loss of economic values should be assessed. The
assessment of risk R4 allows for the evaluation of the cost of the economic loss
with and without the adopted protection measures.
Lightning protection is cost effective if the sum of the cost C RL of residual loss
in the presence of protection measures and the cost CPM of protection measures
is lower than the cost CL of total loss without protection measures:
CRL + CPM < CL

1.6 PROTECTION MEASURES AGAINST LIGHTNING

(Ref: para 7 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
Protection measures against lightning may be adopted in order to reduce the
risk according to the type of damages i.e. D1 (loss of human life), D2 (physical
damage to structure) or D3 (failure of internal systems of structure).
1.6.1 Protection measures to reduce injury of living beings by electric shock

Possible protection measures include:
 Adequate insulation of exposed conductive parts,
 Equipotentialization by means of a meshed earthing system,
 Physical restrictions and warning notices,
 lightning equipotential bonding (EB).
Equipotentialization and an increase of the contact resistance of the ground
surface inside and outside the structure may reduce the life hazard. Protection
measures are effective only in structures protected by a Lightning Protection
system (LPS).
1.6.2 Protection measures to reduce physical damage

Protection is achieved by the lightning protection system (LPS) which includes
the following features:
 air-termination system,
 down-conductor system,
 earth-termination system,
 lightning equipotential bonding (EB)
 electrical insulation (and hence separation distance) against the
external LPS.
 When a LPS is installed, equipotentialization is a very important measure to
reduce fire and explosion danger and life hazard.
 Provisions limiting the development and propagation of the fire such as
fireproof compartments, extinguishers, hydrants, fire alarms and fire
extinguishing installations may reduce physical damage.
 Protected escape routes provide protection for personnel.

1.6.3 Protection measures to reduce failure of electrical and electronic systems

Possible protection measures to reduce failure of electrical and electronic
systems i.e. SPM (Surge Protection Measures) include:
 earthing and bonding measures,
 magnetic shielding,
 line routing,
 isolating interfaces,
 coordinated SPD system.
 These measures may be used alone or in combination.
 When source of damage S1 (flashes to the structure) is considered,
protection measures are effective only in structures protected by a LPS.
1.7 LIGHTNING PROTECTION ZONES (LPZ)

(Ref: para 8.3 of IS62305-1 and para 4.3 of IS62305-4)
Protection measures such as LPS, shielding wires, magnetic shields and SPD
determine Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ).
LPZ downstream of the protection measure are characterized by significant
reduction of LEMP than that upstream of the LPZ.
With respect to the threat of lightning, the following LPZs are defined:
Table 6: Lightning Protection Zones
LPZ Description
Outer zones:
LPZ 0 Zone where the threat is due to the un-attenuated (not
weakened) lightning electromagnetic field and where the
internal systems may be subjected to full or partial lightning
surge current. LPZ 0 is subdivided into LPZ 0A and LPZ 0B :
LPZ 0A zone where the threat is due to the direct lightning flash and
the full lightning electromagnetic field. The internal systems
may be subjected to full or partial lightning surge current.
LPZ 0B zone protected against direct lightning flashes but where the
threat is the full lightning electromagnetic field. The internal
systems may be subjected to partial lightning surge currents.
Inner zones: (protected against direct lightning flashes)
LPZ 1 zone where the surge current is limited by current sharing and
by isolating interfaces and/or SPDs at the boundary. Spatial
shielding may attenuate (weaken) the lightning
electromagnetic field.
LPZ 2, ..., n zone where the surge current may be further limited by current
sharing and by isolating interfaces and/or additional SPDs at
the boundary. Additional spatial shielding may be used to
further attenuate (weaken) the lightning electromagnetic field.
The LPZs are implemented by the installation of the SPM, e.g. installation of
a coordinated SPD system and/or magnetic shielding. Depending on the

number, type and withstand level of the equipment to be protected, suitable LPZ
can be defined.
Key
1 Structure S1 Flash to the structure
2 Air-termination system S2 Flash near to the structure
3 Down-conductor system S3 Flash to a line connected to the
structure
4 Earth-termination system S4 Flash near a line connected to the
structure
5 Incoming lines r Rolling sphere radius
s Separation distance against
dangerous sparking
Ground level
Lightning equipotential bonding by means of SPD
LPZ 0A Direct flash, full lightning current
LPZ 0B No direct flash, partial lightning or induced current
LPZ 1 No direct flash, limited lightning or induced current
Protected volume inside LPZ1 must respect separation
distance s
Figure 8: LPZ defined by a LPS

Key
1 Structure (shield of LPZ1) S1 Flash to the structure
2 Air-termination system S2 Flash near to the structure
3 Down-conductor system S3 Flash to a line connected to the structure
4 Earth-termination system S4 Flash near a line connected to the
structure
5 Room (shield of LPD2) r Rolling sphere radius
6 Lines connected to the ds Safety distance against too high
structure magnetic field
Ground level
Lightning equipotential bonding by means of SPD
LPZ 0A Direct flash, full lightning current, full magnetic field

LPZ 0B No direct flash, partial lightning or induced current, full magnetic field
LPZ 1 No direct flash, limited lightning or induced current, further damped
magnetic field
LPZ 2 No direct flash, induced current, further damped magnetic field
Protected volume inside LPZ1 & LPZ2 must respect safety distances
ds.
Figure 9: LPZ defined by an SPM
In general, the higher the number of an individual zone, the lower the
electromagnetic environment parameters.

As a general rule for protection, the structure to be protected shall be in an

LPZ whose electromagnetic characteristics are compatible with the capability of
the structure to withstand stress causing the damage to be reduced (physical
damage, failure of electrical and electronic systems due to over-voltages).
For most electrical and electronic systems and apparatus, information about
withstand level can be supplied by manufacturer.
1.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES

(Ref: para 8.4 of IS 62305-1 : 2010)
The main and most effective measure for protection of structures against
physical damage is considered to be the lightning protection system (LPS).
1.8.1 Protection to reduce physical damage and life hazard
The structure to be protected shall be inside an LPZ 0B or higher. This is

achieved by means of a lightning protection system (LPS).
1.8.2 Protection to reduce the failure of internal systems
The protection against LEMP to reduce the risk of failure of internal systems
shall limit:
 surges due to lightning flashes to the structure resulting from resistive
and inductive coupling,
 surges due to lightning flashes near the structure resulting from inductive
coupling,
 surges transmitted by lines connected to the structure due to flashes to
or near the lines,
 magnetic field directly coupling with apparatus.
The system to be protected shall be located inside an LPZ 1 or higher. This is
achieved by means of electrical and electronic System Protection Measures
(SPM) consisting of magnetic shields attenuating the inducing magnetic field
and/or suitable routing of wiring to reduce the induction loop.
Bonding shall be provided at the boundaries of an LPZ for metal parts and
systems crossing the boundaries. This bonding may be accomplished by
means of bonding conductors or, when necessary, by Surge Protective
Devices (SPDs).
Effective protection against over-voltages, causing failures of internal systems,
may also be achieved by means of isolating interfaces and/or a coordinated
SPD system, limiting over-voltages below the rated impulse withstand voltage
of the system to be protected.
1.8.3 Protection Measures against Injury to Living Beings
Main protection measures against injury to living beings due to touch and step
voltages are intended to:
i reduce the dangerous current flowing through bodies by insulating exposed
conductive parts, and/or by increasing the surface soil resistivity,

ii reduce the occurrence of dangerous touch and step voltages by physical

restrictions and/or warning notices.
1.9 LIGHTNING PROTECTION LEVELS (LPL)

(Ref: para 8.2 of IS 62305-1: 2010)
Lightning protection level is used to design protection measures according to
the relevant set of lightning current parameters. There are four lightning
protection levels (I to IV) and for each LPL, a set of maximum and minimum
lightning current parameters is fixed.
The maximum values of lightning current parameters relevant to LPL I are
reduced to 75 % for LPL II and to 50 % for LPL III and IV (linear for I, Q and
di/dt, but quadratic for W/R). The time parameters are unchanged.
Table 7: Maximum values of lightning parameters according to LPL
First positive impulse LPL

Current
Symbol Unit I II III IV
parameters
Peak current l kA 200 150 100
Impulse charge QSHORT C 100 75 50
Specific energy W/R MJ/ 10 5.6 2.5
Time parameters T1/ T2 s/ s 10/ 350
Lightning protection levels are used to design lightning protection

components (e.g. cross-section of conductors, thickness of metal sheets,
current capability of SPDs, separation distance against dangerous sparking)
and to define test parameters simulating the effects of lightning on such
components.
The minimum values of lightning current amplitude for the different LPL
are used to derive the rolling sphere radius in order to define the lightning
protection zone LPZ 0B which cannot be reached by direct strike. They are
used for positioning of the air-termination system and to define the lightning
protection zone LPZ 0B.
Table 8: Minimum values of lightning parameters and related rolling sphere radius
corresponding to LPL
Interception criteria LPL
Symbol Unit I II III IV
Minimum Peak current l kA 3 5 10 16
Rolling sphere radius r m 20 30 45 60

Table 9: Probabilities for the limits of the lightning current parameters

Probability that lightning current LPL
parameters I II III IV
- are smaller than the maximum values
0.99 0.98 0.95 0.95
defined in table 7
- are greater than the minimum values
0.99 0.97 0.91 0.84
defined in table 8
Figure 10: Probabilities for the limits of the lightning current parameters
As per Clause 11.3.4 of National Building Code of India (NBC 2016),
recommended LPL for Typical Buildings are as under:
Table: Recommended LPL for Typical Buildings
Sr. No. Application LPL

i. Computer data centres, military applications, high rise hostels/ I
hospitals, nuclear power stations, airports, essential services
such as telecom.
ii. Low rise hospitals/ hotels, ex-zones in the industry and II
chemical sector, fuel retail outlets/ gas stations/ compressor
stations and similar installations.
iii. Schools, banks, residential buildings, temples, churches, III/
mosques, community halls, etc. IV
Note: Detailed risk assessment should be done before
execution.
The decision to provide lightning protection may be taken regardless of

the outcome of risk assessment where there is a desire that there shall be
no avoidable risk.

1.10 CLASS OF LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

(Ref: para 4.1 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
The characteristics of a LPS are determined by the characteristics of the

structure to be protected and by the considered lightning protection level (LPL).
Four classes of LPS (I to IV), as shown in table below, are defined

corresponding to lightning protection levels defined in para 1.9 above.
Table 10: Relation between lightning protection levels (LPL) and class of LPS
LPL Class of LPS
I I
II II
III III
IV IV
Each class of LPS is characterized by the following parameters which are
dependent upon the class of LPS:
 lightning parameters (Maximum and minimum values),
 rolling sphere radius, mesh size and protection angle,
 typical preferred distances between down-conductors
 separation distance against dangerous sparking
 minimum length of earth electrodes
Following factors are not dependent upon the class of LPS:
 lightning equipotential bonding
 minimum thickness of metal sheets or metal pipes in air-termination
systems
 LPS materials and conditions of use
 material, configuration and minimum dimensions for air-terminations,
down-conductors and earth-terminations
 minimum dimensions of connecting conductors

CHAPTER 2
LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (LPS)
2.1 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

Lightning protection system (LPS) is a complete system which is provided to
reduce physical damages due to lightning flashes to a structure and for
protection against injury to living beings due to touch and step voltages in the
vicinity of a LPS.
A LPS consists of both external and internal lightning protection systems.
2.1.1 EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (ELP)

(Ref: para 5 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
External lightning protection system is a part of the LPS consisting of an air-

termination system, a down-conductor system and an earth-termination
system. The functions of an external LPS are:
 to intercept direct lightning flashes to the structure, including flashes to

the side of the structure,
 to conduct the lightning current from the point of strike to earth safely,
 to disperse this current into the earth without causing thermal or
mechanical damage, or dangerous sparking which may trigger fire or
explosions.
There are two types of external lightning protection system:
(i) External LPS Isolated from the structure

LPS with an air-termination system and down-conductor system
positioned in such a way that the path of the lightning current has no
contact with the structure. In an isolated LPS, dangerous sparks
between the LPS and the structure are avoided.
Figure 11: Isolated LPS

An isolated external LPS should be considered when the thermal and

explosive effects at the point of strike, or on the conductors carrying the
lightning current, may cause damage to the structure or to the contents.
Typical examples include structures with combustible covering,
structures with combustible walls and areas at risk of explosion and
fire.
In this LPS components should maintain a separation distance from

the grounded metal parts and remain isolated.
(ii) External LPS not isolated from the structure
LPS with an air-termination system and down-conductor system

positioned in such a way that the path of the lightning current can be
in contact with the structure to be protected. In most cases this type
of external LPS is used. (Ref: para 5.1.2 of IS 62305-3 : 2010)
Figure 12: External Lightning Protection System
2.1.2 INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM (ILP)

(Ref: para 6 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
The function of an internal LPS is to prevent dangerous sparking within the

structure. It consists lightning equipotential bonding and/or a separation
distance (and hence electrical isolation) between the external LPS components
and other electrically conducting elements internal to the structure. Details of
Internal LPS is given in Chapter 3.

2.2 COMPONENTS OF EXTERNAL LPS

External lightning protection system consists following components:
i an air-termination system,
ii a down-conductor system an
iii an earth-termination system.
2.2.1 Air-Termination Systems

(Ref: para 5.2 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
Properly designed air-termination system may considerably decrease the

probability of structure penetration by a lightning current. Air-termination
systems can be composed of any combination of the following elements:
a. vertical rods (including free-standing masts)
b. catenary wires
c. meshed conductors
The individual air-termination rods should be connected together at roof
level to ensure current division.
Air termination components installed on a structure shall be located at corners,

exposed points and edges (especially on upper level of any facades) in
accordance with one or more of the following methods:
 Protection angle method
 Rolling sphere method and
 Mesh method.
 The protection angle method is suitable for simple-shaped buildings but
it is subject to limits of air - termination height indicated in below figure
12.
 The rolling sphere method is suitable in all cases.
 The mesh method is a suitable form of protection where plane surfaces
are to be protected.
The values for the protection angle, rolling sphere radius and mesh size for each
class of LPS are given below in table 11 and figure 13.
Table 11: Maximum values of rolling sphere radius, mesh size and protection angle
corresponding to the class of LPS
Protection Method
Class of Rolling sphere radius r Mesh size wm Protection angle
LPS m m °
I 20 5x5
II 30 10 x 10 See figure 13
III 45 15 x 15 below
IV 60 20 x 20

Note 1 Not applicable beyond the values marked with. Only rolling
sphere and mesh methods apply in these cases.
Note 2 h is the height of air-termination above the reference plane of the
area to be protected.
Note 3 The angle will not change for values of h below 2m.
Figure 13: Protection angle corresponding to the class of LPS
Figure 14: Methods for air termination system

Figure 15: Protection angle method

If the height of air termination from reference plane is doubled i.e. 2h then
protection angle for the same will be half i.e. /2°. From figure 13, we can
see for class I LPS, 10 meter high air terminal angle will be 45 degree
while as for 20 meter high air terminal angle will be 22.5 degree.
An air-termination system shall be installed to protect the upper part of

tall structures (i.e. typically the topmost 20 % of the height of the structure
as far as this part exceeds 60 m in height) and the equipment installed
on it.
2.2.1.1 Construction of air-termination

(Ref: para 5.2.4 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
Air-terminations of a LPS not isolated from the structure may be installed as

follows:
 if the roof is made of non-combustible material the air-termination
conductors may be positioned on the surface of the roof.
 if the roof is made of readily-combustible material, due care needs to be
taken with regard to the distance between the air-termination conductors
and the material. For thatched roofs, where no steel bars are used for
mounting of the reed, a distance of at least 0.15 m is adequate. For other
combustible materials a distance not lower than 0.10 m is considered
adequate.
 easily-combustible parts of the structure shall not remain in direct
contact with the components of an external LPS and shall not remain
directly under any metallic roofing membrane that might be punctured by a
lightning flash.
If it is likely that water may accumulate on a flat roof, air-terminations should
be installed above the highest probable water level.

2.2.2 Down-Conductor Systems

(Ref: para 5.3 of IS 62305-3:2010)
In order to reduce the probability of damage due to lightning current flowing

in the LPS, the down-conductors shall be arranged in such a way that from the
point of strike to earth:
a. several parallel current paths exist,
b. the length of the current paths is kept to a minimum,
c. equipotential bonding to conducting parts of the structure is performed.
The installation of as many down-conductors as possible, at equal
spacing around the perimeter interconnected by ring conductors, reduces
the probability of dangerous sparking and facilitates the protection of
internal installations.
For each non-isolated LPS the number of down-conductors shall be not less
than two and should be distributed around the perimeter of the structure.
An equal spacing of the down-conductors is preferred around the perimeter.
Typical values of the preferred distance between down-conductors are given
in below table 12:
Table 12: Typical preferred values of the distance between down-conductors according to
the class of LPS
Typical distances
Class of LPS
m
I 10
II 10
III 15
IV 20
 A down-conductor should be installed at each exposed corner of the

structure, where this is possible.
 The down-conductors shall be installed so that, as far as practicable, they
form a direct continuation of the air-termination conductors.
 Down-conductors shall be installed straight and vertical such that they
provide the shortest and most direct path to earth.
 Down-conductors, even if covered in insulating material, shall not be
installed in gutters or water spouts. The effects of moisture in the gutters
lead to intensive corrosion of the down-conductor.
 It is recommended that the down-conductors be positioned such that a
separation distance is provided between them and any doors and windows.
2.2.3 Earth Termination System

(Ref: para 5.4 of IS 62305-3:2010)
The shape and dimensions of the earth-termination system are the important
criteria to deal with the dispersion of the lightning current (high frequency
behaviour) into the earth while minimizing any potentially dangerous over-
voltages.

A low earthing resistance (if possible lower than 10 ohms when measured at
low frequency) is recommended.
A single integrated structure earth-termination system is preferable and is
suitable for all purposes (i.e. lightning protection, power systems and
telecommunication systems).
Two basic types of earth electrode arrangements may be applied:
a. Type A arrangement
b. Type B arrangement
2.2.3.1 Type A arrangement

(Ref: para 5.4.2.1 of IS 62305-3:2010)
This type of arrangement comprises
horizontal or vertical earth electrodes
installed outside the structure connected
to each down-conductor or foundation
earth electrodes not forming a closed
loop.
Figure 16: Type A Earthing Arrangement
In type A arrangement, the total number of earth electrodes shall be not less
than two.
Note: Classes III and IV are independent of soil resistivity.

Figure 17: Minimum length l1 of each earth electrode according to the class of LPS
The minimum length of each earth electrode at the base of each down-
conductor is:
- l1 for horizontal electrodes, or
- 0.5 l1 for vertical (or inclined) electrodes,

where l1 is the minimum length of horizontal electrodes shown in the relevant

part of above figure 17.
For combined (vertical or horizontal) electrodes, the total length shall be

considered.
 The minimum lengths stated in above figure 17 may be disregarded
provided that an earthing resistance of the earth-termination system less
than 10 ohms (measured at a frequency different from the power
frequency and its multiple in order to avoid interference) is achieved.
 When the above-mentioned requirements cannot be met, a type B
earth arrangement shall be used.
 Reduction of earthing resistance by the extension of earth electrodes is
practically convenient up to 60 m. In soil with resistivity higher than
3000 Ohm-m, the use of type B earth electrodes or earthing
enhancing compounds is recommended.
2.2.3.2 Type B arrangement
(Ref: para 5.4.2.2 of IS 62305-3:2010)
This type of arrangement comprises either a ring conductor external to the

structure, in contact with the soil for at least 80 % of its total length, or a
foundation earth electrode forming a closed loop. Such earth electrodes
may also be meshed.
Figure 18 Type B arrangement of Earth Termination System

Although 20 % may not be in contact with the soil, the ring conductor must
always be completely connected throughout its total length.
For the ring earth electrode, the mean radius re of the area enclosed by the
ring earth electrode shall be not less than the value l1:
re ≥ l1 ………………………………(1)
where l1 is represented in earlier figure 17 according to LPS class I, II, III and
IV.
When the required value of l1 is larger than the convenient value of re,
additional horizontal or vertical (or inclined) electrodes shall be added with

individual lengths lr (horizontal) and lv (vertical) given by the following

equations:
lr = l1 – re………………………………………….. (2)
and lv = (l1 – re) / 2…………….……….. (3)
It is recommended that the number of electrodes shall be not less than the
number of the down-conductors, with a minimum of two.
The additional electrodes should be connected to the ring earth electrode
at points where the down-conductors are connected and, for as many as
possible, equidistantly.
2.2.3.3 Installation of Earth Electrodes

(Ref: para 5.4.3 of IS 62305-3:2010)
 The ring earth electrode (type B arrangement) should preferably be

buried at a depth of at least 0.5 m and at a distance of about 1 m away
from the external walls.
 The earth electrodes (type A arrangement) shall be installed at a depth
of upper end at least 0.5 m and distributed as uniformly as possible to
minimize electrical coupling effects in the earth.
 If the type A earth electrode is positioned within an inspection housing
which, in turn, is located in high resistance paving or adjoining concrete,
then the 0.5 m requirement can be disregarded.
 The embedded depth and the type of earth electrodes shall be such as to
minimize the effects of corrosion, soil drying and freezing and thereby
stabilize the conventional earth resistance.
For structures with extensive electronic systems or with high risk of fire,
type B earthing arrangement is preferable.
2.2.3.4 Natural earth electrodes

(Ref: para 5.4.4 of IS 62305-3:2010)
Interconnected reinforcing steel in concrete foundations or other suitable

underground metal structures, should preferably be used as an earth
electrode. When the metallic reinforcement in concrete is used as an earth
electrode, special care shall be exercised at the interconnections to prevent
mechanical splitting of the concrete.
2.2.4 Requirements of LPS Components

(Ref: para 5.5 and 5.6 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
Components of LPS shall withstand the electromagnetic effects of lightning

current and predictable accidental stresses without being damaged.
Components of a LPS shall be manufactured from the materials listed in below
table 13:

Table 13: LPS materials and conditions of use

Material Use Corrosion
In open air In earth In concrete Resistance Increased by May be
destroyed
by galvanic
coupling
with
Copper Solid Solid Solid Good in many Sulphur -

Stranded Stranded Stranded environments compounds,
As coating As coating Organic
materials
Hot Solid Solid Solid Acceptable in High Copper

galvanized Stranded Stranded air, in concrete chlorides
steel and in benign content
soil
Steel with Solid Solid Solid Good in many Sulphur
electro- environments compounds
deposited
copper
Stainless Solid Solid Solid Good in many High -
steel Stranded Stranded Stranded environments chlorides
content
Aluminium Solid Unsuitable Unsuitable Good in Alkaline Copper

Stranded atmospheres solution
containing low
concentration of
Sulphur and
chlorides
Lead Solid Solid Unsuitable Good in Acid soils Copper,

As coating As coating atmospheres Stainless
with high steel
concentration of
Sulphates
 Air-terminations and down-conductors shall be firmly fixed so that the

electrodynamic or accidental mechanical forces (for instance vibrations, slipping
of slabs of snow, thermal expansion, etc.) will not cause conductors to break or
loosen.
 Components made of material other than metal may be used for fixing.
 Material and its dimensions shall be chosen bearing in mind the possibility of
corrosion either of the structure or of the LPS.
 Configurations and minimum cross-sectional areas of air-termination
conductors, air-termination rods and down-conductors are given in below table
14:

Table 14: Material, configuration and minimum cross-sectional area of air-termination conductors,
air-termination rods, earth lead-in rods and down-conductors
Material Configuration Cross-sectional

area (sqmm)
Copper, Solid tape 50
Tin plated copper Solid roundb 50
Strandedb 50
Stranded roundc 176
Aluminium Solid tape 70
Solid round 50
Stranded 50
Aluminium Alloy Solid tape 50
Solid round 50
Stranded 50
Solid roundc 176
Copper coated aluminium alloy Solid round 50
Hot dipped galvanized steel Solid tape 50
Solid round 50
Stranded 50
Solid roundc 176
Copper coated steel Solid round 50
Solid tape 50
Stainless Steel Solid taped 50
Solid roundd 50
Stranded 70
Solid roundc 176
b 50mm2 (8mm diameter) may be reduced to 25mm 2 in certain applications
where mechanical strength is not an essential requirement. Consideration
should in this case, be given to reducing the spacing between the fasteners.
c Applicable for air-termination rods and earth lead-in rods. For all-termination
rods where mechanical stress such as wind loading is not critical, a 9.5mm
diameter, 1m long rod may be used.
d If thermal and mechanical considerations are important then these values
should be increased to 75mm2.

Configurations and minimum dimensions of earth electrodes are given in

below table 15:
Table 15: Material, configuration and minimum dimensions of earth
electrodese
Material Configuration Dimensions
Earth rod Earth Earth
diameter conductor plate
(mm) (mm2) (mm)
Copper, Stranded 50
Tin plated copper Solid round 15 50
Solid tape 50
Pipe 20
Solid plate 500 x 500
Lattice platec 600 x 600
Hot dipped Solid round 14 78
galvanized steel
Pipe 25
Solid tape 90
Solid plate 500 x 500
Lattice platec 600 x 600
Profile d
Bare steelb Stranded 70

Solid round 78
Solid tape 75
Copper coated Solid round 14f 50
steel
Solid tape 90
Stainless steel Solid round 15f 78
Solid tape 100
b Shall be embedded in concrete for a minimum depth of 50mm.
c Lattice plate constructed with a minimum total length of the conductor of
4.8m.
d Different profiles are permitted with a cross-section of 290mm2 and a
minimum thickness of 3mm, e.g. cross profile.
e In case of a type B arrangement foundation earthing system, the earth
electrode shall be correctly connected at least every 5m with the
reinforcement steel.
f In some countries the diameter may be reduced to 12.7mm.

2.3 LPS DESIGN FLOW DIAGRAM

(Ref: Figure E.1 of IS 62305-3: 2010)
Characteristics of the structure to be
protected
Risk assessment and determination of

required protection level
Selection of type of external LPS
Type of materials
(corrosion problems) Sizing of lightning Natural components
(flammable surfaces) protection components
Air-termination system
Horizontal roof-
Vertical air- Overhead air- Natural
conductors mesh
termination rods termination wires terminations
system
Down conductor system
Design of down- Concealed or Number required Natural

conductors exposed components
Earth termination system
Type B foundation Type A or type B earth Natural components

electrode electrodes
Internal LPS design
Bonding and screening Proximities and cable SPD

routing
LPS design drawings and specifications

CHAPTER 3
SURGE PROTECTION MEASURES FOR ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS WITHIN STRUCTURES
3.1 LIGHTNING ELECTROMAGNETIC IMPULSES (LEMP)

All electromagnetic effects of lightning current via resistive, inductive and
capacitive coupling that create surges and radiated electromagnetic fields are
termed as lightning electromagnetic impulses.
Permanent failure of electrical and electronic systems can be caused by the

Lightning electromagnetic impulse (LEMP) due to following:
a. conducted and induced surges transmitted to equipment via connecting
wiring,
b. the effects of radiated electromagnetic fields directly into equipment itself.
Surges to the structure can originate from sources external to the structure
or from within the structure itself:
a. surges which originate externally from the structure are created by
lightning flashes striking incoming lines (S3) or the nearby ground of
Incoming lines (S4), and are transmitted to electrical and electronic
systems within the structure via these lines,
b. Surges which originate internally within the structure are created by
lightning flashes striking the structure itself (S1) or the nearby ground of
the structure (S2).
c. Surges can also originate internally within the structure, from switching
effects, e.g. switching of inductive loads.
Electrical and electronic systems are subject to damage from a lightning

electromagnetic impulse (LEMP). Therefore, SPM (Surge Protective
Measures) need to be provided to avoid failure of internal systems.
For protection against the effects of radiated electromagnetic fields impinging

directly onto the equipment, SPM consisting of spatial shields and/or
shielded lines, combined with shielded equipment enclosures, should be used.
For protection against the effects of conducted and induced surges being
transmitted to the equipment via connection wiring, SPM consisting of a
coordinated SPD system should be used.
Failures due to electromagnetic fields impinging directly onto the equipment

can be considered negligible provided the equipment complies with the relevant
radio frequency emission and immunity EMC product standards.

3.2 BASIC SURGES PROTECTIVE MEASURES (SPM)

(Ref: para 4.4 of IS 62305-4:2010)
Basic protection measures against LEMP include:
a. Earthing and bonding: The earthing system conducts and disperses the
lightning current into the earth. The bonding network minimizes potential
differences and may reduce the magnetic field.
b. Magnetic shielding and line routing: Spatial shielding reduces the
magnetic field inside the LPZ, arising from lightning flashes direct to or
nearby the structure, and reduces internal surges.
Shielding of internal lines, using shielded cables or cable ducts,

minimizes internally induced surges.
Routing of internal lines can minimize induction loops and reduce internal
surges.
Shielding of external lines entering the structure reduces surges from

being conducted onto the internal systems.
c. Coordinated SPD system: A coordinated SPD system limits the effects

of externally originated and internally created surges.
d. Isolating interfaces: Isolating interfaces limits the effects of conducted
surges on lines entering the LPZ.
Earthing and bonding should always be ensured, in particular, bonding of

every conductive service directly or via an equipotential bonding SPD, at
the point of entry to the structure.
Lightning equipotential bonding (EB) will protect against dangerous sparking

only. Protection of internal systems against surges requires a coordinated
SPD system.
3.3 INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

(Ref: para 6 & E.6 of IS 62305-3:2010)
The external lightning protection system and its relationship to conductive parts
and installations inside the structure will determine, to a large extent, the need
for an internal lightning protection system.
Internal lightning protection system is part of the LPS consisting of lightning

equipotential bonding and/or electrical insulation of external LPS. The
internal LPS shall prevent the occurrence of dangerous sparking within the
structure to be protected due to lightning current flowing in the external LPS
or in other conductive parts of the structure.
Dangerous sparking may occur between the external LPS and other
components such as:
 metal installations,

 internal systems,
 external conductive parts and lines connected to the structure.
Dangerous sparking between different parts can be avoided by means of:

a. equipotential bonding or
b. electrical insulation between the parts
3.3.1 Lightning Equipotential Bonding

(Ref: para 6.2 of IS 62305-3:2010)
Equipotentialization is achieved by interconnecting the LPS with

 metal installations,
 internal systems,
 external conductive parts and lines connected to the structure.
When lightning equipotential bonding is established to internal systems, part of
the lightning current may flow into such systems and this effect shall be
taken into account.
Interconnecting means can be:
 bonding conductors, where the electrical continuity is not provided by
natural bonding,
 surge protective devices (SPDs), where direct connections with
bonding conductors are not feasible.
 isolating spark gaps (ISGs), where direct connections with bonding
conductors are not allowed.
Lightning equipotential bonding for external metalwork may also be
necessary.
Lightning equipotential bonding should be integrated and coordinated with
other equipotential bonding in the structure.
3.3.1.1 Lightning equipotential bonding for metal installations
For an external LPS which is not isolated, lightning equipotential bonding

shall be installed at the following locations:
a) in the basement or approximately at ground level. Bonding conductors
shall be connected to a bonding bar. The bonding bar shall be
connected to the earth-termination system. For large structures
(typically more than 20 m in length), a ring bonding bar may be used
or more than one bonding bar can be installed, provided that they are
interconnected;
b) where insulation requirements are not fulfilled.
The minimum values of the cross-section of the bonding conductors

and bars are given in below table 16 (ref: table 1 of : IS 62305-4: 2010)

Table 16: Minimum dimensions of bonding conductors and bonding bars
Bonding component Material a Cross-

section b
mm2
Bonding bars (copper, copper coated steel or Copper, 50
galvanised steel) Steel
Connecting conductors from bonding bars to the Copper 16
earthing system or to other bonding bars (carrying Aluminium 25
the full or a significant part of lightning current)
Steel 50
Connecting conductors from internal metal Copper 6
installations to bonding bars (carrying a partial Aluminium 10
lightning current)
Steel 16
Earthing conductors to Class I Copper 16
the SPD (carrying the full Class II 6
or a significant part of
lightning current)c Class III 1
Other SPDs d 1
a Other material used should have cross-sections ensuring equivalent

resistance.
b In some countries, smaller conductor sizes may be used, provided that
they fulfil the thermal and mechanical requirements-see Annex D of IEC
62305-1:2010.
c For SPDs used in power applications, additional information for
connecting conductors is given in IEC 60364-5-53 and IEC 61643-12.
d Other SPDs include SPDs used in telecommunication and signalling
systems.
3.3.1.2 Lightning equipotential bonding for External Conductive Parts

For external conductive parts, lightning equipotential bonding shall be
established as near as possible to the point of entry into the structure to be
protected.
Bonding conductors shall be capable of withstanding the part IF of the
lightning current flowing through them.
If direct bonding is not acceptable, ISGs (isolating spark gaps) shall be used.
ISGs shall have the following characteristics:
a. Iimp ≥ IF where IF is the lightning current flowing along the considered
external conductive parts.
b. the rated impulse spark over voltage URIMP lower than the impulse
withstand level of insulation between parts.
When equipotential bonding is required, but an LPS is not required, the earth-
termination of the low voltage electrical installation can be used for this purpose.

3.3.1.3 Lightning equipotential bonding for internal systems

It is imperative that lightning equipotential bonding is installed as mentioned
above.
If cables of internal systems are screened or located in metal conduits, it
may be sufficient to bond only these screens and conduits.
Bonding of screens and conduits may not avoid failure due to over-voltages of
equipment connected to the cables.
If cables of internal systems are neither screened nor located in metal
conduits, they shall be bonded via SPDs.
In TN systems, PE and PEN conductors shall be bonded to the LPS
directly or with an SPD.
Bonding conductors shall have the same current withstand as for ISGs.
SPDs shall comply with IEC 61643 and shall have the following characteristics:
a. tested with Iimp ≥ kc l
where kc l is the lightning current flowing along the relevant part of the
external LPS
b. the protection level UP lower than the impulse withstand level of
insulation between parts.
If protection of internal systems against surges is required, a coordinated

SPD system shall be used.
Internal and external conductive parts that have no electrical function
should be bonded directly.
All electrical connections (power and signal) should be bonded by means
of SPDs.
Metal installations, i.e. water, gas, heating and air pipes, lift shafts, crane
supports etc. shall be bonded together and to the LPS at ground level.
A bonding bar arrangement is shown in below figure:

1 Power to user 7 Central heating system

2 Power meter 8 Electronic appliances
3 House connection box 9 Screen of antenna cable
4 Power from utility 10 Equipotential bonding bar
5 Gas 11 SPD
6 Water 12 ISG
M Meter
Figure 19: Example of an equipotential bonding arrangement
3.3.1.4 Lightning equipotential bonding for lines connected

Lightning equipotential bonding for electrical and telecommunication lines
shall be installed in accordance with 3.3.1.2. All the conductors of each line
should be bonded directly or with an SPD.
Live conductors shall only be bonded to the bonding bar via an SPD. In
TN systems, PE or PEN conductors shall be bonded directly or via an
SPD to the bonding bar.
If lines are screened or routed into metal conduits, these screens and
conduits shall be bonded.
Lightning equipotential bonding of the cable screens or of the conduits shall
be performed near the point where they enter the structure.
Bonding conductors shall have the same current withstand as indicated
in 3.3.1.2 for ISGs.

SPDs shall comply with IEC 61643-11 and IEC 61643-12 and shall have the
following characteristics:
a. tested with Iimp ≥ IF, where IF is the lightning current flowing along the lines.
b. the protection level UP lower than the impulse withstand level of
insulation between parts.
If protection against surges of internal systems connected to lines
entering the structure is required, a coordinated SPD system shall be
used.
When equipotential bonding is required, but an LPS is not required, the earth-
termination of the low voltage electrical installation can be used for this
purpose.
3.4 CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS ACCORDING TO RISK OF

LIGHTNING (AQ)
(Ref: table 7 of IS 732:2019)
Table 17: Classification of Buildings According to Lightning (keraunic level)

Code External Characteristics Required for selection and
Influences Erection of Equipment
AQ Lightning
AQ1 Negligible Normal ≤ 25 days per year or result of risk
assessment in accordance with
4.5.3 of IS 732: 2019
AQ2 Indirect Normal > 25 days per year or result of risk
exposure assessment in accordance with
4.5.3 of IS 732: 2019
AQ3 Direct exposure Hazard from If lightning protection is
exposure of necessary, it shall be arranged
equipment according to IEC 62305
3.5 PROTECTION AGAINST OVERVOLTAGES OF ATMOSPHERIC ORIGIN

OR DUE TO SWITCHING
(Ref: para 4.5.3 of IS 732:2019)
In general, switching over-voltages are lower than over-voltages of

atmospheric origin and, therefore, the requirements regarding protection
against over-voltages of atmospheric origin normally cover protection
against switching over-voltages.
Consideration shall be given to the overvoltages which can appear at the origin
of an installation, to the expected keraunic level (AQ level) and to the location
and characteristics of surge protective devices, so that the probability of
incidents due to overvoltage stresses is reduced to an acceptable level for
the safety of persons and property, as well as for the continuity of service
desired.

The values of transient overvoltages depend on the nature of the supply

distribution system (underground or overhead) and the possible existence
of a surge protective device upstream of the origin of the installation and the
voltage level of the supply system.
3.5.1 Classification of impulse withstand voltages (overvoltage categories)

(Ref: para 4.5.3.2 of IS 732:2019)
The rated impulse withstand voltage is an impulse withstand voltage

assigned by the manufacturer to the equipment or to a part of it, describing the
specified withstand capability of its insulation against overvoltages.
Overvoltage categories are defined within electrical installations for the

purpose of insulation co-ordination and a related classification of equipment
with impulse withstand voltages as shown in table 18 given below:
Table 18: Required rated impulse withstand voltage of Equipment
Nominal voltage Required Impulse Withstand Voltage for3)

of the installation
(kV)
(V)
Three- Single- Equipment at Equipment of Appliances Specially

Phase phase the origin of distribution and current- protected
System Systems the and final using equipment
2)
with installation circuits equipment (Overvoltage
Middle (Overvoltage (Overvoltage (Overvoltage category I)
Point category IV) category III) category II)
- 120-240 4 2.5 1.5 0.8
230/ -- 6 4 2.5 1.5

400 *
400/ - 8 6 4 2.5
690
1000 - 12 8 6 4
*
This impulse withstand voltage is applied between live conductors and PE.
The impulse withstand voltage (overvoltage category) is used to classify

equipment energized directly from the mains.
By selection of equipment with a classified impulse withstand voltage, insulation

coordination can be achieved in the whole installation, reducing the risk of
failure to an acceptable level.
For LV installations, required overvoltage category according to their
locations are given in below table 19:

Table 19: Required overvoltage category (Ref: 4.5.3.2.2 of IS 732: 2019)

overvoltage Applicable Location Examples of Equipment in
category fixed installation
overvoltage At or in the proximity of the electricity meters, primary
category IV origin of the installation, overcurrent protection devices
upstream of the main and ripple control units.
distribution board
overvoltage fixed installation downstream of distribution boards, circuit-
category III and including the main breakers, wiring systems
distribution board including cables, bus-bars,
junction boxes, switches,
socket-outlets)
overvoltage connection to the fixed household appliances and
category II electrical installation current- similar loads
using equipment
overvoltage fixed installation of buildings equipment are those
category I where protective means are containing electronic circuits
applied outside the equipment like computers, appliances
to limit transient overvoltage to with electronic programmes
the specified level
Equipment with an impulse withstand voltage corresponding to overvoltage

category I shall not have direct connection to a public supply system.
3.5.2 Requirements of Overvoltage Control

(Ref: para 4.5.3.3 of IS 732:2019)
3.5.2.1 Inherent overvoltage control

(Ref: para 4.5.3.3.1 of IS 732:2019)
a. Where an installation is supplied by a completely buried low-voltage

system and does not include overhead lines, the impulse withstand
voltage of equipment in accordance with table 18 above is sufficient and
no specific protection against over voltages of atmospheric origin is
necessary. A suspended cable having insulated conductors with
earthed metallic screen is considered as equivalent to an underground
cable.
b. Where an installation is supplied by or includes a low voltage overhead line
and the keraunic level is lower than or equal to 25 days per year (AQ 1),
no specific protection against over voltages of atmospheric origin is
required.
In above both cases, consideration regarding protection against

transient over voltages shall be given to equipment with an impulse
withstand voltage according to overvoltage category I (table 18).

3.5.2.2 Protective overvoltage control (Ref: para 4.5.3.3.2 of IS 732:2019)

Where an installation is supplied by, or includes, an overhead line, and the
keraunic level of the location is greater than 25 days per year (AQ 2),
protection against overvoltages of atmospheric origin is required.
The protection level of the protective device (SPD etc.) shall not be higher
than the level of overvoltage category II, given in table 18.
The overvoltage level may be controlled by surge protective devices
applied close to the origin of the installation, either in the overhead lines or in
the building installation.
The following are different consequential levels of protection:
a. consequences related to human life, for example, safety services,
medical equipment in hospitals,
b. consequences related to public services, for example, loss of public
services, IT centres, museums,
c. consequences to commercial or industrial activity, for example,
hotels, banks, industries, commercial markets, farms,
d. consequences to groups of individuals, for example, large residential
buildings, churches, offices, schools, and
e. consequences to individuals, for example, residential buildings, small
offices.
For levels of consequences (a) to (c), protection against overvoltage shall

be provided. There is no need to perform a risk assessment calculation.
3.6 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES

(Ref: para 6.1 of IEC 61643-12:2020)
Surge protective devices (SPD) is a device which is intended to limit transient

over voltages and divert surge currents. SPD protects electrical and
electronic equipment from heavy transient voltages known as Surges or
Impulses. It shall contain at least one non-linear component.
SPDs should withstand the prospective part of the lightning current
flowing through them without being damaged.
An SPD should also have the ability to extinguish electrical power follow-on
currents from the power supply if they are connected to the electrical power
conductors.
Functioning of SPDs in power systems can be described as follows:
 In the absence of surges, the SPD shall not have a significant
influence on the operational characteristics of the system to which it is
applied.
 During the occurrence of surges, the SPD responds to surges by
lowering its impedance and thus diverting surge current through it to
limit the voltage. The surges could initiate a power follow current
through the SPD depending on the SPD design (SPD with power follow
current).

 After the occurrence of surges, the SPD recovers to a high-

impedance state after the surges and extinguishes any possible power
follow current.
3.6.1 COORDINATED SPD SYSTEM

(Ref: para 7 of IS 62305-4:2010)
Lightning surges frequently cause failure of electrical and electronic systems

due to insulation breakdown or when over-voltages exceed the equipment’s
common mode insulation level.
Equipment is protected if its rated impulse withstand voltage UW at its
terminals (common mode withstand voltage) is greater than the surge
overvoltage between the live conductors and earth. If not, an SPD must be
installed.
• The protection of internal systems against surges requires a systematic
approach consisting of coordinated SPDs for both power and signal
lines.
• In SPM using the lightning protection zones concept with more than one
inner LPZ (LPZ 1, LPZ 2 and higher), SPD(s) shall be located at the line
entrance into each LPZ.
• In SPM using LPZ 1 only, an SPD shall be located at the line entrance into
LPZ 1 at least.
• In both cases, additional SPDs may be required if the distance between the
location of the SPD and the equipment being protected is long.
3.6.2 TYPES & TEST CLASSES OF SPD

(Ref: para 3 of IS 62305-4:2010 and 6.3 of IEC 61643-12:2020)
Surge protective devices are classified according to IEC 61643-11 as follows:
Table 20: SPD Classification parameters

Classification criteria Classification
SPD Class of test I, II, III
Design topology voltage-switching, voltage-limiting or
combination
Number of ports one or two
Location indoor (inside closed shelters) or outdoor (outside
closed shelters)
Accessibility accessible, inaccessible (out-of-reach means no
access to live parts without the use of tools or
other equipment)
Mounting method fixed or portable
Dis-connector location (external, internal, both external and
internal, none) and protection functions (thermal,
leakage current, overcurrent)
Overcurrent protection specified or not
Degree of protection provided by the SPD enclosure (IP)
Temperature range normal or extended

3.6.2.1 SPD tested with Iimp (Class I)

SPDs which withstand the partial lightning current with a typical waveform
10/350 µs and require a corresponding impulse test current Iimp.
3.6.2.2 SPD tested with In (Class II)

SPDs which withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform 8/20
µs and require a corresponding impulse test current In.
3.6.2.3 SPD tested with a combination wave (Class III)

SPDs that withstand induced surge currents with a typical waveform 8/20
ms and require a corresponding impulse test current ISC.
3.6.2.4 Voltage-switching type SPD

SPD that has a high impedance when no surge is present, but can have a
sudden change in impedance to a low value in response to a voltage
surge.
Common examples of components used as voltage switching devices include
spark gaps, gas discharge tubes (GDT), thyristors (silicon controlled rectifiers)
and triacs. These SPDs are sometimes called "crowbar type”. A voltage-
switching device has a discontinuous voltage/current characteristic.
3.6.2.5 Voltage-limiting type SPD

SPD that has a high impedance when no surge is present, but will reduce it
continuously with increased surge current and voltage.
Common examples of components used as non-linear devices are varistors
and suppressor diodes. These SPDs are sometimes called "clamping type“.
A voltage-limiting device has a continuous voltage/current characteristic.
3.6.2.6 Combination type SPD

SPD that incorporates both voltage-switching and voltage-limiting type
components and that may exhibit voltage-switching, voltage-limiting or both
voltage-switching and voltage-limiting behaviour, depending upon the
characteristics of the applied voltage.
3.6.2.7 One-port SPD

(Ref: para 3.1.21 of IEC 61643-12:2020)
SPD having no intended series impedance. one port SPD may have separate
input and output terminals.

Key
a One-port SPDs
b One port SPD with separate input and output terminals
c Generic symbol for a one-port SPD
Figure 20: Example of One port SPDs
3.6.2.8 Two-port SPD

(Ref: para 3.1.22 of IEC 61643-12:2020)
SPD having a specific series impedance connected between separate input

and output terminals.

Key
a Three treminal two port SPD
b Four terminal two port SPD
c Generic symbol for two port SPD
z Series impedance between input and output terminals
Figure 21: Examples of two port SPDs
3.7 SELECTION AND ERECTION OF SPDS IN BUILDING INSTALLATIONS

3.7.1 Use of SPDs
(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.1 of IS 732:2019)
The protection against over voltages of atmospheric origin (caused by indirect,

distant lightning strokes) and switching over voltages are explained in para 3.5
of this chapter. This protection is normally provided by the installation of test
class II SPDs and if necessary test class III SPDs.
If required, SPDs shall be installed near the origin of the installation or in
the main distribution assembly, closest to the origin of the installation inside
the building.
The use of Surge Protection Device (SPD) depends on their withstand

capability. SPDs are to be used according to their installation position are as
follows:

a. At the line entrance into the structure (at the boundary of LPZ 1, e.g. at the
main distribution board MB):
 SPD tested with Iimp (typical current shape 10/350), e.g. SPD tested
according to Class I,
 SPD tested with In (typical current shape 8/20), e.g. SPD tested
according to Class II.
b. Close to the apparatus to be protected (at the boundary of LPZ 2 and
higher, e.g. at a secondary distribution board SB, or at a socket outlet SA):
 SPD tested with Iimp (typical current shape 10/350), e.g. SPD tested
according to Class I for power SPDs),
 SPD tested with In (typical current shape 8/20), e.g. SPD tested
according to Class II),
 SPD tested with a combination wave (typical current shape 8/20), e.g.
SPD tested according to Class III
Additional SPDs may be necessary to protect sensitive equipment. Such SPDs

shall be coordinated with the SPDs installed upstream.
Lightning is going to strike and we don't know how it will be, so for the purpose
of testing and measurement, standard has defined two types of current
impulses, first one is 10 by 350 microsecond current impulse, second one is 8
by 20 microsecond current impulse.
10 by 350 microsecond is basically equivalent impulse current of a positive

lightning current that means if we have to define a lightning impulse it will be
defined in terms of 10 by 350 microsecond the positive lightning current,
second one is 8 by 20 micro second, which is an equivalent current of a transient

over voltage, that means the surges which are going to generate due to some
transient switching or some other coupling of lightning, those surges can be
defined as 8 by 20 micro second.
In figure below, a normal waveform of a 10 by 350 microsecond current impulse

is shown, this particular impulse goes from zero to hundred percent of its peak
value in 10 microseconds and from a hundred percent of its peak value to 50
percent of the crest value in 350 microseconds, hence it is called as 10 by 350
microsecond waveform.
Similarly, 8 by 20 microsecond waveform is that in first 8 microseconds it

reaches its peak and next 20 microsecond it comes down to half of its crest
value.

Figure 22: Impulse Current Shape 8/20 & 10/350 microsecond

From the waveform it is very clear that lightning impulse has a very high specific
energy and charge so it can create more damage to electrical system when
compared to an 8 by 20 microsecond waveform.
3.7.2 Connections of SPDs

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.2 and Annex AA, BB of IS 732:2019)
SPDs at or near the origin of the installation shall be connected at least between
the following points:
a. if there is a direct connection between the neutral conductor and the PE at
or near the origin of the installation or if there is no neutral conductor:
— between each line conductor and either the main earthing terminal or the
main protective conductor, whichever is the shortest route, as shown below:

3 Main earthing terminal or bar F1 Protective device at the origin of the

installation
4 SPDs providing protection F2 Protective device required by the
against over voltages of category manufacturer of the SPD
II
5 Earthing connection of SPDs, RA Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of
either 5a or 5b the installation
6 Equipment to be protected RB Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of
the supply system
Figure 23: SPDs in TN System
b. if there is no direct connection between the neutral conductor and the PE at

or near the origin of the installation, then either
— between each line conductor and either the main earthing terminal or the
main protective conductor, and between the neutral conductor and either the
main earthing terminal or the protective conductor, whichever is the shortest
route – connection type 1, this is also called as 4+0 connection, or

3 Main earthing terminal or bar F1 Protective device at the origin of the

installation
4 SPDs providing protection F2 Protective device required by the
against over voltages of category manufacturer of the SPD
II
5 Earthing connection of SPDs, RA Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of
either 5a and/ or 5b the installation
6 Equipment to be protected RB Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of
the supply system
7 Residual current protective device (RCD)
Figure 24: SPDs on the load side of a RCD (connection type-1) in TT system
— between each line conductor and the neutral conductor and between the
neutral conductor and either the main earthing terminal or the protective
conductor, whichever route is shorter – connection type 2, this is called as
3+1 connection.

3 Main earthing terminal or bar F1 Protective device at the origin of the installation
4 SPD 4a SPD (a combination 4-4a, F2 Protective device required by the manufacturer of
providing protection against the SPD
overvoltage of category II)
5 Earthing connection of SPDs, either RA Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of the
5a and/ or 5b installation
6 Equipment to be protected RB Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of the
supply system
7 Residual current protective device (RCD), placed either upstream or downstream of the
busbars
Figure 25: SPDs on the supply side of RCD (connection type-2) in TT system
3 Main earthing terminal or bar F1 Protective device at the origin of the installation
4 SPD providing protection against F2 Protective device required by the manufacturer
overvoltage of category II of the SPD
5 Earthing connection of SPDs, either RA Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of the
5a and/ or 5b installation
6 Equipment to be protected RB Earthing electrode (earthing resistance) of the
supply system
7 Residual current protective device (RCD),
Figure 26: SPDs on the load side of a RCD in IT system

Table 21: Connection of Surge Protective Devices As per System Configuration
SPDs System configuration at the installation point of SPD

connected
TT TN- TN-S IT with distributed IT without
between
C neutral distributed
Installation according to Installation according to Installation according to neutral
Connection Connection Connection Connection Connection Connection
type-1 type-2 type-1 type-2 type-1 type-2
Each line +  NA +  +  NA
conductor
and neutral
conductor
Each line  NA NA - NA  NA 
conductor
and PE
conductor
Neutral   NA     NA
conductor
and PE
conductor
Each line NA NA  NA NA NA NA NA
conductor
and PEN
conductor
Line + + + + + + + +
conductors
 - Mandatory
NA - Not Applicable
+ - optional, in addition
3.7.3 Selection of SPDs

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.3 of IS 732:2019)
3.7.3.1 Selection with regard to protection level (Up)
The protection level Up of SPDs shall be selected in accordance with impulse
withstand voltage category II of Table 18.
For example, in 230/400 V installations, the protection level Up shall not
exceed 2.5 kV.
When connection type 2 is used, the above requirements also apply to the total
protection level between line conductors and PE.
When the required protection level cannot be reached with a single set of
SPDs, additional, coordinated SPDs shall be applied to ensure the required
protection level.
3.7.3.2 Selection with regard to Continuous Operating Voltage (Uc)
The minimum continuous operating voltage Uc of SPDs shall be equal to or

higher than shown in the below table 22:

Table 22: Minimum Required Uc of the SPD Dependent on Supply System Configuration
SPDs connected System configuration of Distribution Network

between
TT TN-C TN-S IT with IT without
distributed distributed neutral
neutral
line conductor and neutral 1.1 Uo NA 1.1 Uo 1.1 Uo NA
conductor
Each line conductor and PE 1.1 Uo NA 1.1 Uo 3 Uo 1) Line-to-line voltage 1)
conductor
Neutral conductor and PE Uo 1) NA Uo 1) Uo 1) NA
conductor
Each line conductor and NA 1.1 Uo NA NA NA
PEN conductor
NA – Not Applicable
Note: Uo is the line to neutral voltage of the low voltage system.
1) These values are related to worst case fault conditions, therefore the tolerance of 10 percent
is not taken into account.
3.7.3.3 Selection with regard to Temporary Overvoltages (TOVs)
The SPDs selected shall withstand the temporary overvoltages due to faults
within low-voltage systems. To fail safely in case of TOVs due to earth faults
within the high-voltage system, the SPDs connected to the PE shall pass the
test as per IS/IEC 61643.
3.7.3.4 Selection with regard to Discharge current (In) and Impulse Current (Iimp)
If internal lightening protection system requires SPDs, the nominal
discharge current (In) shall not be less than 5 kA 8/20 for each mode of
protection.
In case of installation having type 2 connection, the nominal discharge
current (In) for the SPD connected between the neutral conductor and the
PE shall not be less than 20 kA 8/20 for three-phase systems and 10 kA
8/20 for single-phase systems.
If internal lightening protection system requires SPDs, the lightning
impulse current (Iimp) shall be calculated and. If the current value cannot be
established, it shall not be less than 12.5 kA for each mode of protection.
In case of an installation having type 2 connection, the lightning impulse
current (Iimp) for the SPD connected between the neutral conductor and the
PE shall be calculated. If the current value cannot be established, it shall not
be less than 50 kA for three-phase systems and 25 kA for single-phase
systems.
When a single SPD is used for protection, the rating of In and of Iimp shall be
in agreement with the above values.

3.7.3.5 Selection with regard to expected short circuit current
The short-circuit withstand of the SPDs (in case of SPD failure) together with
the specified associated (internal or external) overcurrent protective
device shall be equal to or higher than the maximum short-circuit current
expected at the point of installation taking into account the maximum
overcurrent protective devices specified by the SPD manufacturer.
In addition, when a follow current interrupting rating is declared by the

manufacturer, it shall be equal to or higher than the expected short-circuit
current at the point of installation.
SPDs connected between the neutral conductor and the PE in TT- or TN-
systems, which allow a power frequency follow-up current after operation
(for example, spark gaps) shall have a follow current interrupting rating
greater or equal to 100 A.
1 Origin of the installation 7 Fixed equipment to be protected
2 Distribution board 8 SPD, test class II
3 Distribution outlet 9 SPD, test class II or III
4 Main earthing terminal or bar
5 SPD, test class I F1, Overcurrent protective devices

F2,
6 Earthing connection (earthing F3
conductor) of SPD
Note:
1 Reference should be made to IS/IEC 61643-12 for further information
2 SPD 5 and 8 can be combined in a single SPD
Figure 27: Installation of Class I, II and III tested SPDs

3.7.4 Protection against overcurrent and consequences of an SPD failure

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.4 of IS 732:2019)
There are two additional requirements for SPD, first one is protection of SPD
against the direct contact and second one is safety in the event of SPD failure.
It means once SPD is connected in a system or during the event where SPD
comes to end of its life that means when SPD is about to fail there are two
possibilities:
 first possibility is SPD can fail in an open circuit condition, in that

condition there is no problem SPD is going to just disconnect itself from
the system.
 second possibility is SPD fails in a short circuit mode, once a SPD fails
in a short circuit mode, there is a short circuit current which flows from
the power source through the SPD. During the conduction of this short
circuited SPD, current can be excessive high and can cause a fire
hazard hence SPD manufacturer should ensure that their SPD should
fail safe.
Protection against SPD’s short-circuits is provided by the overcurrent

protective devices F2 (see figures under 3.7.2) which are to be selected
according to the maximum recommended rating for the overcurrent protective
device given in the manufacturer’s SPD instructions.
If the overcurrent protective devices F1 (which are part of the installation, see
figures under 3.7.2) have a rating smaller than or equal to the maximum
recommended rating for the overcurrent protective devices F2, then F2 can
be omitted.
The cross-sectional area of conductors connecting the overcurrent

protective devices to the line conductors shall be rated according to the
maximum possible short circuit current.
Depending on the location of protective devices used to disconnect the SPD

in case of SPD failure, priority may be given either to the continuity of
supply or to the continuity of protection.
In all cases, the discrimination between protective devices shall be

ensured:
a. If protective devices are installed in the SPD circuit, the continuity of

the supply is ensured, but neither the installation nor the equipment is
protected against possible further overvoltages (see figure below). These
protective devices may be internal dis-connectors.

PD Protective device of the SPD

SPD Surge protective device
E/I Equipment or installation to be protected against over-voltages
Figure 28: Priority to the continuity of supply
b. If protective devices are inserted in the installation upstream of the circuit

where SPDs are installed, the failure of the SPD may cause interruption
of supply. The circuit interruption will last until the SPD is replaced (see
figure below).
Figure 29: Priority to the continuity of protection
c. In order to increase the reliability and the probability of having at the same
time continuity of supply and continuity of protection, it is permitted to
use the scheme described below in figure:

Figure 30: Combination of continuity of supply and continuity of protection

In this case, two identical SPDs (SPD1 and SPD2) are connected to two
identical protective devices (PD1 and PD2). The failure mode of one of the
SPDs (for example, SPD1) will not influence the effectiveness of the second
SPD (for example, SPD2) and will lead to the operation of its own protective
device (for example, PD1).
3.7.5 Protection against indirect contact

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.5 of IS 732:2019)
Protection against indirect contact shall remain effective in the protected

installation even in case of failures of SPDs.
In case of automatic disconnection of supply:
a. in TN systems, this may be fulfilled by the overcurrent device on the supply
side of the SPD,
b. in TT systems this may be fulfilled by either,
i. the installation of SPDs on the load side of an RCD (see figure 24,
connection type 1)
or
 the installation of SPDs on the supply side of an RCD. Because of
the possibility of the failure of an SPD between N and PE conductors,
conditions of TT system shall be met, and
 the SPD shall be installed in accordance connection type 2. (see
figure 25)
c. in IT systems, no additional measure is needed.

3.7.6 SPD installation in conjunction with RCDs

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.6 of IS 732:2019)
If SPDs are installed on the load side of a RCD, a RCD with or without time
delay, but having an immunity to surge currents of at least 3 kA 8/20 shall
be used.
 S-type RCDs satisfy this requirement.
 In the case of surge current higher than 3 kA 8/20, the RCD may trip causing
interruption of the power supply.
3.7.7 Measurement of the insulation resistance

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.7 of IS 732:2019)
During the measurement of the insulation resistance of the installation for
verification, SPDs installed at or near the origin of the installation or in a
distribution board and not rated for the test voltage of the insulation
measurement may be disconnected.
In the case where SPDs connected to the PE conductor are part of a socket
outlet, they shall withstand the test voltage for measuring the insulation
resistance.
3.7.8 SPD status indication

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.8 of IS 732:2019)
Indication that the SPD no longer provides overvoltage protection shall be
provided:
a. either by an SPD status indicator, and
b. or by a separate SPD protective device (Overcurrent Protective
Device).
3.7.9 Connecting conductors

(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.9 of IS 732:2019)
Connecting conductors are the conductors from the line conductor to the
SPD and from the SPD to the MET or to the protective conductor.
Because increasing the length of the connecting conductors of SPDs

reduces the effectiveness of overvoltage protection, optimum overvoltage
protection is achieved when all connecting conductors of SPDs are as short
as possible (preferably not exceeding 0.5 m for the total lead length) and
without any loops (see figure below).

Figure 31: Example of Installation of SPDs at or near the origin of the Installation
If distance a + b (see above figure) cannot be reduced below 0.5 m, the
scheme shown in below figure (one end of SPD directly mounted on bus bar)
may be adopted.
Figure 32: Example of Installation of SPDs at or near the origin of the Installation
3.7.10 Cross-section of earthing conductors
(Ref: para 5.3.5.2.10 of IS 732:2019)
The earthing conductors of SPDs at or near the origin of the installation shall
have a minimum cross-sectional area of 4 sqmm copper or equivalent.
When there is a lightning protection system, a minimum cross-sectional

area of 16 sqmm copper or equivalent is necessary for SPDs tested in
accordance with test class I of IS/IEC 61643-1.

3.8 HOW SPD CREATES EQUIPOTENTIALIZATION:

It is important point that is how SPD is connected in electrical system. See below
connections:
Figure 33: SPD type 2 connections

In a normal state SPD is a parallel device with open circuited.
Suppose there was a lightning strike or some other case there was a surge
through Earth so once there was a surge through earth, earth will be at a very
high potential suppose it was on 50 kilovolts. Now since Earth is at 50 kilovolts,
there is a potential difference between neutral and Earth and if there was no
SPD, because of this potential difference electrical equipment is going to fail.
Now if SPD have been installed, this particular potential difference is more than
the voltage protection level of SPD that means the threshold voltage of SPD, so
because of this higher potential difference SPD-4 is going to operate.
Figure 34: Earth potential rise in case of lightning

Once SPD-4 operates, it creates a short circuit, now because of the short circuit, this
voltage which was at Earth at earlier will now be reflected at neutral also so now neutral
and PE are at the same potential i.e. equipotential.
Figure 35: Neutral and PE are at the same potential

but still there is a potential difference between neutral and lines (R, Y, B), because of
this potential difference SPD-1, SPD-2 and SPD-3 operate simultaneously, then
because of this operation the voltage which was at neutral is again reaching to lines
R, Y and B.
Figure 36: Equipotential by operation of SPD1,2,3 and 4

Now complete system is at Equipotential, RYB and neutral is at same potential so there
won't be any potential difference across the load and load is not going to fail.
This whole thing which has happened here, has to happen at a very short duration,
say a few nanoseconds which is very less with compare to a normal switching surge
will be for 28 microseconds.
So SPD will do basically two purposes one creating the equipotential and second it
has to divert the surge current.

Annexure
Terms and definitions
Term Symbol Definition
lightning current i current flowing at the point of strike
current peak value I maximum value of the lightning current
average steepness Δi/Δt average rate of change of current within a time interval
of the front of (Δt = t2 – t1).
impulse current It is expressed by the difference Δi = i(t2) – i(t1) of the
values of the current at the start and at the end of this
interval, divided by the time interval Δt = t2 – t1
front time of T1 virtual parameter defined as 1.25 times the time interval
impulse current between the instants when the 10 % and 90 % of the
peak value are reached.
virtual origin of O1 point of intersection with time axis of a straight line

impulse current drawn through the 10 % and the 90 % reference points
on the stroke current front, it precedes by 0.1 T1 that
instant at which the current attains 10 % of its peak
value.
time to half value T2 virtual parameter defined as the time interval between
on the tail of the virtual origin O1 and the instant at which the current
impulse current has decreased to half the peak value on the tail
flash duration T time for which the lightning current flows at the point of
strike
duration of long TLONG time duration during which the current in a long stroke
stroke current is between 10 % of the peak value during the increase
of the continuing current and 10 % of the peak value
during the decrease of the continuing current.
flash charge QFLASH value resulting from the time integral of the lightning
current for the entire lightning flash duration.
impulse charge QSHORT value resulting from the time integral of the lightning
current in an impulse
long stroke charge QLONG value resulting from the time integral of the lightning
current in a long stroke
specific energy W/R value resulting from the time integral of the square of
the lightning current for the entire flash duration.

It represents the energy dissipated by the lightning

current in a unit resistance.
lightning LEMP all electromagnetic effects of lightning current via

electromagnetic resistive, inductive and capacitive coupling that create
impulse surges and radiated electromagnetic fields.
surge transient created by LEMP that appears as an

overvoltage and/or an overcurrent.
lightning LPZ zone where the lightning electromagnetic environment

protection zone is defined
risk R value of probable average annual loss (humans and

goods) due to lightning, relative to the total value
(humans and goods) of the structure to be protected
tolerable risk RT maximum value of the risk which can be tolerated for
the structure to be protected
lightning LPL number related to a set of lightning current parameters

protection level values relevant to the probability that the associated
maximum and minimum design values will not be
exceeded in naturally occurring lightning
lightning LP complete system for protection of structures against

protection lightning, including their internal systems and
contents, as well as persons, in general consisting of
an LPS and SPM.
lightning LPS complete system used to reduce physical damage due

protection system to lightning flashes to a structure
LEMP protection SPM measures taken to protect internal systems against

measures the effects of LEMP
magnetic shield closed, metallic, grid-like or continuous screen

enveloping the structure to be protected, or part of it,
used to reduce failures of electrical and electronic
systems
surge protective SPD device intended to limit transient over-voltages and

device divert surge currents, contains at least one non-linear
component.
coordinated SPD SPDs properly selected, coordinated and installed to

system form a system intended to reduce failures of electrical
and electronic systems.
rated impulse UW impulse withstand voltage assigned by the

withstand voltage manufacturer to the equipment or to a part of it,

characterizing the specified withstand capability of its

insulation against over-voltages.
isolating devices which are capable of reducing conducted

interfaces surges on lines entering the LPZ. These include
isolation transformers with earthed screen
between windings, metal-free fibre optic cables
and opto-isolators.
lightning EB bonding to LPS of separated metallic parts, by direct

equipotential conductive connections or via surge protective
bonding devices, to reduce potential differences caused by
lightning current
node point on a line from which onward surge propagation

can be assumed to be neglected. Examples of nodes
are a point on a power line branch distribution at an
HV/LV transformer or on a power substation,
continuous Ic current flowing through each mode of protection of the

operating current SPD when energized at the maximum continuous
of SPD operating voltage (Uc) for each mode
maximum Uc Maximum RMS voltage which may be continuously

continuous applied to the SPD’s mode of protection
operating voltage
of SPD
voltage protection Up maximum voltage to be expected at the SPD terminals

level of SPD due to an impulse stress with defined voltage
steepness and an impulse stress with a discharge
current with given amplitude and waveshape
effective voltage Up/f voltage at the connection point of the SPD assembly
protection level resulting from the voltage protection level of the SPD
and the voltage drop across a disconnector and
connecting leads, if present
measured limiting highest value of voltage that is measured across the

voltage of SPD terminals of the SPD during the application of
impulses of specified waveshape and amplitude
residual voltage of Ures crest value of voltage that appears between the
SPD terminals of an SPD due to the passage of discharge
current
impulse discharge Iimp crest value of a discharge current through the SPD
current for class I with specified charge transfer Q and specified energy
test of SPD W/R in the specified time
nominal discharge In crest value of the current through the SPD having a
current for class II current wave shape of 8/20
test of SPD

8/20 current current impulse with a virtual front time of 8 μs and a

impulse time to half value of 20 μs
122/50 voltage voltage impulse with a virtual front time of 1.2 μs and a
impulse time to half-value of 50 μs
short-circuit ISCCR maximum prospective short-circuit current from the

current rating of power system for which the SPD, in conjunction with
SPD the disconnector specified, is rated
follow current of If peak current supplied by the electrical power system

SPD and flowing through the SPD after a discharge current
impulse
maximum Imax crest value of a current through the SPD having an

discharge current 8/20 waveshape and magnitude according to the
manufacturer’s specification
SPD disconnector device for disconnecting an SPD, or part of an SPD,

(disconnector) from the power system
Class I tests tests carried out with the impulse discharge current
Iimp, with an 8/20 current impulse having a crest value
equal to the crest value of Iimp, and, if relevant, with a
1.2/50 voltage impulse
class II tests tests carried out with the nominal discharge current In,
and if relevant, with a 1.2/50 voltage impulse
class III tests tests carried out with a 1.2/50 voltage – 8/20 current
combination wave generator

REFERENCES
1. IS IEC 62305-1: 2010 (Reaffirmed 2020) Protection Against Lightning- Part 1 General Principles
2. IS IEC 62305-2: 2010 (Reaffirmed 2019) Protection Against Lightning- Part 2 Risk Management
3. IS IEC 62305-3: 2010 (Reaffirmed 2020) Protection Against Lightning- Part 3 Physical Damage
to Structures and Life Hazard
4. IS IEC 62305-4: 2010 (Reaffirmed 2020) Protection Against Lightning- Part 4 Electrical and
Electronic Systems Within Structures
5. IS 732-2019: Code of Practice for Electrical Wiring Installations (Fourth Revision)
6. IEC 61643-11/ IS 16463-11: 2016 Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices Part 11 Surge
Protective Devices Connected to Low-Voltage Power Systems - Requirements and Test Method
7. IEC 61643-12/ IS 16463-12: 2017 Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices Part12 Surge
Protective Devices Connected to Low-Voltage Power Distribution Systems - Selection and
Application Principles
8. National Electrical Code of India 2023 (Second Revision)

CONTACT US
CAMTECH is continuing its efforts in the documentation and up-gradation of information on

maintenance practices of electrical assets. Over the years a large number of publications on electrical
assets have been prepared in the form of handbooks, pockets books, pamphlets and video films, etc.
These publications have been uploaded on the internet as well as rail net.
Link for downloading CAMTECH publications:
On internet visit: https://indianrailways.gov.in/

Or
On Railnet visit Railway Board website at http://10.1.2.21/
Go to Indian Railways  Directorates  Efficiency & Research  CAMTECH, Gwalior 

Publications for download
Or
Link for directly download the Publications:
https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,538,2713,2
718,2722
For any further information, regarding publications please contact:
Jt. Director (Elect.) BSNL : 0751- 2470740 (O)
Rly. : 03747202
SSE/ Electrical : 8957022145 (CUG)
E-mail : direlcamtech@gmail.com
Fax : 0751- 2470841
Write at : Jt. Director (Electrical)
Indian Railways, Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology

In front of Hotel Adityaz, Airport Road, Maharajpura, Gwalior, Pin Code-474005.

INDIAN RAILWAYS
Centre for Advanced maintenance TECHnology (CAMTECH), Maharajpura, Gwalior - 474005


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QUALITY POLICY

“We at RDSO, Lucknow are committed to maintain and update

Date: 31.05.2023 Himanshu Maheshwari

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF LIGHTNING POTECTION ........................................................ 1

Abbreviation Full Form

The task of a Lightning Protection System (LPS) is to intercept lightning strike

Electronic equipment are damaged by Electromagnetic effects of lightning i.e.

Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) protect the installation from external

1.2 WHAT ARE LIGHTNING FLASHES TO EARTH

Figure 1: Lightning flashes to earth

In downward flash, lightning flash initiated by a downward leader from cloud

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 1

Figure 2: Downward Flash

1.2.2 Upward Flash

In upward flash, lightning flash initiated by an upward leader from an earthed

Figure 3: Upward Flash

Further differentiation of strokes comes from their polarity (positive or

2 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

1.3 LIGHTNING CURRENT

Figure 4: Impulse Current parameters (typically T2 < 2 ms)

Figure 5: Long duration stroke parameters (typically 2 ms <TLONG <1s)

1.4 EFFECTS/ DAMAGES DUE TO LIGHTNING

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 3

1.4.1 Damage to a structure

1.4.2 Effects of lightning on structures

1.4.3 Types of Damage to a Structure by different sources

Figure 6: Classification of Source of damage

4 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

1.4.3.1 S1- Flashes to the structure can cause:

1.4.3.2 S2- Flashes near the structure can cause:

1.4.3.3 S3- Flashes to a line connected to the structure can cause:

1.4.3.4 S4-Flashes near a line connected to the structure can cause:

1.4.4 Types of Loss

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 5

Table 2: Types of loss

Relationship between source of damage, type of damage and

Near a structure S2 D3 L1b, L2, L4

Near a line S4 D3 L1b, L2, L4

a : Only for properties where animals may be lost.

1.5 RISK AND RISK COMPONENTS

6 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

(i) The number of lightning flashes influencing the structure depends:

1 Only for hospitals or other structures where failure of internal systems

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 7

1.5.1 Risk Assessment

In order to evaluate whether or not lightning protection of a structure is needed,

Tolerable risk (RT)

1.5.2 Economic justification of lightning protection

CRL + CPM < CL

8 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

1.6 PROTECTION MEASURES AGAINST LIGHTNING

1.6.1 Protection measures to reduce injury of living beings by electric shock

1.6.2 Protection measures to reduce physical damage

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 9

1.6.3 Protection measures to reduce failure of electrical and electronic systems

1.7 LIGHTNING PROTECTION ZONES (LPZ)

10 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

Figure 8: LPZ defined by a LPS

VOLUME: 7 – LIGHTNING & SURGE PROTECTION IN ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS 11

Lightning equipotential bonding by means of SPD

LPZ 0A Direct flash, full lightning current, full magnetic field

12 VOLUME: 3 – INSPECTION OF ELECTRICAL LV INSTALLATIONS

As a general rule for protection, the structure to be protected shall be in an

1.8 PROTECTION OF STRUCTURES

Volume 7 Lightning & Surge Protection in Electrical LV Installations

Volume 7 Lightning & Surge Protection in Electrical LV Installations