Vandana Shiva

Vandana Shiva (born 5 November 1952) is

an Indian scholar, environmental activist,
food sovereignty advocate, ecofeminist
and anti-globalization author.[2] Based in
Delhi, Shiva has written more than 20
books.[3] She is often referred to as
"Gandhi of grain" for her activism
associated with the anti-GMO
movement.[4]
 Vandana Shiva

Shiva in 2014

Born 5 November 1952

Dehradun, Uttar
Pradesh
(now in Uttarakhand),
India

Alma mater Panjab University,

 Chandigarh
University of Guelph
University of Western
Ontario
Occupation(s) Philosopher,
environmentalist,
author, professional
speaker, social
activist, physicist

Awards Right Livelihood

Award (1993)
Sydney Peace Prize
(2010)
Mirodi Prize (2016)
Fukuoka Asian Culture
Prize (2012)

Vandana Shiva's voice

 0:39
from the BBC programme Saving Species, 23
December 2011[1]

Website www.navdanya.org

Video statement (2014)

Shiva is one of the leaders and board

members of the International Forum on
Globalization (with Jerry Mander, Ralph
Nader, and Helena Norberg-Hodge), and a
figure of the anti-globalisation
movement.[5] She has argued in favour of
many traditional practices, as in her
interview in the book Vedic Ecology (by
Ranchor Prime). She is a member of the
scientific committee of the Fundacion
IDEAS, Spain's Socialist Party's think tank.
She is also a member of the International
Organization for a Participatory Society.[6]

Early life and education

Vandana Shiva in Cologne, Germany, in 2007

Vandana Shiva was born in Dehradun. Her

father was a conservator of forests, and
her mother was a farmer with a love for
nature. She was educated at St. Mary's
Convent High School in Nainital, and at the
Convent of Jesus and Mary, Dehradun.[7]

Shiva studied physics at Punjab University

in Chandigarh, graduating as a Bachelor of
Science in 1972.[8] After a brief stint at the
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, she
moved to Canada to pursue a master's
degree in the philosophy of science at the
University of Guelph in 1977 where she
wrote a thesis entitled "Changes in the
concept of periodicity of light".[8][9] In 1978,
she completed and received her PhD in
philosophy at the University of Western
Ontario,[10] focusing on philosophy of
physics. Her dissertation was titled
"Hidden variables and locality in quantum
theory" in which she discussed the
mathematical and philosophical
implications of hidden variable theories
that fall outside of the purview of Bell's
theorem.[11] She later went on to pursue
interdisciplinary research in science,
technology, and environmental policy at
the Indian Institute of Science and the
Indian Institute of Management in
Bangalore.[7]

Career
Vandana Shiva has written and spoken
extensively about advances in the fields of
agriculture and food. Intellectual property
rights, biodiversity, biotechnology,
bioethics, and genetic engineering are
among the fields where Shiva has fought
through activist campaigns. She has
assisted grassroots organisations of the
Green movement in Africa, Asia, Latin
America, Ireland, Switzerland, and Austria
with opposition to advances in agricultural
development via genetic engineering.

In 1982, she founded the Research

Foundation for Science, Technology and
Ecology.[12] This led to the creation of
Navdanya in 1991, a national movement to
protect the diversity and integrity of living
resources, especially native seed, the
promotion of organic farming and fair
trade.[13] Navdanya, which translates to
"Nine Seeds" or "New Gift", is an initiative
of the RFSTE to educate farmers of the
benefits of maintaining diverse and
individualised crops rather than accepting
offers from monoculture food producers.
The initiative established over 40 seed
banks across India to provide regional
opportunity for diverse agriculture. In 2004
Shiva started Bija Vidyapeeth, an
international college for sustainable living
in Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, in
collaboration with Schumacher College,
UK.[14]

In the area of intellectual property rights

and biodiversity, Shiva and her team at the
Research Foundation for Science,
Technology and Ecology challenged the
biopiracy of neem, basmati and wheat. She
has served on expert groups of
government on Biodiversity and IPR
legislation.

Her first book, Staying Alive (1988), helped

change perceptions of third world women.
In 1990, she wrote a report for the FAO on
Women and Agriculture titled "Most
Farmers in India are Women". She founded
the gender unit at the International Centre
for Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in
Kathmandu and was a founding board
member of the Women's Environment &
Development Organisation (WEDO).[15][16]
She received the Right Livelihood Award in
1993, an award established by Swedish-
German philanthropist Jakob von
Uexkull.[17]

Shiva's book Making Peace With the Earth

discusses biodiversity and the relationship
between communities and nature.
"Accordingly, she aligns the destruction of
natural biodiversity with the dismantling of
traditional communities—those who
'understand the language of nature'".[18]
David Wright wrote in a review of the book
that to Shiva, "the Village becomes a
symbol, almost a metaphor for 'the local'
in all nations".[18][19]

Shiva has also served as an advisor to

governments in India and abroad as well
as non-governmental organisations,
including the International Forum on
Globalization, the Women's Environment &
Development Organisation and the Third
World Network. She chairs the
Commission on the Future of Food set up
by the Region of Tuscany in Italy and is a
member of the Scientific Committee that
advised former prime minister Zapatero of
Spain. Shiva is a member of the Steering
Committee of the Indian People's
Campaign Against WTO. She is a councilor
of the World Future Council. Shiva serves
on Government of India Committees on
Organic Farming. She participated in the
Stock Exchange of Visions project in 2007.

In 2021, she advised the government of Sri

Lanka to ban inorganic fertilizers and
pesticides[20][21] stating "This decision will
definitely help farmers become more
prosperous. Use of organic fertilizer will
help provide agri products rich with
nutrients while retaining the fertility of the
land."[22] The policy applied overnight, with
the main purpose to save State foreign
exchange bills on imported fertilizers,[23]
caused a crisis with a significant reduction
of farming output in several sectors, hitting
the tea industry in particular[24][25][26] and
reducing rice yields were by one third.[22]
The ban was overturned seven months
later.[21]

Activism
Her work on agriculture started in 1984
after the violence in Punjab and the Bhopal
disaster caused by a gas leak from Union
Carbide's pesticide manufacturing plant.
Her studies for the UN University led to the
publication of her book The Violence of the
Green Revolution.[27][28][29]

In an interview with David Barsamian, Shiva

argues that the seed-chemical package
promoted by green revolution agriculture
has depleted fertile soil and destroyed
living ecosystems.[30] In her work Shiva
cites data allegedly demonstrating that
today there are over 1400 pesticides that
may enter the food system across the
world.[31]
Shiva is a founding councillor of the World
Future Council (WFC). The WFC was
formed in 2007 "to speak on behalf of
policy solutions that serve the interests of
future generations." Their primary focus
has been on climate security.[32]

She supports the crime of ecocide being

introduced to the International Criminal
Court stating “The ideal of limitless growth
is leading to limitless violations of the rights
of the Earth and of the rights of nature. This
is ecocide.”[33][34]

Seed freedom
Vandana supports the idea of seed
freedom, or the rejection of patents on
new plant lines or cultivars. She has
campaigned against the implementation of
the WTO 1994 Trade Related Intellectual
Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement, which
broadens the scope of patents to include
life forms. Shiva has criticised the
agreement as having close ties with the
corporate sector and opening the door to
further patents on life.[35] Shiva calls the
patenting of life 'biopiracy', and has fought
against attempted patents of several
indigenous plants, such as basmati.[36] In
2005, Shiva's was one of the three
organisations that won a 10-year battle in
the European Patent Office against the
biopiracy of Neem by the US Department
of Agriculture and the corporation WR
Grace.[37] In 1998, Shiva's organisation
Navdanya began a campaign against the
biopiracy of basmati rice by US
corporation RiceTec Inc. In 2001, following
intensive campaigning, RiceTec lost most
of its claims to the patent.

Golden rice

Shiva strongly opposes golden rice, a

breed of rice that has been genetically
engineered to biosynthesise beta-carotene,
a precursor of vitamin A. Shiva contends
that Golden Rice is more harmful than
beneficial in her explanation of what she
calls the "Golden Rice hoax":
"Unfortunately, Vitamin A rice is a hoax,
and will bring further dispute to plant
genetic engineering where public relations
exercises seem to have replaced science
in promotion of untested, unproven and
unnecessary technology... This is a recipe
for creating hunger and malnutrition, not
solving it."[38] Adrian Dubock says that
golden rice is as cheap as other rice and
vitamin A deficiency is the greatest reason
for blindness and causes 28% of global
preschool child mortality.[39] Shiva has
claimed that the women of Bengal grow
and eat 150 greens which can do the
same,[40] while environmental consultant
Patrick Moore suggests that most of
these 250 million children do not eat much
else than a bowl of rice a day.[41] In the
2013 report "The economic power of the
Golden Rice opposition", two economists,
Wesseler and Zilberman from Munich
University and the University of California,
Berkeley respectively calculated that the
absence of Golden Rice in India had
caused the loss of over 1.4 million life man
years in the previous ten years.[42]

GM, India and suicides

According to Shiva, "Soaring seed prices in
India have resulted in many farmers being
mired in debt and turning to suicide". The
creation of seed monopolies, the
destruction of alternatives, the collection
of superprofits in the form of royalties, and
the increasing vulnerability of
monocultures has created a context for
debt, suicides, and agrarian distress.
According to data from the Indian
government, nearly 75 per cent rural debt
is due to purchased inputs. Shiva claims
that farmers' debt grows as GMO
corporation's profits grow. According to
Shiva, it is in this systemic sense that GM
seeds are those of suicide.
International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI) twice analysed academic
articles and government data and
concluded the decrease and that there
was no evidence on "resurgence" of farmer
suicide.[43][44]

Ecofeminism
Shiva plays a major role in the global
ecofeminist movement. According to her
2004 article Empowering Women,[45] a
more sustainable and productive approach
to agriculture can be achieved by
reinstating the system of farming in India
that is more centred on engaging women.
She advocates against the prevalent
"patriarchal logic of exclusion," claiming
that a woman-focused system would be a
great improvement.[46] She believes that
ecological destruction and industrial
catastrophes threaten daily life, and the
maintenance of these problems have
become women's responsibility.[47]

Cecile Jackson has criticised some of

Shiva's views as essentialist.[48]

Shiva co-wrote the book Ecofeminism in

1993 with "German anarchist and radical
feminist sociologist"[49] Maria Mies. It
combined Western and Southern feminism
with "environmental, technological and
feminist issues, all incorporated under the
term ecofeminism".[49] These theories are
combined throughout the book in essays
by Shiva and Mies.

Stefanie Lay described the book as a

collection of thought-provoking essays but
also found in it a lack of new ecofeminist
theories and contemporary analysis, as
well as "overall failure to acknowledge the
work of others".[50]

Indian Intelligence Bureau

investigation
In June 2014, Indian and international
media reported that Navdanya and
Vandana Shiva were named in a leaked,
classified report by India's Intelligence
Bureau (IB), which was prepared for the
Indian Prime Minister's Office.[51]

The leaked report says that campaigning

activities of Indian NGOs such as
Navdanya are hampering India's growth
and development. In its report, the IB said
that Indian NGOs, including Navdanya,
receive money from foreign donors under
the 'charitable garb' of campaigning for
human rights or women's equality, but
instead use the money for 'nefarious
purposes'. "These foreign donors lead
local NGOs to provide field reports which
are used to build a record against India
and serve as tools for the strategic foreign
policy interests of the Western
governments," the IB report states.[52]

Criticism
Investigative journalist Michael Specter, in
an article in The New Yorker on 25 August
2014 called "Seeds of Doubt",[10] raised
concerns over a number of Shiva's claims
regarding GMOs and some of her
campaigning methods. He wrote: "Shiva's
absolutism about G.M.O.s can lead her in
strange directions. In 1999, ten thousand
people were killed and millions were left
homeless when a cyclone hit India's
eastern coastal state of Orissa. When the
U.S. government dispatched grain and soy
to help feed the desperate victims, Shiva
held a news conference in New Delhi and
said that the donation was proof that 'the
United States has been using the Orissa
victims as guinea pigs' for genetically-
engineered products, although she made
no mention that those same products are
approved and consumed in the United
States. She also wrote to the international
relief agency Oxfam to say that she hoped
it wasn't planning to send genetically
modified foods to feed the starving
survivors."[10]

Shiva responded that Specter was "ill

informed"[53] and that "for the record, ever
since I sued Monsanto in 1999 for its
illegal Bt cotton trials in India, I have
received death threats", adding that the
"concerted PR assault on me for the last
two years from Lynas, Specter and an
equally vocal Twitter group is a sign that
the global outrage against the control over
our seed and food, by Monsanto through
GMOs, is making the biotech industry
panic."[53] David Remnick, the editor of the
New Yorker, responded by publishing a
letter supporting Specter's article.[54]

Cases of plagiarism have been pointed out

against Shiva. Birendra Nayak noted that
Shiva copied verbatim from a 1996 article
in Voice Gopalpur in her 1998 book
Stronger than Steel,[55] and that in 2016,
she plagiarised several paragraphs of an
article by S Faizi on the Plachimada/Coca-
Cola issue published in The Statesman.[56]

Journalist Keith Kloor, in an article

published in Discover on 23 October 2014
titled "The Rich Allure of a Peasant
Champion", revealed that Shiva charges
$40,000 per lecture, plus a business-class
air ticket from New Delhi. Kloor wrote: "She
is often heralded as a tireless 'defender of
the poor,' someone who has courageously
taken her stand among the peasant
farmers of India. Let it be noted, however,
that this champion of the downtrodden
doesn't exactly live a peasant's
lifestyle."[57]

Stewart Brand in Whole Earth Discipline

described some of Shiva's statements as
pseudo-scientific, calling her warnings
about "heritable sterility" (Stolen Harvest,
2000) a "biological impossibility" but also
plagiarism from Geri Guidetti, owner of the
seed supplier company Ark Institute, and a
"distraction" created by inflating the
potential of terminator genes based on a
single 1998 patent granted to a US
company.[58] Brand also criticised the
position of anti-GMO activists, including
Shiva, who forced Zambia's government to
reject internationally donated corn in 2001-
02 because it was "poisoned", as well as
during the cyclone disaster in India. On the
latter Shiva argued, "emergency cannot be
used as market opportunity", to which
Brand responded, "anyone who
encourages other people to starve on
principle should do some of the starving
themselves". In 1998 Shiva was also
protesting against Bt cotton program in
India, calling it "seeds of suicide, seeds of
slavery, seeds of despair", claiming she
was protecting the farmers. Restrictive
laws established in India under anti-GMO
lobbying, however, led to widespread
grassroots "seed piracy" where Indian
farmers illegally planted seeds of Bt
cotton and Bt brinjal, obtained either from
experimental plantations or from
Bangladesh (where they are planted
legally) due to increased yield and reduced
pesticide usage.[58] As of 2005 over 2.5
million hectares were planted with
"unofficial" Bt cotton in India, of which Noel
Kingsbury said:
Shiva's "Operation Cremate
Monsanto" had spectacularly
failed, its anti-GM stance
borrowed from Western
intellectuals had made no
headway with Indian farmers,
who showed they were not
passive recipients of either
technology or propaganda, but
could take an active role in
shaping their lives. What they
did is also perhaps more
genuinely subversive of
multinational capitalism than
 anything GM's opponents have
ever managed.

— Noel Kingsbury, Hybrid:

The History and Science of
Plant Breeding (2009)

In India, farmers planting GM crops

illegally eventually formed the Shetkari
Sanghatana movement, calling for reform
of the restrictive laws created under anti-
GMO lobbying and as of 2020 an
estimated 25% of cotton farmed is GM.[59]

Film
Vandana Shiva has been interviewed for a
number of documentary films including
Freedom Ahead, Roshni;[60] Deconstructing
Supper: Is Your Food Safe?, The
Corporation, Thrive, Dirt! The Movie, Normal
is Over, and This is What Democracy Looks
Like (a documentary about the Seattle
WTO protests of 1999).[61][62] and Michael
Moore and Jeff Gibbs Planet of the
Humans.[63]

Shiva's focus on water has caused her to

appear in a number of films on this topic.
These films include "Ganga From the
Ground Up," a documentary on water
issues in the river Ganges;[64] Blue Gold:
World Water Wars by Sam Bozzo; Irena
Salina's documentary Flow: For Love of
Water (in competition at the 2008
Sundance Film Festival), and the PBS NOW
documentary On Thin Ice.[65]

On the topic of genetically modified crops,

she was featured in the documentary Fed
Up! (2002), on genetic engineering,
industrial agriculture and sustainable
alternatives; and the documentary The
World According to Monsanto, a film made
by the French independent journalist Marie-
Monique Robin.
Shiva appeared in a documentary film
about the Dalai Lama, entitled Dalai Lama
Renaissance.[66]

In 2010, Shiva was interviewed in a

documentary about honeybees and colony
collapse disorder, entitled Queen of the
Sun.[67]

She appears in the French films Demain[68]

and Solutions locales pour un désordre
global.

In 2016, she appeared in the vegan

documentary film H.O.P.E.: What You Eat
Matters (https://www.hope-theproject.com/
the-film/) , where she was critical of the
animal agriculture industry and meat-
intensive diets.[69]

The Seeds of Vandana Shiva (2021), Becket

Films, feature length documentary telling
her life story.
www.vandanashivamovie.com

Selected listing

Seeds of Death: Unveiling the Lies of

GMOs, 2012[70]
Another Story of Progress, 2012[71]
The Farmer and His Prince, 2013[72]
Creating Freedom: The Lottery of Birth,
2013[73]
 Poverty Inc., 2014[74]
The True Cost, 2015, a documentary
about fast fashion and the garment
industry
Planet of the humans, 2018[75]

Recognition
She was recognized as one of the BBC's
100 women of 2019.[76]

Publications
1981, Social Economic and Ecological
Impact of Social Forestry in Kolar,
Vandana Shiva, H.C. Sharatchandra, J.
Banyopadhyay, Indian Institute of
Management Bangalore
1986, Chipko: India's Civilisational
Response to the Forest Crisis, J.
Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva,
Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural
Heritage. Pub. by INTACH
1987, The Chipko Movement Against
Limestone Quarrying in Doon Valley, J.
Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva,
Lokayan Bulletin, 5: 3, 1987, pp. 19–25
online (http://el.doccentre.info/eldoc/e6
0_/870601lok1B.pdf)
1988, Staying Alive: Women, Ecology and
Survival in India, Zed Press, New Delhi,
ISBN 0-86232-823-3
1989, The Violence of the Green
Revolution: Ecological degradation and
political conflict in Punjab, Natraj
Publishers, New Delhi, ISBN 0-86232-
964-7 hb, ISBN 0-86232-965-5 pb
1991, Ecology and the Politics of Survival:
Conflicts Over Natural Resources in India,
Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks,
California, ISBN 0-8039-9672-1
1992, Biodiversity: Social and Ecological
Perspectives (editor); Zed Press, United
Kingdom
1993, Women, Ecology and Health:
Rebuilding Connections (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20090702135348/http://w
ww.dhf.uu.se/FMPro?-db=pub1.fp5&-for
mat=%2fpublications%2fdd%2fapubddd
etail.html&-lay=weblayout&-sortfield=pu
byear&-sortorder=descend&-sortfield=p
ubissuewithoutcolon&-sortorder=desce
nd&pubtype=development&-max=21474
83647&-recid=3&-find=) (editor), Dag
Hammarskjöld Foundation and Kali for
Women, New Delhi
1993, Monocultures of the Mind:
Biodiversity, Biotechnology and
Agriculture, Zed Press, New Delhi
1993, Ecofeminism, Maria Mies and
Vandana Shiva, Fernwood Publications,
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, ISBN 1-
895686-28-8
1994, Close to Home: Women Reconnect
Ecology, Health and Development
Worldwide, Earthscan, London, ISBN 0-
86571-264-6
1995, Biopolitics (with Ingunn Moser),
Zed Books, United Kingdom
1997, Biopiracy: the Plunder of Nature
and Knowledge, South End Press,
Cambridge Massachusetts, I ISBN 1-
896357-11-3
2000, Stolen Harvest: The Hijacking of
the Global Food Supply, South End Press,
Cambridge Massachusetts, ISBN 0-
89608-608-9
2000, Tomorrow's Biodiversity, Thames
and Hudson, London, ISBN 0-500-28239-
0
2001, Patents, Myths and Reality,
Penguin India
2002, Water Wars; Privatization, Pollution,
and Profit, South End Press, Cambridge
Massachusetts
2005, India Divided, Seven Stories Press,
2005, Globalization's New Wars: Seed,
Water and Life Forms, Women Unlimited,
New Delhi, ISBN 81-88965-17-0
2005, Earth Democracy; Justice,
Sustainability, and Peace, South End
Press, ISBN 0-89608-745-X
2007, Manifestos on the Future of Food
and Seed, editor, South End Press
ISBN 978-0-89608-777-4
2007, Democratizing Biology: Reinventing
Biology from a Feminist, Ecological and
Third World Perspective, author,
Paradigm Publishers ISBN 978-1-59451-
204-9
2007, Cargill and the Corporate Hijack of
India's Food and Agriculture,
Navdanya/RFSTE, New Delhi
2008, Soil Not Oil, South End Press
ISBN 978-0-89608-782-8
2010, Staying Alive, South End Press
ISBN 978-0-89608-793-4
2011, Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature &
Knowledge, Natraj Publishers, ISBN 978-
8-18158-160-0
2011, Monocultures of the Mind:
Perspectives on Biodiversity, Natraj
Publishers, ISBN 978-8-18158-151-8
2013, Making Peace with the Earth Pluto
Press (https://web.archive.org/web/201
40407104746/http://www.plutobooks.c
om/display.asp?K=9780745333762)
ISBN 978-0-7453-33762
 2016, "Who Really Feeds the World",
North Atlantic Books, Berkeley,
California ISBN 978-1623170622
2018, Oneness Vs. The 1%: Shattering
Illusions, Seeding Freedom, Women
Unlimited, ISBN 978-93-85606-18-2
2019, Vandana Shiva (2019). "Foreword".
In Extinction Rebellion (ed.). This Is Not a
Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook.
Penguin Books. pp. 5–8.
ISBN 9780141991443.
2022, Terra Viva: My life in a biodiversity
of movements, CHELSEA GREEN
PUBLISHING CO, ISBN 9781645021889

See also
 Green Revolution in India
Science and technology studies in India
List of Indian writers

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External links
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rg/id.php?id=224969) at the
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name/nm0794476/) at IMDb

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