DESIGN OF A NEI.

I TIIYRISTOR ASSISTED ON LOAD

TAP CHANGER FOR TRANFORMERS

A thesls
presented Eo the Unlversity of Manitoba
ln partlal fulf lllrnent of Ehe
requlrements for the degree of
Master of Science
ln
DEPARTI,ÍENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

by

SATISH CHANDER SABHARI.TAL

Wlnnipeg, ManLtoba
August 1983
 DESIGN OF A NEI,J THYRISTOR ASSISTED ON LOAD

TAP CHANGER FOR TRANFORMERS

by

Satish Chander Sabharwal-

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of

the university of Manitoba in partial fulfillnlent of the requirernerrts
of the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

'o r983

Pernrission has been granted ro the LIBRARy OF THE UNIVER-

SITY OF MAn*ITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to
the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfitnr this
thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and UNIVERSITY
MICROFILMS to publish an absrract of this thesis.

The author reserves other publication rights, and neither tlie

thesis nor extellsive extracts front it may be printed or other-
wise reproduced without the author's written pernrission.
TO MY I'X]THER

-ft1-
 ACKNOI.ILEDGEI'lENTS

The author expresses deep grat.it,ude Ëo Professor R.M. Mathur

for suggestfng Ehis toplc. Special acknowledgemenÈ goes to Federal
Ploneer especlally to Mr. Peter Beck for supportlng thfs proJect.
A very speclal thanks Ëo Dr. R.M. M,athur for hls constant
guidance on thfs research and devorlng hfs preclous tfme for diecus-
sions wiEhout which thls thesls would have been a very dlfflcult task.
Thanks also are due for Dr. R.w. Menzl,es, Dr. K. Krishnamurthy and l,fr.
S. Sasakl for their suggestlons durlng thls work
The author also wishes to Ehank Mr. Ken podaima of Ehe

Unf-versity and }fr. Jan Schippers of Federal Ploneer for exÈending thelr
help in laboratory and shop floor respecËfvely ln testing the tap
changer.
Flnally, r would like to thank ny parencs, sr.st,er Dr. veena
and brother sanjive for encouraglng me to come to canada to do my
graduate study. Thelr lnspirlng letters have always been encouragl-ng
to me.

-v-
 ABSTRACT

Thfs reporE descrlbes deslgn modiflcaÈione Ln a reacLlve type

on load tap changer for transformers. Frequent operatl-on of these tap-
changers causes piEElng of dlverter conEacEs and contamlnatlon of oll
due to sparking at the contacts. Sparkfng ls caused, essenlially, due

to curren¡ chopplng. In the new deslgn, a palr of EhyrlsEors, connecE-

ed in anEf-paralle1, 1s lncluded wtth each divert.er contact. These

thyrlstors take over Ehe duEy of current making and breaklng' Current
making and breakfng 1s carried ouE selectlvely at currenl zero Ehus Lhe

rooE cause for sparking is ellmlnËed. The thyristors are trtigered by

derlvlng a slgnal from Lhe novement of Ehe Eap-gear whfch fs motor

operated.
The ner¡r sysEem is analysed by uslng a lumped paranBeter
equlvalenE clrcuiE model. Calculatlons are made for the worst transi-
ent conditlons. Results of Ehese calculaEions are used Eo dlmenslon
the thyrisEors and deslgn Eheir snubber clrcufts. Complete flrlng,

monitorlng and protectlon clrcuits are developed for a ProtoEype' The

prototype was successfully tested in Ehe Federal Ploneer Electrlc plant
in WfnniPeg.

-vi-
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTINTS vlt
LIST OF TABLES ix
LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAHTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem 1

L.2 Background 4

1.3 On load Tap Changer Operatlon 5

CHAPTER II FEDERAL PIONEER ON LOAD

TAP CHANGER (FPE OLTC)

2.L Introduct.lon 10

2.2 FPE OLTC Descrlptlon L2

2.3 Ratlng of FPE OLTC r9

2.4 Operational Schematic of FPE OLTC r9

2.5 Control Circult of FPE OLTC 19

2.6 Tlming CharEs 2t

CIIAPTER III NEI,J THTRISTOR ASSISTED

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

3.1 Proposed Scheme 26

3.2 Advantages of Ehe Proposed Scheme 2B

 PAGE

3.3 Prelimfnary Invest lgatlons 28

3.4 Lft.erature Search 34

CHAFTER IV ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED

TAP CHANGER

4.L IncroducElon 38

4.2 Analysls 42

4.2.t TCTA-OFF 42

4.2.2 TCTA-ON 44

4.2 3 TCTA-SNUB 46

4.3 SimulaElon Prograrns 46

lL l! Simulation Results 49

4.5 Observations and Conclusions 61

CHAPTER V DESIGN OF TITE PROPOSED TITYRISTOR

ASSISTED ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

5.1 IntroducLlon 64

5.2 Deslgn Procedure 65

5 .2.L Selectlon of Thyristors 65

5.3 Voltage Blocklng 7L

5.4 Flrlng Clrcuit 7T

5 5 Power Supply 7t
5.6 Des lgn Changes 7I
5.7 I'fonltoring Devfces 72

5.7 .L Loss of GaEe current 72

5.7 .2 ThyrlsEor Fallure ln Short 72

v lii
 PAGE

s.7 .3 ThyrtsEor Fallure ln OPen 74

5.7 .4 Temperature Control 76

5.7 .5 Auxlllary Switch Fallure 76

5 .8 Redundancy 76

CHAPTER VI PROTOTYPE FABRICATION AND TEST

6.1 Fabrlcatlon of Ehe PrototyPe 78

6 ') Sfnulatlon Test-Set Up B2

6 3 Slmulated TesE Results B6

CI{A-PTER UII CONCLUSIONS AND RECOI"I¡{ENDATIONS

7.L Conc lusions 101

7.2 AlternaElve Designs 101

7,3 RecommendaÈlons 103

REFERENCES 104

DATA SHEETS 107

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Llst of varlables

Table 4.2 Forrnulatlons for TCTA-OFF

Table 4.3 Formulatlons for TCTA-ON

Table 4.4 FormulaElons for TCTA-SNUB

fV
 LIST OF FIGURES

Flg. 1.1 a) SchemaElc dl-agram of an on load tap changer.

b) Sequence of steps for t.ap change from poslElon 3 to 4.
Fig. L.2 a) Schematfc dlagram of OLTC ln brtdgfng posltlon.
b) Phasor dlagram for recovery voltage across snltch A at

lower Eap change.

c) Phasor dlagram for recovery volt,age across swlEch B at

upper tap change.

Fig.2.l Federal Ploneer 0n Load Èap changer schematic diagram.
Flg. 2.2 a) Photograph of FPE diverÈer swltch 1n closed,posltlon.
b) schematlc diagrann of FpE dlverter showing rhe mafn and

arcing contracE.
c) FPE Dlverter*sequentlal furrcElorral diagrarn.
Fig. 2.3 FPE tap head.
Fig. 2,4 a) Sequence of operatlon of FPE tap changer.
b) Slmulated test recordlngs of FPE tap changer.
Ftg.2.5 a) FPE tap-changer mechanlsm showing sprlng, gears¡ câm¡

etc.
b) Another vlew of FPE OLTC.

Flg. 2.6 FPE operatlonal schematlc.

Fig. 2.7 FPE tap-changer conËrol circulË.
Flg. 2.8 cfrcuiÈ dlagram for recordlng rnain, arclng and selector
contracE timtng sequences.
Flg. 2.9 Tinlng charts showlng Ehe maln, arclng and selector
conÈro1 sequence.
Flg. 3.1 Proposed scheme for the new thyrlstor assisted on load
tap changer.
Flg. 3 .2 Sequence of operation of Ehe proposed scheme.

x
 Flg.3.3 a) Experlnental seL up wlth a diode.
b) ExperfmenEal set up wlth antlparallel Ëhyristors.
Ftg. 3.4 a) Voltage Èransient which cauaes arclng on SA contacEs.
b) Ellrnlnatlon of the volÈage spfkes which cause arcfng.
Flg. 3.5 a) Block schematic of Ëhe control scheme for experlmental
set up.
b) CirculË dlagram of control clrcult.
Flg. 3.6 a) Current maklng ln tap changer arm.
b) Current breaking in tap changer arm.
c) CurrenE breaklng ln tap changer arm.
d) Current breaking in tap changer arm afLer removlng gate

slgnals (4-half cycles).

Flg. 4.L a) Schematlc represenLaEion of FpE tap changer.

b) Equfvalent clrculÈ model.

FJ-g. 4.2 General flow chart for slmulatlon program.
Ffg. 4.3 a) Current 1n the upper arm Ehyristors when lt is requfred
Co move Eo a new setElng from brldging posltlon.
b) Current ln lower arm when Lhe upper arm fs dfsconnect,ed.
from Ehe brldging posltlon.
c) Voltage across the Èhyrlstor in the upper arm whlch fs
requfred to move to a new seEEing from the bridgtng
posltion.
Fig. 4.4 a) Current in rhe upper arm r¡hen Ehe lower arm is brought
into non brldgtng position. ThyrisÈors tn Èhe lower
arm start conductlng at Ë = T,(case 1),

b) CurrenE fn the lower arrn. Thyristors flred at t = Tl

(case 1)

xl-
 Fig. 4.s a) Current in the
upper arm ¡rhen the lower arm is
fnto non brldging posfÈion. brought
Thyrfstors in the
arm start conductlng lower
aË f = 1 (case
b) Current fn Èhe I 2: worst case),
lower arm. Thyristors
(case 2: wors flred at t =Tl
t case) .
Flg. 4.6 a) dv/dt acroas
thyristors when
Èhe current
(wlth snubber circult). 1s fnËerrupted

b) Voltage rfsie
across snubber
ciruclt (fnyrlsrors)
followfng current
Fte. 4.1 fnterruptlon at t=0.
Volcage across
the thyristors ac
turn off (wfttr snubber
cfrcuit).
F1e. 4.8 a) Normallsed recovery
volLage across
respect to Ëäp thyristors (wfth
voltage) as a functfon
b) Normalised recovery
of load p.f.
voltage across thyrfstors
respecÈ Èo tap (r¡fth
votlage) as a funcÈfon
Ffg. 5.1 a) of k.
Junctfon tenperature
program
Lfstlng.
b) JuncÈfon temperaËure
Output.
F1g. 5.2
SCR recovery characËeristic.
Ffg.5.3 Ffrfng cfrcuf t schematfc.
F1g. s.¿
MoniLorfng logic for gaÈe current
Flg. s.s Monltorlng cfrcult
logic for thyrfstors
tlon). (shorC condf-
Frg.5.6
Monitoring cfrcult
logic for thyristors
tfon). (open condi_
Fig.6.1
Top view of bread
boarded conËro1 clrcuft for 40
Ioad. A
Fig. 6 .2 Factory set up
to test protoÈype
for 40 A load.

xla
 F1g.6. 3 CircuiE dlagram for 170 A prototype.
Ftg. 6. 4 PrlnÈed clrcult board for control clrcuft.
Fig. 6. 5 a) Front view of Ehyrlstor assisted Èap changer conErol
circuiE box.

b) Back vlew of thyrlstor asslsted tap changer control

clrcult box.
c) Top view of thyrisEor asslsted tap changer control
clrcult box.
Flg. 6. 6 SfmulaEion Èest set up.

Flg. 6. 7a) Unruodlfled diverÈer.

b) Modlfled diver Eer wlEh auxiliary swiËch and
thyr is Èor s.
Flg.6.8 a) Thyrlst.or currenE and voltage at current breaklng
operation for 30 A.
b) Thyristor current and volEage at currenE breaklng
operatlon for 40 A.

Fig. 6.9 a) Thyristor current and volÈage aÈ current making

operatlon for 40 A.
b) Thyristor currenÈ and voltage at current ruaking

operatlon for 10 A.
Fig. 6.10 a) Thyrlstor current and volEage at current rnaklng

operaÈ1on for 25 A.
b) Thyrlstor current and voltage at current. breaking
operatlon for 25 A.
Fig. 6. r1 a) Thyrfstor votlage and current at currenE breaklng
operatlon for 15 Ampheres.
b) ThyrisEor voltage and current at current breaklng
operation for 254.
xiii
Ftg. 6.Lz CurrenE through thyrfBtor at currenÈ breakfng for
170 A.

Fig.6.13 a) Current through chyrisfor aÈ current makfng operaElon

at 50 A.
b) Current, through thyrlsror at current maklng operat.fon

ar 170 A.

Ff g. 6.L4 a) Auxlllary posltlon and malns voltage for open thyrfsEor

condltLon.
b) ^Aruxlllary poslËlon and mains volEage for open thyrlstor
condlEion.
Ffg.6.15 a) Auxillary position and signal tnput Eo SCR láÈched LED

for thyrlstor open condition.

b) Arxfllary posltion and inverted input to SCR latched

LED for thyrlsÈor short condltlon.

Flg. 6.L6 a) Auxlliary posltion and monostable output for thyrisEor
short condiÈ1on.
b) Auxiliary poslÈlon and flfp-flop output for thyristor
short condition.
Fig 6.17 a) Auxlliary posit,lon and thyrisEor voltage for normal

tap changer.
b) Auxlllary position and opËo-coupler ouÈput for normal

condftlon.
Fig. 6.18 a) Auxiliary posltlon and nonostable output for normal

tap changer.
b) Auxillary posltion and fl1p-flop outpuÈ for normal tap-
changer.
Flg. 7 .I Alternatlve Èap changer with external resistor.

xW
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem

In a power Eransml-sslon and disErlbutlon sysEem Ë,he volt.age

level at a glven bus gets changed due to variat,fon fn load condlLlons.

Changes are caused due to react,ances of the transmlsslon and dlstrlbu-
tlon llnes. The power utlllty and consumers would, ln facE, llke the
po\{er system Eo behave tdeally, that ls - no fluctuatlons in Ehe vol-
tages should results from the load variaElons. Theoretlc,ally such a

sysEem can exlsË if at each termlnal of Ehe llnes, infinlte sources and
slnks of controllable reactive power were Lo exlst. Clearly thls sug-
gesElon 1s neiEher practlcal nor economical to warrenE serlous con-
slderatlon. In practlcal systems, selected consuners can be assured a

nearly constanE volt,age if the supply transformers are equlpped wlth on

load tap changers (OLTC). The function of an OLTC 1s to effecÈ1vely

change Èhe turns raElo of the connectlng transformer. oLTc equlpped
transformers are widely used by electrlc utilities fn thetr own trans-
missl-on system and in a large number of distributlon systems.
An OLTC responds to minimlse the devlation of the terminal
volEage fron the deslred value. rn l-ts operation, ln effecc, a movlng
contacE connects and electrical ternlnal to an appropriate tapplng on
the transformer wlnding. Each move Èherefore breaks contact fron iÈs
origlnal tap and makes Eo the next. In order to malntain an overall
continulEy of current, lngenious methods are employed whlch short the
wf ndf ngs between two Eaps rmnent.arf ly, through external impedance,
untll the ful1 current is esEabllshed from Ehe ne\d contact.
The process of making and breaklng currents lnvariably leads

1
to sparklng. In order t.o pro¡ect and enhance Èhe lffe of the maln

contacts, the currenE maklng and breaktng duty ls relegated fo auxflf-

ary contacEs. Due to repeaÈed operatlons even the auxllllary contacts

get pltted and wear out and, ln the Process, contamlnaEe the o11'
Federal Ploneer employs a reactor tyPe 0LTC. Thls tap
changer ls also subJecC Eo the arclng conditlons and hence requlres

regular f leld naintenance'

Thls projecE was lnsplred by a deslre to make the OLTC

maintenance free. The scope of the proJecL was llrnlted Lo seek efuople

deslgn modiflcatlons whtch can be carrLed out on Ehe exlstlng deslgn

and therefore make retroflttlng a dlsElncr posslblllty'
The requirements are set forEh very clearly by identifytng
rhe followlng inPortanE tasks:
1. DevLse ruethods to elfmlnate arclng of the OLTC contacts.

2. SuggesE design changes whlch can be lncorporated in the

exl-st,lng gear and Eherefore make retroflttlng, of equipmenÈ

fn servlce, Possible'
3. The new destgn should be such thaE ln the event of fallure of

the added sysEem the working of OLTC r¡111 revert to lts

orlglnal state.
4. Deslgn suitable ruonitorl-ng, proLecElon and alarm systems to
conElnually supervfse the new OLTC.
5. Incorporate an emergency freezlng of the Eap-ehanger
movement, l-n the event of a catestrophlc failure develops 1n

the OLTC, so that the transformer would contlnue to supply,

albelË degraded, servl-ce'

In Ehe new deslgn an antt-parallel palr of Èhyristors ls

2
lncorporaÈed ln Beries wlth the arclng contracts. The t.hyrisfors
provide currenE breaking and making servLce whlle the arcl-ng contact
merely lsolates and makes the circuft.
Chapter 2 descrlbes ln detall the worklng of Ehe exLsting
llne of reactor type on load Eap changer (OLTC) rnarkeÈed by Federal
Pfoneer Electrlc.
In chapter 3 the proposed neÌ{ concept ls descrlbed. It also
deals wlth the prelfmlnary lnvestlgatlons whlch were carried out ln t.he

laboratory to test the feaslbtlity.

Chapter 4 deals with the analytlcal aspects of Èhe proposed
deslgn. It describes the elecErical circuit model of Ëhe new design
and presents the results of theoretical lnvcstlgatlons'
Chapter 5 establishes general design criterl-a and procedure

for the new deslgn.

Chapter 6 shows the results of the tesEs carried out for the

prototype developmenÈ.
Chapter 7 presents conclusions and recommendations.

3
L.2 Background

The purpose of an on load tap changer ls Eo control the ac

line volage wtthin specifled llmlts (norma1ly 5/Bth of one percenE)

under varylng load conditlons whlle the Lransformer or step voltage
regulator ls l-n service. Thls ls achfeved by changlng taps on one of
Èhe wlndings to permlC adJusÈment of the turns ratlo of Èhe
transformer. A Eap changer carrfes out dieconnectlon and reconnectLon
frou one tap to the nexE wlEhout actually fnferruptlng the llne currenE
at any insEanE, or dlrecEly shorË clrcuit.lng any part of Ehe windlng.

On load tap changers were flrst manufacEured around 1910.

These were used on furnace transformers. They consisted of a tap

selector and a currenE limiting resLstor. The reslsEor was lntroduced
tn circui¿ during the l-nstant of transfer. In thl.s arrangement the

currenE was lnterrupted by the selecEor swlfch contacts. These Eap-

changers could be used only for relatively llght duty because

lnterruptlon of large currents caused strong arclng and led to rapid

destrucElon of Èhe contacEs. Soon lt became necessary, therefore, to
provlde Ehe tap changers with dlverter srsltches whlch carried ouE the
current interruptl-ons.
The modern on load tap changer had lts beginnlng ln 1925.
Since that time, on load lap changlng equf.pment ls applied Eo power
t.ransforrners Ëo regulaEe Ehe secondary voltage and thus to control the

flow of Ehe reactive Power.

There'are various types of tap changers on the roarket. They

are bullt wlEh thelr regulaElon range divided into B, 16, or 32 stePs.
The usual range of regulation 1s t10 per cenE of the rated llne
voltage.

4
1.3 On Load Tap Changer OperaÈlon

Although a varfety of swltching equlpmenEs and transformer

connectlons have been used for the purpose of tap changing under load,
however, thelr underlying operatlng prlncfple remains unchanged. It 16

descrlbed below:
In one type, tap change ls rnade wlthout opening the cfrcult
by using a mid-tapped auto-transformer generally called the preventLve
auto-transformer. The Block Schematlc of such a Eap changer ls shown

ln Fig. 1.1(a). The load voltage ls the sum of mafn wlnding and tapped
windlng voltage. This load voltage can be varled by varying Ehe tap
position illustrated in Ftg. r.1(b). The tap poslrlon 3 is åltered ro
posfElon 4 ln four sEeps. Notice durlng step 2 there ls a circularlng
current flowing through Ëhe reactor, and thaÈ the load current Ls never
l-nterrupted. Further detalls are given in the next sectl-on.
To move from transformer Lap from A to B, as shown 1n Flg.
1.2 (a), one arm of the reactor makes confact wlth tap B. Durlng this
lnterval r¡hen both A and B are closed on adJacent Eaps, a cLrculatlng
current flows t,hrough the reacEor llmlted by the lnpedance ln the loop,
cornposed of the tap wfndfng B and auto transformer C. The load currenE
divfdes equally beËween the two halves of Ehe tranforuer. Sl-nce cur-
rerits flow in the opposlte directlons, a negllgible amount of reactance
is lntroduced into the main cl-rcuit. Addlcional lnternal voltage drop
ls therefore, primarlly resisÈlve due to 509l load current Ín each half
of Ehe auto-Ëransformer wlnding. wfth A closed and B open, entlre load
currenE flows Èhrough one half of Ehe auto-transformer, magneElzing the
autoËransformer and thereby lntroducing into Èhe clrcult addftlonal
reactlve voltage drop, Ehis sltuatl-on however occurs only t.ransienÈly.
rt ls lmportant thaE the magnetizlng reactance be kept as low as pos-

5
 vs
LV SecondarY

HV Prlmary

l0 9 I 7 6 5 r+ 321

Selector
Transfer A Preventive
Switch Auto-t rans former
Line Líne

Fig.llt a) Schematic Diagram of an 0n Load Tap Changer

J
3
A 3
A A

4 tl

position Step 1 Step 2

Tap 3

l+ A 4

Step 3 Tap position 4

Fig. 1.1 b) Sequence of Steps for tap change from position 3 to 4

-6
 .,'l

lvl

B A
.L
z IL I l+r'
c
IL

Fig. 1.2 a) Schematic Diagram of OLTC in

Bridging Position

Vou

Y*"

l_ A
B D V.o
IL t-
l¡ Recovery Voltage at A

C
IL

Tap change from Fíg. I.2 b) Phasor Diagram for Recovery

lower to upper taP Voltage across switch A at
lower Tap Change

-7 -
 Bl_ A
E
r.-

IL

%.
t
\
I
\
\
\
\ Vo*
Recovery t
Voltage at B
\
t
t
\
t
\
\t
t
I
\\
\ t,.
I
\

Fig. 1.2 c) Phaso rd iagram for Recovery Voltage across

Swi tc hB at Upper Tap Change

B
slble to lfmtÈ the voltage drop and, further, to avold excesslve arclng
at Èhe contacts - whtch are used to break the current during a t.ap-
change. Arcing takes place, because the energy st,ored (l/2 L 12) ln
rhe half react.or has to be dtsstpaced nhen breaking the contacE.
To avold an excessive voltage drop through the aut.oÈranefor-
mer when one side ls open and at Ëhe same tfme to keep the clrculaËlng
current aE a 1ow level when ln the bridgfng posltlon, the auto-t,rans-
former ls usually deslgned wlËh an air gap ln the nagnetfc clrcult to
get a magneÈizing currenÈ of about 50-607. of. the normal full-load cur-
ren È.

Fig. 1.2 shows a phasor dlagram deplctlng varlous voltage

phasors during a tap change, for 50% clrculatfng current and load power

factor of 0.8 lagglng. Study of these flgures shows thaE when rnag-

netlzlng reacEance of the autot.ransformer f-s Lncreased, to reduce the

circulatlng currenÈ, then

1) The volEage across the ful1 autotransformer wfndlng durlng

t.ap change increases,
2) Recovery voltage increases,

3) Voltage fluctuat,ion aE the load end increases, and

4) Arclng lncreases.

9
 CHAPTER II
FEDERAL PIONEER ON LOAD TAP CHANGER (FPE OLTC)

2.I Introduction
Federal Pioneer t s on load tap changer is of reacEor type and

is normally applled to Èransformers requiring elther 16 or 32 tap

steps. The Eapped windlng of the Eransformer has 9 tap secElons wlth
10 tap leads connecEed to Ehe tap changer. The tap termlnals 2-9 ate
connect,ed as shown ln Fig. 2.L. The end of Èhe tap wlndfng termlnals 1

and 10 are connected via a reversing swltch to Èhe select.or swlEch

contact K. The transformer wfndlng can Eherefore be connecÈed through

Èhe contacE K and the reversing swit.ch to etther end of Ehe Èapping

winding. The tvro posslble poslt-I-orrs of the tap wfnding can be des-
cribed as elther a buck posltlon, effectively reduclng Eurns Ín the
transformer wlndfng or boosE position whfch adds turns to Ehe Erans-
forrner wlndlng.
The selecËor swit.ch allows a double clrcuit connecElon CRI

and cR3 to the staElonary selector contacts 2-9 and K. The two pairs

of moving selector contacts are spaced such that they can be posltloned
to eiEher fif on a slngle contacE, or bridge two cont.acts. These posf-
tions are called Lhe nonbridglng and brtdgtng posftfons respectlvely.
The Ëap changer swl-tches from nonbrtdglng to a brldglng posltlon or
vfce versa 1n a single step. Thls allows a tap changer to have 16 buck
posltions and 16 boost posltlons or in effect 32 tap posiEions.
The reversing swltch 1s acEuated by the movements of Ehe

selector swltch from the K posltlon Èo eiEher 2 or 9. Ùfovement from K

to 9 puts Ehe reversf-ng swlEch ln position 10, and moving from K to 2

puts the reversing switch 1n poslElon 1.

-10-
 rl

REVEPSING SWITCH

t0
K
,
3¡ 9
LOWER
{ \

RAISE 7
6
5

Diverters

Centre top
Resctor
t

Fig. 2.I Federal Pioneer On Load Tap Changer

Schematic Diagram

- 11 -
 In swlEching from one selector posltlon to anoÈher, one of
the rnovLng selector conEacÈ palrs must be moved between two staElonary
contacts. Before Ëhls contact breaks, or makes, on a flxed contact the
appropriate clrcul-t CRl or CR3 üLrst be lnterrupted. Thls ls accorrF

plished vl-a a dfverter arcing switch whlch ls equlpped wlth a specfal

arcing conÈact capable of lnterruptlng the main current.
2.2 FPE OLTC Descrlptlon
The divert.ors conel-sÈ of Ehe nafn contacE ln parallel wlth
the arclng contacË as shown 1n Fig. 2.2. They are mechanlcally con-
sLructed fn such a manner t.haE when conEacEs are opened the main con-
tacE opens flrst and then the arclng contact. Slnllarly wheh closing,
the arclng contact closes first and t.hen the rualn contacE. The reslst-

ance of the arclng swltch ls rnade more Ehan the rnaln switch so that
under normal conditlon Ëhe main sr¿lËch carries Ehe Eap currenE. When

divertor is opened during tap change Ehe current fs commrtaEed from the
maln to Ehe arcing contact wlthout any appreclable arclng at the maln
contact. Then the current ls lnterrupted by arcing contact whlch
causes current chopping resulting ln severe arcfng and erosfon of the
arclng contact. The deenerglzed selector swicch Lhen moves Eo Ehe nexE
tap posLEfon. Selector switch Ls sho\,m ln Ftg. 2.3 along wlth diverter
and reversing swiËches l-n the tap head assenbly. When closlng, the
arclng conËact closes flrst with sone pre-arclng and makes Èhe new tap
currenL. The nain contact then closes after 6ome delay wlthout any

arcing. Arclng contact ls rnade of a LungsLen alloy to reduce Ehe

erosion to a minlmum, however, lts lffe ls llmlted stlll to 101000 to

20r000 operatlons. The sequence of operatlon for thls Eap-changer ls
lllustraÈed 1n Flg. 2.4(a). An actual recordfng wlth exlstlng FPE OLTC

in a sfmulated tesc ls presented ln Fig. 2.4(b). It shows the amount

l2
 Fig. 2.2 a) Photograph of FPE Diverter Switch
in Closed Position

TIM E
ob c

a) Main Contact opens

ARCING CONTACTS b) Arcing Contact opens
c) Arcing Contact closes
Ag
d) Main Contact closes

MS
Fig. 2,2 c) FPE Diverter -
/vlAlN CoNTACTS Sequential Functional
Diagram

Fie. 2.2 b) Schematic Diagram of FPE

Diverter showing the main
and arcing contact

13 -
 +--<- Diverter

Selector

Fig. 2.3 FPE Tap head

CI b c d e +
T, Ts T+ Ts %
a) Main Contact opens

b) Arcing Contact opens, T, (current is interrupted at

'z)
c) Selector Switch opens with Existing Tap, T,
d) Selector Switch closes with Next Tap, TO

e) Arcing Contact closes, T,

f) Main Contact closes, T6

Fig. 2.4 a) Sequence of Operation of FPE Tap Changer

L4-
of arclng and pre-arclng at Ehe arclng contact.
Ffgure 2.4(b) illustraEes differenÈ Etne sequence durlng tap
change for arclng contact, volÈage acrosa diverEor6r load volEage and

dlvert,or currenL. At t = Tl Èhe arclng conEacE open€¡ afEer the main

contact 1s already open. Observe Ehe voltage across the dlvertor.
Before t - T,,
I
Lt. is zero, because Ehe arcing conÈacL was closed but
when 1t opens an arc is produced and recovery voltage follows. The arc

ls exElngulshed at = TZ and dl-verEor current goes to zetor. In Flg.

"
2.4(b) observe when Ehe divertor current starts conductlng at L = T5
the arcl-ng congact ts stll1 open and approaches its closlng posltlon at
t = T-. This condut.lon of current ls due to rpre-arcr ar Éhe arclng
b

contact and lËs Pre-arc voltage ls very lotrr'

The rnaln Èank houses three conËact head assemblles, slx
diverÈer conEacE assemblles and the main drlve mechanism. The drlving
motor is housed in the control panel along wlth Lhe relay clrcuit.
Each contact head assembly consLsEs of clrcular sel-ector switch for 9

taps, reversfng swltch and two dlvertor switch assernblles. Ihe main
mechanlsm assembly, whlch drives the divertor swlEches coneists of a

spring in a cylinder, geneva gears and diverter drlving cam as shown in

Ftg. 2.5. The mechanlcal power ls transmLtted to the tap shafE by

chaLns.
The selector head and tap shaft are cast accurately ln epoxy

resin of htgh dielectrtc and mechanical strength. The tap head forms a

permanen¡ o1l-seal beEween Ehe transformer and Eap gear compartmenEs.

The selecÈor conEacEs are capable of 2 n11l1on mechanLcal operatlons

w1Èhout replacenenc. This type of connection can wlthsEand 20 tlmes
raÈed current for four seconds on short. clrcuit.

15
 .r't fl TL

tl

Tg +
I 2

o t? 14 s A7 I 9l(tll120 H 0lt
':n8c

Fig 2.4 b) Símulated test recordings of FPE Tap Changer

- 16 - I
 l 1: -.
I

_t.

l_'-:.

f I
I I I
I I

I
I

- l- --+ I

..:. - j.
; rr.!'.
'"i1ie''"
:..
' -.
" T5 T6
'- f, | ? 3 ,t 5 i, v'::gip,r0 ti l? 0^. i,, , \'itftL I

a
Fig. Z.l+ A) Simulated test recording of FPE Tap Changer

'-17-
 lu

Fig. 2.5 a) FPE Tap Changer mechanism showing

springsr gearsr c¿unsr etc.

?c 1,

loef

'a 'l
Fig. 2.5 b) Another view of FPE OLTC

- 18 -
2.3 RåElng of FPE OLTC

The raÈlngs of Federal Ploneer tap changera are as follows:

l. TC15: 5KV fo 15kV for heavy currenE
2. TC25: 5kV to 25kV

3. TC34: 5kV Eo 34.5kV r¿ith external dfverËorg

4. TC46z 5kv LO 46kV wlrh external dfvertors

5. TCA 15: 5kV to 15kV dry type wlEh vacuum swltches.
2.4 op eratlonal Schenatlc of FPE OLTC

Flgure 2.6 shows the sequence of steps for a rl-se or lower

operation on Ehe tap changer. The serles windlng can be elther con-
nected for bucking or boosting the exciEing wlndlng voltage by a two

\{ay reverslng switch (R11, R10 tn Flg.2.6). This reduces the number

of Ëaps requlred to half the number wlEhout the reverslng swltch. Tttis
tap changer further allows an acicilElorral iap posltlon l-i'. the bridgtng
posftlon. The voltage under brldgtng position ls average of the con-

nected Eaps. This reduces Ehe nunber of actual taps from transformer
winding from one-half to one-fourth, maklng thls tap changer economl-c-

ally attracÈlve.
2.5 Control Cl-rcuLt of FPE OLTC

Flgure 2.7 shows the control diagran for the on load tap changer.
The conËrol clrcuit ls mounted below the switchlng compartnent. It
consLsts of a drlve motor, synchronous tlmers, solld state relay and

other control equipment. The tap changer can oPerafe ln two modes:
rautor and tmanualr. In the rautot mode the FI and CT sense the llne

voltage and current. respectlvely. It then compensaEes Lhe voltage for

the l1ne drop volEage and compares tt with a reference voltage.
Dependlng on Ehe error slgnal between these two voltages the voltage

sensLng device gives a slgnal to a timer. The tlmer prevenLs tap

i9 -
Operational Schematic
Moving Top Contoct¡
c9

,r il
ti c8
Ril
+
Rl0

P8
-a lñput
9-:
Auxiliory Swilch, U>
clorcd whcn top/
chongcr ir on f. c7
neulrol U *{ P
o
5
o 3
Lowor Roiæ
=

Cì to C9 fixcd top côntocls

Rt0 ond Rl I revorsing @nloctt
Rl2 ond Rl3 roving toP conlocll a

Oulpot
Rcoctor

DI Dt4
Divcrtor contocts
LI

TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT
Tap changer on neutral. one phas€ shown 1

RAISE LOWER \
(a) Diverter D14 opens (a) Diverter D15 oPens
(b) Reversing switch moves to R11 ( * ) (b) Reversing switch moves to R10 (-)
(c) Moving contacls move to briclge C8-R12 (c) Moving contacts move to bridge C1-R13
NEUTRAL and C9-R12
to
and c9-R13.
(d) Diverter D14 closes (d) Diverter D15 closes
STEP 1
(e) L1 load is supplied through tap head (e) L1 load is supplied through tap head
contacts C8 and C9, which are bridged by contacts C1 and C9, which are bridged by
the reaclors the reactors
(a) Diverter D15 oPens (a) Diverter Dl4 oPens
(c) Moving contacts move to bridge CB-RI2 (c) Vovlng conlacts move to bridge Cl-R13
STEP 1
and C8-R13 and C1-R12
to (d) Diverler D15 closes (d) Diverter D14 closes
STEP 2 (e) L1 load is supplred through tap head ie) t-l load is supplied through tap head
contact CB and paralleled reactors contact C1 and paralleled reactors
STEPS 2 to '15 SIMILAR
(a) Diverter D15 oPens (a) Diverter D14 opens
(c) Moving contacts move to bridge Cl-R12 (c) Moving contacts move to bridge CB-R13
and C1-R13 and C8-R12
(d) Diverter D15 closes (d) Diverler D14 closes
STEP 15 (e) L1 load is supplied through tap head (e) L1 load is supplied through tap head
to contact C1 and paralleled reactors contact CB and paralleled reactors
STEP 16 (f) Further raise movement is prevented by (f) Further lower movement is prevertted by
limit switch limit switch
(ç¡) Lirnit Sw is backed trp by tnechatrrcal (g) - Lrnrit Sw is b¿icked up by mechantcal
lock ancl corrtrol power "cut-of f " cotrtacl lock atrc1 controi power "ctlt-off corrtact
lf (g) above lras not operated, an irnpulse oppostte to
NOTE th¿rt shown above wlll rnove tap charrget in the oppo-
site cjire<;tion from anY stoP

Itig. 2.6 Fl'll 0per¿lLit¡t'l¿,ll Sc:llcrn¡Lict

-20-
changer from hunting by lnÈroductng a tlme delay for the translenEs 1n
the sysLem Ëo settle dor¡n. If slgnal sElll perslsts durlng this tfuûe

delay lt glvee slgnal t.o a solld staÈe relay whlch operaÈes one of the
contactors L or R. These conEactors L or R provlde supply volEage to a

slngle phase lnductlon motor whlch can rotare in reverae or forward

dlrection respecEively. When the motor compresses the nain sprlng
cornpleÈely a llmlt swftch cute off the motor supply. Ttre energy stored

ln the rnain sprlng moves Ehe whole mechanism through one tap-change

i.e., opening of dfverters, selecEor swiEch movlng Lo new posltlon and

the diverEor swltch closing on a new tap'

2.6 Ttming Charts
Experlments were carrled ouE to geE t,he tlmfng charts for the

tap sequence lllustrated ln Fig. 2.7. Tr¡o of the slx dlverEers were

adjusted to operate slmultaneously. The main contact of one of Ehe

dlverEers and arcing conLact of the other dlverter were lnsulaËed.

They were connected as shown 1n Flg. 2.8 to get a plot of full seuqence

of the tap-changer as shown tn Fig. 2.9.

-21
Control Diagra m On Load Tap Changing Equipment
lnpul

ì1, I

H,V
Supply Trånslormer
lntornal or Extolnål
Y'
t20v 60

c.T L--

5A 1æV

Outpul
Hônd Crank cuÞOf Th€rmo8tál sw

Fals Cut-Olf
Hoat€r Oull€f LarnP
Lo*ór Cut-Oft 500w

Motor End Boll

Thdmâl Cut-Of

Auto Månuål

Solld
StEtô
Control Lflor Balso
Rolay

T8p Complellon

ft
Rotary Contacls
\
nlg
Pârallel Oporatlon
Rotary Contact

Llmlt Swltch

R L

Contaclor L R

NOTE:
- Tap Complotlon conlact
opsns lo drop out tho motor slartor.
(CosÈting rôclosos tho contacl)

(optiionåD
Dynåm¡c
Brake

SprlnO Dlschargo TaP

Lowor Motor Râlsô Changlng Mechanlem
U. HP 1 Phåso Sp€od
120 v 1750 RPM Reductlon Sprlng Dlschargo conlrollod
by Deshpol

PoBlllon lndlcstor

Oporatlon Countor

lti g. 2.1 Fl.'lrì 'liap Chilnger cor.rtrol circui t

_ 11
LL -
 R

R SELECTOR
M.AI}I S\,JITCI{ IN R
S\^IITCH
ARCII;G SV/TTCFI
i
INSULA]I]iI)

Fig. 2.8 Circuit Diagram for recording main,

arcing and selector contact timing
sequences

-23-
 .--i-. --1,.., .-.,-- .:
r-cr-o,sEÐ-,.

,.;. --.-.-."...1,-..-,.--. ì. - '-'.,-..,,öPE,

. . ...;.; *,..!¡. - i-:-.--

OPEN --'

WITEH ----

N)

L.-. T: _ '3;,- . .-, -!{ - . -: 6- 7 "g 9 lìþ- 7L L7- -1i- =L[---.]Þ- ;lr

iL-9. os,-

.----NoßMAL-:-SEII]Ñ ç ::.*-' ---- -- --.

('Low E'È):

Timing charts
Figr-2-'9:-'"aläiiie shor^ring th9 mqin; -_l*_-- ::-- :
: -- and se lector control -sequerree--ì---- --
 d-,{es*ãr:iI:4?F*ì.{q:ryæ¡frryá@¡?@e.*r+?ryÌ1!Fj+F.4**fe{ã¡?F+!!*vt*ì"ir'.

{
e

N)
(.¡l

*!.
---.'-\d-d^.^,-,1É4

55 56 56 5? 60 6L 6?- 6e 6+ 65 6b ét 6e 6e 70 7L 12 lZ í+ 7't 16 ]7 7g .19 .r¡¡t@

8c
'r Ìw+rrll.Þx+44Lq''i<;j.l#¡4rF*5lr*rdæeÉrÞ+f,#!ffi

"
Fíg. 2.9 Tiroingi chârts-shcnring the main,
arcing and selector control sequence
lrlo.øa(
"
<,
f-c...', n
..i.i. i +; 4 ¡-., ;.i ..¡i . ".' i'; ¡rr ll.! ¡i i i
 CHAPTER III
NEW TIIYRISTOR ASSISTED ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

3.1 Propog ed Schene

The exlst.lng Federal Pl-oneer on load taP changer breaks the

Eap current ln Ehe diverEer swltches. These diverter swlËches conefst

of an arclng swlEch (sA) ln parallel wlth a maln swlEch (sM)' The tap
currenE ls normally carrled by Sl'f by virtue of its lower resLstance
path than through sA, but when a taP change is taklng p]-ace SM opens
flrst and dfverÈs Ehe Eap current through SA. Then, SA opens and
causes the chopplng of the Eap currenE resultlng in severe arclng
aE

fts conEacEs. Thus Ehe arclng swltch (sA), rnade of Eungsten-copper

alloy, protects Ehe main swlEch from breaklng any currenE. The arc
produced, due to energy stored fn the reacEor, damages the SA contacEs
and contaulnaEes the ol1. Thls arclng can be ellminated by integrating
thyrlsfors ln the dlverEor swiEches in such a msnner that the thyrls-
tor6 perform the currenE maktng and breaklng duty whlle mechanlcal
swiE.ches carry normal and. fault currents. The current conduction in

rhe Ehyrisrors can be conErolled by gate trlgger [1]'[2]'

Theproposedschemeusesapafrofant'iparallelthyrlstorsln
serles wlch each arcing contacÈ (Flg. 3.1). Under normal condÍtlon the
maln swiEch carrles the tap current and Èhyristors remaln non-conduct-
tng. Before the rnain switch opens the EhyrlsËora are supplted wlth
gatecurrent.Thecurrentthroughthemalnswl-tch,SM,thencommutaÈes
Ehrough Ehe thyristor branch allowing s}'l contacts to open wlth negll-

glble arclng. The current through the Ehyrlstors sEop6 aE lts nexr
natural zero when thelr gat.e signals are suppressed. This ellminates
the arclng at the arclng swltch whtch nof¡I acts as a back up swlEch'

-26-
 ANTIPÀRALLEL
THY re ISTORS PAIR

ARC1NG SWITCH

AS

MS
MAIN SwITCH

Fig. 3.1 Proposed Scheme for the new thyristor

assisted on load tap changer

obcde+ TIME

a) Main Switch (SM) opens

b) Thyristors gate signals blocked
c) Arcing Contact opens
d) Arcing Contact closes
e) Thyristor gate signals starÈed
f) Main Switch (St"t) closes

Fig. 3.2 Sequence of operation of the proposed scheme

-27-
Slmllarly when maklng current. aE a new tap the reverBe sequence le
repeated, thaE ts SA closes flrsE r¿lEhouÈ lnlElatlng any currenË. The

thyrleEors, after aome tlme delay, are trlggered by gaEe current to

conduct Ehe tap current. Thls prevenEs any pre-arc condltlon on Èhe

arclng conËacE. The r¡aln swltch then closes Co carry Ehe Eap currenE,
rellevfng Ehe LhyrlsLors. Thts full sequence is arc free and ls 11-

luscrated 1n Ftg. 3 2

3.2 Advantages of the Proposed Schene

1. The tap change fs arc-less and thus lE increases contact life

and rulnfmizes ofl contamlnatlon.

2. Slnce thyrist.ors carry current only for a few they can
"y"tes
be used for hlgher currents than thelr rated value'
3. Thyristors have been proven to be very rellable devfces and

would therefore noË affecE the reliablllty of Èhe taP chang-

er.
4. In the event the thyrisror(s) fall ln short the tap changer
acEs llke the original tap changer.

5. In the rare evenE of thyrisEor fallure ln open, the conditlon

1s sensed and tap change ls disabled.
3.3 Prelimlnary Investisations
To galn confidence in Ëhe proposed scheme, at flrst' a Pre-
llminary lnvestigation by uslng a dlode ln place of Ëhe thyrlsEors ln
Èhe auxlliary clrcult rdas made. The Federal Ploneer Lap changer ldas

sfinulated in the laboraÈory as shown fn Flg. 3.3(a). The center-tap

air gap reactor was adJusted to get 5Oi( clrculatlng current. A pure
lnductlve load rlas connect.ed for the erorsE expecEed transl-ents. An

electrlcally operaÈed swiEch acEed as the mafn switch (SM). This

swlEch was shunted by a dfode. The swiËch was operated several tfmes

2B
 SHT]NT C¡NTRE TAP
REACTOR

3.9 A
r------- I
¡
rl 8.5 A
ll. l>-
SM
57A l- -
- - - - - -¡

L
0
A
r10 D
v

Fig. 3.3 a ) ExperimenËal set-up with a diode

SHIJNT

CENIRE-TAP
R.EACTOR
Ë5=-i:=- - I
I It
7,2A

13. 8V
l----- ---J

L
3,7^ o
A
D. 94V

v
90.0v

Fig. 3.3 b) Experimental set-up with anti-paral1el thyristors

29-
and the transienE volEage and currenÈ were obeerved for Èhe dlode.
Sample results are preeented ln thls secÈlon'
1) I,Ihen the Bwfcch is opened ln positfve l'ralf cycle the dlode fs
reverse blased. Thls sltuation corresponds to Ehe openlng of the
arclng contacts (SA) of Ehe existlng tap changer. The oscillogran
ln Flg. 3.4(a) shows large voltage (due Èo large d1/dt) whfch 1s

responslble for causlng Èhe arclng at Ehe conEacts'

2) When the swltch is opened ln the negative half cycle, the dlode 1s

forward blased and this corresonds to Ehe situaEfon of ualn conLacE

openlng, commutating the currenÈ Èhrough the arclng contacE and

lnEerrupting lE at current zero. Ftg. 3.4(b) shows the âbsence of
Ehe voltage splke which oEherwise causes arclng'
The above experiment vras repeaËed af t.er replacing the diode

wlth thyrisEors as shown 1n Fig. 3.3(b). The block diagrarn of the

control clrcuft used for firing the thyrisEors ls shown 1n Fig. 3.5.
The transformer T1 steps down the voltage. A voltage comparator pro-
duces a pulse when thfs voltage goes posltive. Thts Lrlggers a mono-
sÈable to give a pulse of half cycle. The logic AND gates dfvert the

clock slgnals to the forward blased thyrlsror. To stop Ehese slgnals

at current breaking the currenE cycles through Ehe Ehyristors are

counted ln a counter by using a voltage comparator senslng Lhe wave

shaped currenE slgnal. the pul-ses from the clock are disabled at the

end of the deslred count. For maklng current, the sr¿ltch Sl ls seÈ

high and thyrlstors are contl-nuously gated.

Current Maklng Sequence:
a) Firlng pulses are applled to the thyrLstors whlle the arclng
contacÈ (SA) ts closed and maLn conËact (Slf) is open.
b) Maln conËacË ls closed, thereby commmutatl-ng the Lhyrlstor
current to the maln conEact
-30-
 ô
Ez
ko
ãho
ãPu

b¡
o
5
o
(,
z uT (tov lo)
õ
u
Lr (.'o r v/ n)

Fie. 3.4 (a) Voltage transient, which causes

arcing on SA contacts

\Ì1 (tov1n )

¿r ('ol vl")

Fig. 3.4 (b) Elimination of the voltage spike

which causes arcing

-31 -
 Tl
I l0/ 7v
}f ONO- STAB TO
VOLTAGE FIRING
COI'IPARATOR SCR J.

Jll cLM 3i1) (7412r) Q F

SCR 2

l2v l2v

CLOCK
( 1OKr{z)

555

110/5V SCR SCR 1

COI.]NTER VOLTAGE
SHUNT
ol"ç^RA
(7 490 (rM 311

Fig. 3.5 a) Block schematic of Ëhe control scheme

for experimental set-up

-32-
 -lzv rÒ K +l2V t5v
+ î>v
I l2v
t a

/- 47 ¡t.
Ltolr't ct o.j- uF co
o 5V
t
'{! 3'7k $ lôJt
I kfr Þ
F¿¿+.9
C\/ ì¡r
- tzv lt<JL I

o
lKr¿ 6 tog
ù-= PÈ z¿rz
IK
-[1
t^
ú\
LA
6.xu. 9V
o .t
I
¡.l F -T- 13 h.E i . i I
álj 3
:. \ôl^L
U)
F z 4.q
I
{5v IK¿

1l2V I K/L
5 f rrav
PN ?2i2-
*+ o o
i-- I-KJ¿ <-.t â\ o +
il
{
I

¡o *¡
J iì
r )¿ 5v N l.
{
\-4
i1
J rO

ll lt)
c
-r?J lgv

Fig. 3.5 b) Circuit diagram of control circuit

 CurrenÈ Br eakfns Sequence

1) Ftrlng pulses are aplled when both the arclng and the main

swltches are closed'

2)Malnswltchlsopened,thlsrnakesthethyrlstoreandÈhe
arclng contacE to carry the current'
3) Flrtng pulees to the thyrtstors are blocked' Thts ln turn

causestheÈhyrtstortogototheblocklngstateonthenext'
current zelo'
4) Arelng contacts (SA) are opened'
5) The rnechanism ls ready for tap change'
The resulEs obtalned are shown ln Flgs. 3.6 (a),
(b)' (c) e

(d).
3.4 tlterature Search
AliEeraEuresearchtncomputerdatabaseldascarriedouE
from Èhe unlversity of Manltoba Englneering Llbrary' The data
base 1n

Ehls search ls rnalnEalned at canada Instltute for scientlflc

and

Technical Information, oLtawa, canada whfch scrutinizes records

over

the last ten to eleven years. The paper keyword search with keywords
Transformer and Tap changer resulted in a llst of thlrLy flve papers

and patenEs. A later search fOr Patents fron u.s.A., canada,

Japant

Germany,U.K.andoLherEuropeancounLrlesoveraperlodoflastEen
yearsresultedlnonlyonepaLentt35].AnothersearchcarrledouË
patents t36
through NRc - Technical Advlsory commlttee resulEed 1n sl-x
to 411.

papers tll and l2l are among the mosE useful' They descrlbe
The

thyr 1s Eor appllcaElon for resfsElve type tap changers' The test re-

sults for 200 to 400 A have been Presented'

Two papers, [3] and t41 deal wlth Ehyristor appllcation to Eap

34
 1¡r (rov/o )

¿T ('or v/e )

l,
AS CLOSED GATE SIGNAL ON
(crccu tr MAD e
-)
Fig. 3.6 a) Current making in tap changer arm
(gating signals removed after B cycles)

uT (rov/o )

çÀTE SIGUAL
( sv/q

t-
o Zn
l¡t
r¡ ll
'sM' oPÉt{ s!!
Þ-
cf,
ra
rJ
Ug
t¡t
!-
z
Fig. 3.6 b) Current breaking-itt tap changer arm

-35-
 uT (rov/o )

¿r ('ot v/o )

'sM'
(U-PE
e.URRENT
rrrlrÉRRU PTION

Fig 3.6 c) Current breaking in tap changer arm

after removing gate signals (3 tratf
cycl es )

ù1 (rov/ o )

r1 (.orv/o)

I
SM CURRTNT
OPEN TNTERRU PTION

Fig. 3.6 d) Current breaking in tap changer arm

after removing gate signals (4 hatt
cycles)
36-
changers ln whlch conEinuous duty cycle of Èhe thyrlstore ls requlred.
These papers are of marginal interest only. Papers t5l and t6l deal
\.rlth vacuulu boEtle applfcatlon to Èap changere. These papers are of
some lnteresE because Ehey address Èo Ëhe aame problem. Papers and

patents t9l to t14] deal r¿1th varloue commercl.al products and' some of
Ëhem, expeclally t14l are valuable. Remalnlng referencee [15] to t35l

are of general lnÈeresL. Useful references for the deslgn of the pro-
posed Eap changer are llsted.

Jt -
 CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED TAP-CHANGER

4.L Introductlon
The proposed scheme uses a Èhyristor to swftch Ëhe curenc on
and off Èhrough the reactor. It ls l-uportant to sÈudy Ehe translenc
behavlor of currenË and recovery voltages for thyrlst.or valve sfzlng
for the tap changer. Thts chapter descrfbes Ehe analysls, computer

slmluaÈl-on of the tap changer and some of the results obÈained uslng
the sinulatlon programs. The tap changer has been modelled by a slngle
phase equivalent clrcuit shown tn Flg. 4.L. Ihe Èransformer'secondary
slde has been nodelled as a voltage source in serles wlth reslstance
and inductance. The reacEor has been modelled as two equal, non-ldeal
nutually coupled colls (k<l) wlth wlnding resf-stances. The load has

been represenEed as an lnductive load. The rnodel varl-ables are sum-

marized fn lable 4.L. The clrcult fn general consists of Èwo coupled

current loop equations of the firsË order. These equatlons have Lhen

been solved t.o get uncoupled equatfone ln currenÈs. The resultlng

dlfferentlal equatlons have been simulared on computer usl-ng CONTINUOUS

STMULATTON MODELLTNG PROGRAM (cst'fP ) . A ser of Ëhree stmularLon pro-

gra$s have been developed nanely: (1) TCTA-OFE (2) TCTA-ON and (3)
TcrA-sNUB. Figure 4.2 descrfbes Èhe general algorlthn of the pro-
grams.

-38-
 èe¡¡TE f¿ - TÀP
RE^Cfo R

I
ta
a

o
L
a

N'Vr
L
o
a
A
Ð
Vs

Fig. 4.I a) Schematic representation of FPE Tap Changer

t-
r RS LS tl I ner LRt
I

I L,
I
t 4 LLr L¡+ [¿
I

I
I
I
t-/* I

l---- qq2
I
t-
t¿ , LRZ I
I

N'vT DrvERfÉRst____ : I
I RL
I

V5, I
L¡
I
I
È-

L Fig. 4.1 b) Equivalent circuit model

 START

PEAD ÐEgIRED
OPERATINCT
Couo¡troNS

REAÞ SYSTEM
PAR.AMETER.S

rS
YES
TRIQ-
-q¿R
oNl

CALCULATE ¿ALCULATE THE

ETATE vALIJE6 TRANS¡ENT VN.UÊS

¡lo TtME
ov€R ?

PRI¡rr/Pt.or DESIREÞ
VALUÉS

STO P

Fig. 4.2 General flowchart of simulation program

-40-
 Table 4.1
Llst of Varlables

VOLTAGE

1. Vs Equfvalent maln-secondary wlndfng volEage source as

seen from secondarY.

2. Vr EquivalenE tap wlndlng voltage 6ource as seen from

secondary.

3. Vt 0 for nonbrldglng Posltlon

W for brtdgtng posltlon
INDUCTANCES

4. LS Equlvalent. leakage inductance reflected on tap

winding sfde (bridging Posltton)
0 (nonbrtdge in Position)

5. LRI/LR2 Upper/lower half leakage lnductances of the reactor'

6. L Total end to end lnductance of the reactor'

7 I'f lfutual inductance of the two halves of Ehe reactor
wlndlng.

8. LL Equlvalent load lnductance

9. LTS Equivalent leakage inducEance relfected on
secondary SlS3.

RESISTANCES

IO. RS Equivalent resistance reflecEed on tap w-indlng

secondary (bridgtng posltlon)
0 (nonbrldglng)
11. RRl/RR2 Upper/lower half reactor winding resistances'

L2. RL EquLvalent load reslsLance'

MISCELLANEOUS

13. k Co-efficlent of mutual couPllng'

t4. N Number of tap at whlch lower arm of reacEor ls
slttlng.
15. û) Angular frequencY (=Zxf)
t6. f Power frequencY (60 Hz)'

L7. j /-r
-4r
 The programs have a feaEure analogoue to preErlgger ln an

oscllloscope. It gfves t.he steady st.aLe values of currenE and vol¡ages

Just before Ëhe deslred change is occurlng ln Ehe tap changer. The

slmulatlon programs solve for boÈh brldging and nonbridgtng posltlons

of the reactor. Results of Ëhe deslred voltage and currents are
plotted on Ehe VersaEec plotÈer uslng a plotEing program.
4.2 Analysis
4.2.L TCTA OFF

I'lhen Ehe Èap-changer is in br idgi ng pos I t lon, fr om the

Kirchoff's law, equations can be wrltLen in Ehe followlng form:

vs*N.vt = (RTS+RL).if +(LTS+LL-k.L/4) .dLL/ dt

+(RTS+RL+RR2). rz +(LTS+LL+LR2+L/4).dLr/dt (4.1)

vt I = (RS+RRI).f, +{t S+LRI+L/4+k.L/4).dir/dt

-RR2 . i2 -( LR2+L/4+k.L /4) .dLZ/ar (4.2)

These simultaneous equatlons are solved for tap currents 1n

the frequency domaln. The expresslons for lndlvidual currenEs in
phasor representaÈion are glven 1n Table 4.2.
when the swftchlng occurs in upper or rower arm fn Ehe pro-

posed scheme the corresponding current stops at lE next current zeto.

After thls lnstant. of Eime Ehe clrcult conslsts of a single roop. The

loop equaEions for the resultlng t,ransient current, 1n instanEaneous

-42-
TABLE 4.2 Formulatlons for TCTA-OFF

SÈe a¡þr-S t age_cgrlegt s:

.I N1IMAGtAN .1
I I = 7/, t5**66rll-
.N1REAL2+N2IMAG2. DIMAG
(Ean
N1REAL
- DRBAL
)

N2REAL2+N2IMAG2 I / -1 N2IMAG _I DIMAG

DREALZTDT$ - Llran N2REAL
- tan DREAL
)

where NIREAL = vtrA4 - (vs+N.vt) A2

NIIMAG = vrrB4 - (vs+t¡.vr) 82

DREAL = A1*A4 - 81*84 - A2*A3 + B2rkB3

DIMAG = 81*44 + B4:kAl - A2*83 - A3*82

N2REAL = Al*(vs*N.vt) - vt f *43

N2IMAG = -83*vr' + 81*(vs*N.vt)
A1 = RS*RRI

A2 = RR2

A3 =RTS*RL
L4 =RTS+RR2+RL
' Bl = o*(LS-LRl+L*(k+1.0)/4.0)
BZ = 6*(LR2-¡:r(k+l)/4.0¡

83 = (l)*(LL-k*L/4.o{nTS)
84 = ¡¡*(LR2*L/4.G|LL+LTS)

Translent currents
l. Upper arru swltching
dLz
vsfN.vr = (RR2+RTS+RL) 12 + (LR2+LL+L/4 + LTS) ãT_
1t -0
di,
Recovery voltage, RV = vt' + RR212 + (LR2+L/4(k+1))ãr:
2. Lower arm swltching

vs*N.vt*vtr = (RS+RR2+RL+RTS) 1t + (LS+LR2+L/4+LL)#

d1
I
Recovery voltage, RV = vtr (RS+RR2) 12 (LR2+L/4(k+1) )
dr

-43-
values are as follows:
for upPer arm swlEchlng

vs*N.vË = (RR2+RTS+RL) .Iz +(LR2+LL+L/4+LTS) .dLz/ dt (4.3)

Ir(ro) = /2 .Ir.sin (02-01) (4.4>

where Èo = swltchlng tlme lnsÈant

or for lower arrn switching

vsfN.vt+vcr = (RS*RR2+RL+RTS).i1 +(LS+LR?+L/4+LL)'dlr/dt (4'5)

I I (ro) = /2.tr.sln (or{z) (4.6)

The first order dlfferentlal equaLf-orrs are solved wlth

inltial curren¡ equal to respective fnitial condl,tlons. The recovery

vol¡age across the thyristors is calculared by Ehe equatl-ons glven fn
Table 4.2.
For nonbrldglng position the swltchlng equations remaln same

as above buÈ vtr=RS=LS=0.

4 .2.2 TCTA-ON

Before Ehe current conducts on a new tap the clrcult consLsEs

of a single loop. The steady sLate value of other tap current (lower

or upper) ls given bY che followlng:

vs*N. vË = ( RR2+RL+RTS ) . iz+( LR?+L/ 4+LL+LTS )dIz/ dt (4.7)

or
vs*N.vt.*vt. I
= (RS+RR1+RTS+RL).i1+(LS+LRI+L/4+LL+LTS)d12ldr (4.8)
The resultlng expresslons are su¡nnarlzed tn Table 4.3.

44-
Table 4.3 Formulatlons for TCTA-ON

Lower or u¿per_arxo_sgigchinB

d2
(8184-8283)
dr
,, * å (81A4+84A1-A283-A3rr) þ +(A1A4-A2A3) rl
:,
= (Aovt - vstA2) ** (u¿
åE vt'! - n, f¡,r"r)
where vst=vsfN.vt

, d2t dt
I turuo-8283) o* * | <8144+84\-4283-A3B r, # + (ArA4-AzAs)rr
Btd t3¿
=[ I vst+- ã;vsË- A3vt-;dÈ"t
Inltial condltlons
Lower arm swlÈching
,,1, = o
Upper arm switchlng

,(l) =

For boch condftions

uz uz
it (o) = å, t, l.=o = [(vt -%"" t) - (Az
B
A
4
)i 2
4

B
2 û)
(Ar og) 1r.l
B Bz
4
Bt-B 3'%

' B', B., 81 ..

irto> = [(vr - ui *r) - (Ar - or) rr - Gz oo)t2r
-+T;
t t "z-Ç

-45-
 The translent currenE equat.ions for both cases are glven by

the equaflons 4.1 and 4.2. These two coupled equaElons when solved can
be expressed as two independenÈ equatlons glven in Table 4.3.
4.2.3 TCTA-SNUB

The circuit, when a snubber circuit (serles comblnatlons of R

and C) ts used Eo llm|È the dv/dt across the fhyristors, is represented

by two loop equat.fons (at current inEerrupLion) as follows:

vs*N.vr = (RTS+RL)11+(LTS+LL-k .L/ 4) dil/dE

+( RT S+RL+RR2 ) t 2+( LT S+LL+L / 4+L R2) dL 2/ dt (4.e)

vr | = (RS+RRl+R)tr+(LR+LR1+(k+1 )L/ 4)ð,ILl¿t é J rrat

.72 - (LR2+(k+l)L/4)dL2/dt (4.10)

- RR2

the solutlon to Ehese equatlon ls glven by a Ehird order equatlon given

ln table 4.4. From the solutlon of Ehese equatlons we calculate the

voltage and dv/dt across the thyristors at turn off'

4.3 Sinulation Programs
Tables 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 gLve equatlons for both steady state
and translent condlElons. These sets of equatlons have been used Eo

slmulate the systern in CSl"fP. The three programs have been developed
for Ehe three conditlons, i.e., (f) TCTA-OFF, (2) TCTA-oN' (3) TCTA-
SNUB. The flowchart of these progralne ls glven tn Fig' 4'2' The pro-

grams calculate the steady sEate values untll the trlgger (TRIG) is

set. Then, they calculate the Eransient values by the CSMP progran'

The operaÈing condltlon of t,he tap changer can be speclfied by vari-

-46-
ables ln the program ltke TBRIGT
, tLOI¡ON t , fUpoN". The number of
precrlgger cycles ls speclfled by varlable fPRE'and lts sensiÈlviÈy by
tEPSt. The paraneters llke vtrvtrrvsrLRl, etc. can be speclfled for a
glven transformer. The deslred ouÈput varlables are specffled fn
I PRTPLT I statemenÈ.

-47
Table 4.4 Fornulattons for TCTA-SNUB

ÍJtÈh R-C (ResisEance and capacl-tor cornbinatton) acroaa the

dlvetor at turn off.

vE -F33q +FZZq +Ftt9 +F

oo
q+c oo
LE2'F|
ñ
"33 - -F3

RE2.F? LEz.F1
F22= LEl+%- .
%-
Frl=REl+tr Fl+ft
RE2
F
ooF 3
c

c
oo
=--a
RE2
E'
^3
(vr +äå.vst) -tr (vt +ïËå.u".r
Inltial condltions
9(0) = 0
û(o)=o
'û fol = (tr-Fl .r1(o)-F¡fZ(o) +
LEz
vst(0) ) /r,
ïm
F, = REI + LE2.RE3
1g4-
LE2.LE3
F, = LEI *.Ç-
F3=-REz+ - LE2.RE4
LE-
REl RS+RRl+R
RE2 RR2

RE3 RTS + RL
RE4 RTS+RR2+RL
LEl LS + LRl + Ll4 (k+1)
LEz LR2 + L/4 (k+1)
LE3 LL-k.L/4+LTS
LE4 LR2+L/4+LL+LTS

48-
4 .4 Slnulat,lon Resul ts
The slmulatfon programs \{ere run for varlous operatlng con-
dlÈlons. A typtcal set of results ls shown ln Flg. 4.3 Ëo 4.6. Thege

results are for the followfng data:

1) Load Current 1000 A, 0.8 pf

2) Clrculating current 500 A,

3) Tap voltage 150 V

l.Ihen the tap changer l-s 1n brtdging posltlon and a tap change

ls deslred Eo lower the load volEage then the resultlng currenc and

voltage waveforrns are shown in Fig. 4.3(a) to (c). Figure 4.3(a) shows

the current ln Ehe upper tap thyrlstors when the maln conÈacÉ opens at
tap voltage vt.=O at t=0. This currenE ls the sÈeady staEe currenL and

ls sum of half the load current and the cl-rculaElng current t111 t=T2.
The gate slgnals Eo Ehe thyrlsLors are blocked between T1 and 12 by

vl-rtue of which the circuiË is Ëurned off afËer the currenË. zero at
t=T2. Figure 4.3b shor¿s the current in Ëhe lower tap. It may be noted
that. thls current is leading the tap voltage whlle the upper tap cur-
rent was lagglng the tap voltage and that. lt is smaller ln magnltude.
At time t=T2 the current changes from lts lnitial steady staEe value of
sum of half the load current and the cl-rculatlng current to Ëhe load

current.
Flgure 4.3c shows the voltage across the Lhyristors fn the
upper arm. When the thyristors are conductlng as shown 1n Flg. 4.3(a)
the volt.age across the thyrlsEors remain nearly zero buÈ when they stop
conduct.ing a voltage, which 1s Ehe sum of Eap and lnduced voltage ln
the center Eap reactor, appears across them. Thls voltage, as can be

observed from Ffg. 4.3(c) reaches almosE the peak value aE the lnstanE

-49-
 Fig. 4.3 a) Current in the upper arm thyrisEors when
it is required to move to a ne\^r setting
from bridging Position

O rú
(J
CO

O
O
(f
CV
r!

cl
cf
c_l
si C]
CO
X

(/)3
o__
>-o
CI:J
Z-
O
^O
t_L
Ic-l
¡-t TA
L
CL
Ldo
LO
o_ c;
-l=
I

:Z
t-- 1

O
l-- cr
Z
LJB
fi-t
I
:l
r lcl
-O
a;
CU

O
O
L)I
(!)
-t'- t- '.'- t

U 0U tl' 2l) fl.Ll| il.l.,il Lt"Lítl t " |Ü

't
II
t t/l
i'ii--- i i,l l,,l Ii I i-:-,i. i_il\lr):i ;< i I lí ì ,, ij
Èo-
 51

Fig 4.3 b) Current in the lower arm when Ëhe

upper arm is disconnected from
the bridging Position

O
O
('J
(D

fz
C]
O
-
('J
CU

O
O
C]
c{
O
O
X
l2
Ø=
o_
-¿_ -
Z.
cl
rl
o_ -.
Io
F_r
ct-
L-l-]o

-cl
l=
.L
t-=l
O
F-O
Z-:
u-r
H
Cft
LL
l
rlo
-O
-C\I
I

O
O
CJ
a -t' '- -' 't

u. [i(] t:.1 [i l.l 1 " Ll0

0. ;10 {-t " u t-l
U Ll0
Iii'ii l l\l li Tl I I -SEt.CINll:) xI i']0 il
 -2L- across the ÈhYristors in
Fig. 4.3 c) Voltage
the upper arm which is required to
move to a new setting from the
bridging position

l'
C]
C]
(-
:T

C]
cl
O
co

( J
sCl
ryO
cl
CU

a
CL
Ð
l-- c:
u)a
(J
afd

I
F
Ao
glc)
[rci
CL
(-_J
T2
I C]
O
Lrl
Cf CT
cr -¡
t-
_-]
Ð
t\
'c:Cl
>- cl
û- CU
L]Jl
IJ
e) o
LllO
n¡¡
CII

c_l
C]
(J I
r:l' l
,U
flu t.l " ;t r:ì 0.rtu r-r.tjO tr ., tì ll I {.ltl
I i I,i i: i i'.r i'i ltL I :ìi_t.3i'ìl-t:ì xiiltl.tl
 -53 -

F,g.4.4 a-S Current in the upper arm when the lower arm is
brought into nonbridging position. Thyristors
in lower arm start conducting at t=T, (case 1)
O
(:)
T'1
O
(o

O 1L
O
C:]

O
cl
CJ
*-iorY-l
x--

"i=
o_
zcl
cr-
Z.
O
0_1
Cfo
F-l
I
Lrl c:
û_o
o- ci
--f =
I

Z,
O
l-- o
Z-:
LIlH TI
Cfr
J:
:l
rio
-O
a;
c\l

O
O
( J
(ar
-- '.-" -' f--'
t- ì

ri " r.l Lr .10. i.itJ tllj. LrlJ ilii

t-l-r. iiri.lìu I LIU. Lil.l

TIMr- 1l\ f,l i Li- I - sL: f:.Í'li"ill'ì

 - b4 -

Fig. 4.4 b) Current in lower arm thyristors ,

firedatt=Tl (case 1)

CJ

(]
CU

TL fL
C)
Cf
Cf
cl

"ig
0_
>:cr
I(D
z.
cf
L O
Cj
F
E.
LI
3o
Ð?
Jc:
C\J

Z-

F
-7o
ñ?
Cfo
[_ Í1
l
LJ cl
O
d
C!
I

rl
C-)

Cì .-t
t- I
u " 0ü U " 0.1 Ll. t1r.l U" t)t,ì Lr^ t-ìt U" 1U

TI t"iL' Ì l\ ii I I l- I -SECflt\itlS
(T^) of currenE lnterrupElon. This shows a large dv/dc aEresa on the
¿

thyrlstors and hence some proÈectlon agalnst large dv/dt ls requlred.

Ffgures 4.4 and 4.5 shovl the outpuE for Èhe eLtuaElon when one of the
Ëap poslEfon changes fron nonbrtdgtng to lower poeltlon at dlfferenE
l-nscanÈs of Èlrue. The currents 1n Flgures 4.4(a) and 4.5(a) show the

steady staEe load currenL unt.l-l E=Tl when the lower tap EhyrisÈor start
conductlng. The lower Eap EhyriaËor current as shown ln flgures 4.4(b)
and 4.5(b) show thaE Ehe transient current through them ls dc offset
and hence larger than the steady state value. Thts dc offset current
normally decays to zeto due to resistlve elements 1n the circulatlng
loop. However for t.he above cases resistance was set ,o Flgure
"uto.
4.5(b) represent.s the rJorsE Eranslent current Ehrough the rhyristor.
Figure 4.6 shows the voltage waveforms when a snubber clrcult
consisting of a slmple series reslstor and capaclt.or cfrcult is con-
nect,ed across the chyrisrors. A typical value of R=200 0 and C=0.1 þrF

was trled for tná Eap changer. The progranme TCTA-SNIIB was used Ëo get

the voltage and dv/dt across the EhyrlsEors. Ffgure 4.6(a) shows the
dv/dt stress in þr,V/s across the thyrlstor. It can be noEed chaE iÈ is
maximum at Ehe insEant of current lnterruptfon. This value has Èo be

llmited withln the thyristor speciflcaclon by proper selectlon of R and

c.
Figure 4.6(b) shows the volEage across the snubber cl-rcuiE.
This volÈage rises qulte rapldly to a maximum value of 280 V withln 20

ps. Ftgure 4.7 shows the transl-ent as well aa steady staEe voltage
across Èhe thyrlstors. It rnay be noted EhaÈ the firsc peak volEage ls
larger than subsequenE volt.ages. Thus thls value determlnes the
chyrisror volEage speclf ications.

-55
 -b6-

Fig. 4.5 a) Current in the upper arm when the lower arm is
brought into nonbridging position. Thyristors
in the lower arm start conducting at t = Tl
(case 2: worst case)
Lf
L-)

LJ
IL
LN

T_L
O
C'
:
LJ

Õ
O
O C]
f--
X

Ø3
o_
_>_u
o')
cr
Z.
Hcl
C]
O- c;
[-
Fl
[.
L-Ll c:
o_o
o_;
:rLn
I

7.
C]
þ- r-¡
7
L!B T{
Cft
[_
l
i lc)
-O
r:ì
în
I

O
ct
r.:)
f'
-l
- jllr' t

U. i.j¡ r il_L Iu. tr0 i-ìíi tJf-r ir t,r " IJ Ii ILIU.IJLI

I I MI il\ i"1 I i_l I - :it l.[]l.il-15
 -57 -

rT:l

'iì
;l Fig.4.5 b) Current in lower arm thyristors,fired at t = T
:¡
I
.,1
li
Li
(case 2: ü/orst case)
4

.t r:l
I Cf
O
:f
f:\

TL
O
Cì
IJ
O
IU

C:]
O
C)o
(O
.+
X

.O
aÕ.
0- cr
>-(\
C_
Z
O
0-?
CI ct
F- cf'
Cf
Lrl
--7 C-'l

Ð:
Jo
:f
Z.

l-- (]
Z_a
Llo
Cfr
Cf T1
I
oo
O

:f
I

C:)

r_ .i

't "' I
r.J L] [J ¿t-l {_ll.l +tj.iltr lìri l-lll f,ii. ilLl I i[]" urJ
r i Mi_ ll',1 l'1 ItII-SIt.i]rNll.ì
 -s8-

dv
Fig. 4.6 a)
¡¡ across thyristors v/hen the current is
interrupted (wittr snubber circuit)

cl
O
O
:..l{
(D

(f
O
dvfd|
O
tn
LD

O
---{
x3
O
¿ r@
[t-
a
I

Ðo
0t?
(_-)o
c--¡ Cl

O
ZO
'-- O
ftt
6cn
Ð
l--
U)o
r-+O
Cf .-;
>-.f
I(\J
t--
ao
U)o
lç-l
r_ó
(-)*
CI
t--
[-] c:
\c)
üco

'tr
(:)
i._l
1- --'-
-,0 LIU I Lì. tJU 0U
zrLj" .JU. trll q tJ . [tu lr fJ . { ltJ
Ill"ìT I N I ü'ì0 - l.ì [ |._ rj i.t il:ì
1"1
 _s9 -

Fig. 4.6 b) Voltage rise across snubber circuit

(thyristors) following current inter-
ruptionatt=0

C]
Cf
co

O
C]
C]
o
CU

O
cl

oj.
l-- crt
J
Ð
>O
cl
Z.
'-3
r
LrJ
C\J

ffis
l-zO
õ2
a
a
u!
[_
e) o
r]
Lrl
(-l
C
.-o
IO
J
Ðo

O
cl
O
=l

C)
LI
(-t l t-
--ì 't---. --ì
_U
LìU iU . LrLr 2! û , !t-l 3tl. lifl Lltl. tltì )ti. fJf-J

T IME IN l'1 I r:,lìü 5i- r.tJI'lus

 -60-

Fíg. 4.7 Voltage across thyristors-at turn off

(with snubber circuit)

cl
O
(:)
:f

-l
O
tf
cn

(Jç
Lrl Õ
a:
r5
C)N
[.
rJ
LJ
Io
--)
_2 (c

Z.

[1
Ðc:
ufõ
tf
I
l--o
ct
(ñ
O
a
i(-l
0f
IJ Cf
(_l
t
O
F @
LI I

tÞ¡1

r:lÈf
O
(.o

C:)
a
O
l
CU

0 00 1 00 20.00 30. 00 r_l 00

q
50.00
IN MICRO_SECÚNDS X1 0
T I ME
4.5 Obeervatlons and Concluslons

TCTA-OFF

The results fro¡n Ehe program TCTA-OFF whlch elmulaEes Ehe

conditlons when Èhe currenE Ln Ehe thyrlsEor ls snltched off aL naEural

zero during ¡he flrsc sEage of the Eap-change, shows thaE the recovery
voltage acroas Ehe EhyrlsEor reaches almost the peak steady state value
Lnstantaneously, causlng a very large dv/dt acrosa the thyrlsEor.
1. The recovery voltage l-ncreases aa the power facÈor changes Ëo

lower values and is observed to be maxlmum for zeîo power

facEor conditlon (Fte. 4.8(a)).

2. The recovery voltage ls observed Ëo lncrease as thá coupltng
of the reactor increases to ldeal coupling (k=1) as shown Ln
Fle. 4.8(b).
3. The recovery voltage is higher when the tap changer ls 1n

bridging Posltion'
4. The recovery voltage ls hlgher when upper arm fs ln bridging

posltion and fs rnaking a transition to sEep down.

TCTA-ON

TCTA-ON programme slmulates the condltlons when the selector-

sslgch 1n the tap changer has moved Eo a new posltlon and Lhe

arclng switch (SA) 1s closed and the Ehyrlstors are supplied

wlth Ehe gate signal. The firlng angle can be controlled by

the varlable TFIANGT 1n the program. Some of fhe results are

shown tn Flgs. 4.4 and 4.5
1. The Èransl-ent current fn thyrlstors 1s lower when Ehe tap
arms are l-n nonbridging conditlon'
2. The Eranslent current. ls hlgher when the upper arm thyristor
is swltched on ln brldglng posltlon'

- 61
 3

l¡¡
û 2
b
o
I
q¿

E
s
\J I
kt
A(
A
r¡¡
V¡
{fI
t
q/
o
ì
Ø o.5 1'O PF

ffiro3 ôF THÊ LÒAb

Fie. 4.8 a) Normalised recovery volrage across

thyristors (rn7ith respect to tap vol-
tage) as a function of load P'f'

Sz
l-
-¡
o
I
!
u
t¡¿
5.
E5
l.¡
a¿

q
l¡J

{I
(f t
s K
ì o.o COEFFIð8,Ñf OF ¿ôUPL¡¡¡q l.o
o.5 .-æ+
Fie. 4.8 b) Normalized recovery voltage across thyristors
(wittr respect to tap voltage) as a function of k'

-62-
 3. The rranslent current contalns a dc blas whfch decays gradu-
ally to zero. The tlme constant for the dc component decay

ls dependenÈ on RRI and RR2.

4. The currenË t.ransient is seneltl-ve Èo Ehe flrlng angle of Èhe

thyrleEors. The exact nature of thls behavfor ls raEher com-

plex as 1E fs dependent on almosE all parameEerB of Ehe

model.

TCTA-SNUB

As from the results of TCTA-SNUB, tt was observed thaE the

dv/ar is htgh across Ëhe thyrisLors at Ehe lnstant of chyrisÈor current
swlEching off at. naLural current zero which necessltates the use of a

snubber clrculÈ for dv/dt proEecEfon. This snubber clrcuit ls a serles

resLstor-capacftor combfnation connected ae.ross the Èhyrlstors. Proper
values for thls snubber clrcuit can be selecLed for lfmlttng the dv/dc
âcross the chyristors wlÈhln safe limlts.
The results of EIg.4.6 show the dv/dt and voltage across the
thyrisEors for a typical values ofR=2000and c lF. The lnltial
peak voltage is slightly hlgher than the steady state value.

63
 CHAPTER V

DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED THYRISTOR ASSISTED

ON LOAD TAP CHANGER

5.1 IntroductLon
The ÈhyrlsÈors ln the proposed scheme have Èo carry Ehe tap

currenÈ when Èhe maLn swl-tch opens and also before lt, closes agaln on a

new selected Eap. Thls requires Lhe thyristors to be capable of wlth-

standfng the sysEem voltage and Ehermal stresses due to currenÈ conduc-
ELon. One of the main specificatlon of concern for Ehe Ehyrlstors ls
the thermal ratlng. Thyrist.or JuncË1on EemperaEure should áot exceed

L25"C. This can be checked by a compuÈer progra¡n developed for Ehls

purpose. The program calculates the junctton temperature from Super-
positlon InEegral and uses Èhermal finpedance charact,erisElcs of the
thyristor. Thís technlque of calculation ls less conservaEive ln esEi-
maÈ1ng Èhe Junctlon temperaEure than other knordn rnethods 1421.

The chyristors are also required Eo withstand htgh dv/dt at

turn-off and are proEected by snubber clrcuits made up of a series

combinatlon of resisEor-capaclt.or (R-C) connected acr06s Ehe Ehyrls-

tors. The value of C llnlts the dv/dt and the value of R determlnes
the danplng of the circuit. The values of R and C are chosen to reduce

Ehe dv/dc below the specifled lfmits wiEhout excesslve volLage over-
shoo t.
The firlng clrcult for applytng flring signals to the rhy-
rlstors uses a circuit to deliver gate current. to the Ehyr1sÈors. The

signal source is elect.rlcal1y lsolated from the power thyrlscor by

using a pulse transformer or an opLo-coupler. A slgnal from auxlllary

swlEch confrols the sÈart of gate current to Ehe ÈhyrisLor from Lhe

-64
ffrlng clrcult. The operaEion of these slgnals and the sÈate of Èhese

thyrlstore 1s monitored by a loglc lntegraced clrcult (IC) whfch de-

tects the loss of gaÈe slgnals and Chyrlsfor fallure ln open or short
condltlon. In the evenE, Ehere ls a breakdown of flrlng clrcult a

proEect,lon cLrcuit le requfred to provtde an emergency flrlng of thy-

rlstors. In the case of malfunction of any of Ehe above an annuncfa-
tlon ls requlred from monltorlng circult Eo BEop Eap changer movemenE.

5.2 Deslgn Procedure

5.2.L Selectlon of Thyrlstors:
ImportanE facEors for the selectfon of thyrlstors for the taP

changer are:
Power dlsslpatlon and temperature rlse
dv/dt ltmlt
Voltage blocklng

dfldt linlt
Power Diss ipation:

Fron t.he analysls of chapter IV we see that the maxl-mum power

disslpatlon {n a thyrlstor occurs when the Eap posltlon moves from the
common fap Ëo hlgher brldging posiElon. Under the worsE condLtfon the
ac currenE passtng through the thyrlsEor could be unidirectional due t.o
dc offseL. Thls currenE condltion fs taken to be the maxfmum duty on

Ehe conducElng thyrlsEor for calculating the junctfon temperature.

The Junctlon temperature ls gfven by l42l
''; t.E(t-r). t,trt ot
""'::::l:".1:] :i: d
åE
rr(0). P(r) + Jo {r{r-r). dr rt(r)}dr
(s.1)
(s.2)

Where P(0) ls apPlted Power at t=0

oC/I^l
rË ls translent t.hermal lmpedance ln

-6s-
 Equatlon 5.1 has been used to slmulate Èhe convolutlon lnte-
gral to calculaEe the Junct.lon temperature. The program llstlng 1s
shor¡n Lrr Ftg. 5.1(a). JuncÈlon ËemperaÈures can be calculaEed wtth
dlfferent number of conductlon cycles to 6ee tf the JuncElon Eempera-
ture exceeds the limlt of 125"C. A sanple plot for 750 A thyrlsEor 1e
shor¿n ln Flg. 5.1(b). The initlal ÈemperaEure of 25oC rlses raptdLy

r¡hen 1600 A asymeErical curreot flows through tÈ. It reaches 5BoC

afEer 1 cycle of conductlon, 60"C afLer 2 cycles and 76oC after 5

cycles.
g"¿a!
$*r!
When the tap current commut'ates from the maln swtúch to Ehe

thyrlstor and the gate slgnals are removed then a sudden voltage
appears across the thyristors aE. the currenf zeto, resulflng in very
hlgh dv/dt. This can be avoided by proper selectfon of resistance and

capacltance values ln the snubber clrcuit. The proper values are

selected uslng TCTA-SNUB prograu rshlch calculates the dv/dt and voltage

over shoo t .

Yolt"gg glgcking
Another criterion to be met, for rellable operatLon, is thaÈ
the reverse blockng voltage of the thyrisEor should be more than t,he

recovery voltage due Eo stored charge fn the thyrlst.or. Thls is

fllustrated tn Flg. 5.2.
$!_ay !rsr!
When the maln swltch opens the currenL through lE must com-
mutate Eo Èhe t.hyrlsEors. Since conductlon in a thyristor ls noE ln-
stantaneous there ls a transLent turn-on voltage across the thyrlstor.
The thyristor, therefore, should be capable of wiEhsEandfng high dL/dt
and should possess low translent Eurn-on voltage characterisElc.

-66-
 ***tcoNTT NUOTTS SYSTEF I,'lODELTNG PROGA Aü***'I
r*rF vEnsIoN 1. 3 *tt

/ nIüENSION Rn(1000)
FrrEn rrJ'K
TNTMTÀL
c0ft¡lT=0.0
f ll=Sçno l2-O¡ *1600.0
il=120*3.141619
V=3.0
DYqA II:
fT=25.0
0.
Tl rl= 0
, (0.008,0.00(ì)
PqNCI:olr n= (0.0' 0. 0), (0.001 r0'0041 I (0'0C7'0' 005) 0.016)...
, (0.01,0.00qì, (0.03'0"01)' (0-0?'0-014¡' (0'09,
,(0.1,0.02)
-uÍ q00
f =T /(.) - 1+ 1. 0
{0 c') R'
R0=ÀFGEN (nrTI¡{E)
:q0s0tìT
ICtl 93 K=T¡'i* (1 .0-COS (l¡tTIl{B} )
V= 3.0
Tt!=SCRT(2.0ì +1600.0
fl=120.0È3-1q16C
C=Iryl ÈH
IF ( Tr l!8. GT.0.1000) c=0- 0
RD ('i) =R0 ¡.0 d o
IF (:OUrìT.\8.10.0ìGo T0 10
20 ¡= (TT{q-Tqrtì /0.0001+1-0
RR=RD ('lì
H=120*3.1t¡169
TCI=r'AU*!{
S=SI N ('loTì
|

TF (iC HECK.T,E- 1 0001 v=1'5

T F(lC HECK. rìT- 1000. BND-ICHECK'LE' 40001 Y=2'5
TNT=:*RR*S*.0001 *V
JT=JI+TNT
rF (,r.E0.1.0) Go ro 10
IF lK EEP. 10. 1 I TÀU=TI\U+0-000 1
GJ tO 20
'! (t IF (l(EED. E?. 1 ) COÜNT=CCnNT+1'0
IF (COrrNT. f0. 1 1 ) CO{!NT=1' 0
8B PIRrAî(1H ,2t16.6)
TNRñTNA L
T Il'l ER llgLT=0-0001' FINTTI'l=0' 1 0TOUTDEt=0'001 0
PRlPLOT .IT
9ND
STOP

Fig. 5.1 a) Function temperature program listing

67
 n¡,cÐ 1

H TN TT U¡I J1 VERSIlS TII!F PiI\XITU

2. 5000F+ 0 1 1.48¿lC1+
1.rsl .IT T 1
r.0 2.s000r'+91 +
. 000 0E- 03 2.5u 02F+01 +
'.0cc0E-03 2.7U75F+01
. 00001- 03 i.5295!+01
.0cc0F-03 t¡.1q4?E+01 ------- +
.0000r'-03 5 .26 4 2E+01 ---+
.01:)09-01 6.1632r'+01 ---------- +
.00008-03 7 .q? 1 0!+01 +
.r))00F-0 1 q.53t¡11?+01
. 00c08- 03 q 196 2Ê +01
-
.0lt0r-02 I .79 B 23+0 1
.10008-02 8.S3BqÞ+()1
.2i) 0 [-0 2 9.1611!+01
. 10008- 02 q.11379+01
.4100r-02 fr.8656E+1¡1 +
.5000?-02 6.0't 20'+01
.f,000r-02 q. 76 4 2E +01
.7000t.-02 5.4417E+01 __-+ I Cycle
. fì1c08-c2 5.1512Ê+01 ---------- +
. e00 0E- 02 4.Cl7CI+01 -- ------- +
.0II0E-02 6.3iì40F+91 +
.1000t-02 6.4166F+01
.2)) 0 E-02 6.65691+01
. .J000T- 02 7.07 62r'+01
.u0l0E-02 q-60_ì6F+01
.50001-02 9.1c75E',+01
.6Ct0F-02 1.003nã+02
.7000F-02 a.2qr¡6jl+01
. B30CE-02 9.543¿rt+0'l
.9000F-02 q.631?'*01
"clt0E-02 q.52211+91
.1000î-c2 6.52 86E+01
,2lr0r-02 6 .259 5E +0 1
. J0009-02 5 o4U7E+ fì1
2
, |r1J0F,-02 5.6443:+01
. 50008- 02 5-3948F+91
,633fq-02 7.0653t+01 +
,7()0011-02 7.0054r+01 +
, rlli)08-02 7.1651F+01 +
; c000E-02 7 .526 1F+01
0r)00F-02 q.1571r+91
,1100'¡-02 9.89608+01
2JCCE-02 1.06559+92
30008-02 1.1135'¡+02
4lJ0E-02 1.02q4r+02 +
500 0E- 02 1.0536'1+02
r ll0n-02 1-0563r+02
7000E-02 1.037qF+02
!ìlt0 Ê-02 7.010ìF+01
90c0f.-02 6 -'1221't,+01
0)0qr-02 6.rt0B9E+01

Fíg. 5.I b) Junction temperature output

-68-
 l-ì,\ cE 2

:]]NTTUü .IT vE n s 0s 1r !¡lE À,ÀxIf,fil

2.50008+ 01 1.qB40ti+'
'ïYi .tT r Í
10r0F-02 Á_1182E',+01
2D0jtr- 02 5 -89611'+01
3100E-02 7 .9641E+01
fi000t-02 7 .97-l8F +01
5100P-c2 B -2067F+01
6r)001-02 a .6',27 6E + 01
7:)C0r'-02 1 .0526F+02
't0
00E- 02 1 .12q2\+02
qlc0E-02 1 .2026É+02
000 0E- 02 1 .2669r+02
1cq0!-02 1 .1340E+02 +

20008-02 1 . 1 51 1\+02
3110r-02 1 - 1463e+02
40008-02 1 .1214r¡+02
51)rJF-0? 7 . u827ç'+01
r.000?-()2 'l .1fì321+01
'1"',)0r-0? f1
-R.'07F+91 +
q;00\-02 6 -59"0ç+01
,rrl0F-'-02 h .4052É+01
0000î-02 q
. R8151+01
1lc0F-02 fl .9663F+01
2000F-02 I .2624Ê+r¿1
3)007-o2 g .7363F+01
fr0001-02 1 .1tìq51]+02
5lcr)F-02 1 .2( 621 +02
6q 00F- 02 1 .131 9" + 02
70309-02 1 .2n50r+02
rì000!'-02 1 .2-760F+C2
qtî0r-02 1 .2.1611'+02
00001-02 1 -23ttfl!+02
1îC01"-02 c - 22f 4ç+0 1
'¿()00 E- 02 1 .oq4l"+01
J000 E-c2 7 .64 Í'|+ 5
40008-02 1 .3fi04ñ+01
5r008-02 7 .0Bq2E+01
6000ç'-02 9 .IU69'll+01
()
7000 E-02 .rì260Ì'+01
rl000?-0?. 9 .9tì25f1+(J1
,tÍ)ooE-0? 1 .0?u59+02
9000c- 02 1 .2C3 B"+02
11)0F-02 1 .328 1F+0"
2000r-o?. 1 .¿1073ç+(12
3))0p-02 1 .4U40E+02
4000E-02 1 .3_J4 6E+02
5ltcF-02 1 .3781I+02
60 00E- 02 1 .40615+02
7000E-02 1 .ft'l 781¡+02
r_rtc0Ð-02 I . ¿¡q¿rg!'+0 1
q000E-02 I .4077F+01 +
0030T-01 a .2834r+01

Fig. 5.1 b) Junction temperature output

-69-
 lØ1"f,

I
rtTr. þ

CL Ir
dt

í=16oo/2 5in(wt)
di 1600 / 2x 377 = 0.853 * to6 R/s
dr
atA
T t, qr _Tr
'2-
rr.=1 -2
lr:
r /oi/0, 2 di /dr-

Tr =/ 2x5ox1o -6 x 0.853 x 10
6

9.23 A

Recover voltage should be less than device

rated reverse blocking
Vs
R< fp
R< lSoo 162'5
9'23

Fig. 5.2 SCR recovery characteristic

- 70 -
5.3 Voltage Blocklng
The voltage blocklng requLrement, is sËudied by analyelng the
bridgtng posltlon ln TCTA-OFF and TCTA-SNI.IB program. This glves us

Ehe worsE forward and reverse voltages on the thyrisËor durlng Èhe Èap

change. The thyristor volEage blocklng ratfng should be signlflcantly

hlgher Ehan rhaÈ which occurs under the worsE condlËfon.
5.4 Flrlng Clrcuft
The flring clrcuft schematlc ls shown tn Fig. 5.3 lt conelsts
of an IC clock generator (555) ar 10 kHz Lhe ourput of whlch ls anpll-
fled by t.ranslsEors Eo drive t,he gate. These signals are conErolled by

an auxlliary swlEch. When Ehe tap changer is ln 1dle slttiatlon the

gaËe signals are provlded to Èhe thyrlstors. Durlng the tap change

when the rnaln swiEch opens, the thyristors keep on gettlng Ehe gate
signals. After the openlng of rnaln swlEch and allowlng sufficient time
for Èhe commutation to take place from Ehe maln swiEch Eo Ehe Ehy-
ristors the auxillary swltch opens to block the gate current. This ls
illustrated in Fig. 5.3. The ouÈput of clock ts ANDed with auxiltary
signal. The auxiliary swlEch controls the signal c to Èhe gates of fhe

thyrls Eor s.
5.5 Power Supply
Low volEage power supply (5Vdc.r2A) ls required for flring,

moniEorlng and annunciaELon cLrcuLts. This is derlved fron 120 V ac

available ln the control panel. Another power supply of 24 V is made

for gaEng 70 A thyrisEors. A regulating transistor f-s used co regulat.e

the volrage. In the flnal deslgn of Eap changer Èhls supply can be

derlved from one of the Eaps ln the selecÈor head

5.6 Design Changes

rn the existlng Ëap changer Ehe arcing switch opens wlthln

- 7L
about 0.4 cycle whfch ls too fast Ëo Èurn off currenE fn the thyrlsEor.
Thls tfining Eherefore has to be slowed down to great.er Ehan 0.6 cycle.
Changes were, therefore, made Eo achLeve Ehls.
5.7 Monitorl Devlces

For constantly monlt,orlng the saÈlefacEory operaÈlon of Ehe

tap changer we need Eo monlt.or the gate signals and thyr lst.or f allure
condi tlons. A.s shown ln Flgs. 5.4, 5.5 and 5.6 the monltorlng clrcult
deEect s.

Loss of gaLe currenÈ

ThYrtsEor failure in short

Thyriscor fallure ln open

5.7 .1 Loss of Gate CurrenË

this can be detecEed by voltage sensing devices when Ehe

auxlllary swlEch fs closed. A loss ln volÈage at the pulse transformer

when t.he auxlllary swlÈch is closed would give a slgnal for fault con-
dttfon. A schematic of thts clrcuit fs shown 1n Ftg. 5.4.
Two monostables are connected across collector of output
transistors for flrlng clrculE. The firing pulses of l0 kHz produce
pulses of duraElon greaË.er than 0.1 ms. Under normal condiEion of

operaEion when firlng pulses 1n both t.he Eranslstors are present the
monostable output Q is low. The sfgnal c ls Eherefore high and slnce d

l-s low slgnal e remains low. But in case the flring pulses of channel
1 fall due to some reason. The outpuÈ a goes high, slgnal c goes low
and slgnal e goes hlgh to give indicarlon that the flrtng pulses have

falled and Ehus the tap change should be avolded. In the event boch

Èhe channels fa1l the logic st111 works.

5.7.2 Thyrlstor Faflure 1n ShorÈ

When a thyrlstor ln the tap changer ls desLroyed fn short the

- 72 -
 AUX t
555 b
c

f lilllllf tlllllllllttltlilllnllhilillllflllilmmlmilllltillnllillllllllllllllllllllllil

Fig. 5.3 Firing circuit schematic

AUx
d
t MONOST\BLE
e
ct
e
t, MONOSTABLE
c
b

a L
b L

H
C

d,3 L
NORMAL

ct L

b L
H
c

d H

e L
FAULT IN CHANN EL L

Fie. 5 .4 Monitoring logic for gate current

- 73 -
tap changer acts llke Ehe exlsElng Eap changer and Ehe arclng conEacE
breaks the tapcurrenE. Thts con,ilfEion can easlly be defected by Èhe
loes of volEage acroaf¡ thyrlgÈor durlng Èhe Eapchange by a loglc cir-
cuft. A schematic of Ehfs logtc clrculE 1s shown tn Ftg. 5.5. The
auxlllary swltch slgnal seËs a fltp flop (7476) and produces a mono-

sEable (74L23) pulse when ft opens durlng Ehe openlng of Ehe dtverEers'
The monoscable pulse (=15 rns) acts l1ke a blanking pulse' becauee
durlng this fnterval, for normal operaElon, the thyristor stoPs con-
ductlng and volEage apPears across fhe thyrlsEors. Thls voltage reseEs

Ehe fl1p-flop outpuE c Ehrough an oPLo coupler' The slgnal d' e

remains low indlcatlng healthy condiEion. The signal a fs ¡,¡l¡td with

inverEed auxillary signal to ellminaEe erroneous signal at the closlng
of the auxiltary congac¡ due to contacE bourrce. Under thyrlstor shorE
condlEton there ls no volEage across Ehe thyristors to reset the fllp
flop. The sfgnals d and e go hlgh at rhe end of blanking pulse b to

l-ndicate thyrtstor short condltlon'

5 "7 .3 Thyr lstor Fal"lure ln OPen

If Ehe Ehyrlsror 1s not conductlng when lt is supposed to, it

could be elther due Eo Èhe loss of gaEe currenL or due to the fhyrlsËor
fatlure f.n open. The flrst conditlon can be overcome by having another
circult to supply Ehe gaEe current when thfs happens. The second con-
dition is hlghly undeslrable because lE leads to severe arclng at Ehe
main contacE. The loglc circult must' therefore, be able to dlffer-
entlaEe between these Ewo conditions. This can be achteved by senslng

the voltage across the maln contact, whlch under normal condltlons
should always be negl1ble. The output signal from the logic clrcult
should glve a Erlp signal to Ehe circult breaker to swlEch off the tap

changer drlve to protect the rnaln conCacts. Such a happening ls

- 74
 AUX
-1_ l-r
7t^l?l
b
e
d
SET
7476
c
0PTo RESET
T}-ÍYRISTCRS
COUPLER CI
L

AUX L

o L
H
b

c L

dp L
NOF?MAL

AUX L

o L

H
b
H
c

drÊ

THYBISTc>R SHORT F'{ULT

Fig. 5.5 Monitoring circuit logic for thyristors

(short condition)

- 75 -
expected Èo be very rare. A schemat.ic of thts clrcult ls shown tn Ftg'

5.6. The maln volEage 1e monltored by an opLo coupler. Under normal

operatlon the main swlËch opens rvhen auxlllary signal ls hlgh and there
1s no volt,age developed acroaa Èhe maln swlEch as Ehe current con-
mutaÈes Eo Lhe thyrtsEor branch. When the thyrlstors have falled in

open, a8 the roaln swlEch opens, the Eap current 1s interrupted causlng
arclng followed by system volÈage appearing âcrosa the roaln swltch
naklng signal b hfgh. The slgnal d goes hlgh to lndlcaLe Ëhe thyrlstor
open condltion and to disable the tap change'
5 .7 .4 Temper ature Control

The thyrlsrors used on Ehe proposed scheme are ovelrated for

the current, slnce the current carrled by Ehe thyristors ls only for
very few cycles. If the aublenE temperature ln the tap changer o11
rises ln excess of 70-80"C the Junctlon temperature of 125oC may be

exceeded and the thyrlstors nay be damaged. Therefore' a temperaEure

detect.ing circult uslng a temperature sensitive element ls included Eo
dlsable the Eap changer should Ehe tenperature exceed beond B0oC'

5.7.5 Auxiliary Srsltch Failure

A mlcrosr¡iEch or ordinary contacts can be used for auxlliary
swiÈch. for the control cl-rcuit. The reliablllty of Ehls auxillary

swiEch ls essenElal. It can be increased by paralleling a few of them

as thelr failure in open condiEion is rnore likely'

5.8 Redundanc

It ls seen that redundancy in Ehe circuit and the power

supply will lncrease Ehe rellabllity of Ehe Eap changer' Care has Eo

be Eaken 1n the deslgn sEage of make the tap changer as rellable as

possible by havlng an alternate Power supply Eo take over lrr Ehe event
the lrregular Power suPPlY fails'

- 76 -
 AUI c
d
MAINS
ct PID COUPLER b
VOLTACE

I t
AUX OPENS
MAINS OPENS

Fig. 5 .6 itonitoring circuit logic for thyristors

(open condition)

- 77 -
 CHAPTER VI

PROTOTYPE FABRICATION AND TESTS

6.1 Fabrl-catlon of the rotot e

Chapter V glves Ehe general deslgn requfremenEs for Ehe pro-

posed scheme. For maklng a proEotype first atrenpt was made for 40 A
and then for 170 A load current. Figure 6.1 shows the t,op vlew of Ehe

conE.rol circult for 40 A protoEype. The f lgure shows Lntegrat,ed clr-

cul-t chlps and transLstors mounted on a breadboard. The clrcuit uses

lighc emltElng dlodes Èo fndlcate fault condit,lon by Èhe monlÈorlng

clrcuit. Figure 6.2 shows the wired protoEype of an acEual Federal
Ploneer Eap-changer f.or 40 A tesElng. The firlng clrcuit slgnals were

wired through a shlelded wfre to Ehe thyrlstors whlch were located on

Eop of the tap changer chamber. The volEage slgnals from the main
switch and the thyrlstora are brought down by uslng shielded wlre t.o

the breadboard. In Ehfs arrangment the clrcuit was prone to stray plck
ups but was found Eo work satlsfacEory.
Flgure 6.3 glves Ehe compleEe circulË dlagram of conErol
circult for the 170 A protot,ype. It ls based on the design discussed
earller in Chapter V. The clock slgnal generaËed by 555 ls ANDed wlth
auxilfary slgnal and AND gare (7408) to drive darllngton pair (MJE I00)
transistors. For loglc ctrcuiE the NOR (9402), J.K. fl1p flop (7476)
and monosEables (74L23) have been used to monitor proper operaElon of
Ehe tap changer. The opto couplers (2N294) are used to provide TTL

cornpaufble slgnal to Èhe logic gates. The annuncfat.lon slgnals provfd-

ed by Ehe loglc circuits discussed earller seE SCRrs to conduct to

provlde a permanenc signal to light the light emltEing dlode. Figure
6.4 shows the prlnÈ.ed circult layout of Lhe controt clrculE. The ICrs

- 78 -
Fig. 6.1 Top view of breadboarded conrrol ci'rcuit for 4o A load

.__ _.:_ .\_ 1,,v.=v:_\.v.1-_\...

.:

Fig. 6.2 Factory set up to test prorotype for 40 A load

- 79 -
 fr
-1' scR
7408
OPEN

.{ SCR
SHORT

5v
s,
t +
+

It 0L 7tflg 7r{?3

I
+
@ 5V 4,
GATE
O
I
SIGN ALS

+
+ N Svt r
N
¿N 2N 741?l
29A uA
!

Zx 2N
I ¿9A 294
2

Fig. 6.3 Circuit diagram for 170 A prototype

Fig. 6.4 Printed circuit board for control circuit

-81
are mounted on IC sockets for easy mafntenance'
Flgure 6.5 shows the front, back and top view of Ehe Ehy-

rlet.or assisted tap-changer control clrcult box. The fronÈ panel hae
three LEDg for annunciatlon - the thyrlstor short condftlon, thlrlsÈor
open condltlon and the no 8at.e stgnals condltlon. There ls a swltch
whlch reseLs Ehts tndlcator LED by cuEtlng lEe power supply. The front

panel also lncludes the power supply swltch and tts lndicator larnp'

The clrculÈ should always be swltched on durlng tap changer operatLon'

The back panel has a fuse (24) for the power supply clrcult. It has
EerrnLnals f or:
1. gaEe signals for both antiparallel rhyrfstors, '

2. AuxiliarY switch,
3. Main voltage, and
4. ThYrlscor voltage'
The darllngton palr po\{er translsEor are also mounËed on the back

panel. top vlew of thyrtstor assisEed tap changer control clrcult

The

shows the po\{er transformer and po\{er supply clrcuit mounted on the

left hand side. The printed circuft ls mounted on the right hand
side.
6.2 SlnulaEed Test Set UD

Figure 6.6 shows Èhe clrcuit arrangment for the slmulated

t,est set-up. One of the arclng Eip is lnsulaEed and an antlparallel
Ehyrtstor is lnserted as shown 1n the figure. A series reslstor capa-
citor (R=10 e, C=0.1 pF) Ls connecEed across the Èhyrlstor as a snubber

clrcuit Eo suppress Lhe dv/dt stress on the thyrlstor. A power supply

60 V for 40 A tescing or 440 volts for 170 A testlng ls connected ln

serles wlÈh Èhe modlfled diverter and a shorted transformer. The thy-
ristor ratlng \{as 70 A. Flgures 6.7(a),(b) show the unmodifled and

-82-
 .'-F"

Fig. 6.5 a) Front view of thyristor assisted tap

changer control circuit box

Fig. 6.5 b) Back view of thyristor assisted tap

changer control circuit box

-83-
Fig.6.5 c ) Top view of thyristor assisted
tap changer control circuit box

-84-
 ò
NORI'IA LLY

t OPËN
AUX

CT
ft=
TO

OPTO COUPLERS
c L
I F

MAI N
2
ARCIN6

Fig. 6.6 Simulation tesÈ set up

-85-
modlfted dlverter. The modtfted dlverter has an auxlliary swltch ln

Ehe form of a nicroswlEch aELached Eo Ehe main contacE a8 shown lrr Fig'
6.7b whlch is open when the dlverters are ln normal tdle condltion'
Thus the open auxlltary swlLch corresponds ro loglc l. The wlres con-
nected Eo the main swlEch and thyrlstors go to opEo-couplers for monl-
toring clrcult.
A storage oscilloscope was used to record Ehe waveforüs. For
Erlggerlng, the oscilloscope signals from auxillarly sr¡lEch and oLher

phase diverEers were used'

6.3 Sirnulated Test results
The proE.otype developed in the laboratory was tested in
Federal Ploneer premfses on an ac¡ual tap changer for 40 A and 170 A
current lnterruptlon. Flgure 6.7 shows the fhyrlstor voltage and cur-
rent waveforus for 10 A and 40 A at current lnterruptlon' As the rnain

switch opens Ehe current is commutated Co the EhyrlsÈors' The thy-

risLor current ceases at next currenE zero and then a voltage appears
across Ehe thyrlstors. The selector swltch next moves and disconnects

the supply vol¡age and Ehe voltage across the thyrlstors remaln float-
ing. The clrcult behaved as expected'

Figure 6.9 shows the currenE and voltage waveforms through

the thyristors for 40 A and 10 A respectlvely aL Ehe currenC maklng'
Thls current slgnal is sensed by a shunt in serfes wlth Ehyristors'
The r¡aveform shows Ehat the currenE signal ls zero and the voltage
across fhe Ehyrtstors appear when the arcing swltch closes' The cur-
rent starts flowing fhrough the t.hyristor when Ehe auxlllary swlEch

closes and allows Ehe gate signals frorn Ehe conErol circult to the

thyristors. Observe Ehat fhe voltage across fhyrlstors collapses as

soon as they conduct. The current 1s comfrnrtated Eo Ehe maÍrr swltch

86
 c
Ë/

Fig. 6.7 a) Unmodified diverter

n¡*.,¡
Fie. 6.7 b) Modified diverters with auxiliary
switch and thyristors

-87-
 L1
1'T

Fig.6 8 a) Thyristor current and voltage ar

cuïrent breaking operation for 30 A

rT
1)T

ltig. 6.8 b) Thyristor current and voltage at

current breaking operation for 40 A

88-
 tT

VT

Ftg. 6.9 a) Thyristor current and voltage af

current making oPeration for 404

rT

*1

Fig. 6 9 b) Thyristor current and voltage at

current making oPeration for r0A

B9
f rorn Ehe thyr is tor when Ehe rnal,rr swltch closes.
Flgrtres 6.10(a),(b), show the cur reût rnakIng and breaklng
condltlon waveforms ftlr 20 A. Not lce that the curreûE through the
EhyrtsEors ls less Ehan one cycle and Ehus exerEs 1lght dutY on the

chyristors. Flgures 6.1f(a), (b) show the current breaking waveforms

for l0 A and 20 A resPectlvely'

Flgure 6.LZ(a) shows curreot rhrough chyr istors aE currenE

break at 170 A. Ac this curreût break it ts Eo be observed thaE no

arclng occurs in the proposed scheme whereas consider:able arclrrg occurs
ln the origlntal tap changer. The current \.Iaveforms are monlLored by

a CT placed ln the Ehyrlstor branch'

!'lgures 6.f3(a),(b) shov¡ again currenE through thyristors at
currenL making for 50 A and 170 A respectlvelY'
Flgures f4(a), (b) show the uppertrace of auxiltarY sv¡l E ch

changeover aE the currenE br:eaking when a thyrisLor has failed 1n open

conditlon. The lor¿er Erace of Ehe malrr swltch voltage sho\^/s tlìe arcirrg

volfage swiEch appears when the main s\,JlEch volCage shows the arclng
voltage whích appears wherr the maln swiEch opens the curren! oE 170 A.

The supply volcage appears across main switch afLer the arcing ceases.
Fi-gures 6.f5(a),(b) show the uppertrace of auxiltary swl t.ch

changeover at c\rrrent break at maj.rr swlcch and arclng swltch respec-

tively. In Fig. 6.15(a) the lower trace show tÏre LED signal when arc-
ing voltage appears across the tnairl contact. This slgnal tri"ggers a

SCR 0N to gtve f ault anrrunciatlon. Simil.arly lrr Ftg. 6.15(b) a signal

ls provide<l wherr Ehyristor:s are shorEed and arclLrg swlcch breaks the
current. Flgures 6.16(a),(b) show rhe logic sLates For che above case.
Flgure 6. f 6(a) sIows rhe blanklng ¡>rr1se (Ref er to b of Elg. 5.5) pro-

vlded by ;r rnouos table. Flgure 6. f 6(b) shows that the Ellp-f lop retna lrrs

90
 ^'r

*T

Fig. 6.10 a) Thyristor current and voltage at

current making oPeration for 25 Ä

ü.I

"Lr
l:1
l_l I
T

Irig. 6.10 S) Thyrl-stor cìurrenl- ancì vol. tage at

current breaking, oPcìraLion for
254

9l
 4-'
I
1q
,,
1

Fie. 6.ll a) Thyristor voltage and current at current

breaking operation for l5 A

t,1

1.1
I

I¡is. 6.11 b) 'llhyristor vollage and current ¿ìt c-urrent

breaking operation for 25 A

9',2
 llains open

Fig. 6.12 a) Current through thyristors at

current break 170 A (20 *tt/¿tt)

93
Fig. 6. I 3 a) Current through thyris t-ors a t
current make at 50 A

Fie. 6.13 b) Crrrreltt tl-rr:orrgh thyristors at

current m¿lkc ¿tt I70 A

()4
 .AN, STATÉ
CLOSE

OPáN

'Ms V OL-f AGE

Fig. 6.14 a) Auxiliary position (ax) and mains volEagc

for oPen thYristor condition

'AS' :ìTAlti
CL()SË

OPE N

'^4s' voLl'A(ì E

I,ig. 6.l4 6) Arrxili¿ry posit j.or.r (AX) ancl mains voltag,c'

for: opctr thYristor conclition

95
 AF 5'1'A I tj
r-ì. LC):iE

OPT N

LED
I NPLJ T -S tGl'JA L

Fig. 6. l5 a) Auxiliary posi tion (AX) and sigrr:rl

input to SòR latched LliD for thyrisLor
opln .o"¿ition (Ref. b of Fig' 5'6)

'A.N ' srA-f E

CLOSÉ

r Ifr'IN

IN V RT II)
É-

l-É-D 1¡¡fr).1-
5^l¿ìtJAl.

Irig. 6.15 l)) Auxiliary position (AX) and inverted

l rrPtrt to SCIì 1 ¿ltc llecl LIil) f or tlryri s tor
shor-t conclitiorl (llcrf' d' e of trj'g'5'5)

96
C t-( I '-' l-'- 'AY/ s-lAfE

OPE N

MONPlr, ¡/'BLf
OUT Pt)-I b

I'ig. 6.16 a) Auxiliary position (nx) and monostable ottt¡rrr t

(Iìef . b of lìi g. 5.5) f or tlryristor shor:t
c-ondition

'A* srATi:
C LÔ:ì Ê

()Pt Ñ

$oñolìi'Aßt. t:
oul'f 'tJ I c

t'i¡¡. 6.16 b) Auxi l. irlr:y posi tion (AX) ancl f 1i 1> f l op orrtprrL
(c of Fig. 5.5) f or thyri stor sltor t concl i riorr

97
 thy-
set to logtc high since the voltage does not ap[)ear across the
ristors to reset lt.
Flgures 6.L7 (a) , (b) and 6 ' tB(a) , (b) show the loglc s tates for

normal tap clìanger. Figure 6.f7(a) strows tìte voltage whlch aPpears

across Ehe thyristors at current zero. This volEage dtsappears wtren

the arcing swiEch opens. Figure 6.17(b) shows the inverEed signal a ot
Fig.5.5rtheauxlliarychangeoversetsEheslgnalbucthyristorvol-
tageresetsitbuLthlshappensrluringtheblankingpulsebythemono-
stable shown 1rr Flg. 6.r8(a). Therefore the t11p-flop resets durlng
thts blanklng pulse shown ir-t Fig. 6.18(b) and pr:ovldes no' annuncla-
tion.

9B
C LOSE 'Ax S'TATE

C,PL NJ

uT

Fis. 6.17 a) Auxiliary position (AX) and thyristor voltage

(Ref. I of IÌig. 5.5) for normal tap changer

C Loli E 'Ax' sfAÍf

c)PÊN

1)T

I,'is,. 6.17 b) Auxiliary position (AX) aud opto corrplcr outPtrt

(lnvertecl a of Fig. 5.5) for: norm¿rl t;r1l c:ltangcr

- 99 -
 'Ax ' srATE,
C LOSE

OP EN

MONOSTAI3LÉ
OUÍPUT

Fi g. 6.lB a) Auxiliary position (AX) and monostable output

(b of Fig. 5.5) for normal tap changer

CLOSE
)4"'slaTE

OPE \J

FLI P F LOP
ÕUTPUT

Fig. 6 1B b) Auxiliary posi.lo¡ (AX) and flip flop output

(c of Fig. 5.5) for: normal tap changer

100 -
 CHAPTBR VIt
CONCLUSIONS AND IIECOMI.{ENDA'TION S

7 .L Conclusions
The followlng conclusions are dr:awn on the basls of the
theoretlcal and experirnenEal results obralned in thls thesls.
l. A new scheme ls proposed to ellmlnate arclng in the existtng reac-
tor type on load cap changers of FPE. The proposed scheme can be

reErofltted in the unlts in use to eliminate the maintenance of

arclng contacts and the oi1.
2 'Ihe proposed scheme adds a small addiCtonal cost whlch ls likely

offser by che rnaintenance free operatlon'

3 The proposed scheme is safe. If has a monitoring circuit to guard
against possible failures ln the fhyristors. The tap changer
reverts to the existing tap changer oPeration if the thyrlsEors
faiL 1n short. If the thyristors f.ail in open further tap change

is blocked and therefore no catasCrophy takes place. Another clr-

cuiL morritors the continulty of gate signals and in the event thaL
the gate slgnals fal1 then Ehe Lap changer is also blocked fr:om

operation.
4 A proto-type for 404 and l70A was constructed on the actual systern
and Lesfed saEisfactory. The monitoring clrcuit \das tested re-
petrtedly by deliberaIely irrtroduclng short and open thyrlsEor fall-
ures.
7 .2 Alternate design
Figure 7.L shows arr alternate schene to reduce the arclng ln
the arclng contacts of the diverter. A volEage triggered nr-¡nlinear
reslst:ìrÌce ir lntroduced across each leg of the center Cap ractor.

-tOl-
 R

1
a

a
2

Diverter
L

0
R
A

Fig. 7.1 Alternative tap changer with

external resistor

toz -
When the dlverrer swlLch lnterrupts the current a large volrage 1s

deve loped across the reactor discharglng current through this reslst-
ance. Hence the arclng ls reduced ln the arclng swlEch.
7.3 Recommendations

A prototype for higher rating up to 16004 should be made and

tested for reliabillty.

A temperature sensor which disables Ehe tap changer tf che

tempe ra tur e in the transforner goes beyond 80'C should be included in

the circuit.

103
 References

1 M.E. Roberts and W.G. Astunan, "A Thyrlstor Asslsted Mechanical

On-Load Tap Changer"' IEB conference No' 53, p' 185-192, 1969'
2. J.H. Harlow and F.A. Stlch, "An Arcless Approach Eo Step-Voltage
RegulaÈlon", IEEE Power Englneerlng socfeEy L982 (81 TD 637-8),
presen¡ed at Transmfsslon and DlstrtbuÈ1on Conference and
Exposlt, lon, lvll-nneapolls, l"llnnesota, SepLember 20-25, 1981'

3. J. Arrl1laga and R.M. Duke, "A Sratic Alternatlve to the Tr ans-

former On-Load Tap-Changer", IEEE (PA) Vo1. PAS-99, No. 1, Jan/
Feb.1980, P. B6-91.
4 "A Solld-State Synchronous Tap-Changer PerrniElng a Se lecElve
ReducElon of Harmonlcs", -Int. J. Electronics, Aug' 1978.
5 "Vacuum Swltch On load Tap Changers. InfrequenL Maintenance even
wlth Hlgh Frequency", Þlltsubishi Blectr' Ad', Dec' L979'
6 "DevelopnenÈ of Ehe Vacuum Switch Load Tap Changer", FuJl Eelctr.
Rew., 1980.
7 "A Serles of On-Load Tap Changers with Vacuum Power SwiEches",
Mltsubtshi Denkf Giho, Feb' 1979'
8 "A ConverEer Transformer On-Load Tap Changer wlEh Vacuum Arc
Quenching", Elekt,rotekhnika (IJRRS)' July 1979.
9 "The Type ÞlRM On-Load Tap Changer", I'fitsubishl Denkl- Giho (Japan),
March 1978.

10. "Ner¡s on ELIN Tap Changlng Switches", El1n-Z Austrla, 1977 , Vol.
29, No' 3.
ll. Allmanna Svenska AB, "Transformer Tap Changer", UK Patent'
L400295, Nov. L972'

12. "The New SysEern of the ELIN On-Load Tap Charrgers for Trans-
formers", Elin-Z (Austrla), Dec' 1971'
13. "Step Swftch for Hlgh Switchlng Power (Transformer: on Load Tap
Changer),',Tech.l"fltt.AEG-Telefunken(Germany),L970;60(3).
14. Siemens, "On Load Transformer Tap Changer", UK patent L164782;
Jan. f968.
f 5. "l{odern Developnents in Large Distrlbutlon Transformers", VDE-
Kongress r76, l"lunlch, Ge rmanY.
16. "New Concept ln Tap Changer Design", Energy Int. (U.S'A'), 0ct'
L97 6.

17. "Tap Changers for Power Transforuers", N.Z. Electr. J. (New

Zealand) , APr:il L97 4 '

104 -
18. "Tap Changers for Power Transformers", Focus (GB), Jan. 1971.

19. "On-Load Tap Changers for Power Transformers", Traneelektro News

( ÌlungarY) , 1969 '

20. "Equlvalent ClrculE Analysis of Power System ReacÈive Power and

Voltage Control Problens"' IEEE (PAS), Feb' 1981'
21. "Researches Regarding the Effects and Causes of Sudden Breakdowns
withfn ElecErical Power Transformer Windfng", Energettca
(Rumanla), SePE. 1980'
22. "Maklng PrlnEed Clrcult Boards ln a Sma11 Supply AuthorltY bY
Photo ReducEion l{ethod", Trans. ElecE. Supply Auth. Eng. Inst., N.
Zealand , L979 '

23. "Simplifled Models for SfmmulaElng Transformer Wlnding SubJect to

Impulse Voltage", IEEE 1979 Power Engg' Summer rneetlng'
24. "A Comparatfve Analysts of Paraffinlc and Naphthentc 011s in Load
Tap-Changers", IEEE 1979 Ner¡ York Summer meeElng'
25. "Limits of Transformer Capaclty", ElektroEechnlk (Swltzerland) ,
July 1978.
26. "Trends ln Transformer Technology", Elektro-Anz. (Germany) ' July -
Aug. L977.
27. "Progress Report of Study CommlEtee No. 12, Transformers", ElecEra
(France), Þlay L977 '
28. "A comment of Ehe article by V.G. Deverni and E.I. Kozyrev
rschemes for Checklng the Winding ConnecElons of Ehe Current
Lmitlng ReacEor ln an 0n Load Tap Changer' , Electra (France) Dec'
L97 6.

29. "Modern Developments in Large Distributlon Transformer and Tap

Changer", Vde Fachber (Germany), Oct' L976'
30. "General Report of st.udy commlEgee No. L2", Elecgra (France), Dec'
L97 6.

31. "Loading Transformer by TemperaEure", Proc. 50th Annual Conf. of

Electrlclty supply Engineers Assoc. of New SouEh Wales, Aug. 1975.
32. "Translent Processes in the Synthettc Testlng of Load Dlverter
Switches in 0n Load Transformer Tap Changers", Eltn-z (Austrta),
L975; 27 (1-2)'
33. "Autornatlc Voltage Regulatl-on of Transforuers with Tap Changers",
0srerr. Z. nlekrwtrrsche. (oz\) (Austrta), Aug. 1969'
34. "The Scheme Secur 1r-rg InteracL lon of rhe Voltage Regulator u¡l th the
Drlvlng l"lechanisms of lhe Tap changerst, EnergeEick (ussR) , L969 '

105 -
35. WesEern Elecrlc Co "Tap Changer for Elec Èr 1ca1 Induc E lve
ApparaÈus", PatenE bY GB 2063572 a (810603) APPl. No. 79
7938379a'

36. "De-Energised Tap Changer for Transformers", Patent No. 96752 ort
l{ay 6, L975.
37. "Multl Tap Plug", PaEent No. 774, 746 on Dec' 26, L971.

38. "MulttËap Devlce for Transformers", PaEent No . 868045 on Aprll 6,

L97 L.

39. "Electrlcal InducLlve ApparaEus Having SheeÈ and Strapwound

Wlndlngs", PatenL No. 1012218'
40. "Tap Changlng Series-Multiple Transformer Systern", U.S.A. Patent
No, 3, 818, 4OZ on June 18, 1974'
4L. "Multiple Tap Devfce for Transformer", U.S.A. Patent No. 3, 497,
848 on Feb. 24, l97O
42. E.l,I . Gut,zwl 1ler and T.P. Sylvan, "Power Semiconductor Rarlng Under
Translent and InterrnitËent Loads", Proceedfngs of A.I.E.E. ' .Jan.
1961, P. 699-705'

- 106 -
 ÞAT/\ SFi L-8. TS

ô
\:/ PHASE CONTROL SCR APPLICATION CHECKLIST
(Make coPY lor each use)

I. APPLIÇATION: C. THEñMAL:

. Coolrng M€dium (chock one) -

o AIR - o Nalural Convection, allituds-loel or

2. CIRCUIT: o Forced LFM CFM r r
Sketch circu¡l
---- -*-_-
(showing âll
componmt valuos r*
¡ncluding Ouct cræs-gect¡onal srea
induclancos) or
o Waler - GPM flow rsle
sllach dråwing -,-
o OIL (imm€rs€d) - Typ€ Manulaclurer
o OTHER.
3. CtßCUfT VOLTAGE: - -
. Cooling med¡um max¡mum tempgtålure, oC
-----.-
. Msximum posk loru8rd snd/or re' . It haat srnk ¡s known. specily Rg 5¡ qc/w.
veße voltago across scR
. Other lhermal conSidoralrons --
. Maximum expoctod trans¡onl
vo lta€e __Y
. Desirod vollage salety lsclor
7. MECHANICAL:
. Prelerred SCR voltago ral¡no _v . Desrrad packago type (chock one)
. Othor
O STUO MOUNT
a. CIRCUÍT CURREñT: (skstch wavelorm(s) on back of prge)
O OISC MOUNT
. Muimum continuous SCR curent'-
oDC. oAVERAGE, or oRMS A O INTEGRAL HEAT SINK

. Phâso - o1ó. 03ó. 064. or oOTHER O FLAT BASE

. Conduction anglo - osine or O OIHER

oSquare. degro€s
O NO PREFERENCE
. Curßnt wavelorm. lroquoncy, tnd duty cycþ
. Special size. wg¡ghl. or olher reslrictions
. Overlosd peåk curront (wsvolorm)

- Duty Cycle %

- 8. PROJECT REOUIREIIENTS: Ouotslion Oue Dâte

- Pulse Wrdth

- Fosume Oporatíon Following . Ouantity Rgqu¡red Person Roquosting lnlormstron

Overload OYES oNO
. T¡melablo Name
. Pgak surgo curronl (wavetorm) -
^ Long-range PoÞntial Phone X
- Pulse Widlh -.-.
. Othor Remarks - Job Funcl¡on
- Numb€r of Cycles
Compcny
- Assymelry (L/R rat¡o)
Addroas-_
. Other o Sp€c¡al scrg€ning and/or
--- high rel¡ab¡l¡ty lest re- C¡ty Stste
'll pÂrallol¡ng roquired, gtale mothod
¡s quiremenls are atlachgd.
ol currenl shâring: o A lso quotg on th is
Brdg zip
application
5. GATE DR]VE AVAILABLE: using @ sssombl¡es.
t lcz . tcp 4r
'o tc r . tcs s¡
¡6¡ ¡morì 25€ mo
. Foffiard gate sourco vollåoo Pl6as complelo a copy ol this lorm foroach d¡llorent applicatron
lcl -- FoNard this form to Wostinghouse Ebclric Corporstion.
Sem¡conductor Division. Attontioni Salos Ospartment,
Youngwood. Pa. 1 5697 lor complelg quotalion. I I you need tester
sory¡cs, ploas€ csll (412) 92T72721or a quote.

lct I

t
I
I
I
I

+16,¡ Fl- tCS .

-

- 107 -
 ^' lnches Millimete¡s
ùvmoor-
Mtn. Max. Min. Max.
A
A
5.775
6.850
6.265
7.500
146.69 159.13
r 73.99 190.50
I 0
B .055 075 1.40 1.91 I
óD .860 1.000 21 .84 25.40
E 1.O31 1.063 26.19 27.O0
F .255 .400 6.48 10.16
J 2.50 63.50
M .437 .650 1 1.10 16.51
N .796 .827 20.24 21.01
o 1.675 42.55
ÓT .260 291 6.60 739
z .250 6.36
ów N.20 UNF-2A
Creop & Strrke Orstance.
.l0 rn. ñrn. (2.54 mm).
(ln accordance wrrh NEMA itandards.)

$
Frn¡sh-Nrckel Plate.
Approx. Werght-s oz. ( 142 g)
L Complete th.eads to extend to wrth¡n I
2'A thrcads of seatrng plane
2. Angulðr oflentat¡on ol lerñrn¿ls ¡s fTt
uôdefrned.
Conf orms ro TO-94 Outline 3. Prtch drameter ol iå-20 UNF.2A
Fealurc¡: (coated) lhreå.ls (ASA 81.t. | 960).
4. Drmension J deôotes seated herght For TO-83 Outtine, see page S23
. Canter firod, d¡,/namic gate wrth leads bent at íght ¿ngles.
r All diflused design
. Low gata current Applicatlone:
o Compression Bondod Encapsulation o Phase control
e Low V¡¡i¡ e Power supplies
¡ Lifotime Guarantee e Motor conlrol
. Light dimmers

Volt¡ge (t¡ ON N!t olô tlo loF o(o lôo)

O 'l o FOì
oa\
FO FO Foì FOì -ol FOì oo) feQ
Blocking Sr¡te Ma¡imumr (T¡ = 125'C)
(tt orF or r\ ('|f\ o|t\ oìF o¡È (ol\ EE
Symbol
zN 2Z zz
NN
z2
NN
zz
NN
¿z
NN
zz
ô.îl
zz zz 2i,
N(\¡ N(\¡
R€potrt¡v€ p€ôk lorward block¡ng voltage, V Vonu
Rcpotitive poak rovorso voltago, V 25 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600
Non-r6potrlrve transrent psak rgvarss voltage. 25 50 r00 t50 200 250 3m ¿too 500 80ct
I I 5.0 msec. v
Foruard loakage current. mA peðk 35 75 r50 225 300 350 ¡lOO 500 800 7æ
lonu t6
20 20 20 20 18 t4 l2 10 l0
Rev€rse leakago cu.ren(, mA psak l¡nu 20 20 20 20 18 16 l4 t2 lo 10
Notc: For bettor rarings & high€r voltsgos. see T5OO series.
Curre nt Thermal and Mechanical
Conducring State Maximumc (T, = 125'6, Symbol
Symbol
op€r. juoct¡on lJ -40ro + r25
RMS forwa.d curront, A lr1,-'¡ llo tomp.,'c
Ave. forwa¡d current, A lr1a,¡ 70
Ons-hall cycl€ su.ge current(Ð,4 lrsu
Min., Max. storago temp.,'C Tstg -40ro + 160
r000 Max. mounting torqu€, in lb.(D 130
l2t lor fusing (lor timos > 8 3 ms) A2 sec. l2 t. 4000 Max. Thermal reeirtancc@
Forwsrd voltage drop at lrM'50O4 and lJ -- 25'C. V 2.3 Junct¡on to cð8€,'C/Watt RcJc .40
Ca3o to 3¡nk, lubricôtod
Switching Gate 'Clwatt Ræs .12
(f = 25'c) Symbol M¡ximum Pôramot€ra
fypical turn.oll I'me, lr = 5OA (T: = 25'C) Symbol
lr = 125'C. diR/dt = 5 Gato current to lfigg€r at VO lct 70
Al ytoc, toapphød dv/dl =
O Consult ræommondGc mounting proccduraa,
= 12V.mA O Appl¡e¡ lor ¿ero or ncgrtivc artc bi!r.
2OVlttssc linoar ro 0I VoAM. l/ sec lq r00 O Per JEDEC BS-397. 5.2.2..l.
Typ. lurß.on-l¡mC, lr = 1004 Gate voltago to tígger at VD Vcr 3 O W¡th ræommsndcd grtâ driv..
Vo = l00VO,,/sec 4 O Xlgncr dv,/dr rrt¡ngr rvarlrblc, conaull lrclory
Mrn. cnlrc¿l dv/'d1, exÞoôentra¡ to VD Non-lriggeíng gato vollags, TJ (D Psr JEDEC rtrndsrd RS-397, 6.2.2,ô.
R M
T¡ = 125'C.V/,/secOO dvldl 300 = I 25'C, and rar€d VosM, V Vcou .25
Mrn. dr/dtQ non.repetrtrve, JÊ DEC, Peak lorward gat6 curront, A lcru 4 '2N l 9Og Sorios in fO-94 PKG
Alþsec 'ì,,' dt/dl 800 Psak rovorso gal€ voltags, V Vcnt 5
2N1792 Sories rn TO-83 PKG
Poal galo power, W¿lls .GM 16
Avorðgo gato powor. Wails Pc1""¡ 3

108
 Transrsnl Thcrmål lmpodance VS frmo
Maxrmum FoMård Vollågo VS Forward Cut¡ent
.50

õ o
6

ll
ll = 1 25oC o
40
5 tl C
ci 5 .9
o
o
o
o
/ C
I
l 30

I
4
-o c
!
!
3 8e
Ì EË
o
Eo
E
l o /
E tsõ
Oõ:
ôN
ã

0
1 2 5 10 20 50 roo 20O 5OO rK 2k 5K tOK .oool .001 .01 10 r00 1000
l¡me. t. Seconds
Forward Curr€nl, ffM, Pesk AmP€res

Msximum Cass fomporôlure VS. Føwa¡d Cu¡¡ent

Msximum Powar Oiss¡pal¡on VS Forw¿rd Current t40
180
d.7

Sr
¿
1 60

,%
.|..',',|,. 1 80"
l\-
.,%
9r \
ô 00
-Ø

.9 1
o \
ô f

o o
Io 80 300 o
E 80
È
ts
E bU 60"
l
90"
E
'Ø, (J

/t 'v
40
I 200 80"
d-c

20

o
0
r 20 roo r20
40
O20406080
Average Forward Currenl, AmPeres
roo r20 140

Average Forward Current. Amperes

Currenl
Max¡mum Powor Orssipation VS Forward Cur¡ent Maximum Case Temperature VS Fo¡ward
140
,"7 r40

120
lr 900
.r 200_

/,2 120
\-- -rn v,7
\
/l /7
I rl
ì TN W) o
L-J-. "- 30ô
\ \ \

I
c
.9
õ
,s
80
^-'
I o
J
oo

.9
o / /,4 '// o
\ \
?
E

a
60 ts 80
Ì o 30"
co

vz
'v o 60"
E 40
l
E r 200 1 80"
i 60
20

o -/ 50 6C 10
40
lo 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
lo 20 30 40 BO
Averoge Iorward Ctrrrcnl. Anlpetes
Average Forward Curreñl AmPo¡es

i09
 lnches Mrllrmeters
Syntbol
Min. Max. Mrn.
r 900 45 72
Max
48.26
\
oD r.850
pD, 1.140 1.180 28 96 29.97
oD, 1.760 r 850 44.70 46 99

H 545 60s 13 84 15.37

þJ r35 145 3.43 3.68
J, o72 o82 183 208
L L75 8.50 196 85 2 90
N 025 64

Creep Distance-.408 in Mrn (1O 36rnm)

Strike Distance-.2O3 in Min. (5 16mm)
Finrsh-Nickel Plate.
Approx. Weighr--4 oz. {l l3 g )
I Dimension H 'is a clamped dlmenslon

Pscksge l2t (casc ruplure)

T7S Outlino rat¡ng: 30 x I 0P A2 sec.
Applications:
Features:
o Phase Control
¡ Center {ired di./namic gate . Molor Control
e All diff used design
o Pouær Supplies
. Low gate currenl o Welding
o LowVrM
I Low Thermal lmpedance
. High surge currenl caPabil¡tY
r Low profile package
. Lifetime guarantee

Ordering lnformation

VoRM
Fta't tq lcr
and (ma) Case
(A) (u sec )

(v)
150 150 T7S
100 550
(typica l)
2æ
400 650
600
800 750 .
r 000
12OO"
1 300
r 400
1 500
r 600
l 700
1 800

2000
2200

Example
Obta¡n opt¡mum clevice perf ormance lor your application by
selecl¡ng proper order code.
yoau = 1O@V'
Type f 7SO rated at 75OA average *'1¡
lor = 156.". and standard f lextble leacl'--order as:

563 .*þ
¿16.

110
 Voltage
Elocking Srars Maximums ¡ {Tr. 125.)[¡
S ymbol
Repctrtrve peak lorward blockrng vottage,
V. .
roo 400
Repetrtrvr:peak reversevoltagc. V ...... I OOO I 200 I 300 I 400 I 500 r 600 1 700 I 800 2000 22æ
.
Non-¡epetrtrve trañstent pcak revarB€ voltage. roo 4 600 800 'rooo 200 I 300 l 400 r 500
r
l 800 20w 22ú
t(5Onrsr:c.V.... . ... .
VRsM 200 500 700 950 l 200 l4 50 l5 r 700 1800 21 zrool zsoo
TTSo_ _75
T7S0_ _6
TTSO_ _ 5
Forwar(t leak¿tge current, ûìA peak
lOff M
Reverse leakage currenl. mA peak
lßH M

Current
Conduct¡ng Stete Ma¡imums
lfJ. 125. Cl
ynrbol
RMS lorward currenl A
S
TTSO_ 55 TTSO_ _65
I¡r'"s¡ TTSO_ _75
Ave fotwôrdcu¡rent,4....
I
860 r o20
... llr¡vr I t80
One.half arrg" l. e 550 650
. . lrsM 750
3 cycle "ra," 7500
.
"urr"n,
surge curru.t í', 1rr, . . . . . 9000
. IISM 5400 1 0500
lOcycte surgecu¡renr'9Ã. ..... 6490 7510
Pt lor lusrng (lor
II sM 4670 5600
lrmesìg 3 msl 6s30
A2sec ..
lrr 234.OOO
Forward vollage drop at lrM A 338.OOO
= 3OOO 460.Ooo
andTr=25oC.V......
330 2s5 2.15

Switching Gate
(fJ . 25oC) Max¡mum Påråmolors
S ymbol
(T: = 25'a,
I yprcalturn.olf lrme. lr = 250A Symbol
T: = I 25oC, dr8 dr = 25 Gar e curreñt to t¡¡gger at VD
A/ psec, reapplred dvldt = ' I 2V. mA lGr r50
Gat evollage Io lftgger at VD. IZV V..
2OV / psec lrnear lo O.g VoRM, psec Non-¡ilggs¡¡¡g gate vottage. T., - 3
rq r50
Typ turn-on-t¡me. lr " lO0A and rated VoRM. V
Peak lorward gate cufrenl. A
.
VGoM 015
VD= lOoV,.!sec ....... .. . _
lGrM 4
7
Peak reverse gale vollagÞ V
Mrn cítical dv dt. exponenlral lo VoRM .
VGRM 5.
Peak gale power, Wans
T: = I 25oC. V/psec (J 0)... .. .. PGM l6
dv, dt 300 Average gãte power. Wails . . . . PGr¿vr 3
Mrn. drldl non-repetttive,
A¡¡seceOO.... d¡,'dt 600 .\
Thermal and Mechanical Symbol
opel unct¡on temp. oC
Mrn , Max. storage temp.. oC ... O Consult recommended mount¡ng proceclures
-40ro.125
.150
.
T srg O Applies lor zero or negatrve gale bias
Mrn, Max mountrno lorce, lb O -40 ro
Max The¡mal resistanceO
.
2OOO ro 2¿O0 O Per JEDEC RS-397. 5.2.2. l.
Wrt h double srded coolrno O Wrlh recommended gâte dnve.
Junclron to case, oC,zWair . . . O Hrgher dv,/dt rat¡ngs avarlable, consutt factory.
.
RaJc 035
Case to srnk. lubrrcated, oClwail O Per JEDEC stândard RS-397. b 2.2.6.
Rocs o2

Maximunr Forward Voltage VS. Forward

Current ã Trans¡enl Thermal lmpedance Vs. Time
3.5 È
=o 03s

5
3.O
il ililt
il il I ,lt

N
tã
.03
o
ci
o
ô
TJ = I 2soc lt
T7S0-:55
/ / I (J
I
l tr
o
2.O
ll ll lt / c
9
õ .o2
Þ l5 lt il
il
T7S0_.-65 -
lll t tL
/1 c
)
o
ll
I
o r0 Jl ltv TTSO_ _75
il c
E .ot
Ê
l o
E o5 !
-ñ
o E

l0 roo r oo0 r0K a

ts
s64 Foward Currcnt. lrM. Arnfx,r{,s O ILo r00.0
ô Titrrc. I S0c()nris

Ili
 Vs Foward Currenl Maximum Power Disstpotton Vs. Fomard Current
Maximum Case Temperature
I 500 80'
t25 f 'so_ 55 I

\ ñ r 200

ii
%
It5 rzso r0"-

I
\ \ \ \ I / / 'rl
los -B l0oo
e
)
ã95
\ \ \ \ õ
.!
/ /.
I \
\ ! zso
Ê
b85
\ o
I
o
c / a?
Itv
P
o
375
\ \ .
f
500

\ \\ E

65

55
o 50 loo l5o
I \
600

200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

800 ã zso

0
0
-/ I r00
7
20o 30o 40O 50O 600
I
:.

,
t

Average Foruard CurreÁt. AmPeres

Average Foward Current, AmPeres

il
"'{
\'1
,i,!
Max¡mum Power Oiss¡pation Vs Forward Current ìt : i:
Max¡mum Case femperature Vs. Fomard Current
125 n 0_ _65 1.
1 600
-
I

30"
tt
900- l 200 t¡
'.r 1

l80r-
\ \ Ë r4oo -600-
I 7 tt

%
1r5 ;
\ ,\ \ i
9 1200 :: J
'(

I ros o ilj,.!
rt. )
o'
\' \\ \ ü rooo .r7s0--65 .
òr?
'¡: .t
o
ãss
E
E85
@
\ \
\
\ $ È
b
ì
o
800

600
/
,3b^
fi
tl:
ii,,,
I

o \ \ E
;'W:zÀ
- f,i
f

o
ó/à E ¿oo

65
\ \ 1 80"
5 zoo
,0.\ uo"\ 1 20.
55
o roo 2@ 30o 40o 50o 6ori 700 8æ roo 200 3oo 40o 5oo 600 700 800
Average Fdward Culrent, Ampe.es
Average Forward Current, AmPeres

Maximum Case Temperature Vs. Forward Cu¡rent Maxrmum Power Vs. FoMard Current
I 600
r25 I
fTso_ E -60" -l

\ S r4oo - 300-
115
\ i
ñ
\ I
(J
N\ .%= s
1200

$\
E ros l'*^ L- 4 rooo
5
Õ
E

Êgs
\ 9r* f7so- -
ûo ' --75
F
o
\ \\ E 600
fltu J

%_
E
o ; 40{)
\ \ \\'
Nl
75
200

65
aa\ too \* 20,o 300 400 500 600 700 800
100 2@ 3OO 4OO 5OO 600 70O o 100
Averaqc Forward Curreñt. AmPeres Average Fomard Currenl, Arnperes

s65
Ì':

Ë.i*

trz -
 Maxrmum Case Temperature Vs Fomard Currenl
Maxrmum Power Orssrpatron Vs Fo&ard Current
t25
500
\ \-
r

ll5 80'
21t
ìi I 1
,t /t oc
ù ñs \
/l 7
O 2æ r 20"
'". tos ØØ I
\ \\ N \ L-L..--.. I
2
9gs I
I
900
30" TTSO 55
I

ô \ \
Êas
E
\\ \ ì{.
\N'
o
v t-- "' -l
r,7 7,7

Iv
o ri
7
å 600
o75o \ \' \ À
E

\ \ \: \\ Ø
f
E
300

I
65
30. 600 I
55 I
I
)n" \DC
too 200 300 400 500 600 700 8oo 9oo tooo o
0 loo 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 l0æ
Average Forward Current, Ampetes
Average Forward Currcnl. Arn¡rcres

Max¡mum C€se lemg€rature Vs. Fowa¡d Currenl

125 Max¡mum Power Drsstgatron Vs Fo.wðrd Currenl
L. I 350
lr5
\ \ fTso_
lt
_65

s5
2
1200

\\ ñ \
2
o
Øm 5 loso 2V

I
ô l05
\\ N \ 6æ '|

I / //, ,l
o'
f
L=L,^-.. I 900 65
r- -
I
õ95 --l
t \ õ 75o
v,7
Fas \ \ N Ì 600 / //t /.t. 7 L--L
7Å
.,
I \ \
,
ts
o
\ \ c
o //. 7/ /
E aSO
() \ 2n
l
ç /. /
65 \ \ \ : 300
/1 'f
\ E
.4 v
tso
55
0 r00 200 300
3( T 60p ,o\
400 500 600 700 800 900
Ì00
\iT
looollool200
Average Fomard Current, Alnperes
0 r00 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9oo 10æ
Average Foward Current, Amperes

Maximum Case lemperature Vs. Fo¡ward Current

Maximum Power Drssipation Vs Forward Currenl
r25

1 ',15
\ s 7S0_ _75
I
1400

l2oo 800 !o"t

ì ¡\ \ ìË 7
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55
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600
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3r
g loo r8 t" 27Oo
45
0 200 400 600 800 r ooo o 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8oo 900 looolloo l2oo
Average Forwârd Currenl, Amperes
Average Foruarcl Current, Arnperes

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